View source for Barry Goldwater

{{Short description|American politician and military officer (1909–1998)}}
{{Redirect|Goldwater}}
{{About|the U.S. senator and presidential nominee|his son|Barry Goldwater&nbsp;Jr.}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = File:Senator Goldwater 1960.jpg
| caption             = Goldwater in 1960
| jr/sr               = United States Senator
| state               = [[Arizona]]
| term_start          = January 3, 1969
| term_end            = January 3, 1987
| predecessor         = [[Carl Hayden]]
| successor           = [[John McCain]]
| term_start1         = January 3, 1953
| term_end1           = January 3, 1965
| predecessor1        = [[Ernest McFarland]]
| successor1          = [[Paul Fannin]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Committee positions|titlestyle=border: 1px dashed lightgrey;}}
{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office2             = Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services Committee]]
| term_start2         = January 3, 1985
| term_end2           = January 3, 1987
| predecessor2        = [[John Tower]]
| successor2          = [[Sam Nunn]]
| office3             = Chair of the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|Senate Intelligence Committee]]
| term_start3         = January 3, 1981
| term_end3           = January 3, 1985
| predecessor3        = [[Birch Bayh]]
| successor3          = [[David Durenberger]]
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office4             = Member of the [[Phoenix City Council]]<br />from the at-large district
| term_start4         = 1950
| term_end4           = 1952
| birth_name          = Barry Morris Goldwater
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1909|1|2}}
| birth_place         = {{nowrap|[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Arizona Territory]]}}
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1998|5|29|1909|1|2}}
| death_place         = [[Paradise Valley, Arizona]], U.S.
| resting_place       = Christ Church of the Ascension <br /> Paradise Valley, Arizona, U.S.
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Margaret Johnson|1934|1985|end=died}}
* {{marriage|Susan Shaffer Wechsler|1992}}}}
| children            = 4, including [[Barry Goldwater Jr.|Barry Jr.]]
| education           = [[University of Arizona]] (did not graduate)
| signature           = Barry Goldwater signature.svg
| branch              = {{tree list}}
* [[United States Army]]
** [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]]
* [[Arizona Air National Guard]]
* [[United States Air Force]]
** [[Air Force Reserve Command|Air Force Reserve]]
{{tree list/end}}
| serviceyears        = 1941–1946 (active)<br>1946&ndash;1967 (reserves)
| rank                = [[Major general (United States)|Major General]]
| battles             = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]
* [[Korean War]]
{{tree list/end}}
| module              = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=|title=Barry Goldwater's voice|type=speech|description=Goldwater speaks on peace and foreign aid<br />Recorded February 1, 1964}}
}}
{{Barry Goldwater series}}

'''Barry Morris Goldwater''' (January 2,<!-- Note that many sources erroneously give his birthdate as January 1. See http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-Goldwater,Barry.html for discussion. --> 1909 – May 29, 1998) was an American politician and [[major general]] in the [[United States Air Force|Air Force Reserve]] who served as a [[United States senator]] from 1953 to 1965 and 1969 to 1987, and was the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]'s nominee for president [[1964 United States presidential election|in 1964]].

Goldwater was born in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], where he helped manage his family's department store. During [[World War II]], he flew aircraft between the U.S. and India. After the war, Goldwater served in the Phoenix City Council. In 1952, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he rejected the legacy of the [[New Deal]] and, along with the [[conservative coalition]], fought against the [[New Deal coalition]]. Goldwater also challenged his party's [[Rockefeller Republican|moderate to liberal wing]] on policy issues. He supported the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957|Civil Rights Acts of 1957]] and [[Civil Rights Act of 1960|1960]] and the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]] but opposed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], disagreeing with [[Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964|Title II]] and [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act|Title VII]]. In the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 U.S. presidential election]], Goldwater mobilized a large conservative constituency to win the Republican nomination, but then lost the general election to incumbent Democratic president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in a landslide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goldwater, Barry M. {{!}} The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute |url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/goldwater-barry-m |access-date=May 16, 2024 |website=kinginstitute.stanford.edu |language=en |archive-date=May 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516170708/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/goldwater-barry-m |url-status=live }}</ref>

Goldwater returned to the Senate in 1969 and specialized in defense and foreign policy. He successfully urged president [[Richard Nixon]] to resign in 1974 when evidence of a cover-up in the [[Watergate scandal]] became overwhelming and impeachment was imminent. In 1986, he oversaw passage of the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]], which strengthened civilian authority in the [[U.S. Department of Defense]]. Near the end of his career, Goldwater's views on social and cultural issues grew increasingly libertarian.

Many political pundits and historians believe he laid the foundation for the conservative revolution to follow as the grassroots organization and conservative takeover of the Republican Party began a long-term realignment in American politics, which helped to bring about the [[presidency of Ronald Reagan]] in the 1980s. He also had a substantial impact on the [[American libertarian movement]].<ref>{{citation | first = Robert | last = Poole | url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419 | title = In memoriam: Barry Goldwater | type = Obituary | newspaper = [[Reason (magazine)|Reason]] |date=August–September 1998| archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090628123204/http%3A//findarticles%2Ecom/p/articles/mi_m1568/is_n4_v30/ai_20954419/| archive-date = June 28, 2009}}</ref> After leaving the Senate, Goldwater became supportive of [[environmental protection]],<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite web |author1=Marc Lallanilla |date=April 21, 2013 |title=6 Surprising Environmentalists |url=https://www.livescience.com/28857-surprising-environmentalists.html |access-date=April 11, 2022 |website=livescience.com |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151435/https://www.livescience.com/28857-surprising-environmentalists.html |url-status=live }}|2={{cite journal |last=Farber |first=Daniel A. |date=2017 |title=The Conservative as Environmentalist: From Goldwater and the Early Reagan to the 21st Century |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2919633 |issn=1556-5068 |doi-access=free }}}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]], including [[Sexual orientation in the United States military|military service]] and [[Same-sex adoption in the United States|adoption rights for same-sex couples]],<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite news |last=Grove |first=Lloyd |date=July 28, 1994 |title=Barry Goldwater's Left Turn |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater072894.htm |access-date=August 24, 2017 |archive-date=September 14, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000914042130/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater072894.htm |url-status=live }}|2={{cite web |title=Who's better on gay rights, Mitt Romney or Barry Goldwater? |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-horsey-romney-closet-text-20120508-story.html |access-date=April 11, 2022 |website=Baltimore Sun |date=May 8, 2012 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411132627/https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-horsey-romney-closet-text-20120508-story.html |url-status=live }}|3={{cite web |date=July 28, 1994 |title=Goldwater on Gay Rights |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-07-28-me-20611-story.html |access-date=April 11, 2022 |website=www.latimes.com |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411132610/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-07-28-me-20611-story.html |url-status=live }}|4={{cite news |date=June 11, 1993 |title=Goldater Backs Lifting Gay Ban |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-11-mn-2039-story.html |access-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411132627/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-11-mn-2039-story.html |url-status=live }}}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Betti Jane |first1=Levine |title=Sexuality and Family in the Political Spotlight |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-04-cl-64103-story.html |access-date=July 11, 2025 |agency=The Los Angeles Times |date=August 4, 2000}}</ref> [[Abortion in the United States|abortion rights]],<ref>{{multiref2|1={{cite web|date=August 7, 1992|title=Goldwater Opposes GOP on Abortion|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-07-mn-4874-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806024402/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-07-mn-4874-story.html |archive-date=August 6, 2019 |access-date=January 16, 2021|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}|2={{cite web|last=Roth|first=Bennett|date=April 13, 2011|title=Planned Parenthood Once Had GOP Pals|url=https://www.rollcall.com/2011/04/13/planned-parenthood-once-had-gop-pals/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106201218/https://www.rollcall.com/2011/04/13/planned-parenthood-once-had-gop-pals/ |archive-date=January 6, 2021 |access-date=January 16, 2021|website=[[Roll Call]]}}}}</ref> and the legalization of [[Legalization of cannabis in the United States|marijuana]].<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite news |last=Scheer |first=Robert |date=November 19, 1996 |title=Reefer Madness: Feds Go Ballistic on Pot Measures |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-11-19-me-510-story.html |access-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411132609/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-11-19-me-510-story.html |url-status=live }}|{{cite web |last=Dish |first=The Daily |date=September 20, 2006 |title=Goldwater |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/daily-dish/archive/2006/09/goldwater/233383/ |access-date=April 11, 2022 |website=The Atlantic |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411132627/https://www.theatlantic.com/daily-dish/archive/2006/09/goldwater/233383/ |url-status=live }}|{{Cite magazine |magazine=The Stanford Quad |title=The Stanford Quad, 1970. Volume 77 |date=1970 |volume=77 |url=https://purl.stanford.edu/tn009kn4599 |place=Stanford, California |publisher=Associated Students of Stanford University |access-date=May 20, 2025| quote=I challenge anyone to explain how we can control the distribution of all kinds of dope if we legalize one of them... but I guess if people can die of smoking tobacco, they can die of smoking marijuana if they want to. |quote-page=45}}|{{cite web|title=History of Medical Marijuana In Arizona|url=https://www.naturesmedicines.com/d/medical-marijuana-education/history-of-medical-marijuana-in-arizona.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929092912/https://www.naturesmedicines.com/d/medical-marijuana-education/history-of-medical-marijuana-in-arizona.html |archive-date=September 29, 2020 |access-date=January 16, 2021|website=Nature's Medicines}}
}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Goldwater was born on January 2, 1909, in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], in what was then the [[Arizona Territory]], the son of Baron M. Goldwater and his wife, Hattie Josephine "JoJo" Williams. Goldwater long believed that he was born on January 1, 1909, and thus works published during his career list this as his date of birth; however, in his later years, he discovered documentation revealing that he was actually born at 3 a.m. on January 2.<ref>Internet Accuracy Project, [http://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-Goldwater,Barry.html Senator Barry Goldwater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115231846/https://www.accuracyproject.org/cbe-Goldwater,Barry.html |date=November 15, 2018 }}. Retrieved September 23, 2010.</ref> His father's family founded [[Goldwater's|Goldwater's Department Store]], a leading upscale [[department store]] in Phoenix.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kathleen Garcia|title=Early Phoenix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F25aMroD_IUC&pg=PA62|year=2008|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|page=62|isbn=978-0738548395}}</ref> Goldwater's paternal grandfather, Michel Goldwasser, a [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jew]], was born in 1821 in [[Konin]], then part of [[Congress Poland]]. He emigrated to London following the [[Revolutions of 1848]]. Soon after arriving in London, Michel [[anglicized]] his name to Michael Goldwater. Michel married Sarah Nathan, a member of an [[History of the Jews in England|English-Jewish]] family, in the [[Great Synagogue of London]].<ref>{{cite web| first = George | last = Zornik | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1284836.html | title =Thoroughly modern grandmothers | date = October 16, 1988 | access-date=March 3, 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430215538/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1284836.html | archive-date=April 30, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/barrygoldwater.htm | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=May 13, 1997 | access-date=March 30, 2010 | title=Barry Goldwater | archive-date=February 1, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201013052/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/barrygoldwater.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

The Goldwaters later emigrated to the United States, first arriving in San Francisco, California, before finally settling in the Arizona Territory, where Michael Goldwater opened a small department store that was later taken over and expanded by his three sons, Henry, Baron, and Morris.<ref>apps.azlibrary.gov/officials/Legislators/person/527</ref> [[Morris Goldwater]] (1852–1939) was an Arizona territorial and state legislator, mayor of [[Prescott, Arizona]], delegate to the Arizona Constitutional Convention, and later President of the Arizona State Senate.<ref>'State Mourns Death of Morris Goldwater,' ''The Arizona Republic,'' April 12, 1939, p. 1</ref>

Goldwater's father was Jewish, but Goldwater was raised in his mother's [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]] faith. Hattie Williams came from an established [[New England]] family that included the theologian [[Roger Williams]], of [[Rhode Island]].{{Sfn | Goldberg | 1995 | p = 21}} Goldwater's parents were married in an Episcopal church in Phoenix; for his entire life, Goldwater was an Episcopalian, though on rare occasions he referred to himself as Jewish.<ref name="NYTObit">{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/01/specials/goldwater-obit.html | work=The New York Times |author=Clymer, Adam|date=May 29, 1998| archive-date=March 7, 2013 | title=Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307223049/http://www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/01/specials/goldwater-obit.html |url-status=live}}</ref> While he did not often attend church, he stated that "If a man acts in a religious way, an ethical way, then he's really a religious man—and it doesn't have a lot to do with how often he gets inside a church."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876116,00.html |title=Worship: Goldwater's Faith |magazine=Time |date=August 28, 1964 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823153750/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C876116%2C00.html |archive-date=August 23, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Sfn | Goldberg | 1995 | pp = 22–27 [27]}}<ref>A Jewish essayist famously remarked of Goldwater: {{citation|last=Golden |first=Harry Golden |quote=I have always thought that if a Jew ever became President, he would turn out to be an Episcopalian. |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,898063,00.html |title=The Taboo |newspaper=Time |date=November 22, 1963 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817071659/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C898063%2C00.html |archive-date=August 17, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His first cousin was [[Julius Goldwater]], a convert to Buddhism and [[Jodo Shinshu]] priest who assisted interned Japanese Americans during World War II.<ref name=WaPo>{{cite news |last=Woo |first=Elaine |date=June 24, 2001 |title=J.A. Goldwater Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/06/24/ja-goldwater-dies/c733c99b-2779-442c-84bd-e9a552e2fcdb/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |location= |access-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-date=August 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827081505/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2001/06/24/ja-goldwater-dies/c733c99b-2779-442c-84bd-e9a552e2fcdb/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After performing poorly academically as a high school freshman, Goldwater's parents sent him to [[Staunton Military Academy]] in [[Staunton, Virginia]], where he played varsity football, basketball, track, and swimming; was senior class treasurer; and attained the rank of captain.<ref name="NYTObit" /><ref name="StauntonMilitary">{{cite book|last=Malakoff|first=L.E.|title=Blue & Gold Yearbook|publisher=Staunton Military Academy|year=1928|url=http://smahistory.com/smayearbooks/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/1928.pdf|access-date=April 19, 2019|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062235/http://smahistory.com/smayearbooks/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/1928.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He graduated from the academy in 1928 and enrolled at the [[University of Arizona]],<ref name="StauntonMilitary" /><ref>{{Biographical Directory of Congress|G000267|inline=yes}}</ref> but dropped out after one year. Barry Goldwater is the most recent non-college graduate to be the nominee of a major political party in a presidential election.  Goldwater entered the family's business around the time of his father's death, in 1930. Six years later, he took over the department store, though he was not particularly enthused about running the business.<ref name="NYTObit" />

==Career==
===U.S. Air Force===
[[File:Portrait of USAFR Maj Gen Barry M. Goldwater.jpg|thumb|left|Goldwater as a major general in the [[United States Air Force]], {{Circa|1967}}]]

After the United States entered [[World War II]], Goldwater received a reserve commission in the [[United States Army Air Force]]. Goldwater trained as a pilot and was assigned to the Ferry Command, a newly formed unit that flew aircraft and supplies to war zones worldwide. He spent most of the war flying between the U.S. and India, via the [[Azores]] and North Africa or South America, [[Nigeria]], and Central Africa. Goldwater also flew "[[The Hump]]", one of the most dangerous routes for supply planes during WWII. The route required aircraft to fly directly over the [[Himalayas]] in order to deliver desperately needed supplies to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].<ref>Shiner, Linda (August 26, 2020). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/voices-veterans-library-congress-180975664/ "Flying the Hump: A Veteran Remembers: One of Many Stories in the Library of Congress Searchable Archive of War Reminiscences"]. Retrieved February 1, 2021.</ref>

Following the end of World War II in 1945, Goldwater was a leading proponent of creating the [[United States Air Force Academy]] and later served on the academy's Board of Visitors. The visitor center at the academy is now named in his honor. Goldwater remained in the Army Air Reserve after the war, and in 1946, at the rank of Colonel, Goldwater founded the [[Arizona Air National Guard]]. Goldwater ordered the Arizona Air National Guard [[desegregate]]d, two years before the rest of the U.S. military. In the early 1960s, while a senator, he commanded the [[9999th Air Reserve Squadron]] as a major general. Goldwater was instrumental in pushing the Pentagon to support the desegregation of the armed services.<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EgEAAAAMBAJ&q=goldwater%20and%20the%20desegregation%20of%20the%20arizona%20air%20national%20guard&pg=PA93 |magazine=Life |title=The Difficulty of 'Being Fair' to Goldwater |date= September 18, 1964 |access-date= March 3, 2012 |archive-date= July 26, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200726150419/https://books.google.com/books?id=-EgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA93&q=goldwater%20and%20the%20desegregation%20of%20the%20arizona%20air%20national%20guard |url-status= live }}</ref>

Goldwater remained in the Arizona [[Air National Guard]] until 1967, retiring as a [[Command Pilot]] with the rank of [[Major general (United States)|major general]].<ref>{{cite web| publisher=U.S. Air Force |title=Major General Barry M Goldwater |url=http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5574|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331211943/http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5574|archive-date=March 31, 2013}}</ref>

As a U.S. Senator, Goldwater had a sign in his office that referenced his military career and mindset: "There are old pilots and there are bold pilots, but there are no old, bold pilots."<ref>{{cite news|title=The Gold Standard: Barry Goldwater's 30-year U.S. Senate career made him an icon in Arizona politics|last=Harris|first=Don|date=March 12, 2012|work=Arizona Capital Times}}</ref>

===Early political involvement===
In a heavily Democratic state, Goldwater became a conservative Republican and a friend of [[Herbert Hoover]]. He was outspoken against [[Modern liberalism in the United States#New Deal|New Deal liberalism]], especially its close ties to [[Trade union|labor unions]]. A pilot, amateur radio operator, outdoorsman, and photographer, he criss-crossed Arizona and developed a deep interest in both the natural and the human history of the state. He entered [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] politics in 1949, when he was elected to the [[Phoenix City Council|City Council]] as part of a nonpartisan team of candidates pledged to clean up widespread prostitution and gambling. The team won every mayoral and council election for the next two decades. Goldwater rebuilt the weak [[Arizona Republican Party|Republican Party]], and was instrumental in electing [[John Howard Pyle|Howard Pyle]] as [[Governor of Arizona|Governor]] in 1950.<ref>Robert Alan Goldberg (1995). ''Barry Goldwater''. pp. 67–98.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwaterchrono.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000914042048/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwaterchrono.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 14, 2000 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 5, 1998 |access-date=March 30, 2010 |title=A Look at the Life of Barry Goldwater }}</ref>

====Support for civil rights====
Goldwater was a supporter of racial equality. He integrated his family's business upon taking over control in the 1930s. A lifetime member of the [[NAACP]], Goldwater helped found the group's Arizona chapter. He saw to it that the [[Arizona Air National Guard]] was racially integrated from its inception in 1946, two years before [[Harry S. Truman|President Truman]] ordered the military as a whole be integrated (a process that was not completed until 1954). Goldwater worked with Phoenix civil rights leaders to successfully integrate public schools a year prior to ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]''. Despite this support of civil rights, he remained in objection to some major federal civil rights legislation. Civil rights leaders like [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] remarked of him, "while not himself a racist, Mr. Goldwater articulates a philosophy which gives aid and comfort to the racists."<ref>Gearson, Michael "Goldwater's Warning to the GOP", The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/michael-gerson-barry-goldwaters-warning-to-the-gop/2014/04/17/9e8993ec-c651-11e3-bf7a-be01a9b69cf1_story.html Published April 17, 2014, Retrieved December 13, 2020</ref><ref>Edwards, Lee "In Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative", The Miami Herald, https://www.miamiherald.com/article1973798.html Published July 2, 2014, Retrieved December 13, 2020</ref>

Goldwater was an early member and largely unrecognized supporter of the [[National Urban League]]'s Phoenix chapter, going so far as to cover the group's early operating deficits with his personal funds.<ref>Jonathan Bean, Race and Liberty in America (Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, 2009), p. 226.</ref><ref name="Edwards">''Edwards''</ref> Though the NAACP denounced Goldwater in the harshest of terms when he ran for president, the Urban League conferred on him the 1991 Humanitarian Award "for 50 years of loyal service to the Phoenix Urban League". In response to League members who objected, citing Goldwater's vote on the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], the League president pointed out that he had saved the League more than once, saying he preferred to judge a person "on the basis of his daily actions rather than on his voting record".<ref name="Edwards"/>

===U.S. Senator===
[[File:Barry Goldwater 1952 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Goldwater's campaign portrait in the [[1952 United States Senate election in Arizona|1952 U.S. Senate campaign]]]]
[[File:Informal press conference following a meeting between Congressmen and the President to discuss Watergate matters. - NARA - 194590.jpg|thumb|Goldwater's informal press conference on August 7, 1974, following a meeting between Goldwater, U.S. Senate Minority Leader [[Hugh Scott]], U.S. House Minority Leader [[John Jacob Rhodes]], and President [[Richard Nixon]] to discuss the [[Watergate scandal]] and [[Impeachment process against Richard Nixon|impeachment process]]. The following evening, on August 8, 1974, President Nixon [[Richard Nixon's resignation speech|announced his resignation in a nationally televised address]].]]
Running as a Republican, Goldwater won a narrow upset victory seat in the [[1952 United States Senate election in Arizona|1952 Arizona Senate election]] against veteran Democrat and Senate Majority Leader [[Ernest McFarland]].  He won largely by defeating McFarland in his native [[Maricopa County]] by 12,600 votes, almost double the overall margin of 6,725 votes.

Goldwater defeated McFarland by a larger margin when he ran again in [[1958 United States Senate elections|1958]]. Following his strong re-election showing, he became the first Arizona Republican to win a second term in the U.S. Senate. Goldwater's victory was all the more remarkable since it came in a year Democrats gained 13 seats in the Senate.

During his Senate career, Goldwater was regarded as the "Grand Old Man of the Republican Party and one of the nation's most respected exponents of conservatism".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barnes|first1=Bart|title=Barry Goldwater, GOP Hero, Dies|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater30.htm|access-date=October 4, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=May 30, 1998|archive-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803142615/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater30.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Criticism of Eisenhower administration====
Goldwater was outspoken about the [[Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower administration]], calling some of the policies of the administration too liberal for a Republican president. "Democrats delighted in pointing out that the junior senator was so headstrong that he had gone out his way to criticize the president of his own party."<ref>{{cite book |title=Goldwater: the man who made a revolution |last=Edwards |first=Lee |publisher=Regnery Publishing |year=1995 |isbn=0895264714 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee/page/89 89] |url=https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee/page/89 }}</ref> There was a Democratic majority in Congress for most of Eisenhower's career, and Goldwater felt that [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Dwight Eisenhower]] was compromising too much with Democrats in order to get legislation passed. Early on in his career as a senator for Arizona, he criticized the $71.8&nbsp;billion budget that President Eisenhower sent to Congress, stating, "Now, however, I am not so sure. A $71.8&nbsp;billion budget not only shocks me, but it weakens my faith."<ref>{{cite book|title=Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus |url=https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl_k0s0 |url-access=registration |last=Perlstein |first=Rick |publisher=Nation Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-1568584126 |page=[https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl_k0s0/page/33 33] |oclc=938852638 }}</ref> Goldwater opposed Eisenhower's pick of [[Earl Warren]] for [[Chief Justice of the United States]]. "The day that Eisenhower appointed Governor Earl Warren of California as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Goldwater did not hesitate to express his misgivings."<ref>Edwards, p. 57</ref> However, Goldwater was present in the United States Senate on March 1, 1954, when Warren was unanimously confirmed,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – March 1, 1954|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=100|issue=2|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=2381|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt2-16-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219011557/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt2-16-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> voted in favor of [[Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates|Eisenhower's nomination]] of [[John Marshall Harlan II]] on March 16, 1955,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – March 16, 1955|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=101|issue=3|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=3036|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt3-2-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219040035/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1955-pt3-2-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> was present for the unanimous nominations of [[William J. Brennan Jr.]] and [[Charles Evans Whittaker]] on March 19, 1957,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – March 19, 1957|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=103|issue=3|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=3946|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt3-13-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219043638/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt3/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt3-13-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and voted in favor of the nomination of [[Potter Stewart]] on May 5, 1959.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – May 5, 1959|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=105|issue=6|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=7472|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt6-4-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219045119/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1959-pt6-4-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Stance on civil rights====
In his first year in the Senate, Goldwater was responsible for the desegregation of the Senate cafeteria after he insisted that his Black legislative assistant, Katherine Maxwell, be served along with every other Senate employee.<ref name="Edwards, Lee 1995 p.231">Edwards, Lee (1995) ''Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution'' p. 231</ref>

Goldwater and the Eisenhower administration supported the integration of schools in the South, but Goldwater felt the states should choose how they wanted to integrate and should not be forced by the federal government. "Goldwater criticized the use of federal troops. He accused the Eisenhower administration of violating the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]] by assuming powers reserved by the states. While he agreed that under the law, every state should have integrated its schools, each state should integrate in its own way."<ref>Edwards, p. 233</ref> There were high-ranking government officials following Goldwater's critical stance on the Eisenhower administration, even an Army General. "Fulbright's startling revelation that military personnel were being indoctrinated with the idea that the policies of the Commander in Chief were treasonous dovetailed with the return to the news of the strange case of General [[Edwin Walker]]."<ref>Perlstein, p. 147</ref>

In his 1960 book ''[[The Conscience of a Conservative]]'', Goldwater stated that he supported the stated objectives of the Supreme Court's decision in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'', but argued that the federal government had no role in ordering states to desegregate public schools. He wrote:

<blockquote>I believe that it ''is'' both wise and just for negro children to attend the same schools as whites, and that to deny them this opportunity carries with it strong implications of inferiority. I am not prepared, however, to impose that judgement of mine on the people of Mississippi or South Carolina, or to tell them what methods should be adopted and what pace should be kept in striving toward that goal. That is their business, not mine. I believe that the problem of race relations, like all social and cultural problems, is best handled by the people directly concerned. Social and cultural change, however desirable, should not be effected by the engines of national power."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldwater |first=Barry M. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001141317 |title=The conscience of a conservative |publisher=Victor Publishing Company Inc. |year=1960 |isbn= |edition= |location=Shepherdsville, Kentucky |pages=31–37}}</ref></blockquote>

Goldwater voted in favor of both the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] and the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]], but did not vote on the [[Civil Rights Act of 1960]] because he was absent from the chamber while [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Minority Whip]] [[Thomas Kuchel]] (R–CA) announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present.<ref name="1957 Civil Rights Act - 8-7-1957 Senate vote" /><ref name="1957 Civil Rights Act - 8-29-1957 Senate vote" /><ref name="1960 Civil Rights Act - 4-8-1960 Senate vote" /><ref name="24th Amendment - 3-27-1962 Senate vote" /> While he did vote in favor of it while in committee, Goldwater reluctantly voted against the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] when it came to the floor.<ref name="1964 Civil Rights Act - 6-19-1964 Senate vote" /> Later, Goldwater would state that he was mostly in support of the bill, but he disagreed with Titles II and VII, which both dealt with employment, making him imply that the law would end in the government dictating hiring and firing policy for millions of Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.centralmaine.com/2014/07/19/goldwaters-vote-against-civil-rights-act-of-1964-unfairly-branded-him-a-racist/|title = Goldwater's vote against Civil Rights Act of 1964 unfairly branded him a racist|date = July 19, 2014|access-date = September 24, 2021|archive-date = September 24, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210924043349/https://www.centralmaine.com/2014/07/19/goldwaters-vote-against-civil-rights-act-of-1964-unfairly-branded-him-a-racist/|url-status = live}}</ref> Congressional Republicans overwhelmingly supported the bill, with Goldwater being joined by only five other Republican senators in voting against it.<ref name="Bernard Cosman 1966" /><ref name="Charles S Bullock III 2012 p. 303">Charles S Bullock III, and Mark J. Rozell, ''The Oxford Handbook of Southern Politics'' (2012) p. 303</ref> It is likely that Goldwater significantly underestimated the effect this would have, as his vote against the bill hurt him with voters across the country, including from his own party. In the 1990s, Goldwater would call his vote on the Civil Rights Act "one of his greatest regrets."<ref name="Edwards" /> Goldwater was absent from the Senate during President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s nomination of [[Byron White]] to Supreme Court on April 11, 1962,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – April 11, 1962|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=108|issue=5|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=6332|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt5/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt5-6-1.pdf|access-date=February 19, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219052726/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt5/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt5-6-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> but was present when [[Arthur Goldberg]] was unanimously confirmed.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – September 25, 1962|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=108|issue=15|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=20667|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt15/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt15-6-2.pdf|access-date=February 19, 2022|archive-date=February 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219053259/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt15/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt15-6-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==1964 presidential election==
{{See also|1964 United States presidential election}}

Goldwater's direct style had made him extremely popular with the Republican Party's suburban conservative voters, based in the [[Southern United States|South]] and the senator's native [[Western United States|West]]. Following the success of ''[[The Conscience of a Conservative]]'', Goldwater became the frontrunner for the GOP Presidential nomination to run against [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>Aranha, Gerard V, "JFK and Goldwater", The Chicago Tribune www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1998-06-14-9806140015-story.html June 14, 1998, Retrieved December 13, 2020</ref> Despite their disagreements on politics, Goldwater and Kennedy had grown to become close friends during the eight years they served alongside each other in the Senate. With Goldwater the clear GOP frontrunner, he and Kennedy began planning to campaign together, holding [[Lincoln–Douglas debates|Lincoln-Douglas style debates]] across the country and avoiding a race defined by the kind of negative attacks that were increasingly coming to define American politics.<ref>''id''.</ref><ref>Goldwater told the New York paper ''Newsday'' about the agreement in 1973, saying "We talked about it. We both thought it was a great idea," "Goldwater Tells Plan to Stump With Kennedy", ''Los Angeles Times'', June 8, 1973, p. I-17</ref>

==={{Anchor|Republican Primary}} Republican primary===
{{See also|Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign|1964 Republican Party presidential primaries}}
[[File:1964RepublicanPresidentialPrimaries.svg|thumb|300px|Republican primaries results by state
{{div col|colwidth=9em|content=
{{legend|#c1c1c1|No primary held}}
{{legend|#423121|[[John W. Byrnes]]}}
{{legend|#a59400|Barry Goldwater}}
{{legend|#73638c|[[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]]}}
{{legend|#668c63|[[James A. Rhodes]]}}
{{legend|#5d73e5|[[Nelson Rockefeller]]}}
{{legend|#c67742|[[William W. Scranton]]}}
}}
In South Dakota and Florida, Goldwater finished second to "unpledged delegates", but he finished before all other candidates.]]

Goldwater was grief-stricken{{Sfn | Goldwater | 1980 | p = 161 | ps =: "When that assassin's bullet ended the life of John Fitzgerald Kennedy in Dallas on November 22, 1963, it was for me a great personal loss."}} by the [[John F. Kennedy assassination|assassination of Kennedy]] and was greatly disappointed that his opponent in 1964 would not be Kennedy but instead his vice president, former Senate Majority Leader [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] of Texas.<ref name="test">{{citation | url = http://www.mrconservativegoldwaterongoldwater.com/ | title = Mr. Conservative: Goldwater on Goldwater | publisher = HBO | type = documentary film| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407105013/http://www.mrconservativegoldwaterongoldwater.com/ | archive-date = April 7, 2014 }}</ref> Goldwater disliked Johnson, later telling columnist John Kolbe that Johnson had "used every dirty trick in the bag."<ref>Iverson, Peter (1997) ''[https://archive.org/details/barrygoldwaterna0000iver/page/118/mode/2up?q=%22used+every+dirty+trick+in+the+bag%22 Barry Goldwater : Native Arizonan].'' Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p.&nbsp;118. {{ISBN|0806129581}}.</ref>

At the time of Goldwater's presidential candidacy, the Republican Party was split between its conservative wing (based in the West and South) and moderate/liberal wing, sometimes called [[Rockefeller Republican]]s (based in the Northeast and Midwest). Goldwater alarmed even some of his fellow partisans with his brand of staunch [[Fiscal conservatives|fiscal conservatism]] and militant [[anti-communism]]. He was viewed by many moderate and liberal Republicans as being too far on the right wing of the political spectrum to appeal to the mainstream majority necessary to win a national election. As a result, moderate and liberal Republicans recruited a series of opponents, including New York Governor [[Nelson Rockefeller]], [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], of [[Massachusetts]] and [[Pennsylvania]] Governor [[William Scranton]], to challenge him. Goldwater received solid backing from most of the few Southern Republicans then in politics. A young [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]] lawyer, [[John Grenier]], secured commitments from 271 of 279 Southern convention delegates to back Goldwater. Grenier would serve as executive director of the national GOP during the Goldwater campaign, the number two position to party chairman [[Dean Burch]] of Arizona. Goldwater fought and won a multi-candidate race for the Republican Party's presidential nomination.

===1964 Republican National Convention===
{{See also|1964 Republican National Convention}}

Eisenhower gave his support to Goldwater when he told reporters, "I personally believe that Goldwater is not an extremist as some people have made him, but in any event we're all Republicans."<ref>{{cite book|title=Before the storm : Barry Goldwater and the unmaking of the American consensus|url=https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl_k0s0|url-access=registration|last=Perlstein|first= Rick|date=2009|publisher=Nation|isbn=978-1568584126|page=[https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl_k0s0/page/344 344]|oclc=938852638}}</ref> His nomination was staunchly opposed by the so-called [[Rockefeller Republican|Liberal Republicans]], who thought Goldwater's demand for [[rollback|active measures to defeat]] the [[Soviet Union]] would foment a [[nuclear war]]. In addition to Rockefeller, prominent Republican office-holders refused to endorse Goldwater's candidacy, including both Republican senators from New York [[Kenneth Keating|Kenneth B. Keating]] and [[Jacob Javits]], [[Pennsylvania]] governor [[William Scranton]], Michigan governor [[George W. Romney|George Romney]] and Congressman [[John Lindsay|John V. Lindsay]] ([[New York's 17th congressional district|NY-17]]).<ref>"Lindsay Rejects National Ticket; To Run on His Own; He Attacks Positions Taken by G.O.P. Convention in Nominating Goldwater", The New York Times, August 4, 1964, Retrieved December 13, 2020, www.nytimes.com/1964/08/04/archives/lindsay-rejegts-national-ticket-to-run-on-his-own-he-attacks.html</ref> Rockefeller Republican [[Jackie Robinson]] walked out of the convention in disgust over Goldwater's nomination. [[Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.]], who was [[Richard Nixon]]'s running mate in 1960, also opposed Goldwater, calling his proposal of realigning the Democrat and Republican parties into two Liberal and Conservative parties "totally abhorrent" and thought that no one in their right mind should oppose the federal government in having a role in the future of America.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-jackie-robinson-100-politics-mlk-nixon-0131-20190130-story.html|title = Jackie Robinson fought for a racially inclusive GOP|website = [[Chicago Tribune]]| date=January 30, 2019 |access-date = December 23, 2020|archive-date = January 20, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210120052854/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-perspec-jackie-robinson-100-politics-mlk-nixon-0131-20190130-story.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>"Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus", Rick Perlstein, 2009</ref><ref>"Lodge Denounces Party Realigning; "Totally abhorrent", he says of Goldwater's proposal"", New York Times, November 16, 1964</ref>

In the face of such opposition, Goldwater delivered a well-received acceptance speech. According to the author [[Lee Edwards]]: "[Goldwater] devoted more care [to it] than to any other speech in his political career. And with good reason: he would deliver it to the largest and most attentive audience of his life."<ref>{{cite book|title=Goldwater : the man who made a revolution|last=Lee|first=Edwards|publisher=Regnery Publishing|year=1995|isbn=0895264714|location=Washington, D.C.|page=[https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee/page/267 267]|url=https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee/page/267}}</ref> Journalist John Adams commented: "his acceptance speech was bold, reflecting his conservative views, but not irrational.  Rather than shrinking from those critics who accuse him of extremism, Goldwater challenged them head-on" in his acceptance speech at the 1964 Republican Convention.<ref>{{cite book|author=Adams, John|title=In the Trenches: Adventures in Journalism and Public Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hsALOP-k6-gC&pg=PA73|year=2012|pages=73–|publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-1462067831|access-date=July 11, 2016|archive-date=November 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121234759/https://books.google.com/books?id=hsALOP-k6-gC&pg=PA73|url-status=live}}</ref> In his own words:

{{Blockquote|I would remind you that extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice! [40 seconds of applause by the crowd] And let me remind you also that moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue! [10 seconds of applause]<ref>{{cite book |editor=Andrews, Robert |title=Famous Lines: A Columbia Dictionary of Familiar Quotations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtciwlIG3sMC&pg=PA159 |year=1997 |page=159 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0231102186 |access-date=July 11, 2016 |archive-date=November 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121143456/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtciwlIG3sMC&pg=PA159 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube |id=OQ-7g52P7j0 |t=43m55s |title=1964 Barry Goldwater GOP Convention Acceptance Speech, at 43m55s}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nationalcenter.org/ncppr/2001/11/04/barry-goldwaters-republican-convention-speech-1964/ |last=Hess |first=Karl |date=November 4, 2001 |website=nationalcenter.org |publisher=National Center for Public Policy Research |title=Barry Goldwater's 1964 Acceptance Speech Republican Presidential Nomination 1964 Republican National Convention Cow Palace San Francisco |access-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-date=July 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704065752/https://nationalcenter.org/ncppr/2001/11/04/barry-goldwaters-republican-convention-speech-1964/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

His paraphrase of [[Cicero]] was included at the suggestion of [[Harry V. Jaffa]], though the speech was primarily written by [[Karl Hess]]. Because of President Johnson's popularity, Goldwater refrained from attacking the president directly. He did not mention Johnson by name at all in his convention speech.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Although raised as an [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Kurt F. Stone|title=The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACTF56SnaykC&pg=PA191|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=191|isbn=978-0810877382}}</ref> Goldwater was the first candidate of [[American Jews|Jewish]] descent, through his father, to be nominated for president by a major American party.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=Harold|last2=Buckland|first2=Gail|last3=Baker|first3=Kevin|date=1998|title=The American Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a013AAAAMAAJ|publisher=Knopf|page=515|isbn=0679410708|quote=The first major candidate known to be of ethnic Jewish origin, Goldwater used to joke that only half of him could join an exclusive country club.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Murray Friedman|title=The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2006|pages=96–97|quote=Goldwater did not run as a Jew and did not seek the support of other Jews. He did not go out of his way to support Israel, either. On the other hand, he never disavowed his Jewish antecedents. ... Whether Goldwater should be seen as Jewish is an open question. }}</ref>

===1964 general presidential campaign===
[[File:President Johnson and Senator Goldwater.jpg|thumb|left|President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] with U.S. Senator Goldwater on January 16, 1964]]

After securing the Republican presidential nomination, Goldwater chose his political ally, [[Republican National Convention|RNC]] Chairman [[William E. Miller]], to be his running mate. Goldwater joked he chose Miller because "he drives Johnson nuts".<ref name="Perlstein">{{cite book |first=Rick |last=Perlstein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DG3BE0C0VkAC&pg=PA389 |title=Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus |year=2002 |page=389 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=978-0786744152 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105174419/https://books.google.com/books?id=DG3BE0C0VkAC&pg=PA389 |url-status=live }}</ref> In choosing Miller, Goldwater opted for a running mate who was ideologically aligned with his own conservative wing of the Republican party. Miller [[Ticket balance|balanced the ticket]] in other ways, being a practicing Catholic from the East Coast.<ref name="Perlstein"/> Miller had low name recognition<ref name="Perlstein"/> but was popular in the Republican party and viewed as a skilled political strategist.<ref name="Spurned">{{cite news |last=Weaver |first=Warren Jr |date=September 6, 1964 |title=Miller Spurned the Usual Road to Political Advancement |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/09/06/118536966.html?pageNumber=44 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194249/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1964/09/06/118536966.html?pageNumber=44 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Former U.S. senator [[Prescott Bush]], a [[Moderate Republicans (United States, 1930s–1970s)|moderate Republican]] from [[Connecticut]], was a friend of Goldwater and supported him in the general election campaign.

Future chief justice of the United States and fellow Arizonan [[William H. Rehnquist]] also first came to the attention of national Republicans through his work as a legal adviser to Goldwater's presidential campaign. Rehnquist had begun his law practice in 1953 in the firm of [[Denison Kitchel]] of Phoenix, Goldwater's national campaign manager and friend of nearly three decades.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-24-me-kitchel24-story.html|title=Denison Kitchel, 94; Ran Goldwater's Presidential Bid|date=October 24, 2002|first=Dennis|last=McLellan|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=June 2, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106065221/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/oct/24/local/me-kitchel24|archive-date=November 6, 2013}}</ref>

Goldwater's advocacy of active interventionism to prevent the spread of communism and defend American values and allies led to effective counterattacks from [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and his supporters, who said that Goldwater's militancy would have dire consequences, possibly even nuclear war. In a May 1964 speech, Goldwater suggested that nuclear weapons should be treated more like conventional weapons and used in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], specifically that they should have been used at [[Dien Bien Phu]] in 1954 to defoliate trees.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nuclear Weapons and the Vietnam War |url=http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pub/vietnam_weapons.pdf |last=Tannenwald |first=Nina |s2cid=153628491 |journal=The Journal of Strategic Studies |volume=29 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=675–722 |doi=10.1080/01402390600766148 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101174405/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/pub/vietnam_weapons.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=May 8, 2013 }}</ref> Regarding Vietnam, Goldwater charged that Johnson's policy was devoid of "goal, course, or purpose," leaving "only sudden death in the jungles and the slow strangulation of freedom".<ref>Matthews 2002</ref> Goldwater's rhetoric on nuclear war was viewed by many as quite uncompromising, a view buttressed by off-hand comments such as, "Let's lob one into the men's room at the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]]."<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Harper's Magazine |url=http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2004/Republican-Propaganda1sep04.htm|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091012003831/http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2004/Republican-Propaganda1sep04.htm|title=Tentacles of Rage: The Republican propaganda mill, a brief history|author=Lapham, Lewis H. |volume=309|issue=1852|date= September 2004 |archive-date=October 12, 2009}}</ref> He also advocated that field commanders in Vietnam and Europe should be given the authority to use [[tactical nuclear weapon]]s (which he called "small conventional nuclear weapons") without presidential confirmation.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11-IA1 |title=Our Defense: a Crucial Issue for Candidates |magazine=Life |date=September 25, 1964 |page=11 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-date=May 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524183100/https://books.google.com/books?id=rUwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA11-IA1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:1964 Barry Goldwater bumper sticker.jpg|thumb|right|A bumper sticker from Goldwater's [[Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign|1964 presidential campaign]], representing the Goldwater surname as Au = gold and H<sub>2</sub>O = water=]]

Goldwater countered the Johnson attacks by criticizing the administration for its perceived ethical lapses, and stating in a commercial that "we, as a nation, are not far from the kind of moral decay that has brought on the fall of other nations and people.... I say it is time to put conscience back in government. And by good example, put it back in all walks of American life." Goldwater campaign commercials included statements of support by actor [[Raymond Massey]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/raymond-massey |title=Goldwater ad |publisher=Livingroomcandidate.org |date=September 7, 1964 |access-date=March 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020013322/http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/raymond-massey |archive-date=October 20, 2013 }}</ref> and moderate Republican senator [[Margaret Chase Smith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/senator-margaret-chase |title=Goldwater ad |publisher=Livingroomcandidate.org |date=September 7, 1964 |access-date=March 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020013323/http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/senator-margaret-chase |archive-date=October 20, 2013 }}</ref>

Before the 1964 election, ''[[Fact (U.S. magazine)|Fact]]'' magazine, published by [[Ralph Ginzburg]], ran a special issue titled, "The Unconscious of a Conservative: A Special Issue on the Mind of Barry Goldwater". The two main articles contended that Goldwater was mentally unfit to be president. The magazine supported this claim with the results of a poll of board-certified psychiatrists. ''Fact'' had mailed questionnaires to 12,356 psychiatrists, receiving responses from 2,417, of whom 1,189 said Goldwater was mentally incapable of holding the office of president. Most of the other respondents declined to diagnose Goldwater because they had not clinically interviewed him but said that, although not psychologically unfit to preside, Goldwater would be negligent in the role.<ref>{{cite news|author=Richard A. Friedman |title=How a Telescopic Lens Muddles Psychiatric Insights |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/health/views/24mind.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=May 24, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401085816/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/24/health/views/24mind.html |archive-date=April 1, 2014 |url-status=live  |author-link=Richard A. Friedman }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,838361,00.html |title=Libel: Fact, Fiction, Doubt & Barry |magazine=Time |date=May 17, 1968 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624152043/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C838361%2C00.html |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the election, Goldwater sued the publisher, the editor and the magazine for libel in ''[[Goldwater v. Ginzburg]]''. "Although the jury awarded Goldwater only $1.00 in compensatory damages against all three defendants, it went on to award him punitive damages of $25,000 against Ginzburg and $50,000 against ''Fact'' magazine, Inc."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=396&invol=1049 |title=Ginzburg v. Goldwater, 396 U.S. 1049 (1970) |work=FindLaw |access-date=March 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615215053/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=396&invol=1049|archive-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> According to [[Warren Boroson]], then-managing editor of ''Fact'' and later a financial columnist, the main biography of Goldwater in the magazine was written by [[David Bar-Illan]], the Israeli pianist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060411/COLUMNISTS04/604110302/1103/COLUMNISTS |work=Daily Record |title=Wikipedia site filled with major mistakes |date=April 11, 2006 }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

====Political advertising====
{{See also|Daisy (advertisement)}}
[[File:Daisy (1964).webm|thumb|275px|thumbtime=3|President Johnson's anti-Goldwater "[[Daisy (advertisement)|Daisy" advertisement]]]]

A Democratic campaign advertisement known as [[Daisy (advertisement)|Daisy]] showed a young girl counting daisy petals, from one to ten. Immediately following this scene, a voiceover counted down from ten to one. The child's face was shown as a still photograph followed by images of [[Effects of nuclear explosions|nuclear explosions]] and [[mushroom cloud]]s. The campaign advertisement ended with a plea to vote for Johnson, implying that Goldwater (though not mentioned by name) would provoke a [[nuclear war]] if elected. The advertisement, which featured only a few spoken words and relied on imagery for its emotional impact, was one of the most provocative in American political campaign history, and many analysts credit it as being the birth of the modern style of "[[negative campaigning|negative political ads]]" on television. The ad aired only once and was immediately pulled, but it was then shown many times by local television stations covering the controversy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/peace-little-girl-daisy|title="Daisy" ad |publisher=Livingroomcandidate.org|date=September 7, 1964|access-date=March 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426231953/http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/peace-little-girl-daisy|archive-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref>

Goldwater did not have ties to the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK), but he was publicly endorsed by members of the organization.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Leffler|first1=Warren K.|title=Ku Klux Klan members supporting Barry Goldwater's campaign for the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention, San Francisco, California, as an African American man pushes signs back|year=1964|url=https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003673964/|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=August 8, 2015|archive-date=July 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708142935/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003673964/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1964 Johnson defeats Goldwater for presidency|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/johnson-defeats-goldwater-for-presidency|website=History|date=November 13, 2009 |access-date=August 8, 2015|archive-date=September 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905153204/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/johnson-defeats-goldwater-for-presidency|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] exploited this association during the elections,<ref>{{cite web | title = 1964 Johnson vs. Goldwater | url = http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/kkk | website = The Living Room Candidate | access-date = August 8, 2015 | archive-date = September 5, 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905075535/http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/kkk | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Diamond | first1 = Edwin | last2 = Bates | first2 = Stephen | title = The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television | date = 1992 | publisher = MIT Press | isbn = 0262540657 | page = 132 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4u_kT51vIBgC&q=%22i%20like%20barry%20goldwater%2C%20he%20needs%20our%20help%22&pg=PA132 | access-date = August 10, 2015 | archive-date = July 26, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726161433/https://books.google.com/books?id=4u_kT51vIBgC&pg=PA132&q=%22i%20like%20barry%20goldwater%2C%20he%20needs%20our%20help%22 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dallek|first1=Robert|title=Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President: Portrait of a President|year= 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0199728593|page=186|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TFhqWP886YC&q=%22i%20like%20barry%20goldwater%2C%20he%20needs%20our%20help%22&pg=PA186|access-date=August 10, 2015|archive-date=July 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726161408/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TFhqWP886YC&pg=PA186&q=%22i%20like%20barry%20goldwater%2C%20he%20needs%20our%20help%22|url-status=live}}</ref> but Goldwater barred the KKK from supporting him and denounced them.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohr|first1=Charles|title=Goldwater Bars Klan Aid|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/07/goldwater-bars-klan-aid.html|work=The New York Times|date=August 7, 1964 |access-date=August 10, 2015|archive-date=March 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312031142/http://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/07/goldwater-bars-klan-aid.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Throughout the presidential campaign, Goldwater refused to appeal to racial tensions or backlash against civil rights. After the outbreak of the [[Harlem riot of 1964]], Goldwater privately gathered news reporters on his campaign plane and said that if anyone attempted to sow racial violence on his political behalf, he would withdraw from the presidential race{{Em dash}}even if it was the day before the election.<ref>{{cite book|title=Before the storm : Barry Goldwater and the unmaking of the American consensus|url=https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl_k0s0|url-access=registration|last=Perlstein|first= Rick|date=2009|publisher=Nation|isbn=978-1568584126|page=[https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl_k0s0/page/396 396]|oclc=938852638}}</ref>

Past comments came back to haunt Goldwater throughout the campaign. He had once called the [[Eisenhower administration]] "a dime-store [[New Deal]]", and the former president never fully forgave him. However, Eisenhower did film a television commercial with Goldwater.<ref>{{citation|title=Living room candidate|year=1964|url=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/ike-at-gettysburg|contribution=Ike at Gettysburg|publisher=Goldwater|type=campaign ad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120627/http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/ike-at-gettysburg|archive-date=October 19, 2013 }}</ref> Eisenhower qualified his voting for Goldwater in November by remarking that he had voted not specifically for Goldwater, but for the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Polsky|first1=Andrew|title=The Eisenhower Presidency: Lessons for the Twenty-First Century|year= 2015|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1498522205|pages=33, 296|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VItCCwAAQBAJ&q=did%20eisenhower%20vote%20for%20goldwater&pg=PA33|access-date=November 22, 2016|archive-date=July 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726153537/https://books.google.com/books?id=VItCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&q=did%20eisenhower%20vote%20for%20goldwater|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 1961, Goldwater had told a news conference that "sometimes I think this country would be better off if we could just saw off the Eastern Seaboard and let it float out to sea." That comment boomeranged on him during the campaign in the form of a Johnson television commercial,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/eastern-seabord|year=1964|title=Living room candidate|contribution=Eastern Seabord|publisher=Johnson|type=campaign ad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020013045/http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/eastern-seabord|archive-date=October 20, 2013 }}</ref> as did remarks about making [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] voluntary,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/social-security|contribution=Social Security|publisher=Johnson|type=campaign ad|year=1964|title=Living room candidate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020013320/http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/social-security|archive-date=October 20, 2013 }}</ref> and statements in [[Tennessee]] about selling the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]], a large local New Deal employer.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sabato|first1=Larry|title=How Goldwater Changed Campaigns Forever|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/barry-goldwater-lasting-legacy-112210_Page3.html|access-date=November 22, 2016|issue=October 27, 2014|publisher=Politico|date=October 27, 2014|archive-date=November 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115202659/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/barry-goldwater-lasting-legacy-112210_Page3.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Goldwater campaign spotlighted [[Ronald Reagan]], who appeared in a campaign ad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/ronald-reagan|publisher=Goldwater|type=ad|title=The Living Room Candidate – Commercials – 1964 – Ronald Reagan|date=September 7, 1964|access-date= March 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020013734/http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1964/ronald-reagan|archive-date=October 20, 2013}}</ref> In turn, Reagan gave a stirring, nationally televised speech, "[[A Time for Choosing]]", in support of Goldwater.

===Results===
[[File:ElectoralCollege1964.svg|thumb|300px|Electoral College results by state]]

Goldwater only won his home state of Arizona and five states in the [[Deep South]]. The Southern states, traditionally Democratic up to that time, voted Republican primarily as a statement of opposition to the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/how-the-party-of-lincoln-won-over-the-once-democratic-south|title=How the 'Party of Lincoln' Won over the Once Democratic South|date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=September 25, 2021|archive-date=October 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002202649/https://www.history.com/news/how-the-party-of-lincoln-won-over-the-once-democratic-south|url-status=live}}</ref> which had been signed into law by Johnson earlier that year. Despite Johnson's support for the Civil Rights Act, the bill received split support from Congressional Democrats due to southerner opposition. In contrast, Congressional Republicans overwhelmingly supported the bill, with Goldwater being joined by only 5 other Republican senators in voting against it.<ref name="Bernard Cosman 1966" /><ref name="Charles S Bullock III 2012 p. 303" />

In the end, Goldwater received 38% of the popular vote and carried just six states: his home state of Arizona (with 51% of the popular vote) and the core states of the Deep South: Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. All except Arizona were states that had voted against Republican nominee Richard Nixon just four years earlier.  In carrying Georgia by a margin of 54–45%, Goldwater became the first Republican nominee to win the state.

Goldwater's poor showing pulled down many supporters. Of the 57 Republican Congressmen who endorsed Goldwater before the convention, 20 were defeated for reelection, along with many promising young Republicans. In contrast, Republican Congressman [[John Lindsay]] ([[New York's 17th congressional district|NY-17]]), who refused to endorse Goldwater, was handily re-elected in a district where Democrats held a 10% overall advantage.<ref>"Lindsay Rejects National Ticket; To Run on His Own; He Attacks Positions Taken by G.O.P. Convention in Nominating Goldwater", NYTimes August 4, 1964, https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/04/archives/lindsay-rejegts-national-ticket-to-run-on-his-own-he-attacks.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506074957/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/04/archives/lindsay-rejegts-national-ticket-to-run-on-his-own-he-attacks.html |date=May 6, 2021 }} Retrieved December 7, 2020.</ref> On the other hand, the defeat of so many older politicians created openings for young conservatives to move up the ladder. While the loss of moderate Republicans was temporary—they were back by 1966—Goldwater also permanently pulled many conservative Southerners and whites out of the [[New Deal Coalition]].<ref>Goldberg, ''Barry Goldwater'' pp. 232–237</ref>

According to [[Steve Kornacki]] of ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'', "Goldwater broke through and won five [Southern] states—the best showing in the region for a GOP candidate since [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]]. In Mississippi—where [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] had won nearly 100 percent of the vote 28 years earlier—Goldwater claimed a staggering 87 percent."<ref>[[Kornacki, Steve]] (February 3, 2011) [http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html The "Southern Strategy", fulfilled], ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413151441/http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html |date=April 13, 2011 }}</ref> It has frequently been argued that Goldwater's strong performance in Southern states previously regarded as Democratic strongholds foreshadowed a larger shift in electoral trends in the coming decades that would make the South a Republican bastion (an end to the "[[Solid South]]")—first in presidential politics and eventually at the congressional and state levels, as well.<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Rodriguez | author1-link = Daniel B. Rodriguez|author2=Weingast, Barry R. |title=How the GOP Helped the Democrats Destroy the Solid South |date=July 2006 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |url=http://politicalscience.stanford.edu/faculty/documents/weingast-untold%20story%20of%201964%20civil%20rights%20act.pdf |access-date =January 7, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153517/http://politicalscience.stanford.edu/faculty/documents/weingast-untold%20story%20of%201964%20civil%20rights%20act.pdf|archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also, Goldwater's uncompromising promotion of freedom was the start of a continuing shift in American politics from liberalism to a [[Fiscal conservatism|conservative economic philosophy]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Edwards |first= Lee |title= Goldwater, Barry (1909–1998) |author-link= Lee Edwards |editor-first= Ronald |editor-last= Hamowy |editor-link= Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia= The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year= 2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publishing|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi= 10.4135/9781412965811.n127 |isbn= 978-1412965804 |oclc= 750831024 |lccn= 2008009151 |pages= 211–212 |quote=[He] opposed Big Government, Big Business, Big Labor, and Big Media. |access-date= December 8, 2016 |archive-date= September 30, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200930100756/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC%2F |url-status= live |url-access= subscription }}</ref>

==Return to U.S. Senate==
[[File:President Ronald Reagan meeting with Senator Barry Goldwater in the Oval Office.jpg|thumb|Goldwater meeting with President [[Ronald Reagan]] in the [[Oval Office]] in December 1984]]

Goldwater remained popular in Arizona, and in the [[1968 United States Senate election in Arizona|1968 Senate election]] he was elected to the seat of retiring Senator [[Carl Hayden]]. He was reelected in 1974 and 1980.

Throughout the late 1970s, as the conservative wing under Ronald Reagan gained control of the Republican Party, Goldwater concentrated on his Senate duties, especially in military affairs. Goldwater purportedly did not like [[Richard Nixon]] on either a political or personal level, later calling the California Republican "the most dishonest individual I have ever met in my life".<ref name="test" /> Accordingly, he played little part in Nixon's election or administration, but he helped force Nixon's resignation in 1974.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,942972,00.html |title=The Last Week: The Unmaking of the President |magazine=Time |date=August 19, 1974 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917195702/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/printout/0,8816,942972,00.html |archive-date=September 17, 2012 }}</ref> On August 7, 1974, at the height of the [[Watergate]] scandal, Goldwater led a delegation, which also included House Republican Leader [[John Jacob Rhodes]] and Senate Republican Leader [[Hugh Scott]], who met with Nixon at the White House and urged him to resign.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2014/0807/Richard-Nixon-s-resignation-the-day-before-a-moment-of-truth|title=Richard Nixon's resignation: the day before, a moment of truth|first=Peter|last=Grier|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=August 7, 2025|accessdate=August 7, 2025}}</ref> At the time, Nixon's impeachment by the House of Representatives was imminent and Goldwater warned him that fewer than 10 Republican senators would vote against conviction.{{Sfn | Goldberg | 1995 | p = 282}}

Despite being a difficult year for Republicans candidates, the [[1974 United States Senate election in Arizona|1974 election]] saw Goldwater easily reelected over his Democratic opponent, [[Jonathan Marshall (publisher)|Jonathan Marshall]], the publisher of ''The Scottsdale Progress''.<ref>James M. Naughton (November 6, 1974). "Senate and House Margins Are Substantially Enlarged". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.</ref>

With regard to the 1976 Republican ticket, Goldwater helped block [[Nelson Rockefeller]]'s renomination as vice president. When Reagan challenged [[Gerald Ford]] for the presidential nomination in 1976, Goldwater endorsed the incumbent Ford, looking for consensus rather than conservative idealism. As one historian notes, "The Arizonan had lost much of his zest for battle."<ref>Kolkey, Jonathan Martin. ''The New Right, 1960–1968: With Epilogue, 1969–1980''. University Press of America. 1983. Quote: p. 254.</ref><ref>Brennan, Mary C. ''Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP''. University of North Carolina Press. 1995. ch. 6.</ref><ref>Reinhard, David W. ''The Republican Right since 1945''. University Press of Kentucky. 1983, p. 230.</ref>

In 1979, when [[Jimmy Carter|President Carter]] normalized relations with Communist China, Goldwater and some other Senators sued him in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], arguing that the President could not terminate the [[Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty]] with the [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) without the approval of [[Congress of the United States|Congress]]. The case, ''[[Goldwater v. Carter]]'' (444 U.S. 996), was dismissed by the court as a [[political question]].

On June 9, 1969, Goldwater was absent during [[Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates|President Nixon's nomination]] of [[Warren E. Burger]] as [[Chief Justice of the United States]] while Senate Minority Whip [[Hugh Scott]] announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – June 9, 1969|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=115|issue=11|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|pages=15195–15196|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt11-8-2.pdf|access-date=February 12, 2022|archive-date=February 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213012111/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt11-8-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon's failed Supreme Court nomination of [[Clement Haynsworth]] on November 21, 1969,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – November 21, 1969|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=115|issue=26|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=35396|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt26/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt26-4-1.pdf|access-date=February 6, 2022|archive-date=February 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206162145/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt26/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1969-pt26-4-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and a few months later, Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon's failed Supreme Court nomination of [[G. Harrold Carswell|Harrold Carswell]] on April 8, 1970.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – April 8, 1970|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=116|issue=8|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=10769|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1970-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1970-pt8-6-2.pdf|access-date=February 7, 2022|archive-date=February 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207234548/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1970-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1970-pt8-6-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The following month, Goldwater was absent when Nixon nominee [[Harry Blackmun]] was confirmed on May 12, 1970, while Senate Minority Whip [[Robert P. Griffin]] announced that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – May 12, 1970|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=116|issue=11|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=15117|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1970-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1970-pt11-5-1.pdf|access-date=February 12, 2022|archive-date=February 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213011221/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1970-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1970-pt11-5-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 6, 1971, Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon's nomination of [[Lewis F. Powell Jr.]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – December 6, 1971|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=117|issue=34|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=44857|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt34/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt34-4-1.pdf|access-date=February 12, 2022|archive-date=February 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213005727/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt34/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt34-4-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and on December 10, Goldwater voted in favor of Nixon's nomination of [[William Rehnquist]] as Associate Justice.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – December 10, 1971|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=117|issue=35|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=46197|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt35/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt35-3-2.pdf|access-date=February 7, 2022|archive-date=February 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207235533/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt35/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1971-pt35-3-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On December 17, 1975, Goldwater voted in favor of President [[Gerald Ford]]'s nomination of [[John Paul Stevens]] to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – December 17, 1975|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=121|issue=32|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=41128|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1975-pt32/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1975-pt32-1-1.pdf|access-date=February 12, 2022|archive-date=February 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213012736/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1975-pt32/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1975-pt32-1-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Final campaign and U.S. Senate term===
[[File:Reagan Goldwater pin star on Jimmy Doolittle 1985.jpg|thumb|President Reagan and U.S. Senator Goldwater award retired [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] General [[Jimmy Doolittle]] with a fourth star in April 1985]]

With his fourth Senate term due to end in January 1981, Goldwater seriously considered retiring from the Senate in 1980 before deciding to run for one final term. It was a surprisingly tough [[1980 United States Senate election in Arizona|campaign for re-election]]. Goldwater was viewed by some as out of touch and vulnerable for several reasons, chiefly because he had planned to retire in 1981 and he had not visited many areas of Arizona outside of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] and [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]. Additionally, his Democratic challenger, [[Bill Schulz (politician)|Bill Schulz]], proved to be a formidable opponent. A former Republican and a wealthy real estate developer, Schulz's campaign slogan was "Energy for the Eighties." Arizona's changing population also hurt Goldwater. The state's population had greatly increased, and a large portion of the electorate had not lived in the state at the time Goldwater was previously elected, meaning unlike most incumbents, many voters were less familiar with Goldwater's actual beliefs. Goldwater spent most of the campaign on the defensive. Although he was eventually declared as the winning candidate in the general election by a very narrow margin, receiving 49.5% of the vote to Schulz's 48.4%,<ref>{{cite web| title=Schulz, William| url=http://www.ahfweb.org/download/Schulz_MSS_125.pdf| website=ahfweb.org| publisher=Arizona Historical Foundation| location=Tempe, Arizona| access-date=November 1, 2019| archive-date=March 5, 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305193144/http://www.ahfweb.org/download/Schulz_MSS_125.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> early returns on election night indicated that Schulz would win. The counting of votes continued through the night and into the next morning. At around daybreak, Goldwater learned that he had been reelected thanks to [[absentee ballot]]s, which were among the last to be counted.{{Sfn | Goldberg | 1995 | loc = chapter 12}}

Goldwater's close victory in 1980 came despite Reagan's 61% landslide over Jimmy Carter in Arizona. Despite Goldwater's struggles, in 1980, Republicans were able to pick up 12 senate seats, regaining control of the chamber for the first time since 1955, when Goldwater was in his first term. Goldwater was now in the most powerful position he had ever been in the Senate. In October 1983, Goldwater voted against the [[Passage of Martin Luther King Jr. Day|legislation]] establishing [[Martin Luther King Jr. Day]] as a [[Federal holidays in the United States|federal holiday]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|title=To Pass H.R. 3706. (Motion Passed) See Note(s) 19. – Senate Vote #293 – Oct 19, 1983|website=GovTrack.us|access-date=March 26, 2022|archive-date=May 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520132928/https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/98-1983/s293|url-status=live}}</ref>

On September 21, 1981, Goldwater voted in favor of [[Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates|Reagan's Supreme Court nomination]] of [[Sandra Day O'Connor]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – September 21, 1981|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=127|issue=16|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=21375|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1981-pt16/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1981-pt16-5-1.pdf|access-date=February 20, 2022|archive-date=February 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220165206/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1981-pt16/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1981-pt16-5-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Goldwater was absent during the nominations of William Rehnquist as Chief Justice of the United States and [[Antonin Scalia]] as Associate Justice on September 17, 1986.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – September 17, 1986|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=132|issue=17|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=23803|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17-1-2.pdf|access-date=February 12, 2022|archive-date=February 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212080903/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17-1-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Senate – September 17, 1986|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=132|issue=17|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=23813|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17-1-2.pdf|access-date=February 12, 2022|archive-date=February 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212080903/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1986-pt17-1-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the new Senate convened in January 1981, Goldwater became chairman of the [[Senate Intelligence Committee]]. In this role he clashed with the Reagan administration in April 1984 when he discovered that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) had been [[CIA activities in Nicaragua#Nicaragua 1981|mining the waters of Nicaragua]] since February, something that he had first denied when the matter was raised.<ref name=Brogan>Brogan ''The Fighting Never Stopped'', 1989 p. 449</ref> In a note to the CIA director [[William Casey]], Goldwater denounced what he called an "act of war", saying that "this is no way to run a railroad" as he stated crossly that only Congress had the power to declare war and accused the CIA of illegally mining Nicaraguan waters without the permission of Congress.<ref name=Brogan /> Goldwater concluded, "The President has asked us to back his foreign policy. Bill, how can we back his foreign policy when we don't know what the hell he is doing? Lebanon, yes, we all knew that he sent troops over there. But mine the harbors in Nicaragua? This is an act violating international law. It is an act of war. For the life of me, I don't see how we are going to explain it."<ref name="Brogan" /> Goldwater felt compelled to issue an apology on the floor of the Senate because the Senate Intelligence Committee had failed in its duties to oversee the CIA as he stated, saying, "I am forced to apologize for the members of my committee because I did not know the facts on this case. And I apologize to all the members of the Senate for the same reason".<ref>Grande, ''Our Own Backyard'', 2000 p.334</ref> Goldwater subsequently voted for a Congressional resolution condemning the mining.<ref name="Brogan" />

In his 1980 Senate reelection campaign, Goldwater won support from [[religious conservative]]s but in his final term voted consistently to uphold [[Abortion in the United States|legal abortion]] and in 1981 gave a speech on how he was angry about the bullying of American politicians by religious organizations and would "fight them every step of the way".<ref>{{citation | last = Goldwater | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | date = September 17, 1981 | title = The 'New Right' Has Nothing to Do with the 'Old Conservatism'}}</ref><ref>{{citation | page = 39 | title = The God Delusion| title-link = The God Delusion}}</ref>

He introduced the [[1984 Cable Franchise Policy and Communications Act]], which allowed local governments to require the transmission of [[public, educational, and government access]] (PEG) channels, barred cable operators from exercising editorial control over the content of programs carried on PEG channels and absolved them from liability for their content. On May 12, 1986, Goldwater was presented with the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] by President Reagan.

In response to [[Moral Majority]] founder [[Jerry Falwell]]'s opposition to the nomination of [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] to the Supreme Court, of which Falwell had said, "Every good Christian should be concerned", Goldwater retorted, "Every good Christian ought to kick Falwell right in the ass."<ref>{{citation|first=Ed |last=Magnuson |newspaper=[[Time Magazine|Time]] |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,212563,00.html |title=The Brethren's First Sister |date=July 20, 1981 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115035218/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954833,00.html|archive-date=January 15, 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Goldberg, ''Barry Goldwater'', p. 315</ref> According to [[John Dean]], Goldwater actually suggested that good Christians ought to kick Falwell in the "nuts", but the news media "changed the anatomical reference".<ref>{{citation | last = Dean | first = John | title = Broken Government | year = 2008 | publisher = Penguin}}</ref>{{Rp | needed = yes | date =July 2013}} Goldwater also had harsh words for his one-time political protégé, President Reagan, particularly after the [[Iran–Contra Affair]] became public in 1986. Journalist [[Robert MacNeil]], a friend of Goldwater's from the 1964 presidential campaign, recalled interviewing him in his office shortly afterward. "He was sitting in his office with his hands on his cane... and he said to me, 'Well, aren't you going to ask me about the [[Iran]] arms sales?' It had just been announced that the Reagan administration had sold arms to Iran. And I said, 'Well, if I asked you, what would you say?' He said, 'I'd say it's the god-damned stupidest foreign policy blunder this country's ever made!{{'"}}<ref>{{citation | url = http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-374469737793037291&q=Robert+MacNeil | type = archive | publisher = American Television | title = Interview | first = Robert | last = MacNeil | chapter = Part 5 of 14 | format = video}}</ref> Aside from the Iran–Contra scandal, Goldwater thought nonetheless that Reagan was a good president.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLATQAU-Hw0 |title=YouTube |first=Charlie |last=Rose |contribution=Goldwater tribute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606040632/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLATQAU-Hw0 |archive-date=June 6, 2015}}</ref>

===Retirement===
Goldwater said later that the close result in 1980 convinced him not to run again.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsuxC6Ft92I | title = YouTube | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101104112917/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsuxC6Ft92I| archive-date = November 4, 2010}}</ref> He retired in 1987, serving as Chair of the Senate Intelligence and [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Armed Services Committees]] in his final term. Despite his reputation as a firebrand in the 1960s, by the end of his career, he was considered a stabilizing influence in the Senate, one of the most respected members of either major party. Although Goldwater remained staunchly anti-communist and "[[War hawk|hawkish]]" on military issues, he was a key supporter of the fight for ratification of the [[Panama Canal Treaty]] in the 1970s, which would give control of the canal zone to the Republic of [[Panama]]. His most important legislative achievement may have been the [[Goldwater–Nichols Act]], which reorganized the U.S. military's senior-command structure.

==Policies==
{{Conservatism US|politicians}}

Goldwater became most associated with [[Union busting|anti-union]] work and [[anti-communism]]; he was a supporter of the [[conservative coalition]] in Congress. His work on labor issues led Congress to pass major anti-labor reforms in 1957, and subsequently a campaign by the [[AFL–CIO]] to challenge his 1958 reelection bid. He voted against the censure of Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] in 1954, who had been making unfounded claims about communists infiltrating the U.S. State Department during the [[Red Scare]], but never actually accused any individual of being a communist or Soviet agent. Goldwater emphasized his strong opposition to the worldwide spread of communism in his 1960 book ''[[The Conscience of a Conservative]]''. The book became an important reference text in conservative political circles.

In 1964, Goldwater ran a conservative campaign that emphasized [[states' rights]].{{Sfn|Donaldson|2003|p=20}}  Goldwater's 1964 campaign was a magnet for conservatives since he opposed interference by the federal government in state affairs. Goldwater voted in favor of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1957]] and the [[Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution]],<ref name="1957 Civil Rights Act - 8-7-1957 Senate vote">{{cite journal|title=Senate – August 7, 1957|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=103|issue=10|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=13900|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt10/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt10-9-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008164250/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt10/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt10-9-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="1957 Civil Rights Act - 8-29-1957 Senate vote">{{cite journal|title=Senate – August 29, 1957|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=103|issue=12|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=16478|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12-6-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008164318/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12-6-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="24th Amendment - 3-27-1962 Senate vote">{{cite journal|title=Senate – March 27, 1962|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=108|issue=4|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=5105|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt4/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt4-9-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=January 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131015659/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt4/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt4-9-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> but did not vote on the [[Civil Rights Act of 1960]] because he was absent from the chamber, with [[Party leaders of the United States Senate|Senate Minority Whip]] [[Thomas Kuchel]] (R–CA) announcing that Goldwater would have voted in favor if present.<ref name="1960 Civil Rights Act - 4-8-1960 Senate vote">{{cite journal|title=Senate – April 8, 1960|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=106|issue=6|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|pages=7810–7811|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt6-8-1.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=January 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131013534/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt6-8-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Though Goldwater had supported the original Senate version of the bill, Goldwater voted against the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].<ref name="1964 Civil Rights Act - 6-19-1964 Senate vote">{{cite journal|title=Senate – June 19, 1964|journal=[[Congressional Record]]|volume=110|issue=11|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|U.S. Government Printing Office]]|page=14511|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11-3-2.pdf|access-date=February 18, 2022|archive-date=January 31, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131024033/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt11-3-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> His public stance was based on his view that Article II and Article VII of the Act interfered with the rights of private persons to do or not to do business with whomever they chose and believed that the private employment provisions of the Act would lead to [[racial quota]]s.{{Sfn|Donaldson|2003|pp=152–179}} In the segregated city of Phoenix in the 1950s, he had quietly supported civil rights for blacks, but would not let his name be used.<ref>Goldberg, ''Barry Goldwater'' (1995) pp. 88–90</ref>

All this [[Southern strategy|appealed to white Southern Democrats]], and Goldwater was the first Republican to win the electoral votes of all of the Deep South states ([[South Carolina]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]] and [[Louisiana]]) since [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]].<ref name="Bernard Cosman 1966">{{citation |first=Bernard |last=Cosman |title=Five States for Goldwater: Continuity and change in Southern presidential voting patterns |year=1966}}</ref> However, Goldwater's vote on the Civil Rights Act proved devastating to his campaign everywhere outside the South (besides Dixie, Goldwater won only in Arizona, his home state), contributing to his landslide defeat in 1964.

Goldwater's campaign also included stringently fiscally conservative policies. Goldwater was strongly critical of Johnson's [[War on Poverty]] policies and argued that it might be the "attitude or the actions" of the poor that are responsible for their hardship. In his prepared speech before the [[Economic Club of New York]], Goldwater also claimed that arguing unemployment and poverty are caused by lack of education is "like saying that people have big feet because they wear big shoes. The fact is that most people who have no skill have no education for the same reason—low intelligence or low ambition."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/01/16/archives/goldwater-says-not-all-the-poor-merit-public-aid-he-suggests.html |title=Goldwater Says Not All The Poor Merit Public Aid; He Suggests Inquiry to See Whether Their Attitude Engenders Poverty; Doubts Johnson Goals; Tells Business Group Here McNamara 'Lies to the People' on Weapons |date=January 16, 1964 |website=[[New York Times]]}}</ref> Goldwater also called for ending agricultural subsidies, privatizing Social Security, and privatizing the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Critchlow |first=Donald T. |title=Would Goldwater Have Made a Good President? |journal=The Journal of Arizona History |page=17 |volume=61 |issue=1 |year=2020 |jstor=45378939 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/45378939}}</ref>

While Goldwater had been depicted by his opponents in the Republican primaries as a representative of a [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] philosophy that was extreme and alien, his voting records show that his positions were in generally aligned with those of other Republicans in the Congress.

Goldwater fought in 1971 to stop U.S. funding of the United Nations after the People's Republic of China was admitted to the organization. He said:

{{Blockquote|I suggested on the floor of the Senate today that we stop all funds for the United Nations. Now, what that'll do to the United Nations, I don't know. I have a hunch it would cause them to fold up, which would make me very happy at this particular point. I think if this happens, they can well move their headquarters to Peking or Moscow and get 'em out of this country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title |title=Red China Admitted to UN: 1971 Year in Review |work=United Press International |date=December 28, 1971 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503142809/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1971/12295509436546-1/#title |archive-date=May 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |df=mdy}}</ref>}}

===Goldwater and revival of American conservatism===
Although Goldwater was not as important in the [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservative]] movement as Ronald Reagan after 1965, he shaped and redefined the movement from the late 1950s to 1964. Arizona Senator [[John McCain]], who succeeded Goldwater in the Senate in 1987, said of Goldwater's legacy, "He transformed the Republican Party from an Eastern elitist organization to the breeding ground for the election of Ronald Reagan."<ref>{{cite news|last=Grove |first=Lloyd |title=Barry Goldwater's Left Turn |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=July 28, 1994 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater072894.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000914042130/http://washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/goldwater072894.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 14, 2000 |access-date=October 25, 2008}}</ref> Columnist [[George Will]] remarked that Reagan's victory in the [[1980 United States presidential election|1980 presidential election]] was the metaphoric culmination of 16 years of counting the votes for Goldwater from the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964 presidential race]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/will31.htm|title=The Cheerful Malcontent|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=George|last=Will|author-link=George Will|date=May 31, 1998|access-date=May 7, 2019|archive-date=May 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507190955/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/may98/will31.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Republican Party recovered from the 1964 election debacle, acquiring 47 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] in the [[1966 United States House of Representatives elections|1966 mid-term election]]. In January 1969, after Goldwater had been re-elected to the Senate, he wrote an article in the ''[[National Review]]'' "affirming that he [was] not against liberals, that liberals are needed as a counterweight to conservatism, and that he had in mind a fine liberal like [[Max Lerner]]."<ref>[[Murray Rothbard|Rothbard, Murray N.]] [https://www.mises.org/story/1842 "Confessions of a Right-Wing Liberal]". [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430200846/https://www.mises.org/story/1842 |date=April 30, 2009 }}</ref>

Goldwater was a strong supporter of environmental protection, saying in 1965:

{{Blockquote|I feel very definitely that the [Nixon] administration is absolutely correct in cracking down on companies and corporations and municipalities that continue to pollute the nation's air and water. While I am a great believer in the free competitive enterprise system and all that it entails, I am an even stronger believer in the right of our people to live in a clean and pollution-free environment. To this end, it is my belief that when pollution is found, it should be halted at the source, even if this requires stringent government action against important segments of our national economy.<ref>Barry Goldwater, ''The Conscience of a Majority'' (1969) in Brian Allen Drake, "The Skeptical Environmentalist: Senator Barry Goldwater and the Environmental Management State", ''Environmental History'', (2010) 15#4 pp. 587–611, [589]</ref>}}

==Later life==
{{Libertarianism US|politicians}}
[[File:Goldwater1983.jpg|thumb|left|Goldwater signing autographs at the [[Fiesta Bowl]] parade in 1983]]

By the 1980s, with Ronald Reagan as president and the growing involvement of the [[Christian right|religious right]] in conservative politics, Goldwater's [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] views on personal issues were revealed; he believed that they were an integral part of true conservatism. Goldwater viewed abortion as a matter of personal choice and as such supported [[Abortion-rights movements|abortion rights]].{{Sfn | Goldberg | 1995 | p = 331}} As a passionate defender of personal liberty, he saw the religious right's views as an encroachment on personal privacy and [[Civil liberties|individual liberties]].{{Sfn | Goldberg | 1995 | p = 315}} Although he voted against making Martin Luther King's birthday a national holiday in his last term as senator, Goldwater later expressed support for it.<ref>Goldwater Defending Clinton; Conservatives Feeling Faint, The New York Times, Timothy Egan, March 24, 1994</ref>

In 1987, he received the [[Langley Gold Medal]] from the [[Smithsonian Institution]]. In 1988, [[Princeton University]]'s [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society]] awarded Goldwater the [[James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service]] in recognition of his career.<ref>{{citation | url = http://archives-trim.un.org/webdrawer/rec/552938/view/Item-in-KAA%20Schoolsuniversities%202002%20-%20oct.%20-%20dec..PDF | title = Item in KAA | publisher = UN| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121226142153/http://archives-trim.un.org/webdrawer/rec/552938/view/Item-in-KAA%20Schoolsuniversities%202002%20-%20oct.%20-%20dec..PDF | archive-date = December 26, 2012 }}</ref>

After his retirement in 1987, Goldwater described Arizona Governor [[Evan Mecham]] as "hardheaded" and called on him to resign, and two years later stated that the Republican party had been taken over by a "bunch of kooks".{{Sfn | Goldberg | 1995 | p = 329}}

During the [[1988 United States presidential election|1988 presidential campaign]], he told vice-presidential nominee [[Dan Quayle]] at a campaign event in Arizona, "I want you to go back and tell [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush]] to start talking about the issues."<ref>{{cite news | first = Maureen | last = Dowd | title = Campaign Trail; Outspoken Advice From a G.O.P. Hero | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/22/us/campaign-trail-outspoken-advice-from-a-gop-hero.html | work = The New York Times | date = June 13, 1988 | access-date = June 13, 2008 | archive-date = November 11, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121111144217/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/22/us/campaign-trail-outspoken-advice-from-a-gop-hero.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

Some of Goldwater's statements in the 1990s alienated many [[Social conservatism in the United States|social conservatives]]. He endorsed Democrat [[Karan English]] in an Arizona congressional race, urged Republicans to lay off [[Bill Clinton]] over the [[Whitewater scandal]], and criticized [[Don't Ask, Don't Tell|the military's ban on homosexuals]],<ref name="left_turn" /> saying, "Everyone knows that gays have served honorably in the military since at least the time of [[Julius Caesar]]",<ref>{{citation | title = Ban on Gays Is Senseless Attempt To Stall The Inevitable | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | url = https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/scotts/bulgarians/barry-goldwater.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121021062721/https://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/scotts/bulgarians/barry-goldwater.html | archive-date = October 21, 2012 }}</ref> and, "You don't need to be 'straight' to fight and die for your country. You just need to shoot straight."<ref>Goldberg, ''Barry Goldwater'', p. 332</ref> A few years before his death, he addressed establishment Republicans by saying, "Do not associate my name with anything you do. You are extremists, and you've hurt the Republican party much more than the Democrats have."<ref>{{citation | last = Bugliosi | first = Vincent | title = The Betrayal of America | page = [https://archive.org/details/betrayalofameric00bugl/page/19 19] | isbn = 978-1560253556 | url = https://archive.org/details/betrayalofameric00bugl/page/19 | year = 2001 | publisher = PublicAffairs }}</ref>

In a 1994 interview with ''[[The Washington Post]]'', Goldwater said:

{{Blockquote |When you say "radical right" today, I think of these moneymaking ventures by fellows like [[Pat Robertson]] and others who are trying to take the Republican party and make a religious organization out of it. If that ever happens, kiss politics goodbye.<ref name="left_turn">{{citation | first = Lloyd | last = Grove | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/07/28/barry-goldwaters-left-turn/10883631-6c18-4f7d-a8d1-61dd4e5e6b54/ | title = Barry Goldwater's Left Turn | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | date = July 28, 1994 | page = C01 | access-date = February 12, 2018 | archive-date = February 13, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180213022328/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1994/07/28/barry-goldwaters-left-turn/10883631-6c18-4f7d-a8d1-61dd4e5e6b54/ | url-status = live }}</ref>}}

Also in November 1994, he repeated his concerns about religious groups attempting to gain control of the Republican party, saying,<ref>{{cite book|last=Dean|first=John W.|author-link=John Dean|date=2006|title=Conservatives Without Conscience|publisher=Viking|chapter=Preface|pages=xxxiii, xxiv-xxxv|isbn=9780670037742|oclc=290518446}}</ref>

{{Blockquote |[The] Republicans are selling their soul to win elections. Mark my word, if and when these preachers get control of the party, and they're sure trying to do so, it's going to be a terrible damn problem. Frankly, these people frighten me. Politics and governing demand compromise. The government won't work without it. But these Christians believe they are acting in the name of God, so they can't and won't compromise. I know, I've tried to deal with them.}}

In 1996, he told [[Bob Dole]], whose own presidential campaign received lukewarm support from conservative Republicans, "We're the new liberals of the Republican party. Can you imagine that?"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.azcentral.com/specials/special25/articles/0531goldwater2.html |title=Conservative pioneer became an outcast |work=The Arizona republic |date=May 31, 1998 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-date=July 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722211252/http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special25/articles/0531goldwater2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In that same year, with Senator [[Dennis DeConcini]], Goldwater endorsed an [[Arizona]] initiative to legalize [[medical marijuana]] against the countervailing opinion of social conservatives.<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.reason.com/news/show/30148.html | title = Prescription: Drugs | newspaper = Reason| date = February 1997 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090903121635/http://reason.com/news/show/30148.html| archive-date = September 3, 2009}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1934, Goldwater married Margaret "Peggy" Johnson, daughter of a prominent industrialist from [[Muncie, Indiana]]. The couple had four children: Joanne (born January 18, 1936), [[Barry Goldwater Jr.|Barry Jr.]] (born July 15, 1938), Michael (born March 15, 1940), and Peggy (born July 27, 1944). Goldwater became a widower in 1985 and, in 1992, he married Susan Wechsler, a nurse 32 years his junior.{{Sfn | Goldberg | 1995 |pp=41–42, 48–49, 326, 332}} Goldwater's son [[Barry Goldwater Jr.]] served as a Republican [[United States House of Representatives|Congressman]], representing California from 1969 to 1983.

Goldwater's grandson, Ty Ross, is an interior designer and former [[Zoli Agency|Zoli]] model. Ross, who is openly gay and [[HIV positive]], has been credited as inspiring the elder Goldwater "to become an octogenarian proponent of gay civil rights".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rich|first1=Frank|title=Journal; The Right Stuff|journal=The New York Times|year=1998|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/03/opinion/journal-the-right-stuff.html|access-date=April 27, 2017|archive-date=August 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830105823/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/03/opinion/journal-the-right-stuff.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.poz.com/article/ty-ross-goldwater-25571-5056|title=Survival by Design|date=May 9, 2014|access-date=December 20, 2020|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224203937/https://www.poz.com/article/ty-ross-goldwater-25571-5056|url-status=live}}</ref>

Goldwater ran track<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barry M Goldwater (1909-1998) Aviator. Athlete. Adventurer. Author. Military Officer. Businessman. Ham Operator. Photographer. Politician. |url=https://goldwaterscholarship.gov/who-was-barry-goldwater/ |access-date=October 11, 2024 |website=Goldwaterscholarship.gov |date=July 11, 2016 |archive-date=September 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927200030/https://goldwaterscholarship.gov/who-was-barry-goldwater/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and cross country in high school, where he specialized in the [[800 metres|880]] yard run. In 1940, he became one of the first to run the [[Colorado River]] recreationally through the [[Grand Canyon]], participating as an oarsman on [[Norman Nevills]]' second commercial river trip. Goldwater joined them in [[Green River, Utah]], and rowed his own boat down to [[Lake Mead]].<ref>{{citation | last = Lavender | first = David | title = River Runners of the Grand Canyon | isbn = 978-0816509409| year = 1985 | publisher = Grand Canyon Natural History Association }}</ref> In 1970, the Arizona Historical Foundation published the daily journal Goldwater had maintained on the Grand Canyon journey, including his photographs, in a 209-page volume titled ''Delightful Journey''.

In 1963, he joined the Arizona Society of the [[Sons of the American Revolution]]. He was also a lifetime member of the [[Veterans of Foreign Wars]], the [[American Legion]], and [[Sigma Chi]] fraternity. He belonged to both the [[York Rite]] and [[Scottish Rite]] of Freemasonry and was awarded the 33rd degree in the Scottish Rite.

===Hobbies and interests===
====Amateur radio====
Goldwater was an avid [[amateur radio]] operator from the early 1920s, with the [[call sign]]s 6BPI, K3UIG and K7UGA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smecc.org/barry_goldwater.htm |title=An Afternoon with Senator Goldwater |publisher=Smecc.org |access-date=March 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212755/http://www.smecc.org/barry_goldwater.htm|archive-date=January 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/UlsSearch/license.jsp?licKey=262314 |title=FCC K7UGA record |publisher=Wireless2.fcc.gov |date=May 29, 1998 |access-date=March 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205451/http://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/UlsSearch/license.jsp?licKey=262314 |archive-date=January 4, 2014 }}</ref> The last one is used by an Arizona club honoring him as a commemorative call. During the [[Vietnam War]] he was a [[Military Affiliate Radio System]] (MARS) operator.<ref>{{cite web|title=Major General Barry M. Goldwater|url=https://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/106951/major-general-barry-m-goldwater.aspx|website=af.mil|publisher=U.S. Air Force|access-date=November 22, 2016|archive-date=November 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123054741/http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/106951/major-general-barry-m-goldwater.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

Goldwater was a spokesman for amateur radio and its enthusiasts. Beginning in 1969 and for the rest of his life, he appeared in many educational and promotional films (and later videos) about the hobby, produced for the [[American Radio Relay League]] (the national society representing the interests of radio amateurs) by such producers as Dave Bell (W6AQ), ARRL Southwest Director John R. Griggs (W6KW), Alan Kaul (W6RCL), Forrest Oden (N6ENV), and [[Roy Neal]] (K6DUE). His first appearance was in Dave Bell's ''The World of Amateur Radio'' where Goldwater discussed the history of the hobby and demonstrated a live contact with Antarctica. His last on-screen appearance dealing with "ham radio" was in 1994, explaining an upcoming Earth-orbiting ham radio relay satellite.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Electronics was a hobby for Goldwater beyond amateur radio. He enjoyed assembling [[Heathkit]]s,<ref name="shea19820913">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 | title=Buckley finds word processing on Z-89 'liberating' | work=InfoWorld | date=September 13, 1982 | access-date=January 9, 2015 | author=Shea, Tom | page=26 | archive-date=February 4, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204030359/https://books.google.com/books?id=EDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA26 | url-status=live }}</ref> completing more than 100 and often visiting their maker in [[Benton Harbor, Michigan]], to buy more, before the company exited the kit business in 1992.<ref name="fisher">Fisher, Lawrence M. "[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/30/business/plug-is-pulled-on-heathkits-ending-a-do-it-yourself-era.html Plug Is Pulled on Heathkits, Ending a Do-It-Yourself Era] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170319224354/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/30/business/plug-is-pulled-on-heathkits-ending-a-do-it-yourself-era.html |date=March 19, 2017 }}" ''The New York Times'', March 30, 1992.</ref>

====Kachina dolls====
{{Further|Hopi Kachina figure}}
[[File:Kachina Dolls Heard Museum.jpg|thumb|Most of the [[Hopi Kachina figure|Kachina dolls]] at the Heard Museum were donated by Goldwater.]]

In 1916, Goldwater visited the [[Hopi]] [[Indian reservation|reservation]] with Phoenix architect John Rinker Kibby and obtained his first [[Hopi Kachina figure|kachina doll]]. Eventually his collection had 437 dolls and was presented in 1969 to the [[Heard Museum]] in Phoenix.<ref name="kachina">{{cite web |url=https://www.azcentral.com/specials/special25/articles/1203goldwater2.html |title=Goldwater Kachinas a public treasure |work=The Arizona Republic |date=December 3, 1986 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194250/https://help.azcentral.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Photography====
Goldwater was an amateur photographer and, in his estate, left some 15,000 of his images to three Arizona institutions. He was keen on [[candid photography]]. He became interested in the hobby after receiving a camera as a gift from his wife on their first Christmas. He used a [[Large format|4×5]] [[Graflex]], [[Rolleiflex]], 16&nbsp;mm [[Bell and Howell]] motion picture camera, and [[135 film|35 mm]] [[Nikkormat#Nikkormat FT|Nikkormat FT]]. He was a member of the [[Royal Photographic Society]] from 1941, becoming a Life Member in 1948.<ref>Information provided by The Royal Photographic Society, United Kingdom, dated October 6, 2011, [http://www.rps.org/ "Royal Photographic Society"].  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402035959/http://www.rps.org/ |date=April 2, 2014 }}</ref>

For decades, he contributed photographs of his home state to ''[[Arizona Highways (magazine)|Arizona Highways]]'' and was recognized for his Western landscapes and pictures of [[native Americans in the United States]]. Three books with his photographs are ''People and Places'' (1967); ''Barry Goldwater and the Southwest'' (1976); and ''Delightful Journey'', (1940, reprinted 1970). [[Ansel Adams]] wrote a foreword to the 1976 book.<ref>''Arizona Republic'', May 31, 1998</ref>

Goldwater's photography interest occasionally crossed into his political career. John F. Kennedy, as president, would sometimes invite former congressional colleagues to the White House for a drink. On one occasion, Goldwater brought his camera and photographed President Kennedy. When Kennedy received the photo, he returned it to Goldwater with the inscription: "For Barry Goldwater—Whom I urge to follow the career for which he has shown such talent—photography!—from his friend—John Kennedy." This quip became a classic of American political humor after it was relayed by humorist [[Bennett Cerf]]. The photo was prized by Goldwater for the rest of his life and sold for $17,925 in a 2010 [[Heritage Auctions|Heritage]] auction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historical.ha.com/common/view_item.php?Sale_No=6047&Lot_No=47197 |title=Heritage Auctions description of signed Kennedy photo |publisher=Historical.ha.com |date=November 17, 2010 |access-date=March 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221045509/http://historical.ha.com/common/view_item.php?Sale_No=6047&Lot_No=47197 |archive-date=February 21, 2011 }}</ref>

Son Michael Prescott Goldwater formed the Goldwater Family Foundation with the goal of making his father's photography available via the internet. (''Barry Goldwater Photographs'') was launched in September 2006 to coincide with the HBO documentary ''Mr. Conservative'', produced by granddaughter CC Goldwater.

====UFOs====
On March 28, 1975, Goldwater wrote to Shlomo Arnon: "The subject of UFOs has interested me for some long time. About ten or twelve years ago I made an effort to find out what was in the building at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] where the information has been stored that has been collected by the Air Force, and I was understandably denied this request. It is still classified above Top Secret."<ref name="anomalies.net" /> Goldwater further wrote that there were rumors the evidence would be released, and that he was "just as anxious to see this material as you are, and I hope we will not have to wait much longer".<ref name="anomalies.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.anomalies.net/archive/Text-Archive/txt1/469.ufo |title=FOIA documents | publisher = Anomalies |access-date=March 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307074012/http://www.anomalies.net/archive/Text-Archive/txt1/469.ufo |archive-date=March 7, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Birnes2004">{{cite book |last1=Birnes |first1=William J. |author1-link=William J. Birnes |title=The UFO Magazine UFO Encyclopedia: The Most Compreshensive Single-Volume UFO Reference in Print |date=2004 |publisher=Simon and Schuster (Pocket Books) |isbn=978-0743466745 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCWCfLCJOrkC&pg=PA145 |access-date=May 30, 2021 |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194250/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCWCfLCJOrkC&pg=PA145 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Kean2010">{{cite book |last1=Kean |first1=Leslie |author1-link=Leslie Kean |title=UFOs: Generals, Pilots, and Government Officials Go on the Record |date=2010 |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |isbn=978-0307717085 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mzc6R2LH24kC&pg=PA243 |access-date=May 30, 2021 |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194252/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mzc6R2LH24kC&pg=PA243 |url-status=live }}</ref> The April 25, 1988, issue of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' carried an interview with Goldwater in which he recounted efforts to gain access to the room.<ref>{{cite news| first = Burton | last = Bernstein | title = AuH2O | newspaper = The New Yorker | date = April 25, 1988 | pages = 43, 71 |no-pp=y}}</ref> He did so again in a 1994 ''[[Larry King Live]]'' interview, saying:<ref name="Birnes2004"/><ref name="Kean2010"/>

{{Blockquote|I think the government does know. I can't back that up, but I think that at Wright-Patterson field, if you could get into certain places, you'd find out what the Air Force and the government knows about UFOs ... I called [[Curtis LeMay]] and I said, 'General, I know we have a room at Wright-Patterson where you put all this secret stuff. Could I go in there?' I've never heard him get mad, but he got madder than hell at me, cussed me out, and said, 'Don't ever ask me that question again!'<ref>YouTube clips:
* {{Cite web |title=Larry King, 1994 Barry Goldwater UFO room at Wright Patterson AFB |website = YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UYn5CxytwsU| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/UYn5CxytwsU| archive-date=October 30, 2021}}{{cbignore}}
* {{Cite web |title=Larry King, 1994 Barry Goldwater UFO room at Wright Patterson AFB |website = YouTube| date=October 23, 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCaL_4iJCjE| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/kCaL_4iJCjE| archive-date=October 30, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}

===Death===
[[File:Paradise Valley-Goldwater Crypt.JPG|thumb|The Goldwater Crypt,#64, at Episcopal Christ Church of the Ascension in [[Paradise Valley, Arizona]]]]

Goldwater's public appearances ended in late 1996 after he had a massive [[stroke]]. Family members disclosed he was also in the early stages of [[Alzheimer's disease]]. He died on May 29, 1998, at the age of 89, at his long-time home in [[Paradise Valley, Arizona]], of complications from the stroke.<ref>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, [http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000267 ''Goldwater, Barry Morris, (1909–1988)'']. Retrieved January 1, 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625035557/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000267 |date=June 25, 2013 }}</ref> His funeral was officiated by both a Christian minister and a [[rabbi]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACTF56SnaykC&pg=PA195|title=The Jews of Capitol Hill|isbn=978-0810877382|last1=Stone|first1=Kurt F.|year= 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press |access-date=January 3, 2017|archive-date=July 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726190508/https://books.google.com/books?id=ACTF56SnaykC&pg=PA195|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/8517/arizona-jews-recall-goldwater-s-ties-to-community/|title=Arizona Jews recall Goldwater's ties to community|work=The Jewish News Weekly of Northern California|date=June 12, 1998|access-date=February 13, 2016|archive-date=April 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406173226/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/8517/arizona-jews-recall-goldwater-s-ties-to-community/|url-status=live}}</ref> His ashes were buried at Episcopal Christ Church of the Ascension in Paradise Valley.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/picture-gallery/news/local/scottsdale/2014/04/16/whos-buried-in-scottsdale/7798291/|website=azcentral|title=Who's buried in Scottsdale?|date=October 27, 2017|access-date=November 22, 2020|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619194251/https://www.azcentral.com/picture-gallery/news/local/scottsdale/2014/04/16/whos-buried-in-scottsdale/7798291/|url-status=live}}</ref> A memorial statue was erected in a small park in Paradise Valley near his home and resting place, honoring his memory.

==Legacy==
===Buildings and monuments===

Among the buildings and monuments named after Barry Goldwater are the Barry M. Goldwater Terminal at [[Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport]], Goldwater Memorial Park<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoenixmarkettrends.com/topics/Barry+Goldwater+Memorial+in+PV |title=Barry Goldwater Memorial in PV |publisher=Phoenixmarkettrends.com |date=March 4, 2008 |access-date=March 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330102613/http://www.phoenixmarkettrends.com/topics/Barry%2BGoldwater%2BMemorial%2Bin%2BPV |archive-date=March 30, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in [[Paradise Valley, Arizona]], the Barry Goldwater Air Force Academy Visitor Center at the [[United States Air Force Academy]], and [[Barry Goldwater High School]] in northern Phoenix. In 2010, former Arizona Attorney General [[Grant Woods (attorney)|Grant Woods]], himself a Goldwater scholar and supporter, founded the [[Goldwater Women's Tennis Classic]] Tournament to be held annually at the [[Phoenix Country Club]] in Phoenix.<ref name="Goldwater Women's Classic">{{cite web|title=Goldwater Women's Classic|url=http://www.phoenixcc.org/club/scripts/section/section.asp?NS=GWC|publisher=Phoenix Country Club|access-date=July 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425134316/http://www.phoenixcc.org/club/scripts/section/section.asp?NS=GWC|archive-date=April 25, 2012}}</ref> On February 11, 2015, a [[Barry Goldwater (Fellows)|statue of Goldwater]] by [[Deborah Copenhaver Fellows]] was unveiled by U.S. House and Senate leaders at a dedication ceremony in [[National Statuary Hall]] of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.speaker.gov/press-release/statue-arizona-s-barry-m-goldwater-dedicated-us-capitol|title=Statue of Arizona's Barry M. Goldwater Dedicated at the U.S. Capitol|date=February 11, 2015|access-date=June 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626105516/http://m.speaker.gov/press-release/statue-arizona-s-barry-m-goldwater-dedicated-us-capitol|archive-date=June 26, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Barry Goldwater Peak is the highest peak in the [[White Tank Mountains]].<ref>{{cite GNIS|2070658|Barry Goldwater Peak}}</ref>

On December 9, 2016, Phoenix Sky Harbor Air National Guard Base was renamed Goldwater Air National Guard Base in honor of him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Associated |date=December 8, 2016 |title=Base at Sky Harbor to be renamed after Goldwater |url=https://www.abc15.com/news/region-phoenix-metro/central-phoenix/air-guard-base-at-sky-harbor-to-be-renamed-after-goldwater |access-date=July 30, 2025 |website=ABC15 Arizona in Phoenix (KNXV) |language=en}}</ref>

===Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship===
{{Main|Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship}}

The [[Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship]] and Excellence in Education Program was established by Congress in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|title=Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Program|url=http://www.act.org/goldwater/|publisher=ACT, Inc|access-date=August 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220814/http://www.act.org/goldwater/|archive-date=October 22, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its goal is to provide a continuing source of highly qualified scientists, mathematicians, and engineers by awarding scholarships to college students who intend to pursue careers in these fields.

The Scholarship is widely considered the most prestigious award in the U.S. conferred upon undergraduates studying the sciences. It is awarded to about 400 students (college sophomores and juniors) nationwide in the amount of $7,500 per academic year (for their senior year, or junior and senior years).<ref>{{cite web|title=Bulletin of Information for the 2013–2014 Competition|url=http://www.act.org/goldwater/yybull.html|publisher=Goldwater Scholarship Program|access-date=August 21, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916021418/http://www.act.org/goldwater/yybull.html|archive-date=September 16, 2008}}</ref> It honors Goldwater's keen interest in science and technology.

===Documentary===
Goldwater's granddaughter, CC Goldwater, has co-produced with longtime friend and [[independent film]] producer [[Tani L. Cohen]] a documentary on Goldwater's life, ''Mr. Conservative: Goldwater on Goldwater'', first shown on [[HBO]] on September 18, 2006.<ref>{{citation | first = Deborah | last = Solomon | newspaper = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/magazine/27wwln_q4.html | title = Goldwater Girl | type = interview with CC Goldwater | date = August 27, 2006 | access-date = January 1, 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090425025919/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/27/magazine/27wwln_q4.html | archive-date = April 25, 2009 }}</ref>

===In popular culture===
In his song "[[I Shall Be Free No. 10]]", [[Bob Dylan]] refers to Goldwater: "I'm liberal to a degree, I want everybody to be free. But if you think I'll let Barry Goldwater move in next door and marry my daughter, you must think I'm crazy."<ref>{{cite book |title= Taking Rites Seriously: Law, Politics, and the Reasonableness of Faith |last= Beckwith |first= Francis J.| year= 2015 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1107112728 |page= 172 }}</ref> In the 1965 film ''[[The Bedford Incident]]'', the actor [[Richard Widmark]] playing the film's antagonist, Captain Eric Finlander of the fictional destroyer USS ''Bedford'', modeled his character's mannerisms and rhetorical style after Goldwater.<ref>Whitfield, ''The Culture of the Cold War'', 1996, pp. 217–218</ref>

==Military awards==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Air Medal]]
* [[American Campaign Medal]]
* [[American Defense Service Medal]]
* [[Armed Forces Reserve Medal]] with three bronze hourglasses
* [[Army Commendation Medal]]
* [[Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal]] with campaign star
* [[U.S. Air Force aeronautical rating|Command Pilot Badge]]
* [[European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal]]
* [[Legion of Merit]]
* [[Auxiliary Pilot Badge|Service Pilot Badge]] (former U.S. Army Air Forces rating)
* [[World War II Victory Medal]]

== Other awards ==
* [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (1986)
* [[American Legion]] Distinguished Service Medal
* Marconi Gold Medal, Veteran Wireless Operators Association (1968)
* Marconi Medal of Achievement (1968)
* Bob Hope Five Star Civilian Award (1976)
* Good Citizenship Award, Daughters of the American Revolution
* 33rd Degree Mason
* The [[Douglas MacArthur]] Memorial Award
* Top Gun Award, [[Luke Air Force Base]]
* Order of Fifinella Award – Champion of the [[Women Air Force Service Pilots]] (WASP) (1978)
* [[Thomas D. White]] National Defense Award 1978
* Conservative Digest Award (1980)
* Senator [[John Warner]] Award for Public Service in the field of Nuclear Disarmament (1983)
* [[Alexander M. Haig]], Jr. Memorial Award (1983)
* National Congress of American Indians Congressional Award (1985)
* Space Pioneer Award, Sixth Space Development Conference (1987)
* [[James Madison Award]], [[American Whig-Cliosophic Society]] (1988)
* [[National Aviation Hall of Fame]] (1982)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35552939/beatrice_daily_sun/|title=Hall of Famer|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Beatrice Daily Sun|location=Beatrice, Nebraska|date=July 26, 1982|page=3|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=September 3, 2019|archive-date=September 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903020117/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35552939/beatrice_daily_sun/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Books ==
* ''[[The Conscience of a Conservative]]'' (1960)
* [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002378340 ''Why Not Victory? A Fresh Look at American Policy''] (1963)
* [[iarchive:WhereIStandBySen.BarryGoldwater1964 201903|''Where I Stand'']] (1964)
* [[iarchive:conscienceofmajo00gold|''Conscience of a Majority'']] (1971)
* [[iarchive:comingbreakpoint00gold|''The Coming Breakpoint'']] (1976)
* [[iarchive:arizona00muen|''Arizona'']] (1977)
* [[iarchive:withnoapologies00barr 0|''With No Apologies: The Personal and Political Memoirs of Senator Barry M. Goldwater'']] (1980)
* [[iarchive:isbn 978-0385239479|''Goldwater'']] (1988)

== Relatives ==
Goldwater's son [[Barry Goldwater Jr.]] served as a Congressman from California from 1969 to 1983. He was the first Congressman to serve while having a father in the Senate. Goldwater's uncle [[Morris Goldwater]] served in the Arizona territorial and state legislatures and as mayor of [[Prescott, Arizona]]. Goldwater's nephew Don Goldwater sought [[2006 Arizona gubernatorial election#Republican primary|the Republican nomination for governor of Arizona in 2006]], but he was defeated by [[Len Munsil]].

== See also ==
* [[Electoral history of Barry Goldwater]]
* [[Goldwater Institute]]
* [[Goldwater rule]]
* [[Libertarianism in the United States]]
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
=== Primary ===
* {{citation | editor-first = George H | editor-last = Gallup | title = The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971 | volume = 3 | year = 1972}}
* Goldwater, Barry M. with Jack Casserly. ''Goldwater'' (Doubleday, 1988), autobiography.
* {{cite book |last1=Goldwater |first1=Barry Morris |title=With No Apologies: The Personal and Political Memoirs of United States Senator Barry M. Goldwater |date=1980 |publisher=Berkley Books |isbn=978-0425046630 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLuEOk4qIuwC |language=en}}
* {{citation | first = Karl | last = Hess | author-link = Karl Hess | title = In A Cause That Will Triumph: The Goldwater Campaign and the Future of Conservatism | year = 1967 | type = memoir| oclc=639505}} by Goldwater's speechwriter
* Shadegg, Stephen. ''What Happened to Goldwater? The Inside Story of the 1964 Republican Campaign'' (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1965).
* White, F. Clifton. ''Suite 3505: The Story of the Draft Goldwater Movement'' (Arlington House, 1967).

=== Secondary ===
* Annunziata, Frank. "The Revolt Against the Welfare State: Goldwater Conservatism and the Election of 1964." ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 10.2 (1980): 254–265. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547569 online]
* {{citation | first = Mary C | last = Brennan | title = Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP | publisher = U of North Carolina Press | year = 1995|isbn=978-0807858646}}
* {{cite book |last1=Brogan |first1=Patrick |title=The Fighting Never Stopped: A Comprehensive Guide to World Conflicts Since 1945 |date=1989 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |isbn=0679720332}}
* Conley, Brian M. ''The Rise of the Republican Right: From Goldwater to Reagan'' (Routledge, 2019).{{ISBN?}}
* Conley, Brian M. "The Politics of Party Renewal: The 'Service Party' and the Origins of the Post-Goldwater Republican Right." ''Studies in American Political Development'' 27.1 (2013): 51+ [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian_Conley5/publication/259432522_The_Politics_of_Party_Renewal_The_Service_Party_and_the_Origins_of_the_Post-Goldwater_Republican_Right/links/5e458b3b299bf1cdb92841b0/The-Politics-of-Party-Renewal-The-Service-Party-and-the-Origins-of-the-Post-Goldwater-Republican-Right.pdf online].
* Crespi, Irving. "The Structural Basis for Right-Wing Conservatism: The Goldwater Case," ''Public Opinion Quarterly'' 29#4 (Winter, 1965–66): 523–543.
* Cunningham, Sean P. "Man of the West: Goldwater's Reflection in the Oasis of Frontier Conservatism." ''Journal of Arizona History'' 61.1 (2020): 79–88.
* {{citation | first = Gary | last = Donaldson | title = Liberalism's last hurrah: the presidential campaign of 1964 | year = 2003 | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | isbn = 978-0765611192 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/liberalismslasth0000dona }}
* {{citation | last = Edwards | first = Lee | author-link = Lee Edwards | title = Goldwater: The Man Who Made a Revolution | year = 1997 | publisher = Regnery Publishing, Inc. | isbn = 978-0895264305 | type = biography | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/goldwater00leee }}
* {{citation | first = Godfrey | last = Hodgson | title = The World Turned Right Side Up: A History of the Conservative Ascendancy in America | year = 1996 | publisher = Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 978-0395822944 | url = https://archive.org/details/worldturnedright00hodg }}
* {{citation | last = Goldberg | first = Robert Alan | title = Barry Goldwater | year = 1995| publisher = Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300072570}}, the standard scholarly biography
* {{cite book |last1=Grande |first1=William M. Leo |title=Our Own Backyard: The United States in Central America, 1977–1992 |date=2000 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |location=Chapel Hill |isbn=0807848573}}
* Jurdem, Laurence R. "'The Media Were Not Completely Fair to You': Foreign Policy, the Press and the 1964 Goldwater Campaign." ''Journal of Arizona History'' 61.1 (2020): 161–180.
* Mann, Robert. ''Daisy Petals and Mushroom Clouds: LBJ, Barry Goldwater and the Ad That Changed American Politics'' (Louisiana State UP, 2011).{{ISBN?}}
* {{citation | first = Jeffrey J | last = Matthews | title = To Defeat a Maverick: The Goldwater Candidacy Revisited, 1963–1964 | journal = Presidential Studies Quarterly | volume = 27 | number = 1 | year = 1997 | pages = 662–}}
* Middendorf, J. William. ''A Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign and the Origins of the Conservative Movement'' (Basic Books, 2006).{{ISBN?}}
* {{citation | last = Perlstein | first = Rick | title = Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus | year = 2001 | place = New York | publisher = Hill & Wang | isbn = 978-0809028597 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/beforestormbarry0000perl }}
* Schuparra, Kurt. "Barry Goldwater and Southern California Conservatism: Ideology, Image and Myth in the 1964 California Republican Presidential Primary." ''Southern California Quarterly'' 74.3 (1992): 277–298. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171632 online]
* Shepard, Christopher. "A True Jeffersonian: The Western Conservative Principles of Barry Goldwater and His Vote Against the Civil Rights Act of 1964." ''Journal of the West''. 49, no. 1, (2010): 34–40
* Shermer, Elizabeth Tandy (ed.) (2013). ''Barry Goldwater and the Remaking of the American Political Landscape.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0816521098}}
* Smith, Dean (1986). ''The Goldwaters of Arizona'',  includes brief coverage of the parents. {{ISBN|978-0873583954}}
* Taylor, Andrew. "Barry Goldwater: insurgent conservatism as constitutive rhetoric." ''Journal of Political Ideologies'' 21, no. 3 (2016): 242–260. [http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/102758/2/BARRY%2520GOLDWATER%2520JPI%2520submission.pdf online]
* Taylor, Andrew (2018). "The Oratory of Barry Goldwater." in ''Republican Orators from Eisenhower to Trump''. Palgrave Macmillan. 41–66.{{ISBN?}}
* Thorburn, Wayne. "Barry's Boys and Goldwater Girls: Barry Goldwater and the Mobilization of Young Conservatives in the Early 1960s." ''Journal of Arizona History'' 61.1 (2020): 89–107. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/751628/summary excerpt]
* Tønnessen, Alf Tomas. "Goldwater, Bush, Ryan and the Failed Attempts by Conservative Republicans to Reform Federal Entitlement Programs." ''American Studies in Scandinavia'' 47.2 (2015): 47–62 [https://rauli.cbs.dk/index.php/assc/article/download/5349/5916/ online].
* {{cite book |last1=Whitfield |first1=Stephen |title=The Culture of the Cold War |date=1996 |publisher=JHU Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=0801851955}}
* Young, Nancy Beck (2019). ''Two Suns of the Southwest: Lyndon Johnson, Barry Goldwater, and the 1964 Battle between Liberalism and Conservatism''. UP of Kansas. [https://muse.jhu.edu/book/66225 online]

== Further reading ==
* [[John T. Flynn|Flynn, John T.]] ''Goldwater Either/or: A Self-portrait Based Upon His Own Words.'' [[Public Affairs Press]], 1949.
* {{citation | last = White | first = Theodore | title = The Making of the President: 1964 | year = 1965| publisher = HarperCollins |isbn=978-0061900617}} [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780224609999 online]

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q319129|c=category:Barry Goldwater|n=no|s=Author:Barry Goldwater|v=no|voy=no|wikt=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|b=no}}
* {{Biographical Directory of Congress|G000267}}
* {{C-SPAN|1314}}
** [http://www.c-span.org/video/?301277-1/barry-goldwater-presidential-contender "Barry Goldwater, Presidential Contender"] from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[The Contenders]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050612010653/http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/ The Goldwater Institute]
* [[iarchive:casacsh 000506/casacsh 000506 b access.mp3|Speech delivered by Barry Goldwater to the Comstock Club of Sacramento, California on June 22, 1966]]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/barry-goldwater}}

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