View source for Basmati

{{short description|Variety of long-grain rice originating from Indian subcontinent}}
{{Distinguish|Bagmati|Basmachi}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Basmati rice
| image = Khyma and Basmati rice.jpg
| image_caption = Brown short-grain rice (left) compared to brown basmati rice (right)
| genus =
| species = ''[[Oryza sativa]]''<ref name="pmid32153645"/>
| group = Basmati
| cultivar = Basmati Sal, Basmati 370<ref name="pmid32153645">{{cite journal |last1=Kishor |first1=DS |last2=Seo |first2=J |last3=Chin |first3=JH |last4=Koh |first4=HJ |title=Evaluation of Whole-Genome Sequence, Genetic Diversity, and Agronomic Traits of Basmati Rice (''Oryza sativa'' L.)|journal=[[Frontiers in Genetics]]|date=2020 |volume=11 |pages=86 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2020.00086 |pmid=32153645 |pmc=7046879|doi-access=free }}</ref>
| origin = [[Indian subcontinent]]
}}
[[File:Cooked cilantro lime dish basmati rice India.jpg|thumb|250px|White basmati rice cooked with Burmese [[fish mint]]]]
'''Basmati''' ({{IPA|hns|'bɑːsmət̪iː|pron}}) is a variety of long, slender-grained [[aromatic rice]] which originates from the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly in the regions of [[Nepal]], [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Sindh]] and many other states and provinces of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Big money in specialty rices">[https://archive.today/20150819201038/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0207sp1.htm Big money in "specialty rices"] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations (2002)</ref> {{As of|2019}},  India accounted for 65% of the international trade in basmati rice, while Pakistan accounted for the remaining 35%.<ref name="apeda">{{cite web|title=India Export Statistics|url=http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/indexp/genReport_combined.aspx#content|access-date=11 July 2019|publisher=APEDA}}</ref><ref name="dawnnews">{{cite news |title=Pakistani rice: Second to all|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1474525|date= 8 April 2019 |access-date=11 July 2019 |work=Dawn}}</ref> Many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops;<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-13/rice-exports-from-india-climbing-to-record-on-mideast-demand Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521172103/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-13/rice-exports-from-india-climbing-to-record-on-mideast-demand |date=2017-05-21 }} [[Bloomberg News]] (13 February 2014)</ref> however, basmati is geographically exclusive to certain districts of India and Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/madhya-pradesh-loses-gi-tag-claim-for-basmati-india-may-ask-pakistan-to-check-farming/1103234 Madhya Pradesh loses GI tag claim for Basmati; India may ask Pakistan to check farming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711092631/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/madhya-pradesh-loses-gi-tag-claim-for-basmati-india-may-ask-pakistan-to-check-farming/1103234/ |date=2019-07-11 }} ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'' (19 March 2018)</ref>

According to the Indian [[Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority|Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)]], a rice variety is eligible to be called basmati if it has a minimum average precooked milled rice length of {{cvt|6.61|mm}} and average precooked milled rice breadth of up to {{cvt|2|mm}}, among other parameters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/Basmati_Characterstics.pdf|title=Eligibility of a Rice Variety to be Notified as Basmati|publisher=[[APEDA]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220040000/https://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/Basmati_Characterstics.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2019|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

== History and etymology ==
===Etymology===
The word Basmati is derived from two root words in [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]; ''vas'' meaning fragrance and ''mayup'' meaning present or ingrained. When combining the two, ''mayup'' becomes ''mati'' resulting in ''vasmati'' more commonly pronounced as ''Basmati''.<ref name=Singh />

===History===
Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the [[Indian subcontinent]] for centuries. The earliest mention of basmati rice was made in the epic ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'' composed by the Punjabi poet, [[Waris Shah]] in 1766.<ref name=Singh>{{cite book |title=Aromatic Rices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJi0FxyM7pQC&pg=PA135 |year=2000 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |isbn=978-81-204-1420-4 |author=VP Singh |pages=135–36}}</ref><ref name="Daniel2010">{{cite book |author=Daniel F. Robinson |title=Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates |url=https://archive.org/details/confrontingbiopi0000robi |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=[[Earthscan]]|isbn=978-1-84977-471-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/confrontingbiopi0000robi/page/47 47]}}</ref>

== Production and cultivation ==
India accounts for over 70% of the world's basmati rice production.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/basmati-rice-industry-may-revive-in-next-harvest-2016-17-icra-116040300236_1.html|title=Basmati rice industry may revive in next harvest 2016-17: Icra|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=3 April 2016|access-date=21 March 2018|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref> A small portion of that is being [[Organic farming|grown organically]]. Organisations such as [[Kheti Virasat Mission]] are trying to increase the amount of organic basmati rice that is being grown in [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.magazine.nationalgeographic.nl/artikel/de-prijs-van-basmati-witte-rijst-met-een-donkere-rand-1|title=De prijs van basmati: witte rijst met een donkere rand |magazine=[[National Geographic Nederland/België]]|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614234936/http://www.magazine.nationalgeographic.nl/artikel/de-prijs-van-basmati-witte-rijst-met-een-donkere-rand-1|archive-date=14 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://journalismgrants.org/projects/basmati-rice-the-unsustainable-truth|title=The Price of Basmati|website=[[Journalism Grants]]|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427010152/http://journalismgrants.org/projects/basmati-rice-the-unsustainable-truth|archive-date=27 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===In India===
The areas which have a [[geographical indication]] for basmati rice production in India are in the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Bihar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://drdpat.bih.nic.in//Export%20Potential%20-%2001.htm |title=Directorate of Rice Development}}</ref> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], western [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Odisha]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2020 |title=MP's Basmati GI Tag Demand – Validity and Concerns |work=[[IAS Parliament]] |url=https://www.iasparliament.com/current-affairs/mps-basmati-gi-tag-demand-validity-and-concerns#:~:text=In%20May%202010%2C%20APEDA%20got%20GI%20certification%20for%20Basmati.&text=The%20above%20GI%20applied%20for,Himalayas%2C%20spreads%20across%207%20states.&text=According%20to%20APEDA%2C%20Basmati%20rice,%27 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=19 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127101809/https://www.iasparliament.com/current-affairs/mps-basmati-gi-tag-demand-validity-and-concerns#:~:text=In%20May%202010%2C%20APEDA%20got%20GI%20certification%20for%20Basmati.&text=The%20above%20GI%20applied%20for,Himalayas%2C%20spreads%20across%207%20states.&text=According%20to%20APEDA%2C%20Basmati%20rice,%27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Rice in Electric Cooker.jpg|thumb|Long Grain Basmati rice is widely used for many meat and vegetarian curries in India]]
India's total basmati production for the July 2011 – June 2012 crop year was five million tonnes.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-basmati-idINL3E8I62QO20120706 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307122444/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-basmati-idINL3E8I62QO20120706 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2016 |title=India's to export record basmati rice in 2012/13 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=6 July 2012 |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> From April 2018 to March 2019, India exported 4.4 million metric tons of basmati rice.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/indexp/genReport_combined.aspx |title=India Export Statistics |website=agriexchange.apeda.gov.in |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref> In 2015–2016, Saudi Arabia, Iran and UAE were the three biggest destinations for India's basmati rice exports and exports to these three countries accounted for more than half of India's total basmati exports. Others are exported to [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[European Union|EU]], [[South Africa]], [[New Zealand]], [[Turkey]], [[United Kingdom|the UK]] and [[United States|US]].<ref name="Rice Export from India">{{Cite web |url=http://drdpat.bih.nic.in/Rice%20Export.htm |title=Rice Export from India |website=drdpat.bih.nic.in |access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

In 2015–2016, basmati rice worth US$3.4 billion was exported from India.<ref name="Rice Export from India" /> From 2018 to 2021 annual exports have surpassed US$4 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/652163/export-value-of-rice-by-type-india |title=India: Value of rice exports by type 2022}}</ref>

=== In Pakistan ===
According to the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO), Pakistan's original basmati area lies in the Kalar bowl between the Ravi and Chenab rivers. Almost all the cultivation of basmati takes place in the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] where total production was {{ Convert |2.47|e6MT}} in 2010.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/333479/rice-export-pakistan-has-potential-of-4b-but-barely-touches-1b/ Rice export: 'Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b'] {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401073105/https://tribune.com.pk/story/333479/rice-export-pakistan-has-potential-of-4b-but-barely-touches-1b/ |date=2019-04-01 }}. ''The [[Express Tribune]]''. 8 February 2012.</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/410164/global-market-pakistani-basmati-may-slip-down-the-pecking-order/ Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order] {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401071542/https://tribune.com.pk/story/410164/global-market-pakistani-basmati-may-slip-down-the-pecking-order/ |date=2019-04-01 }}. The Express Tribune. 19 July 2012.</ref><ref>Cheema, N., 2015. Inefficiencies in Basmati Trade in Pakistan. ''International Policy Digest'', (7 Dec).[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141886106.pdf] {{web archive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315183034/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141886106.pdf|date=2019-03-15}}</ref><ref name="Singh2000">{{cite book |author=U. S. Singh |title=Aromatic Rices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJi0FxyM7pQC&pg=PA135 |year=2000 |publisher=IRRI ([[International Rice Research Institute]]) |isbn=978-81-204-1420-4 |page=137}}</ref> In fiscal year 2020, basmati exports stood at 890,207 tonnes valuing $790 million.<ref name="dawn.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1606296#:~:text=Pakistan%20produces%207.4m%20tonnes,3.275m%20earning%20%241.384bn. |title=Basmati exports plunge by 38pc in 1HFY21 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=9 February 2021}}</ref> In overall basmati exports, [[European Union]], [[Turkey]] and [[United Kingdom|the UK]] holds a 40% share while the rest are exported to Gulf countries, [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], [[New Zealand]] and [[United States|the US]].<ref name="dawn.com"/>

=== In Indonesia ===
[[Indonesia]] produced its own local variant of basmati in [[West Java]] and [[Central Kalimantan]], with production capacity estimated to reach up to 8.2 tonnes per hectare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://industri.kontan.co.id/news/kemtan-akan-luncurkan-varietas-beras-basmati-bernama-bamora|title=Kemtan akan luncurkan varietas beras basmati bernama bamora|last=Safitri|first=Kiki|editor-last=Winarto|editor-first=Yudho|location=[[Jakarta]]|publisher=Grahanusa Mediatama|date=16 January 2019|website=[[Kontan]]|language=id|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Basmati seeds were first brought from Pakistan in 2007; however, the seeds were unable to be grown due to soil incompatibility. The [[Ministry of Agriculture (Indonesia)|Ministry of Agriculture]] then managed to produce and cultivate a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] between basmati and local rice in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gatra.com/nasional/384041-Kementan-Berhasil-Merakit-Beras-Basmati-Asli-Indonesia|title=Kementan Berhasil Merakit Beras Basmati Asli Indonesia|website=[[Gatra (magazine)|Gatra]]|language=id|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>

===In Nepal===
Basmati rice is produced mainly in the [[Terai]] region of [[Nepal]] and some parts of [[Kathmandu valley]]. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this ban might be lifted.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 July 2016 |title=Traders call for easing ban on Basmati exports |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-07-12/traders-call-for-easing-ban-on-basmati-exports.html |newspaper=[[Kathmandu Post]]}}</ref>

===In Sri Lanka===
Small amounts of basmati rice, especially red basmati rice, are being cultivated in the tropical wet zone areas of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foodsofnations.com/product/raw-red-rice-srilankan/ |title=Sri Lankan Red Rice (Red Basmati Rice), Long Grain |website=[[Kalustyan's]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709040531/https://foodsofnations.com/product/raw-red-rice-srilankan/ |archive-date=9 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://snukfoods.com/products/sri-lankan-red-basmati-rice|title=Sri Lankan Red Basmati Rice 16oz &#124; Snuk Foods, the Global Grocery|access-date=2020-07-09|archive-date=2021-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127184225/https://snukfoods.com/products/sri-lankan-red-basmati-rice|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ratwatte |first=Milroy |date=26 February 2002 |title=Who says we can't grow Basmathi? |url=http://www.island.lk/2002/02/26/opinio03.html |work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|type=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030325184022/http://www.island.lk/2002/02/26/opinio03.html |archive-date=25 March 2003}}</ref>

== Aroma and flavour ==
Basmati rice has a typical ''pandan''-like (''[[Pandanus amaryllifolius]]'' leaf) flavour caused by the [[aroma compound]] [[2-acetyl-1-pyrroline]].<ref name="wongpornchai">{{cite journal |author1=S. Wongpornchai |author2=T. Sriseadka |author3=S. Choonvisase |year=2003 |title=Identification and quantitation of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in bread flowers (''Vallaris glabra'' Ktze) |journal=[[J. Agric. Food Chem.]] |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=457–462 |pmid=12517110 |doi=10.1021/jf025856x|bibcode=2003JAFC...51..457W }}</ref> Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times as much as non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive fragrance and flavour.<ref name="Big money in speciality rices">[https://archive.today/20150819201038/http://www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0207sp1.htm Big money in "speciality rices"] [[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations (2002)</ref> This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruit and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.<ref>Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition, George A. Burdock (2009), [[CRC Press]], {{ISBN|978-1420090772}}, p. 36</ref>

During cooking, the level of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline decreases. Soaking the rice for 30 minutes before cooking permits 20% shorter cooking times and preserves more of the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.

== Glycemic index ==
According to the [[Canadian Diabetes Association]], basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a medium [[glycemic index]] (between 56 and 69), opposed to [[jasmine rice|jasmine]] and [[Instant rice|instant white rice]] with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for [[diabetic]]s as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.<ref name="CDA">{{cite web |title=The Glycemic Index |url=https://www.diabetes.ca/diabetes-and-you/healthy-living-resources/diet-nutrition/the-glycemic-index |website=Canadian Diabetes Association |access-date=30 August 2018}}</ref>

== Varieties and hybrids ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2021}}
[[File:Grano de arroz basmati integral, 2020-06-12, DD 01-11 FS.jpg|thumb|Grain of brown variety, high resolution]]
There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) and Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the India-Pakistani border in Jammu Kashmir state of India. 1121 and Muradabadi 6465 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani basmati rice varieties are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice, and D-98.

Scientists at [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] (IARI), Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called "Todal", because the flower has [[Awn (Botany)|awns]]); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.

=== Approved varieties ===

==== Dehradun Basmati (Indian) ====
Dehradun Basmati or traditional basmati rice variety type 3<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=D. K. |last2=Akhtar |first2=Z. |last3=Gupta |first3=S. |last4=Srivastava |first4=A. |last5=Chakraborty |first5=M. |date=March 2017 |title=Production strategies of organic basmati rice in Tarai region of Uttarakhand, India |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13165-015-0143-1 |journal=Organic Agriculture |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |doi=10.1007/s13165-015-0143-1 |bibcode=2017OrgAg...7...21S |issn=1879-4238|url-access=subscription }}</ref> is a group of various basmati varieties that originated in the present day [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]] of [[Uttarakhand]], India. From Dehradun the variety was propagated and grown in other regions of Uttarakhand, most notably in Tapovan, Tehri. The basmati varieties collectively known as Dehradun Basmati are significant because of their higher grain quality, unique 'popcorn' aroma and flavour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=गुम हो गई वो महक: कभी विदेशों तक थे देहरादून के बासमती के चर्चे, अब ढूंढने से भी नहीं मिल रहा खेती के लिए बीज |url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/dehradun-basmati-rice-was-extinct-now-seeds-not-available-for-farming-2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> The Dehradun Basmati has also been the source of other GMO varieties grown in present-day Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana.

Despite not all varieties having received official GI certification Dehradun Basmati varieties consistently rank among the highest rated rice varieties in the world and are distinct for their popcorn like aroma. The popcorn aroma is among some of the special properties basmati exhibits when grown under the agro-climatic conditions of the Himalayan region. The variety is significant to the farmer identity in state of Uttarakhand, for whom it is among the most profitable crops.

==== Indian varieties ====
Basmati, [[Punjab region|P3 Punjab]], type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc-19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Muradabadi Basmati 6465, Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370 Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, [[Pusa 1121 Rice|Pusa 1121]], '''Pusa 1718''', '''Pusa 1509''', '''Pusa 1692''', '''Pusa 1637''', '''Pusa 1401''' and '''1121 Basmati'''.

==== Pakistani varieties ====
Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice, Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000, Basmati 198 and Chanab Basmati.<ref name="foodstandards.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis4704basmati.pdf |title=Survey on Basmati Rice |work=multimedia.food.gov.uk |date=March 2004 |access-date=11 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531054743/http://multimedia.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/fsis4704basmati.pdf |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Related varieties from around the world ==
In Indonesia, the variant of basmati called ''baroma'' ({{Lang|id|basmati aromatik}}; aromatic basmati) was launched in February 2019.<ref name=":0" /> This variant could be grown in low-altitude terrain and managed to attract interest among potential middle-to-upper class consumers.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://republika.co.id/share/plsfmu368|title=Indonesia Siap Produksi Massal Beras Premium Baroma|date=23 January 2019|work=[[Republika (Indonesian newspaper)|Republika]]|access-date=31 January 2019}}</ref>

In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called ''Texmati'' is grown in [[Texas]]. The rice is produced by [[RiceSelect|Rice Select]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fiaz|first1=N|last2=Khalid|first2=F|last3=Sarwar|first3=MA |title=Whiff of Pearls|journal=[[Rice Plus Magazine]]|date=2013|url=http://ojs.irp.edu.pk/index.php/riceplus/article/download/143/85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002152710/http://ojs.irp.edu.pk/index.php/riceplus/article/download/143/85|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> previously owned by RiceTec (mentioned below).<ref>{{cite web|title=RiceTec, Inc|url=http://www.topworkplaces.com/frontend.php/regional-list/company/chron/ricetec-inc|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref>

In [[Kenya]], a rice variety called ''Pishori'' or ''Pisori'' is grown in the [[Mwea Constituency|Mwea]] region.<ref name="Sanginga2009">{{cite book |last=Sanginga |first=P. C. |title=Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers' Livelihoods |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i14nRDcKw8C&pg=PA301 |year=2009 |publisher=[[Earthscan]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84407-671-0 |pages=301–302}}</ref> The word ''Pishori'' is an alteration of the word [[Peshawar|''Peshawari'']] from where the basmati variety used to be exported to the countries of East Africa in the past.<ref>Lodhi, A.Y., 2019. "Linguistic and Cultural Contributions of Gujarat in Eastern Africa." In ''Knowledge and the Indian Ocean'' (pp. 225-243). [[Palgrave Macmillan]], [[Cham, Switzerland]].</ref>

== Basmati certification ==
The Basmati Mark is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).<ref name=basmatimark1>{{cite web |url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/bas_ex_dev_found.htm |title=Basmati Export Development Foundation |website=apeda.gov.in|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>

On 15 February 2016, the Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), an autonomous organisation under the Department of Commerce in India, registered basmati rice as a product with Geographical Indication (GI).<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/about_apeda/bas_ex_dev_found.htm | title=Basmati Export Development Foundation}}</ref>

== Adulteration ==
Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the [[Food Standards Agency]] found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.<ref>British Retail Consortium (July 2005). [http://www.brc.org.uk/Downloads/Basmati_Code.pdf Code of practice on Basmati rice] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114142/http://www.brc.org.uk/Downloads/Basmati_Code.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rice |first=Tim |url=http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Probe-finds-fake-basmati/story-12091373-detail/story.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130505113010/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Probe-finds-fake-basmati/story-12091373-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 May 2013 |title=Probe finds fake basmati |publisher=This is Leicestershire |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=11 September 2013 }}</ref>

A [[polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]-based assay similar to [[DNA fingerprinting]] in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.<ref>[http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&Completed=0&ProjectID=17920 Basmati rice collaborative trial - FA0110] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424030608/http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Default.aspx?Menu=Menu&Module=More&Location=None&Completed=0&ProjectID=17920 |date=2016-04-24 }}. defra.gov.uk</ref> Exporters of basmati rice use purity certificates based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.<ref>Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). [https://archive.today/20121217211239/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/114280458/ABSTRACT "High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)"] and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). {{doi|10.1021/jf0714517}} "Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)"].</ref> Based on this protocol, which was developed at the [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]], the Indian company Lab India has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.<ref>[http://www.labindia.com/basmati-testing/basmati-testing.php Basmati Testing - Basmati Verifiler Kit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404011730/http://www.labindia.com/basmati-testing/basmati-testing.php |date=4 April 2008 }}. Labindia.</ref>
<!-- The distinctive smell of Basmati Rice differentiates it from Non-Basmati Rice. -->

== Patent battle ==
In September 1997, an American company, [[RiceTec]], was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on "basmati rice lines and grains". The patent secured lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by [[Hans-Adam II|Prince Hans-Adam]] of [[Liechtenstein]], faced international outrage over allegations of [[biopiracy]]. It also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the [[WTO]] as a violation of [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights|TRIPS]], the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]], RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products ''basmati''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071205223143/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/05/stories/2006110503701000.htm "Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle"], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 5 November 2006</ref> A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.<ref name=NYTimes>[https://thewitshub.com/india-and-pakistan-battle-for-basmati-rice/ "India-Pakistan battle on Basmati Rice"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801115654/https://thewitshub.com/india-and-pakistan-battle-for-basmati-rice/ |date=2021-08-01 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref><ref name="2001-patent-NYT">{{cite web | title=India-U.S. Fight on Basmati Rice Is Mostly Settled | website=The New York Times | date=2001-08-25 | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/25/business/india-us-fight-on-basmati-rice-is-mostly-settled.html | access-date=2022-05-03 | first=Saritha | last=Rai}}</ref> The original patent expired in 2019.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Agriculture}}
* [[Ambemohar]]
* [[Camargue red rice]]
* [[Domsiah]]
* [[Jasmine rice]]
* [[List of rice varieties]]
* [[Wild rice|Manoomin]]
* ''[[Oryza sativa]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Basmati rice}}
{{wiktionary|basmati}}
*[https://snl.no/basmatiris Basmati rice] at ''[[Great Norwegian Encyclopedia]]''
*[https://www.tasteatlas.com/basmati Basmati] at [[TasteAtlas]]

{{Varieties of rice}}

[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Rice production in India]]
[[Category:Rice production in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Bihar]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Haryana]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Odisha]]