View source for Battle of Heilsberg

{{Short description|1807 Battle during the War of the Fourth Coalition}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of Heilsberg
| image             = L'empereur Napoléon Ier sur le champ de bataille de Heilsberg, le 11 juin 1807.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = ''Emperor Napoleon I on the battlefield of Heilsberg, on 11 June 1807'' by Joseph Nicolas Jouy, 1837
| partof            = the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]]
| date              = 10 June 1807
| place             = Heilsberg, [[East Prussia]] (now [[Lidzbark Warmiński]], [[Poland]])
| coordinates       = {{coord|54.1167|N|20.5833|E|source:ruwiki_region:PL_type:event|format=dms}}
| result            = Inconclusive
| combatant1        = {{flagicon|France|1794}} [[First French Empire|French Empire]]
| combatant2        = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian Empire]]<br>{{flagicon|Prussia|1803}} [[Kingdom of Prussia]]
| commander1        = {{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Napoleon I]] <br />{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Joachim Murat]] <br />{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Jean Lannes]] <br /> {{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Claude Juste Alexandre Legrand|Claude Legrand]] <br />{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Louis-Vincent-Joseph Le Blond de Saint-Hilaire|Saint-Hilaire]] <br />{{flagicon|France|1794}} [[Jean-Antoine Verdier]]
| commander2        = {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Levin August, Count von Bennigsen|Leonty Bennigsen]]<br>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Andrei Ivanovich Gorchakov|Andrei Gorchakov]]<br>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Pyotr Bagration]]<br>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia|Constantine Pavlovich]]<br>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Nikolay Kamensky]]
| strength1         = 50,000<ref name=Pigeard499>Pigeard, ''Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon'', pp. 683</ref>–64,500{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwarz|Apushkin|1912a|pp=212-213}} overall<br>~30,000<ref name = Clodfelter>Clodfelter M. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. McFarland, 2002. P. 169</ref> engaged
| strength2         = 90,000<ref name=Pigeard499>Pigeard, ''Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon'', pp. 683</ref>{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwarz|Apushkin|1912a|pp=212-213}} overall<br>~53,000<ref name = Clodfelter>Clodfelter M. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500-2000. McFarland, 2002. P. 169</ref><ref name = Roberts>Roberts A. Napoleon: A Life. Penguin Group. 2014. P. 450</ref> engaged
| casualties1       = Versions:
* up to 8,000;{{efn|Some French assessments<ref name="M.D.">{{Cite book |last=Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book9805/#page/341/mode/1up |title=Description of the second war of Emperor Alexander with Napoleon, in 1806 and 1807 |date=1846 |publisher=Типография Штаба Отдельного Корпуса Внутренней Стражи |page=315 |language=ru |author-link=Alexander Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky |location=St. Petersburg}}</ref>}}
* 1,398 killed,<ref name = Clodfelter/> 10,059 wounded,<ref name = Clodfelter/> 864 captured;<ref name = Clodfelter/><ref name="M.D." />
* up to 13,000 killed or wounded.{{efn|[[Louis-Alexandre Berthier|Marshal Berthier]]'s affirmation to Bennigsen (at the war's end)<ref name="M.D." />}}
| casualties2       = Versions:
* 6,000 killed or wounded;<ref name = Clodfelter/><ref name = Roberts/><ref name="M.D." />
* 2,000–3,000 killed and 5–6,000 wounded;<ref name="Smith, p. 248">Smith, p. 248.</ref>
* 9,000 killed or wounded;{{sfn|Bodart|2010}}
* 3,000 killed and 7,000 wounded.<ref name=Pigeard499>Pigeard, ''Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon'', pp. 683</ref>|
}}
{{Campaignbox Fourth Coalition}}
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| caption = {{legend|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#228833|current battle}}{{legend|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#4477aa|Napoleon not in command}}{{legend|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#aa3377|Napoleon in command}}

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| mark-title8 = [[Battle of Prenzlau]] on 28 October 1806

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| mark-title13 = [[Siege of Hamelin]] from 7 to 22 November 1806

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| mark-title14 = [[Battle of Czarnowo]] on 23 December 1806

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| mark-title15 = [[Battle of Golymin]] on 26 December 1806

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| mark-title19 = [[Battle of Allenstein]] on 3 February 1807

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| mark-title21 = [[Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)]] on 16 February 1807

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| mark-title22 = [[Siege of Kolberg (1807)]] from 20 March to 2 July 1807

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| mark-title24 = [[Great Sortie of Stralsund]] from 1 to 3 April 1807

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| mark-title25 = [[Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen]] from 5 to 6 June 1807

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| mark-title26 = Battle of Heilsberg on 10 June 1807
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| label27 = Friedland
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| mark-title27 = [[Battle of Friedland]] on 14 June 1807
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The '''Battle of Heilsberg''' took place on {{OldStyleDate|10 June|1807|29 May}} off the town of Heilsberg (now [[Lidzbark Warmiński]]), during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Napoleon: A History of the Art of War|author=Theodore A. Dodge|year=2001|publisher=Adamant Media|isbn=1-4021-9517-6}}</ref> In it, [[Joachim Murat]]'s French troops began the offensive on [[Levin August von Bennigsen|Leonty (Levin) Bennigsen]]'s Russian force ahead of schedule. The opponents fought until they concluded an operational armistice. Due to Bennigsen's illness, [[Andrei Ivanovich Gorchakov|Andrei Gorchakov]] temporarily replaced him during the action until the very end of it. [[Napoleon]], French supreme commander, also arrived on the battlefield, but it was Murat who initiated the battle.

==Overview==
On 24 May 1807, the [[Siege of Danzig (1807)|Siege of Danzig]] ended when [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussian]] General [[Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth]] capitulated to [[Marshal of France|French Marshal]] [[François Joseph Lefebvre]]. This gave Napoleon the opportunity to engage the Russian forces led by [[Levin August von Bennigsen]] (then [[Andrei Ivanovich Gorchakov]]). The French commanders were [[Joachim Murat]]<ref name="Summerville2005" /> and [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]].<ref name="Bodart">{{Cite book | last=Bodart | first=Gaston | date=1908 | title=Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905) | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ | page=383| publisher=Wien und Leipzig, C. W. Stern }}</ref> On 2 June, before Napoleon could act, Bennigsen ordered his columns to converge on Marshal [[Michel Ney]]'s exposed VI Corps. Outnumbered by 63,000 to 17,000, Ney fought a [[rearguard]] action at the [[Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen]] on 5 and 6 June. Though he lost his baggage train, two guns, and 2,042 men, Ney managed to escape to the southwest over the [[Pasłęka|Pasłęka (Passarge) River]] with the bulk of his soldiers.

Within two days, Napoleon had ordered his 190,000-man army to close in on the 100,000 Russians and 15,000 Prussians. Aware of their approach, Bennigsen ordered his troops to fall back on [[Lidzbark Warmiński]] in the Prussian Partition of Poland (''Heilsberg'' in German). The Russian army took up strong defensive positions around the town, which stood on the [[Łyna River|Łyna (Alle) River]]. The French army, under Marshal [[Joachim Murat|Murat]], attacked on 10 June. Then Napoleon Bonaparte and [[Jean Lannes]]' corps approached, and Napoleon took joint command. The Polish 5th Mounted Rifles Regiment under Colonel {{ill|Kazimierz Turno|pl}} also took part in the battle on the side of Napoleon.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|pages=60}}</ref> Bennigsen repelled several attacks, resulting in huge French casualties, but had to withdraw towards Friedland the following day. Four days later, the decisive [[Battle of Friedland]] occurred, ending the [[War of the Fourth Coalition]] with the passing of the [[Treaty of Tilsit]].

==Influences on the battle==
===Geography===

The Battle of Heilsberg was fought on the Alle river, known today as the [[Łyna River|Lyna]]. The Teutonic Castle being the focal point of the battle was held by Russian control.

===Terrain===

Aside from geographical advantages, the Russians had also spent three to four months compiling tactics on how to defend against a French invasion, regardless of where they would attack the castlegrounds. Defensively, the castle was supported by its bridges and walls, both of which were built along the perimeter of the castle. The land surrounding the Teutonic Castle acted as an obstacle for the French army due to the increase of elevation from the base of the river to the castles foundation. The Prussian 21st Fusiliers, commanded by [[Ludwig August von Stutterheim]], was garrisoned there.<ref>German Canadian Museum, ''Schlacht von Jena - Auerstedt 1806,'' {{ISBN|9781894643108}} p. 247.</ref>

===Climate===

Although the terrain was punishment enough for the French, weather also took a toll on their abilities and health. During the day, on top of the weight being carried in regards to supplies and armory, temperatures reached dangerously hot and humid levels. The dampness and bitter cold of the night also played a significant role by providing little opportunity for rest.

==Progress of the battle==

===Tactics===
Benningsen had been fooled into retreat by false reports of the French numbers.<ref name="Summerville2005">{{cite book|author=Christopher Summerville|title=Napoleon's Polish Gamble: Eylau & Friedland 1807: Campaign Chronicles|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/UQaSAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT194|date=30 September 2005|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-1659-6|pages=194–}}</ref> The Russians, having moved back to Heilsberg, had some protection from substantial fieldworks.<ref name="Alison1848">{{cite book|author=Sir Archibald ALISON|title=History of Europe from the commencement of the French Revolution, etc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8fKsrAotioC&pg=PR8|year=1848|publisher=W. Blackwood&Son|pages=8}}</ref> In order to storm the fortifications, Napoleon had to choose between an immediate advance or a flanking movement, threatening the Russian supply base of [[Königsberg]] (now [[Kaliningrad]]).<ref name="Alison1848"/> He chose the latter, and the French thus positioned themselves so as to cut off any opportunity for the Russians to obtain reinforcements.

===The battle===
The French cavalry under Joachim Murat was selected to lead the frontal attack, but Napoleon did not arrive on the field in person until Murat had already led a disastrous charge.<ref name="Summerville2005">{{cite book|author=Christopher Summerville|title=Napoleon's Polish Gamble: Eylau & Friedland 1807: Campaign Chronicles|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/UQaSAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT194|date=30 September 2005|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-1659-6|pages=194–}}</ref> [[Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise|Marshal Mortier]] and [[Louis-Nicolas Davout|Marshal Davout]] advanced on the Königsberg side.

At first Murat attacked Borozdin and forced him to retreat. Bennigsen, having sent 7 battalions of infantry, 1 regiment of cavalry and 2 guns to support Borozdin, ordered [[Pyotr Bagration|Bagration]] to cross to the left bank of the [[Alle River]], join Borozdin's detachment and hold off the French until most of the army had been moved from the right bank to the left. Prince Bagration took up his position on the left bank, with his right flank on the Langwiese and his left on the Alle. In the afternoon, [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Soult]]'s infantry came and immediately attacked; Murat's cavalry moved to the detour between Langwiese and [[Lauda, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|Lawden]]. At this time, however, [[Major General]] Kozhin's mounted detachment (1,000 men), which formed the left-hand column of [[Lieutenant General]] Uvarov's troops (3 [[Jäger (infantry)|jaeger]] regiments and 25 [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]]), moved by Bennigsen in support of Bagration, came to his aid; it temporarily held back the onslaught of French cavalry, and the [[Russian Imperial Guard|Guard]] Battery, located on the right bank of the Alle opposite the mouth of the Spuibach, stopped Soult's infantry; Bagration's [[vanguard]] was able to withdraw to the main position, where it became a reserve; Kozhin's detachment, having joined with Uvarov's right column, which had failed at Lawden in the battle with Legrand's division, withdrew to the right flank.{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwarz|Apushkin|1912a|pp=212-213}}

At 6pm [[Napoleon]] arrived on the battlefield with part of [[Jean Lannes|Lannes]]' corps and the [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Fusilier guardsmen]].{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwarz|Apushkin|1912a|pp=212-213}} Soult and [[Jean Lannes|Lannes]], leading separate cavalry units, and Ney, with the infantry, moved forwards on both sides of the River [[Łyna (river)|Łyna]].<ref name="Alison1848" /> [[Claude Juste Alexandre Legrand|Divisional general Legrand]] was ordered to attack the central [[redoubt]]; the French managed to break into the redoubt. [[Andrei Ivanovich Gorchakov|Lieutenant General Gorchakov]], commanding the corps of Bennigsen's army, attacked the French and seized the redoubt back.{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwarz|Apushkin|1912b|pp=417-418}}{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwarz|Apushkin|1912a|pp=212-213}} One of the regiments of [[Louis-Vincent-Joseph Le Blond de Saint-Hilaire|Divisional general Saint-Hilaire]], moved by him to help Legrand, was also repulsed. Failure in the centre forced Napoleon to shift his main attention to the enemy's right flank; but even here, despite the arrival of the rest of Lannes' corps, the attacks were unsuccessful. Tightly pressed by the Russian cavalry, the French army withdrew behind Spuibach stream, holding back only the grove of Lawden.{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwarz|Apushkin|1912a|pp=212-213}} Smaller French units proved ineffective, especially when Prussian reinforcements arrived, sent by [[Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq]] at Bennigsen's request.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023|reason="...especially when Prussian reinforcements arrived, sent by Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq at Bennigsen's request."}} Strong artillery cannonade from both sides continued until darkness fell, when Lannes with [[Jean-Antoine Verdier|Verdier]]'s division made a new attempt to capture the central redoubt, but was forced to retreat, which cost the French 3,000 casualties.<ref name="Summerville2005" />{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwarz|Apushkin|1912a|pp=212-213}}

On the Russian side, Bennigsen was suffering from sudden fever and had difficulty remaining in command. Andrey I. Gorchakov, on [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia|Grand Duke Constantine]]'s orders, due to the illness of сommander-in-сhief Bennigsen, took over general command for the rest of the day in the final hours of the battle,{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwarz|Apushkin|1912b|pp=417-418}} bringing it to a tactical draw.

On 11 June, the substantial casualties on both sides and the success of the Russian defence gave Bennigsen and Napoleon little choice but to call an undocumented truce to end hostilities. The French had lost an estimated 12,000 men. The truce was focused primarily on the recovery of wounded soldiers.  The battle ended with medics and soldiers from both sides helping the wounded and retrieving the dead. When Napoleon entered the deserted Russian positions the following day, he found that all except the wounded had been evacuated overnight.<ref name="Summerville2005"/>

==Outcome and post-war analysis==
This battle is recognized as having been strategically inconclusive due to neither side having gained any significant ground, it is most notably discussed as a battle that yielded little change in the balance of strength between the Russians and the French. By most accounts, this was a successful Russo-Prussian rearguard action. Napoleon never realized he faced the entire army at Heilsberg. Murat and Soult attacked prematurely and at the strongest point in the Russo-Prussian line. The Russians had built extensive fortifications on the right bank of the Alle river, but only a few minor redoubts on the left bank, yet the French advanced over the river to give battle, squandering their advantages and incurring casualties<ref>[[Digby Smith]]. ''The Napoleonic Wars Data Book''. London: Greenhill, 1998.  {{ISBN|978-1853672767}}  pp. 247&ndash;248.</ref>
The Battle of Heilsberg was fought four days before the decisive [[Battle of Friedland]].

===French Army losses===
On both sides, disputes over the killed and wounded remain. The French claimed 1,398 killed, 10,059 wounded, 864 captured.<ref name = Clodfelter/> Three units lost their eagles, and [[Digby Smith]] places the losses higher than Clodfelter, at 1,398 killed, 10,059 wounded and 864 captured.
Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult's IV corps sustained the majority of losses: 8,286, and General [[François Xavier Roussel]], Chief of Staff of the Imperial Guard, was killed. Three generals were wounded, and Jean Lannes' corps lost 2,284 killed and wounded.<ref>Smith, p. 247.</ref>

===Russo-Prussian losses===
Disputed figures as well, Clodfelter estimates 6,000 killed and wounded.<ref name = Clodfelter/><ref name = Roberts/> In addition, generals [[Koschin]], [[Warneck]], and [[Pahlen]] were killed; [[Dmitry Dokhturov]], Werdrevski, Fock, [[Zakhar Dmitrievich Olsufiev]], Duka, Laptiev, Passeck and [[Duke Charles of Mecklenburg]] were wounded. The Russian commander, Bennigsen was sick all day, but remained on his horse despite falling off unconscious several times. Digby Smith says that the Russian–Prussian force lost 2–3,000 dead, and about 5–6,000 wounded, and they lost two guns.<ref name="Smith, p. 248">Smith, p. 248.</ref>{{clear}}
Notable officers of the French Army present were:
*[[Commander-in-Chief]]: Napoléon Bonaparte (Marshall Joachim Murat led the French troops at the start of the battle);
**[[Marshal]] [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]], prince de [[Neuchâtel]];
**Marshal Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult;
**Marshal Jean Lannes;
***[[Major General]] [[Nicolas Charles Oudinot]];
***Major General Jean-Antoine Verdier;
**** [[Colonel]] [[François-Joseph d'Offenstein]] (made [[Brigadier General]] further to this battle).

Notable officers of the Russian Army present were:
*Commander-in-Chief: Leonty Leontyevich Bennigsen, at the end of the battle he was sick, but remained in the battlefield — he was replaced by Lieutenant General Andrey Gorchakov;
**[[Lieutenant General]] [[Matvei Platov]];
**Lieutenant General Prince Gorchakov;
**Lieutenant General Dmitry Dokhturov (wounded);
**Lieutenant General Prince Bagration;
***Major General [[Fabian Steinheil]].

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last1=Bodart |first1=Gaston |title=Militar-Historisches Kreigs-Lexikon V1: 1618-1905 |date=2010 |orig-date=1908 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1167991554 |language=de}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Velichko |first1=Konstantin I. |last2=Novitsky |first2=Vasily F. |last3=Schwarz |first3=Alexey V. von |last4=Apushkin |first4=Vladimir A. |last5=Schoultz |first5=Gustav K. von |url=https://archive.org/details/bmk-brz-7/page/n246/mode/1up |title=Sytin Military Encyclopedia |publisher=Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=7: Воинская честь – Гимнастика военная |year=1912a |pages=212–213 |language=ru |access-date=12 June 2023}}
** {{Cite book |last1=Velichko |first1=Konstantin I. |last2=Novitsky |first2=Vasily F. |last3=Schwarz |first3=Alexey V. von |last4=Apushkin |first4=Vladimir A. |last5=Schoultz |first5=Gustav K. von |url=https://archive.org/details/bmk-brz-8/page/417/mode/1up |title=Sytin Military Encyclopedia |publisher=Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=8: Гимры – Двигатели судовые |year=1912b |pages=417–418 |language=ru |access-date=12 June 2023}}

==Further reading==

{{Cite book |last=Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky |first=Alexander Ivanovich |title=1806-1807 - Tsar Alexander's Second War with Napoleon: The Russian Official History |publisher=Helion and Company |date=March 24, 2023 |isbn=978-1804511930 |translator-last=Phillips |translator-first=Peter G.A.}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170606231355/http://mapswar2.x10host.com/Battle_of_Heilsberg_1807.htm Spring Campaign 1807. Heilsberg — one of the bloodiest battles of the Napoleonic Wars]
* [http://www.napoleonguide.com/battle_heilsberg.htm Battle of Heilsberg]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070514084310/http://battlefieldanomalies.com/heilsberg/index.htm Battlefield Anomalies: The battle of Heilsberg]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170331122229/http://mapswar2.x10host.com/French_and_Russian_Prussian_order_of_battle_of_Heilsberg_1807.htm French and Russian Order Of Battle of Heilsberg]
* [http://heilsberg.org/seiten/geschichte-stadt.html Heilsberg and the battle] {{in lang|de}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070608151303/http://pageperso.aol.fr/marsouin18/Friedland1807.html La bataille de Heilsberg] {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928110202/http://www.vodkomotornik.ru/photo/2007-06-lizbark/index.html 2007 г. Lidzbark Warminski—первая реконструкция сражения посвященная 200 летию.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160109172340/http://www.napoleonic-literature.com/Book_34/Part05_Chap02. Napoleans Campaign in Poland]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508083032/http://www.antiqueprintroom.com/catalogue/view-catalogue?id=09480b9cbcd69a29ab0a3c1d92438ec8&sessid=9747dd0cdb35e117f0a866071a1a42ec Map Database of Heilsberg]
*{{commons-inline}}

{{Sequence
| prev = [[Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen]]
| list = Napoleonic Wars
| curr = Battle of Heilsberg
| next = [[Battle of Friedland]]
}}
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{{Napoleonic Wars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heilsberg 1807}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1807]]
[[Category:Battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition involving Russia]]
[[Category:Battles commanded by Napoleon]]
[[Category:Lidzbark County]]
[[Category:History of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:East Prussia]]
[[Category:1807 in France]]
[[Category:1807 in Prussia]]
[[Category:June 1807]]
[[Category:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe]]
[[Category:Joachim Murat]]
[[Category:Battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition involving Poland]]
[[Category:Battles of the War of the Fourth Coalition involving Prussia]]
[[Category:1807 in the Russian Empire]]