View source for Battle of Arcole

{{Short description|1796 battle of the Italian campaign of 1796–1797}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Arcole
| partof            = the [[Italian campaign of 1796–1797]] in the [[War of the First Coalition]]
| image             = La Bataille du Pont d'Arcole.jpg
| caption           = ''[[The Crossing of the Arcole Bridge]]'' <br /> [[Horace Vernet]], 1826 
| date              = 15–17 November 1796
| place             = [[Arcole]], [[Republic of Venice]]
| coordinates       = {{Coord|45|21|26|N|11|16|39|E|type:event_region:IT-VR|display=it}}
| map_type          = Europe
| map_relief        = 1
| map_size          = 300
| result            = French victory<ref>James Harvey Robinson and Charles A. Beard, ''The Development of Modern Europe: An Introduction to the Study of Current History'', vol. 1 (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1907), 290{{ISBN?}}</ref>
| territory         = 
| combatant1        = [[First French Republic|French Republic]]
| combatant2        = [[Habsburg monarchy]]
| commander1        = {{Indented plainlist|
* '''[[Napoleon Bonaparte]]'''
* [[André Masséna]]
* [[Charles-Pierre Augereau|Pierre Augereau]]
* [[Jean Lannes]]{{WIA}}
* [[Jean Joseph Guieu]]
* [[Jean-Baptiste Muiron]]{{KIA}}
* [[Józef Sułkowski]]
* {{ill|Jean Gilles André Robert|fr|Jean Gilles André Robert|vertical-align=sup}}{{DOW}}
}}
| commander2        = {{Indented plainlist|
*'''[[József Alvinczi]]'''
*[[Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky]]
*[[Giovanni Marchese di Provera]]
*Adolf Brabeck{{KIA}}
*Wenzel Brigido
}}
| strength1         = 20,000<ref>Rothenberg, Art of War, p. 248. Rothenberg gives all strengths and losses.</ref>
| strength2         = 24,000
| casualties1       = 3,500 killed or wounded<br/>1,300 captured
| casualties2       = 2,200 killed or wounded<br/>4,000 captured
| image_size        = 300
}}
{{Campaignbox First Coalition}}
{{Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars:Italy}}
{{OSM Location map
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|  zoom = 6
|   float = right
|    nolabels = 1
|     width = 304
|     height = 180
| title = [[War of the First Coalition]]:<br/>[[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars|Italian Campaign]]
| caption = {{legend|black|current battle}}{{legend|navy|Napoleon as subordinate}}{{legend|maroon|Napoleon in command}}

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| shape-colorD = maroon
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| label1 =
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|43.99|7.55}}
| mark-title1 = [[Second Battle of Saorgio (1794)]] from 24 to 28 April 1794
| shape-color1 = navy
| label-color1 = navy

| label2 =
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|44.65|7.87}}
| mark-title2 = [[Montenotte campaign]] from 10 to 28 April 1796

| label3 =
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|45.15|9.7}}
| mark-title3 = [[Battle of Fombio]] from 7 to 9 May 1796

| label4 = Lodi
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|45.32|9.50}}
| mark-title4 = [[Battle of Lodi]] on 10 May 1796

| label5 =
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|45.35|10.73}}
| mark-title5 = [[Battle of Borghetto]] on 30 May 1796

| label6 =
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|45.46|10.48}}
| mark-title6 = [[Battle of Lonato]] from 3 to 4 August 1796

| label7 =
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|45.38|10.48}}
| mark-title7 = [[Battle of Castiglione]] on 5 August 1796

| label8 =
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|45.88|11.05}}
| mark-title8 = [[Battle of Rovereto]] on 4 September 1796

| label9 =
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|45.77|11.73}}
| mark-title9 = [[Battle of Bassano]] on 8 September 1796<br/>[[Second Battle of Bassano]] on 6 November 1796

| label10 =
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|45.42|11.18}}
| mark-title10 = [[Battle of Caldiero (1796)]] on 12 November 1796

| label11 =
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|45.35|11.28}}
| mark-title11 = Battle of Arcole from 15 to 17 November 1796
| shape-color11 = black
| label-color11 = black

| label12 =
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|45.57|10.82}}
| mark-title12 = [[Battle of Rivoli]] from 14 to 15 January 1797

| label13 =
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|45.16|10.80}}
| mark-title13 = [[Siege of Mantua (1796–1797)]] from 27 August 1796 to 2 February 1797

| label14 =
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|46|12.87}}
| mark-title14 = [[Battle of Valvasone (1797)]] on 16 March 1797

| label15 =
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|46.51|13.58}}
| mark-title15 = [[Battle of Tarvis (1797)]] from 21 to 23 March 1797
}}

The '''Battle of Arcole''' or '''Battle of Arcola''' (15–17 November 1796) was fought between French and Austrian forces {{convert|25|km|mi|0}} southeast of [[Verona]] during the [[War of the First Coalition]], a part of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. The battle saw a bold maneuver by [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s [[Army of Italy (France)|French Army of Italy]] to outflank the Austrian army led by [[József Alvinczi]] and cut off its line of retreat. The French victory proved to be a highly significant event during the third Austrian attempt to lift the [[Siege of Mantua (1796-1797)|siege of Mantua]]. Alvinczi planned to execute a two-pronged offensive against Bonaparte's army. The Austrian commander ordered [[Paul Davidovich]] to advance south along the [[Adige]] River valley with one corps while Alvinczi led the main army in an advance from the east. The Austrians hoped to raise the siege of [[Mantua]] where [[Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser]] was trapped with a large garrison. If the two Austrian columns linked up and if Wurmser's troops were released, French prospects were grim.

Davidovich scored a victory against [[Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois]] at [[Battle of Calliano|Calliano]] and threatened Verona from the north. Meanwhile, Alvinczi repulsed one attack by Bonaparte at [[Second Battle of Bassano|Bassano]] and advanced almost to the gates of Verona where he defeated a second French attack at [[Battle of Caldiero (1796)|Caldiero]]. Leaving Vaubois' battered division to contain Davidovich, Bonaparte massed every available man and tried to turn Alvinczi's left flank by crossing the Adige. For two days the French assaulted the stoutly defended Austrian position at Arcole without success. Their persistent attacks finally forced Alvinczi to withdraw on the third day. That day Davidovich routed Vaubois, but it was too late. Bonaparte's victory at Arcole permitted him to concentrate against Davidovich and chase him up the Adige valley. Left alone, Alvinczi threatened Verona again. But without his colleague's support, the Austrian commander was too weak to continue the campaign and he withdrew again. Wurmser attempted a breakout, but his effort came too late in the campaign and had no effect on the result. The third relief attempt failed by the narrowest of margins.

== Background ==
===Armies===
{{See|Order of battle for the Battle of Arcole}}
The second relief attempt of the [[Siege of Mantua (1796-1797)|siege of Mantua]] ended badly for Austria when General [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] routed [[Feldmarschall]] [[Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser]]'s army at the [[Battle of Bassano]]. In the sequel, Wurmser marched for Mantua, evading French attempts to cut him off. He reached there with 16,000 soldiers on 12 September 1796, but was defeated and driven into the fortress by the French on the 15th. With Wurmser's Austrians and the original garrison crowded into the encircled city, disease and hunger began exacting a serious toll on the garrison.<ref>Chandler (2001), 98–99</ref> Emperor [[Francis II of Austria]] appointed [[Feldzeugmeister]] [[József Alvinczi]] to lead a reconstituted field army in the third attempt to relieve [[Mantua]]. Alvinczi, [[Feldmarschall-Leutnant]] [[Paul Davidovich]], [[General-major]] Johann Rudolf Sporck, and Major [[Franz von Weyrother]] drew up plans for a two-pronged offensive. The [[Friuli|Friaul]] Corps was assigned to Feldmarschall-Leutnant [[Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich]] and directed to move west toward Verona. The [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]] Corps was entrusted to Davidovich and ordered to advance south from the Alps to join Quosdanovich. Wurmser would break out from Mantua and attack the French field armies in the rear.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 440</ref>

[[File:Arcole campaign first phase.svg|thumb|left|alt=Theater map shows the battles of San Michele, 2nd Bassano, and Calliano in November 1796.|Battles of San Michele, 2nd Bassano, and Calliano, Nov. 1796]]
Quosdanovich's 26,432-strong Friaul Corps was accompanied by Alvinczi as it moved west on Mantua from the [[Piave River]]. This force was formed into a 4,397-man Advance Guard under General-major [[Friedrich Franz Xaver Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen]], a 4,376-strong Reserve led by General-major [[Philipp Pittoni von Dannenfeld]], and a Main corps supervised by Feldmarschall-Leutnant [[Giovanni Marchese di Provera]]. This last unit was subdivided into a 9,380-man First line consisting of the brigades of Generals-major [[Gerhard Rosselmini]] and [[Anton Lipthay de Kisfalud]] and an 8,279-strong Second line composed of brigades led by Generals-major [[Anton Schübirz von Chobinin]] and Adolf Brabeck. There were 54 line and 20 reserve artillery pieces with the Friaul Corps.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 444–445</ref>

On 1 November 1796, Davidovich's Tyrol Corps numbered 18,427 infantry and 1,049 cavalry. The corps was split into six brigade-size columns under Generals-major Johann Loudon, [[Joseph Ocskay von Ocsko]], Sporck, and [[Josef Philipp Vukassovich]] and Colonel Seulen. Loudon commanded 3,915 infantry and 362 cavalry in Column 1, Ocskay led 4,200-foot soldiers and 463 horsemen in Column 2, Sporck directed 2,560 infantry in Column 3, Vukassovich supervised both Column 4 with 3,772-foot and 30 horse and Column 5 with 2,958-foot and 120 horse, and Seulen led 1,022 infantry and 74 cavalry in Column 6.<ref name=BB447>Boycott-Brown (2001), 447</ref> The Tyrol Corps counted 40 line and 20 reserve guns.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 445</ref>

Wurmser commanded 23,708 soldiers within Mantua. However, only 12,420 were reported as capable of taking the field.<ref name=BB448>Boycott-Brown (2001), 448</ref> In addition, General-major [[Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky]]'s brigade occupied the upper [[Brenta River]], connecting the wings under Davidovich and Quosdanovich.<ref name=BB447/> Mittrowsky commanded about 3,000 men.<ref name="BB458"/>

Bonaparte deployed a 10,500-man division under [[General of Division]] [[Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois]] at [[Lavis]] to watch Davidovich. At [[Bassano del Grappa|Bassano]], General of Division [[André Masséna]]'s 9,540 soldiers defended the line of the [[Brenta River]]. The 8,340 troops of General of Division [[Pierre Augereau]] covered the [[Adige River]]. General of Division [[Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine]] with 8,830 soldiers blockaded Wurmser's large garrison in Mantua. General of Division [[François Macquard]]'s 2,750-man infantry reserve was posted at [[Villafranca di Verona]] while General of Division [[Thomas-Alexandre Dumas]] with 1,600 troopers of the cavalry reserve was stationed at [[Verona]].<ref name=BB448/>

The Austrians went to a lot of trouble to conceal the strength of Davidovich's corps from their enemies. The ruse was so successful that Bonaparte ordered Vaubois to advance and defeat his opponent so that he could shift 3,000 troops to help fight Alvinczi.<ref>Chandler (1966), 101</ref> On 2 November, Vaubois attacked Davidovich near [[Cembra]], inflicting 1,116 casualties before retiring. Though the French suffered only 650 killed and wounded, this included 280 soldiers of the 85th Line Infantry Demi Brigade. This loss seems to have seriously damaged the unit's morale. The next day, Vaubois pulled back to [[Calliano, Trentino|Calliano]].<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 449</ref>

===Second Bassano and Calliano===
[[File:1801 Antoine-Jean Gros - Bonaparte on the Bridge at Arcole.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|''[[Bonaparte at the Pont d'Arcole|Bonaparte at the Bridge of Arcole]]'', by [[Antoine-Jean Gros|A.-J. Gros]], (1797), Château de Versailles.]]
On 1 November, the Friaul Corps began crossing the Piave.<ref name=BB448/> Bonaparte elected to attack the Austrians on the Brenta and called Augereau and Macquard east to join Masséna. In the [[Second Battle of Bassano]] on 6 November, the Austrians held off Bonaparte's attacks. French losses numbered 3,000 killed, wounded, and missing, plus an additional 508 men and one howitzer captured. In this hard-fought engagement, the Austrians lost 534 killed, 1,731 wounded, and 558 captured for a total of 2,823 casualties. Bonaparte quickly pulled back to Verona.<ref>Smith (1998), 126</ref>

Davidovich attacked Vaubois at the [[Battle of Calliano]] on 6 November but was repulsed after hard fighting. He renewed his assault at daybreak on the 7th. After holding out all day, French morale collapsed in the late afternoon and Vaubois' men fled the battlefield in a panic.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 452–453</ref> Between 2 and 7 November, Vaubois' division suffered 4,400 killed, wounded, and missing and lost six artillery pieces. The Austrians also lost heavily, with 2,000 killed and wounded plus a further 1,500 taken prisoner.<ref>Smith (1998), 126–127</ref> In a public announcement, Bonaparte vented his fury at the poor performance of the 39th and 85th Line Infantry Demi Brigades.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 454</ref>

Poor communications plagued the Austrian commanders throughout the campaign. This was a consequence of the wide separation between the two wings. Furthermore, many of Alvinczi's men were indifferently equipped raw recruits who straggled badly. The Austrians also suffered from a serious shortage of officers.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 449–450</ref> After Alvinczi sent him a mistaken report that Masséna was reinforcing Vaubois, Davidovich became very cautious. The report was sent on 9 November but only reached its recipient on the 11th, which was typical of the Austrian communications problems. Alvinczi also repeatedly urged Davidovich to speed up his march toward Verona.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 455</ref>

Alvinczi's advance guard under GM [[Friedrich Franz Xaver Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen|Friedrich of Hohenzollern-Hechingen]] pressed toward Verona. Near that city, he encountered Masséna on 11 November and was forced to pull back after losing 400 men in a sharp combat. In a sleet storm on the 12th, Hohenzollern fought off the attacks of Masséna and Augereau in the [[Battle of Caldiero (1796)|Battle of Caldiero]]. When reinforcements under Brabeck, Schübirz, and Provera arrived later in the day, Bonaparte called off the futile attacks and drew his troops back within the walls of Verona. The Austrians reported losses of 1,244 officers and men.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 456</ref> French losses were estimated at 1,000 killed and wounded, plus an additional 800 men and two guns captured.<ref>Smith (1998), 127</ref>

=== Maneuver ===
[[Image:Arcole 1796 Campaign Map.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Map showing Bonaparte's maneuver from Verona to Ronco|Bonaparte's maneuver from Verona to Ronco, 14–15 November 1796]]

After two sharp defeats, even Bonaparte "became very despondent about his chances of survival."<ref>Chandler (1966), 103</ref> He deployed Macquard and 3,000 men to hold Verona.<ref name="Chandler 1966, 106">Chandler (1966), 106</ref> A slightly reinforced Vaubois clung to a strong position with about 8,000 troops, keeping Davidovich's 14,000 soldiers bottled up in the Adige valley. To blockade Wurmser's garrison within Mantua, Kilmaine could count only 6,626 men after providing reinforcements to other commands. This left Bonaparte a field force consisting of Masséna's 7,937, Augereau's 6,000, a reserve of 2,600 infantry plus cavalry, for a total of 18,000 soldiers. By this time, Alvinczi's main force numbered about 23,000 men.<ref name=BB458>Boycott-Brown (2001), 458</ref> Historian [[David G. Chandler]] wrote,

<blockquote>Like a juggler keeping three balls in the air at once, Bonaparte had to balance the dangers of the three sectors against each other, keeping them in clear relative perspective. Although he had singled out Alvinczi as his main target, it was only too clear that an aggressive move on the part of Davidovich or even by Wurmser might compel the French to abandon their operations against the main Austrian army and move every available man to reinforce the threatened area. Defeat on any sector could well spell catastrophe and the destruction of the Army of Italy.<ref name=Chandler105>Chandler (1966), 105</ref></blockquote>

Unknown to the French, Alvinczi planned to throw a pontoon bridge across the Adige below Verona at [[Zevio]] on 15 November at nightfall.<ref name=BB458/> Meanwhile, Bonaparte determined on an audacious strategy. He force-marched Masséna and Augereau along the west bank of the Adige to a bridging site at [[Ronco all'Adige]], behind Alvinczi's left flank. Once he moved his army across the river, he planned to move north to cut the Austrian line of retreat and seize the enemy's trains and artillery park.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 459</ref>

On the far bank was an area of marshy land that troops could not penetrate, which meant that all movement was limited to the causeways or dikes on the banks of the river Adige, and the causeways on the banks of a small tributary called the Alpone River that flowed into it from the north. The Alpone was only {{convert|20|yd|m|0}} wide and {{convert|5|ft|m|1}} deep.<ref name=BB460>Boycott-Brown (2001), 460</ref> In the difficult terrain, the French soldiers might have an advantage. Further, the Austrians would not be able to use their superior numbers in the restricted battlefield.<ref name=Chandler105/>

From Ronco, the north-bound road followed a dike for about {{convert|1.5|mi|km|1}} to a bridge, on the east side of which was the village of Arcole. From there, the road continued going north on the east bank of the stream to [[San Bonifacio]] near the main highway. The dikes along the Alpone near Arcole were "26 feet high, and had very steep faces." Another road followed a dike from Ronco northwest to [[Belfiore]] and on to [[Caldiero]].<ref name=BB460/>

== Battle ==

=== First day ===
[[File:Napoleon at Arcole.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Painting shows a man holding a French flag and leading his troops across a wooden-floored bridge. An officer attempts to grab the man with the flag.|This engraving shows Bonaparte crossing the Arcole bridge. Actually the incident occurred about 55 paces short of the span.]]

By dawn on 15 November, Bonaparte's troops reached the intended crossing, and soon afterward [[Chef de brigade]] (Colonel) [[Antoine-François Andréossy]]'s engineers had a pontoon bridge in operation. Augereau's division crossed first and headed east and north toward Arcole. Masséna's soldiers followed and, to cover the left flank, took a causeway leading north and west toward [[Belfiore|Belfiore di Porcile]].<ref name="Chandler 1966, 106"/>

Alvinczi posted [[Oberst]] (Colonel) Wenzel Brigido's four battalions in the area; of these, two battalions and two cannons defended Arcole. These troops repulsed Augereau's leading demi-brigade under [[General of Brigade]] [[Louis André Bon]]. Before long, most of the French soldiers were lying in the lee of the causeway to shelter from the searing fire. Brigido pulled every available man into the combat. Augereau threw in demi-brigades led by Generals of Brigade [[Jean-Antoine Verdier]] and Pierre Verne. At mid-day, Austrian reinforcements led by General-Major [[Anton Ferdinand Mittrowsky]] began arriving to help the defenders. Soon, Bon, Verdier, Verne and General of Brigade [[Jean Lannes]] were all wounded and the attack completely stalled.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 462–463</ref>

On the western flank, Alvinczi sent the brigades of [[Oberstleutnant]] (Lieutenant Colonel) [[Alois von Gavasini]] and General-Major Adolf Brabeck to seize the French pontoon bridge. They collided with Masséna near Bionde, midway between Belfiore and Ronco. Initially successful, the Austrians were soon driven back beyond Belfiore after Brabeck's troops [[friendly fire|accidentally fired]] on Gavasini's men, causing a panic.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 463–464</ref> Once they reached Belfiore, the French watched as the Austrian trains rolled east on the main highway, out of their reach.<ref name=Chandler108>Chandler (1966), 108</ref>

Attempting to break the stalemate near Arcole, Bonaparte ordered General of Brigade [[Jean Joseph Guieu]] with two demi-brigades to boat across the Adige below its confluence with the Alpone at [[Albaredo d'Adige]]. He also sent a French battalion across the Alpone by boat near its mouth. The latter unit fought its way north along the east bank dike.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 464</ref>

Trying to inspire his men to attack, Bonaparte grabbed a flag and stood in the open on the dike "about 55 paces" from the bridge. He remained miraculously untouched, but several members of his staff were hit by the intense fire and his aide-de-camp, Jean-Baptiste Muiron, was killed.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 465</ref> An unknown officer dragged Bonaparte out of the line of fire and the commanding general ended up in the muddy ditch.<ref name=Chandler108/>

Adding to the confusion, the Austrians launched a sortie from Arcole and defeated the French battalion on the east bank. In the evening, Guieu crossed at Albaredo and eventually managed to flush the Austrian defenders out of Arcole. At midnight, worried that Davidovich was about to fall upon his rear, Bonaparte withdrew Guieu from Arcole and pulled most of his troops back across the Adige. He left a garrison on the Austrian side of the river to hold his bridgehead.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 466</ref>

=== Second day ===
Alvinczi left Hohenzollern's troops near Verona to guard against an attack from that city. The Austrian leader ordered Provera with six battalions to attack from Belfiore. Alvinczi reinforced Mittrowsky to a total of 14 battalions, including the brigades of Schübirz and Oberst Franz Sticker, and instructed him to advance south from [[Arcole]]. The two forces would march at dawn on 16 November and converge on the French bridgehead. Alvinczi sent two battalions to guard Albaredo against a repetition of Guieu's attack.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 467–468</ref>

Provera's effort came to grief when he ran into Masséna. Brabeck was killed during the encounter and the Austrians were chased back to Belfiore with the loss of five cannons. During the morning, Mittrowsky and Augereau engaged in a see-saw battle that ended when the Austrians fell back to Arcole.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 468</ref>

Mittrowsky positioned Sticker's four battalions on the western dike, lined the eastern dike with four battalions under Brigido, and packed the rest of his troops into Arcole. These intelligent dispositions blocked Bonaparte's repeated attempts to seize the village during the day. French attempts to cross the Adige at Albaredo and the Alpone near its mouth both failed. At nightfall, Bonaparte withdrew Masséna and Augereau toward the bridgehead, but sizable forces stayed on the Austrian side of the Adige.<ref name=BB468>Boycott-Brown, pp. 468–470</ref>

The former slave Joseph Hercule Domingue, French cavalry lieutenant, was promoted to captain and given a ceremonial sword by Bonaparte for his actions in executing a surprise attack on the Austrian cavalry on this day of the battle.<ref>Érick Noël, ed. ''Dictionnaire des gens de couleur dans la France moderne: Paris et son Bassin'' (Paris: Droz, 2011), 344–345.</ref>

=== Third day ===
On 17 November, Alvinczi withdrew Hohenzollern to [[Caldiero]], closer to his main body.<ref name=BB468/> Again, Provera held Belfiore while Mittrowsky defended Arcole. During the night, Bonaparte's engineers floated some pontoons into the Alpone where they built a bridge near its mouth. Augereau's division crossed the bridge and began fighting its way along the eastern dike. A French battalion and some cavalry also set out from [[Legnago]] and joined Augereau later in the day. Meanwhile, two of Masséna's demi-brigades led by General of Brigade Jean Gilles André Robert attacked along the western dike.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 472</ref>

By early afternoon, Masséna drubbed Provera near Belfiore again. Alvinczi recalled both Provera and Hohenzollern toward the east and began feeding some of the latter's troops into the combat at Arcole. There, the battle went back and forth all day. At 3:00 pm, a large column of Austrian reinforcements surged out of Arcole and drove back the troops under Robert. Augereau's men on the east bank saw this development and also fell back. By 4:00 pm, Augereau's rattled division pulled back across the pontoon bridge to the west bank.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 474</ref>

Just when the day seemed lost, Masséna appeared with reinforcements from the western flank. With these, he ambushed the Austrians on the western dike and sent them reeling back toward Arcole. Heartened, Augereau's men recrossed to the east bank of the Alpone and renewed the fight. Masséna and Augereau finally battled their way into Arcole around 5:00 pm. A lieutenant and 25 [[Guides]] aided the final attack by riding into the Austrian rear area and blowing several bugles to create the impression of a large force. The French followed up their success by advancing north and threatening to block the main east-west highway. Alvinczi threw in Schübirz's brigade to hold off the French, and this allowed Provera's division to escape to the east.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 474–475</ref>

== Aftermath ==
French losses at Arcole numbered 3,500 dead and wounded, plus 1,300 captured or missing. The Austrians suffered only 2,200 dead and wounded, but 4,000 men and 11 guns were captured by the French.<ref>Rothenberg (1980), 248</ref> On the French side, General Jean Gilles André Robert was mortally wounded,<ref>Schom (1997), 55</ref> while Austrian General-Major [[Gerhard Rosselmini]] died in [[Vicenza]] on 19 November.<ref>Smith-Kudrna, "Rosselmini"</ref> On 17 November, Davidovich finally attacked Vaubois at Rivoli. Ocskay's brigade from [[Monte Baldo]] met Vukassovich's brigade from the Adige gorge, and together they drove the French soldiers steadily back. After resisting all morning the French troops stampeded in the afternoon. Again, the 85th Line was among the first units to panic.<ref name=BB471>Boycott-Brown (2001), 471</ref> The French lost 800 killed and wounded, plus 1,000 captured including Generals of Brigade [[Pascal Antoine Fiorella]] and Antoine Valette. Austrian casualties were 600.<ref>Smith (1998), 127–128</ref> Vaubois pulled back toward [[Peschiera del Garda]] while Davidovich pursued as far as [[Castelnuovo del Garda]]. Bonaparte sent his cavalry to watch Alvinczi's retreat, while turning the bulk of his forces toward Davidovich.<ref name=BB477>Boycott-Brown (2001), 477</ref> On 19 November, Davidovich heard of the Austrian defeat at Arcole and detected signs that Bonaparte was about to fall upon him in full force. The Austrian pulled back to Rivoli on the 20th and began to fall back farther the next morning. At this moment, he received an encouraging note from Alvinczi and halted his retreat. But the French caught up with him at Rivoli.<ref name=BB477/> In the ensuing clash, the French suffered 200 casualties while inflicting losses of 250 killed and wounded. An additional 600 Austrians, three guns and a bridging train fell into French hands.<ref>Smith (1998), 128</ref> Davidovich hastily fell back north. Altogether, Davidovich's retreat from Rivoli cost him as many as 1,500 men and nine guns.<ref>Chandler (1966), 112</ref>

After Arcole, Alvinczi pulled back to Olmo where he held a council of war on the morning of 18 November. At this meeting, the Austrian generals gamely decided to return to the field with their 16,000 remaining troops.<ref>Boycott-Brown (2001), 476</ref> By 21 November, Alvinczi occupied Caldiero again but could go no farther. While there, he heard of Davidovich's defeat on 23 November. That evening the Austrian field army began its retreat to the Brenta.<ref name=BB477/> During the three days that the battle of Arcole raged, cannon fire could be heard in Mantua. Observers in the fortress even noticed that some of the French camps seemed to be empty, yet Wurmser unaccountably failed to act.<ref name=BB471/> On 23 November, Wurmser assaulted the siege lines, capturing 200 Frenchmen and demolishing some earthworks. The Austrians suffered almost 800 casualties. When he learned that Davidovich was in full retreat, Wurmser withdrew into the city.<ref name=BB477/> In November 1796, the French seized [[Venice]] and two 44-gun frigates that were being built in the shipyard. One of the warships was named the [[French frigate Muiron|''Muiron'']] in honor of Bonaparte's aide who was killed at his side on 15 November. When Bonaparte returned from Egypt in 1799, he escaped to France on the ''Muiron''.<ref>Martin (2005), ''1797 Le frégate la Muiron''</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=November 2024}}<!-- Title not found in WorldCat. --> Napoleon's actions at the bridge of Arcole were quickly turned legendary by French artists and newspapers, making Napoleon a household name among the French. Thus, Arcole is widely regarded as the beginning of the Napoleonic legend, which would last until Napoleon's downfall in 1815.

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last=Boycott-Brown |first=Martin |year=2001 |title=The Road to Rivoli: Napoleon's First Campaign |location=London |publisher=Cassell & Co |isbn=0-304-35305-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandler, David G.|author-link=David G. Chandler |year=1966 |title=The Campaigns of Napoleon |location=New York |publisher=Macmillan}}
* {{cite web |last=Martin |first=Jacques |year=2005 |title=1797 La frégate la Muiron (France) |access-date=3 September 2012 |url=http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Marin2/pages_Marin2/023_Marin2.html |language=fr |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201920/http://users.skynet.be/tintinpassion/VOIRSAVOIR/Marin2/pages_Marin2/023_Marin2.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last=Rothenberg, Gunther E.|author-link=Gunther E. Rothenberg |year=1980 |title=The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-31076-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Schom |author-link=Alan Schom |first=Alan |year=1997 |title=Napoleon Bonaparte |location=New York |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=0-06-017214-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonbonapart00scho}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith, Digby|author-link=Digby Smith |year=1998 |title=The Napoleonic Wars Data Book |location=London |publisher=Greenhill |isbn=1-85367-276-9}}
* {{cite web |last=Smith, Digby|author-link=Digby Smith |editor=Kudrna, Leopold |year=2008 |title=Biographical Dictionary of all Austrian Generals during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1792–1815 |access-date=3 September 2012 |publisher=Napoleon Series |url=http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/biographies/Austria/AustrianGenerals/c_AustrianGeneralsR.html#R51}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Kryn |first=J. |title=Le petit tambour d'Arcole |year=1987 |publisher=Cadenet |language=fr}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Napoleon |last=Bonaparte |first=Napoleon |year=1858–1869 |location=Paris |title=Correspondence de Napoléon Ier publiée par ordre de l'empereur Napoléon III |trans-title=Correspondence of Napoleon I published by order of Emperor Napoleon III |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Reinhard |first=M. |title=Avec Bonaparte en Italie; d'après les lettres inédites de son aide de camp Joseph Sulkowski |year=1946 |location=Paris |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Gunther E. Rothenberg |last=Rothenberg |first=Gunther E. |title=The Napoleonic Wars |publisher=Cassell |location=London |year=2001 |isbn=0-304-35983-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Schels |first=J. B. |title=Die Schlacht bei Arcole, am 15, 16 und 17 November 1796 |publisher=Oesterreichische Militärische Zeitschrift, no. Bd. 2 |year=1829 |pages=35–103 |language=de}}
* [[Anders Fager]]'s short story "Under the bridge at Arcole" published 2014 by [[Paradox Entertainment]]. An alternative history-story about what would have happened had Napoleon been killed at Arcole.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/FRENCH_ARMY.htm The French Army 1600–1900]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234908/http://www.historydata.com/places/ Photos of sites of the 1796 campaign]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805064144/http://historydata.com/pictures/battles.php Paintings of the 1796 campaign]
* [http://obscurebattles.blogspot.com/2016/01/arcola-1796.html Obscure Battles: Arcola 1796]

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}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Arcole 1796}}
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[[Category:Province of Verona]]
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