View source for Battle of Pinkie

{{short description|Part of the Rough Wooing (10 September 1547)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Scottish English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict           = Battle of Pinkie
|image              = River Esk at Musselburgh.jpg
|caption            = River Esk and Inveresk Church at Musselburgh
|partof             = the [[Rough Wooing]]
|date               = 10 September 1547
|place              = [[Musselburgh]], [[Lothian]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]
|coordinates        = {{coord|55.9304|-3.0211|region:GB-ELN_type:event|display=title,inline|name=Battle of Pinkie}}
| map_type =Scotland South
| map_size =
| map_caption = Battle location in Scotland
| map_label =
|result             = English victory
|combatant1         = [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]
|combatant2         = [[Kingdom of England|England]]
|commander1         = [[James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault|Earl of Arran]]
|commander2         = [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Duke of Somerset]]
|strength1          = 22,000–36,000<ref name=MacDougall73>MacDougall, p. 73</ref>
|strength2          = {{circa}} 30 warships<br>16,800 men<ref name=MacDougall68>MacDougall, p. 68</ref>
|casualties1        = 6,000–15,000 killed or wounded<ref name=MacDougall86>MacDougall, p. 86</ref> <br> 2,000 captured<ref name=MacDougall86>MacDougall, p. 86</ref> 
|casualties2        = 200–600 killed or wounded<ref name=MacDougall87>MacDougall, p. 87</ref>
|notes={{Infobox designation list
|embed = yes
| designation1            = UK Registered Battlefields 
| designation1_date       = 21 March 2011
| designation1_number     = {{Historic Environment Scotland|num=BTL15|short=yes}}
}}}}
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish Wars}}
{{Rough Wooing}}
The '''Battle of Pinkie''', also known as the '''Battle of Pinkie Cleugh''' ({{IPAc-en|k|l|(|j|)|u|x}}),<ref>Mairi Robinson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3CGt3hf7N9kC ''The Concise Scots Dictionary''] (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), p. 101.</ref> took place on 10 September 1547 on the banks of the [[River Esk, Lothian|River Esk]] near [[Musselburgh]], Scotland. The last [[pitched battle]] between Scotland and England before the [[Union of the Crowns]], it was part of the conflict known as the [[Rough Wooing]]. It was a catastrophic defeat for Scotland, where it became known as "Black Saturday".<ref name=Phillips193>Phillips, p. 193</ref> A highly detailed and illustrated English account of the battle and campaign authored by an eyewitness [[William Patten (historian)|William Patten]] was published in London as propaganda four months after the battle.<ref>[[Marcus Merriman]], ''The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542–1551'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), pp. 7–8.</ref>

==Background==
During the final years of his reign, King [[Henry VIII of England]] tried to secure an alliance with Scotland by the marriage of the infant [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] to his young son, the future [[Edward VI]]. The Scots rejected the [[Treaty of Greenwich]]. When further diplomacy failed, and Scotland was on the verge of an alliance with [[early modern France|France]], he launched a war against Scotland that has become known as the Rough Wooing.<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), p. 18.</ref> Some Scots opposed an alliance that would bring a [[Scottish Reformation|reformation of the church]] on English terms, and saw the 1547 campaign as a religious conflict, while the Protestant [[John Cockburn of Ormiston]] welcomed an English army. Edward VI wrote "we fight for the cause of God, they for that of the Pope".<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), pp. 28, 33.</ref> During the battle, the Scots taunted the English soldiers, calling them "louns" ({{langx|sco|[[wikt:loon|loon]]|lit=boy|label=[[Doric Scots]]}}, i.e. "person of no consequence"), "tykes", and "heretics".<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), p. 211.</ref><ref name="HistoryNet">{{cite web|last1=Phillips|first1=Gervase|title=Anglo-Scottish Wars: Battle of Pinkie Cleugh|url=http://www.historynet.com/anglo-scottish-wars-battle-of-pinkie-cleugh.htm|website=HistoryNet|date=12 June 2006|publisher=World History Group|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> The Earl of Angus is said to have arrived at the battle with monks, "the professors of the Gospel".<ref>{{cite book|last=Froude|first=James Anthony|title=History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth|volume=5|year=1860|location=London|publisher=John W. Parker|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYMqAAAAYAAJ&q=earl+angus+battle+pinkie+cleugh&pg=PA51|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref>

When Henry VIII died in 1547, [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Edward Seymour]], maternal uncle of Edward VI, became Lord Protector. He continued the policy of seeking a forced alliance with Scotland by demanding both the marriage of Mary to Edward and the imposition of an [[Anglican Reformation]] on the [[Church of Scotland|Scottish Church]]. Early in September, he led a well-equipped army into Scotland, supported by a large fleet.<ref>{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Gervase|title=Anglo-Scottish Wars: Battle of Pinkie Cleugh|publisher=World History Group|year=2006|pages=178–183|url=http://www.historynet.com/anglo-scottish-wars-battle-of-pinkie-cleugh.htm|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> The [[James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault|Earl of Arran]], Scottish [[list of regents#Kingdom of Scotland|regent]] at the time, was forewarned by letters from [[Adam Otterburn]], his representative in London, who had observed English war preparations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Annie I.|author-link=Annie Cameron|title=The Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine |location=Edinburgh|publisher=Printed at the University Press by T. and A. Constable for the [[Scottish History Society]]|year=1927|pages=192–194}}</ref> Otterburn may have seen the [[barding|leather horse armour]] made by the workshops of [[Nicholas Bellin of Modena]] and Hans Hunter.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pyhrr|first1=Stuart W.|last2=La Rocca|first2=Donald J.|last3=Breiding|first3=Dirk H.|title=The Armored Horse in Europe, 1480–1620|publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|location=New York|year=2005|pages=57–58|url=http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT7/E101/E101no504/E101no504A/IMG_0400.htm|others=Nicolas Bellin's account, National Archives TNA E101/504/8, photograph by AALT}}</ref>

==Campaign==
[[File:Edward Seymour.jpg|thumb|[[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]]]]
Somerset's army was partly composed of the traditional county levies, summoned by [[Commissions of Array]] and armed with [[longbow]] and [[bill (weapon)|bill]] as they had been at the [[Battle of Flodden]], thirty years before. However, Somerset also had several hundred [[Germany|German]] mercenary [[arquebus]]iers, a large and well-appointed [[artillery]] train, and 6,000 [[cavalry]], including a contingent of [[Spain|Spanish]] and [[Italy|Italian]] mounted arquebusiers under [[Pedro de Gamboa]].<ref name=Phillips186>Phillips, p. 186</ref> The cavalry were commanded by [[William Grey, 13th Baron Grey de Wilton|Lord Grey of Wilton]], as High Marshal of the Army, and the infantry by the [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|Earl of Warwick]], [[William Dacre, 3rd Baron Dacre|Lord Dacre of Gillesland]], and Somerset himself.<ref name=Phillips186/> [[William Patten (historian)|William Patten]], an officer of the English army, recorded its numbers as 16,800 fighting men and 1,400 "pioneers" or labourers.<ref name=MacDougall68/>

Somerset advanced along the east coast of Scotland to maintain contact with his fleet and thereby keep in supply. Scottish [[border reivers]] harassed his troops but could impose no major check to their advance.<ref name=Phillips183>Phillips, p. 183</ref> The English captured and [[Slighting|slighted]] [[Innerwick Castle]] and [[Thornton Castle]].<ref>William Patten, [https://archive.org/details/tudortracts00polliala/page/94 ''The Late Expedition into Scotland'' (1548), in A. E. Pollard, ''Tudor Tracts'' (London, 1903), pp. 86–89]</ref> He camped at [[Longniddry]] on 7 September.<ref>Joseph Bain, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 38 no. 78.</ref>

To the west, a diversionary English invasion of 5,000 men was led by [[Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton|Thomas Wharton]] and the Scottish dissident [[Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox|Earl of Lennox]]. On 8 September they took Castlemilk in Annandale and burnt [[Annan, Dumfries and Galloway|Annan]] after a bitter struggle to capture its fortified church.<ref>Patrick Fraser Tytler, ''History of Scotland'', vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1879), p. 63: ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 19 no. 42.</ref>

To oppose the English south of [[Edinburgh]], the Earl of Arran had raised a large army, consisting mainly of [[Pike (weapon)|pikemen]] with contingents of [[Scottish Highlands|Highland]] archers. Arran also had large numbers of guns, but these were apparently not as mobile or as well-served as Somerset's. Arran had his artillery refurbished in August, after the [[siege of St Andrews Castle]], with new gunstocks made from woods of "Aberdagy" and Inverleith. The [[Treasurer of Scotland|Lord Treasurer]]'s accounts describe this work as preparation "against the feild of Pynkie Cleuch."<ref>[[James Balfour Paul]], ''Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 105.</ref> [[Robert Hamilton of Briggis]] seems to have been in charge of the Scottish guns.<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), p. 73.</ref>

Arran's cavalry consisted of 2,000 lightly equipped riders under the [[George Home, 4th Lord Home|Earl of Home]], most of whom were potentially unreliable Borderers. His infantry and pikemen were commanded by the Earl of Angus, the [[George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly|Earl of Huntly]] and Arran himself.<ref>Phillips, pp. 181–182</ref> According to Huntly, the Scottish army numbered 22,000 or 23,000 men, while an English source claimed that it comprised 36,000.<ref name=MacDougall73/>

Arran occupied the slopes on the west bank of the [[River Esk, Lothian|River Esk]] to bar Somerset's progress. The [[Firth of Forth]] was on his left flank, and a large bog protected his right. Some fortifications were constructed in which cannon and arquebuses were mounted. Some guns pointed out into the Forth to keep English warships at a distance.<ref name="HistoryNet"/>

==Prelude==
[[File:ScottishCastle.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Fa'side Castle]], East Lothian]]
At Monktonhall on 8 September Regent Arran made an act to protect the rights of the children and heirs of those men who would be killed fighting the English. [[James IV of Scotland]] had made a similar act at [[Twizell Castle|Twizell]] before Flodden in 1513.<ref>George Powell McNeill, ''Exchequer Rolls'', 18 (Edinburgh, 1898), pp. lxvi-lxx: Patrick Fraser Tytler, ''History of Scotland'', vol. 5 (Edinburgh, 1841), p. 57: ''Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1814), p. 278.</ref> On 9 September part of Somerset's army occupied Falside Hill {{convert|3|mi|0|abbr=off|spell=on}} east of Arran's main position, after [[Falside Castle]] put up a slight resistance.<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), pp. 192, 197.</ref>
[[File:Lord Grey of Wilton's charge at Pinkie.jpg|thumb|right|Lord Grey charges the Scottish cavalry]]

In an outdated [[chivalry|chivalric]] gesture, the Earl of Home led 1,500 horsemen close to the English encampment and challenged an equal number of English cavalry to fight. With Somerset's reluctant approval, Lord Grey accepted the challenge and engaged the Scots with 1,000 heavily armoured [[men-at-arms]] and 500 lighter [[demi-lancer]]s, led by [[Jacques Granado]] and others.<ref>A. F. Pollard, [https://archive.org/details/tudortracts00polluoft/page/100/mode/2up ''Tudor Tracts'' (London, 1903), p. 100]</ref> The Scottish horsemen were badly cut up and were pursued west for {{convert|3|mi|km|0|abbr=on}}. This action cost Arran most of his cavalry.<ref>Phillips, pp. 191–192</ref> The Scots lost around 800 men in the skirmish. Lord Home was badly wounded, and his sons were taken prisoner.<ref name="Tudor Times">{{cite web |title=1547 Battle of Pinkie Cleugh |url=http://tudortimes.co.uk/military-warfare/1547-battle-of-pinkie-cleugh |website=Tudor Times |access-date=31 October 2019 |page=5 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Later on the same day, Somerset sent a detachment with guns to occupy the Inveresk Slopes, which overlooked the Scottish position. During the night, Somerset received two more challenges from Arran. One request was for Somerset and Arran to settle the dispute by [[single combat]];<ref name=Phillips193/> another was for 20 champions from each side to decide the matter. Somerset rejected both proposals.<ref name=HistoryNet/>

==Battle==
[[File:Roman Bridge over the Esk at Musselburgh.jpg|thumb|right|The 16th-century 'Roman Bridge' over the Esk]]
On the morning of Saturday, 10 September, Somerset advanced his army, seeking to position his artillery at Inveresk.<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), p. 203.</ref> In response Arran moved his army across the Esk by the "Roman bridge", and advanced rapidly to meet him. Arran may have seen movement in the English lines and assumed that the English were trying to retreat to their ships.<ref name="Tudor Times"/> Arran knew himself to be outmatched in artillery and therefore tried to force close combat before the English artillery could be deployed.<ref name=HistoryNet/>

Arran's left wing came under fire from English ships offshore, including the ''Galley Subtle''.<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), p. 205.</ref> Their advance meant that the guns at their former position could no longer protect them. They were thrown into disorder and pushed into Arran's own division in the centre.<ref name=HistoryNet/>
[[File:The fight for the standard at Pinkie.jpg|thumb|left|The fight for the standard]]

On the other flank, Somerset threw in his cavalry to delay the Scots' advance. The English cavalry was at a disadvantage, as they had left their horses' [[barding|body armour]] at the camp. The Scottish pikemen drove them off, inflicting heavy casualties.<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), p. 108.</ref> Lord Grey himself was wounded by a pike thrust through his throat and into his mouth.<ref>Phillips, p. 196</ref> At one point, Scottish pikemen surrounded Sir Andrew Flammack, the bearer of the [[Royal standards of England|King's Standard]]. He was rescued by Sir Ralph Coppinger, and managed to hold onto the standard, despite its staff breaking.<ref name="HistoryNet"/>

The Scottish army was by now stalled and under heavy fire on three sides, from the ships, land artillery, [[arquebus]]iers and archers, to which they had no reply. When they broke, the English cavalry rejoined the battle following a [[vanguard]] of 300 experienced soldiers under the command of [[John Luttrell (soldier)|Sir John Luttrell]]. Many of the retreating Scots were slaughtered or drowned as they tried to swim the fast-flowing Esk or cross the bogs.<ref>Phillips, pp. 197–199</ref>
 
The English eye-witness William Patten described the slaughter inflicted on the Scots;
{{quote|Soon after this notable strewing of their footmen's weapons, began a pitiful sight of the dead corpses lying dispersed abroad, some their legs off, some but [[Hamstringing|houghed]], and left lying half-dead, some thrust quite through the body, others the arms cut off, diverse their necks half asunder, many their heads cloven, of sundry the brains pasht out, some others again their heads quite off, with other many kinds of killing. After that and further in chase, all for the most part killed either in the head or in the neck, for our horsemen could not well reach the lower with their swords. And thus with blood and slaughter of the enemy, this chase was continued {{convert|5|mi|km|0|abbr=off|spell=on|disp=sqbr}} in length westward from the place of their standing, which was in the fallow fields of Inveresk until Edinburgh Park and well nigh to the gates of the town itself and unto Leith, and in breadth nigh {{convert|4|mi|km|0|abbr=off|disp=sqbr}}, from the Firth sands up toward Dalkeith southward. In all which space, the dead bodies lay as thick as a man may note cattle grazing in a full replenished pasture. The river ran all red with blood, so that in the same chase were counted, as well by some of our men that somewhat diligently did mark it as by some of them taken prisoners, that very much did lament it, to have been slain about 14 thousand. In all this compass of ground what with weapons, arms, hands, legs, heads, blood and dead bodies, their flight might have been easily tracked to every of their three refuges. And for the smallness of our number and the shortness of the time (which was scant five hours, from one to well nigh six) the mortality was so great, as it was thought, the like aforetime not to have been seen.<ref>William Patten, ''The Expedicion into Scotlande'' (1548), in ''Fragments of Scottish History'', ed. J. G. Dalyell, (Edinburgh, 1798).</ref>}}

===Imperial ambassador's accounts of the battle===
[[File:Battle of Pinkie sketch, 1547.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Battle of Pinkie, woodcut illustration from William Patten (1548)]]
The [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] ambassador [[François van der Delft]] went to the court of [[King Edward VI]] at [[Oatlands Palace]] to hear the news of the battle from [[William Paget, 1st Baron Paget|William Paget]]. Van der Delft wrote to the [[Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)|Queen Dowager, Mary of Hungary]], with his version of the news on 19 September. He described the cavalry skirmish on the day before the battle. He had heard that on the day of the battle, when the English army encountered the Scottish formation, the Scots advance horsemen dismounted and crossed their lances, which they used like pikes standing in close formation. Van der Delft was told that the [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|Earl of Warwick]] then attempted to attack the Scots from behind using smoking fires as a diversion. When they engaged the Scottish rearguard the Scots took flight, apparently following some who already had an understanding with the Protector Somerset. The rest of the Scots army then attempted to flee the field.<ref>''Calendar State Papers Spanish: 1547–1549'', vol. 9 (London, 1912), pp. 150–153.</ref>

Van der Delft wrote a shorter description for [[Philip II of Spain|Prince Philip]] on 21 October. In this account he lays emphasis on the Scots attempting to change position. He said the Scots crossed the brook in order to occupy two hills which flanked both armies. The Scottish army, "without any need whatever were seized with panic and began to fly".<ref>''Calendar State Papers Spanish: 1547–1549'', vol. 9 (London, 1912), pp. 181–182.</ref> Another letter with derivative news of the battle was sent by [[John Hooper (bishop)|John Hooper]] in Switzerland to the Reformer [[Henry Bullinger]]. Hooper mentions that Scots had to abandon their artillery due to the archers commanded by the Earl of Warwick, and when the Scots changed position the sun was in their eyes. He was told there were 15,000 Scottish casualties and 2,000 prisoners. There were 17,000 English in the field and 30,000 Scots. Hooper's letter is undated but he includes the false early report that Mary of Guise surrendered in person to Somerset after the battle.<ref>Hastings Robinson, ''Original Letters Relative to the Reformation'' (Cambridge: Parker Society, 1846), pp. 43–44 Letter XXIV.</ref> These newsletters, though compiled and written by non-combatants days after the battle and far from the battlefield, are nevertheless important sources for the historian and for reconstruction of the events, to compare with Patten's narrative and archaeological evidence from the field.

==Aftermath==
[[File:Inchmahome Priory Ruin - geograph.org.uk - 1563241.jpg|thumb|left|[[Inchmahome Priory]], on an island in the Lake of Menteith, was a safe refuge for the infant Mary during the invasion.]]
Although they had suffered a resounding defeat, the Scottish government refused to come to terms. The infant Queen Mary was smuggled out of the country to [[Kingdom of France|France]] to be betrothed to the young [[Dauphin of France]], [[Francis II of France|Francis]]. Somerset occupied several Scottish strongholds and large parts of the Lowlands and Borders but, without peace, these garrisons became a useless drain on the Treasury.<ref>Phillips, p. 252</ref>

===Analysis===
Although the Scots blamed traitors for the defeat, it may be fairer to say that a [[Early modern warfare|Renaissance army]] defeated a [[Medieval warfare|medieval army]]. Henry VIII had taken steps towards creating standing naval and land forces which formed the nucleus of the fleet and army that gave Somerset the victory. However, the military historian Gervase Phillips has defended Scottish tactics, pointing out that Arran moved from his position by the Esk as a rational response to English manoeuvres by sea and land. In his 1877 account of the battle, Major Sadleir Stoney commented that every novice commander "knows that changing front in presence of an enemy is a perilous operation".<ref>F. Sadlier Stoney, ''Life and Times of Ralph Sadleir'' (Longman: London, 1877), p. 109.</ref> Early commentators such as [[John Knox]] had focused on the move as the cause of the defeat and attributed the order to move to the influence of local landowners [[George Durie]], [[Abbot of Dunfermline]], and Hugh Rig of [[Carberry Tower|Carberry]].<ref>[[David Laing (antiquary)|David Laing]], ''Works of John Knox: History of the Reformation in Scotland'', vol. 1 ([[Wodrow Society]]: Edinburgh, 1846), p. 211.</ref> [[Marcus Merriman]] sees the initial Scottish field encampment as the most sophisticated ever erected in Scotland, let down by their cavalry numbers.<ref>Marcus Merriman, ''The Rough Wooings'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), p. 236.</ref>
[[File:AnthonyRoll-30 Galley Subtle.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Galley Subtle'' bombarded the battlefield, (depicted in the [[Anthony Roll]]]]

Gervase Phillips maintains the defeat may be considered due to a crisis of morale after the English cavalry charge, and notes William Patten's praise of the Earl of Angus's pikemen.<ref>Gervase Phillips, 'Tactics', ''Scottish Historical Review'' (Oct. 1998), pp. 172–173.</ref> Merriman regards Somerset's failure to press on and capture Edinburgh and Leith as a loss of "a magnificent opportunity" and "a massive blunder" which cost him the war.<ref>Marcus Merriman, ''The Rough Wooings'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2000), pp. 236–237.</ref> In 1548, the Scottish Master of Artillery, [[Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven|Lord Methven]], gave his opinion that the battle was lost due to growing support in Scotland for English policy, and the mis-order and great haste of the Scottish army on the day.<ref>Annie I. Cameron, ''The Scottish Correspondence of Mary of Lorraine'' (Scottish History Society: Edinburgh, 1927) pp. 242–243, Methven to Mary of Guise, 3 June 1548.</ref>

The naval bombardment was an important aspect of the battle. The English navy was commanded by [[Edward Clinton, 1st Earl of Lincoln|Lord Clinton]] and comprised 34 warships with 26 support vessels.<ref>Albert F. Pollard, [https://archive.org/details/tudortracts00polliala/page/78/mode/2up ''Tudor Tracts'' (London, 1903), p. 78]</ref> William Patten mentions the ''Galley Subtle'', captained by [[Richard Brooke (Norton)|Richard Broke]],<ref>John Bennell, 'The Oared Vessels', David Loades & Charles Knighton, ''The Anthony Roll of Henry VIII's Navy'' (Ashgate, 2000), p. 35.</ref> as one of the ships at the battle, and included it in one of his plans, depicted in the woodcut with its oars visible, close to Musselburgh.<ref>Albert F. Pollard, ''Tudor Tracts'' (London, 1903), pp. 115, 135: E. R. Adair, [https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1920-10_35_140/page/498/mode/2up 'English Galleys in the Sixteenth Century', ''English Historical Review'', 35:140 (October 1920), pp. 499–500]</ref> The guns of the ships in English fleet were recorded in [[inventory of Henry VIII|an inventory]]. The ''Galley Subtle'' carried two brass demi-cannons, two brass Flanders demi-culverins, breech-loading iron double basses and single basses.<ref>[[David Starkey]], ''Inventory of Henry VIII'' (London, 1998), p. 155 nos. 7950–7959.</ref> The galleys could be brought near the shore by their rowers.<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), pp. 51, 243.</ref> After the battle, [[Andrew Dudley]] and [[Michael Durham]] sailed to [[Broughty Castle]] in the ''Galley Subtle'' and fired three shots, effecting its surrender.<ref>Marcus Merriman, ''The Rough Wooings'' (East Linton, Tuckwell, 2000), p. 250.</ref>

===Scottish artillery===
Warned of the approach of the English army, the Scottish artillery was made ready at [[Edinburgh Castle]]. Extra gunners were recruited and 140 [[pioneer (military)|pioneers]], i.e. workmen, were employed by Duncan Dundas to move the guns. On 2 September carts were hired to take the guns and the Scottish tents and pavilions towards Musselburgh. There were horses, and oxen were supplied by the [[Elphinstone, East Lothian|Laird of Elphinstone]]. [[John Drummond of Milnab]], master carpenter of the Scottish [[military logistics|ordnance]], led the wagon train. There was a newly painted banner, and ahead a boy played on the "[[Swasche|swesche]]", a drum used to alert people.<ref>'' Accounts of the Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 112–120.</ref><ref>"Swesch" see [https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/swesche_n_1 'Swesche n. 1', Scottish Language Dictionaries, Edinburgh, ''DOST: Dictionary of the Scottish Language'']</ref>

William Patten described the English [[Master-General of the Ordnance|officers of the Ordnance]] after the battle retrieving 30 of the Scottish guns, which were left lying in sundry places, on Sunday 11 September.<ref>David Caldwell, Vicky Oleksy, Bess Rhodes, ''The Battle of Pinkie, 1547'' (Oxbow, 2023), p. 88.</ref> They found one brass [[culverin]], 3 [[Saker (cannon)|brass sakers]], 9 smaller brass pieces, and 17 other iron guns mounted on carriages.<ref>William Patten, ''The Expedition into Scotland, 1547'' (London, 1548), reprinted in, ''Tudor Tracts'', (London, 1903), p. 136.</ref> Some of these guns appear in the [[Inventory of Henry VIII|English royal inventory of 1547–48]], at the [[Tower of London]] where sixteen Scottish brass guns were recorded. They were a [[demi-cannon]], 2 culverins, 3 sakers, 9 [[Falconet (cannon)|falconets]], and a robinet.<ref>David Starkey, ''The Inventory of Henry VIII'', vol. 1 (Society of Antiquaries: London, 1998), p. 102, nos. 3707–3712.</ref>

===Account of the English Treasurer General of the Army===
[[Ralph Sadler]] was treasurer for Somerset's expedition in Scotland from 1 August to 20 November 1547. On 22 August, he informed the Earl of shrewsbury that ships were ready to sail to [[Aberlady]] with provisions.<ref>Joseph Stevenson, ''Selections from unpublished manuscripts illustrating the reign of Mary Queen of Scotland'' (Glasgow, 1837), p. 21.</ref> The expense of the journey northwards cost £7468-12s–10d, and the return was £6065-14s–4d. Soldiers' wages were £26,299-7s–1d. For his own expenses, Sadler had £211-14s–8d with £258-14s–9d for his equipment and auditor's expenses. A number of special rewards were given to spies, Scottish guides, and others who gave good service, and to the captain of the Spanish mercenaries. The Scottish herald at the battlefield was given 100 shillings. When Sadler's account was audited in December 1547, Sadler was found to owe Edward VI £546-13s–11d which he duly returned.<ref>Arthur Clifford, ''Sadler State Papers'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1809), pp. 353–364.</ref>

==Today==
[[File:Somerset's Mound, Inveresk Kirkyard.jpg|thumb|Somerset's Mound, Inveresk Kirkyard]]
The battle site is now in [[East Lothian]]. The battle took place most probably in the cultivated ground {{cvt|1/2|mi|m}} south-east of [[Inveresk]] Church, just to the south of the main East Coast railway line. There are two vantage points for viewing the ground. [[Fa'side Castle]] above the village of Wallyford was just behind the English position, and with the aid of binoculars, a visitor can get a good view of the battle area though the Scottish position is now obscured by buildings. The best impression of their position is obtained from the golf course west of the River Esk and just off the B6415 road. The Scottish centre occupied ground a few yards west of the clubhouse. The Inveresk eminence, an important tactical feature at the time of the battle, is now built over, but from it, a visitor can get down to the Esk and walk for some way along the bank. The walk gives a further idea of a part of the Scottish position, but the town of [[Musselburgh]] now completely covers the left of the line.<ref name="u491">{{cite book | last=Seymour | first=William | title=Battles in Britain and Their Political Background | publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson Limited | publication-place=London | date=1975 | isbn=978-0-283-98272-9 | page=208}}</ref> The battlefield was added to the [[Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland]] in 2011.<ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=BTL15|desc=Battle of Pinkie|access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref>

A stone commemorating the battle has been erected southwest of Wallyford village near the junction of Salters Road and the A1 road. The stone is carved with [[Flag of Scotland|St. Andrew's Cross]], the English rose and Scottish thistle and the name and date of the battle. It is situated on the north side of the driveway to the home that is in the northwest corner of the intersection. Co-ordinates: 55.9302992°N 3.0210942°W.{{cn|date=September 2020}}

[[File:Re-enactors carrying some of the banners of the Scottish army at Pinkie in 2017.jpg|thumb|left|Scottish re-enactors at Pinkie in 2017]]
In September 2017 the Scottish Battlefields Trust staged the first major re-enactment of the battle in the grounds of Newhailes House. Such re-enactments are intended to continue on a triennial cycle.<ref>[http://www.eventscotland.org/news/2017/6/spectacular-historic-weekend-of-events-marks-the-battle-of-pinkie/ Event Scotland, 2017 re-enactment by the Scottish Battlefields Trust].</ref>

==Casualties==
Some of the injured soldiers were treated by Lockhart, a [[barber surgeon]] from [[Dunbar]].<ref>[[James Balfour Paul]], ''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1911), p. 160.</ref> David H. Caldwell has written, "English estimates put the slaughter as high as 15,000 Scots killed and 2,000 taken but the Earl of Huntly's figure of 6,000 dead is probably nearer the truth."<ref name=MacDougall86/> Of the Scottish prisoners, few were nobles or gentlemen. It was claimed that most were dressed much the same as common soldiers and therefore were not recognised as being worth ransoming.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fraser|first=George Macdonald|title=The Steel Bonnets|publisher=Harper Collins|location=London|year=1995|isbn=0-00-272746-3|page=86}}</ref> Caldwell says of the English casualties, "Officially it was given out that losses were only 200 though the rumour about the English court, fed by private letters from those in the army, indicated that 500 or 600 was more likely."<ref name=MacDougall87/>

William Patten names a number of high-ranking casualties. The Englishmen he names were horsemen forced onto Scottish pikes in a ploughed field to the east of the English position, after they had crossed a [[marsh|slough]] towards the Scottish position on Falside Brae.<ref>Patten, (1548), other English names not immediately recognisable.</ref>

===English===
[[File:Protector Somerset marker stone at Pinkie, Musselburgh.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Stone marking the site of the English encampment at [[Inveresk]]]]
* Edward Shelley, subject of a lost portrait by [[Hans Eworth]], fourth son of [[Sir William Shelley]].
* Sir Walter Hawksworth, son of and heir of Thomas of Hawksworth, Yorkshire.
* The [[Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex|Lord Fitzwalter]]'s brother
* Sir John Clere's son, a brother of the poet [[Thomas Clere]] ([[John Clere (died 1557)|John Clere]] of [[Ormesby St Margaret with Scratby|Ormesby, Norfolk]] was killed in battle at [[Kirkwall]] on 21 August 1557).<ref>John Strype, ''Ecclesiastical Memorials'', vol. 3 part 2, (1822), pp. 67–69, 86–87.</ref>
* [[Robert Radcliffe of Hunstanton|Thomas Wodehouse]], son of Sir Roger Wodehouse of Kimberley, Norfolk, and [[Madge Shelton]]

===Scottish===
* [[Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming|Malcolm, Lord Fleming]]
* Robert, Master of Graham, son and heir of [[William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose]], killed in the naval bombardment
* Robert, Master of Erskine, son and heir of [[John Erskine, 5th Lord Erskine]]
* James, Master of Ogilvy, son and heir of James Ogilvy, 4th Lord Ogilvy of Airlie
* The Master of Avondale, son and heir of [[Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale (second creation)|Andrew Stewart, 1st Lord Avondale]]
* The Master of Ruthven, son and heir of [[William Ruthven, 2nd Lord Ruthven]]
* John Stewart, Master of Buchan, son of [[John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Buchan]]
* The Master of Methven, son and heir of [[Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven]]

The names of a number of other Scottish casualties are known from legal records, cases falling under the act made at Monktonhall, or from Scottish chronicles, and include:
{{columns-list|colwidth=40em|
* William Adamson of [[Craigcrook Castle]]<ref>''The Scottish antiquary, or, Northern Notes & Queries'', 8 (1890), p. 89.</ref>
* Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw [[Leswalt]], [[Wigtownshire]]<ref>George Powell McNeill, ''Exchequer Rolls'', 18 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. lxviii.</ref>
* Gilbert Agnew, [[Wigtownshire]]
* James Allardice, who fell under the royal banner<ref>''HMC 5th Report: Barclay Allardice'' (London, 1876), p. 631: George Powell McNeill, ''Exchequer Rolls'', 18 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. lxviii.</ref>
* Andrew Anstruther of that [[Anstruther|Ilk]]
* James Blair, Middle [[Auchindrain]]e
* Thomas Brodie of [[Brodie Castle|Brodie]]
* Alan Cathcart, [[Earl Cathcart|3rd Lord Cathcart]]
* William Cunninghame of [[Glengarnock Castle|Glengarnock]]
* Gabriel Cunyngham of [[Craigends]]
* John [[Clan Crawford|Crawfurd]] of Auchinames
* John Crawford of Giffordland.<ref>James Paterson, ''History of the Counties of Ayr & Wigton Scotland: Cunninghame'' (Edinburgh, 1866), p. 345.</ref>
* William [[Dishington]] of Ardross 
* [[Robert Douglas of Lochleven]]
* Thomas Dumbreck of that Ilk<ref>David Masson, ''Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, Addenda'', vol. 14 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 53.</ref>
* Archibald Dunbar of Baldoon, [[Kirkinner]], [[Wigtownshire]]
* Alexander Dundas of [[Fingask Castle|Fingask]]
* [[Alexander Elphinstone, 2nd Lord Elphinstone]]
* Finla Mor, Findlay of [[Clan Farquharson]], said to have carried the royal banner
* Henry Fithie, younger of Boysack
* David [[Clan Forrester|Forrester]] of Garden and Torwood<ref>George Powell McNeill, ''Exchequer Rolls'', 18 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. lxix.</ref>
* James [[Clan Forrester|Forrester]] of Corstorphine
* James Gordon of Lochinvar<ref>?Stitchill Inventory: "deceissit vndir our baner in the feild of pynkecleuch"?</ref>
* John Gordon of Pitlurg.<ref>William Temple, ''Thanage of Fermartyn'' (Aberdeen, 1894), p. 310.</ref>
* David Hamilton of Broomhill, son-in-law of Robert, Lord Semple
* Cuthbert Hamilton of Canir, brother-in-law of David Hamilton of Broomhill
* George [[Clan Henderson|Henderson]] of [[Fordell Castle|Fordell]], and his oldest son William<ref>Bernard Burke, ''Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry'' (Harrison, 1862), p. 682.</ref>
* George [[Clan Home|Home]] of [[Wedderburn Castle|Wedderburn]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/manudavidmilneho00greauoft/page/38/mode/2up ''HMC Report on the Manuscripts of Colonel David Milne Home of Wedderburn Castle'' (London, 1902), pp. 38–40]</ref>
* Kentigern or Mungo Huntar of [[Hunterston Castle|Hunterston]].<ref>James Paterson, ''History of the Counties of Ayr & Wigton Scotland: Cunninghame'' (Edinburgh, 1866), p. 345.</ref><ref>George Robertson, ''Topographical description of Ayrshire'' (Irvine, 1820), p. 122.</ref>
* James Innes of Cromy<ref>Duncan Forbes, ''Ane Account of the Familie of Innes'' (Aberdeen: Spalding Club, 1864), pp. 28–29.</ref>
* Alexander [[Clan Irvine|Irvine]], Master of [[Drum Castle|Drum]].<ref>Donald M. Mackintosh, ''Irvines of Drum'' (Southern, 1998), p. 93.</ref>
* William Johnston, younger of Caskieben 
* Thomas Kennedy, Vicar of Penpont, a son of [[Gilbert Kennedy, 2nd Earl of Cassilis]]
* Alexnder Kinninmonth.<ref>George Powell McNeill, ''Exchequer Rolls'', 18 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. lxviii.</ref>
* Alexander Lauder of [[Haltoun House|Hatton]].<ref>National Records of Scotland charter RH6/1534 dated 21st October 1551.</ref>
* [[James Learmonth of Dairsie|James Learmonth]] of [[Dairsie Castle|Dairsie]] and [[Balcomie]]
* John Leckie of Leckie, Dumbartonshire
* John, Master of Livingston, son of [[Alexander Livingston, 5th Lord Livingston]]
* William Lumsden of Airdrie, Fife.<ref>Ernest Beveridge, ''Churchyard Memorials of Crail'' (Edinburgh, 1893), p. 139.</ref>
* [[Clan McCulloch#MacCulloch of Plaids (Ross-shire)|Thomas MacCulloch of Plaids]]<ref name="R.W.Munro1971">{{cite magazine |editor-last=Munro |editor-first=R.W. |title=MacCullochs of Pladis: A Genealogy|year=1971 |magazine=Clan Munro Magazine |issue=12 |publisher=[[Clan Munro]] Association |pages=40–44}}</ref>
* John MacDowall of [[Garthland Castle|Garthland]]
* John MacDowall of Corswall, [[Kirkcolm]], [[Wigtownshire]]
* Fergus McDouall of Freugh, [[Stoneykirk]], Wigtownshire
* Richard Melville, father of [[Andrew Melville]]
* James Montfode of [[Montfode Castle|Montfode]]<ref name=rolls>George Powell McNeill, ''Exchequer Rolls'', 18 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. lxx.</ref>
* Hugh Montgomerie, a son of the [[Hugh Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Eglinton|Earl of Eglinton]]
* Kentigern Muir of [[Rowallan Castle|Rowallan]].<ref name=rolls/>
* [[Robert Munro, 14th Baron of Foulis]].<ref name="R.W.Munro1971"/>
* Alexander Napier of [[Merchiston]]
* Hew Ralston of that llk
* John Vans of Barnbarroch, [[Kirkinner]], [[Wigtownshire]].<ref name=rolls/>

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
===Primary sources===
* [https://archive.org/details/tudortracts00polliala/page/52 William Patten, ''The Late Expedition into Scotland'' (1548), in A. E. Pollard, ''Tudor Tracts'' (London, 1903), pp. 53–157].
* [https://archive.org/details/calendarstatepa01boydgoog/page/n7 Joseph Bain, ''Calendar of State Papers, Scotland'', vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898)].
* {{Cite book|last=Teulet|first=Alexandre|year=1862|title=Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle, vol. 1|publisher=Société de l'Histoire de France|location=Paris|author-link=Alexandre Teulet}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=UYVCAAAAcAAJ Teulet, A., ed., ''Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle'', vol. 1 (1862)] pp.&nbsp;124–158, Latin account following William Patten.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Occ_AAAAcAAJ&q=600 Arthur Clifford, ''Sadler State Papers'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh (1809)] pp.&nbsp;353–364, the English army treasurer's account.
* David Constable, [https://archive.org/details/recitdelexpediti00bann/page/n8 ''Jean de Berteville's Récit de l'expédition en Ecosse l'an 1546 et de la battayle de Muscleburgh'' (Bannatyne Club: Edinburgh, 1825)], a French eyewitness fighting on English side.
* [https://archive.org/details/commentaryofserv00greyrich/page/n4 Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, ''A commentary of the services and charges of William Lord Grey of Wilton, by his son Arthur Grey'', Camden Society (1847)].
===Secondary sources===
*{{cite book|last=Macdougall|first=Norman|title=Scotland and War, AD 79–1918|year=1991|publisher=John Donald Publishers Ltd|location=Edinburgh|author-link=Norman Macdougall|isbn=0-85976-248-3}}.
* David H. Caldwell, 'The Battle of Pinkie,' in Norman Macdougall, ''Scotland and War, AD 79–1918'' (Edinburgh, 1991), pp.&nbsp;61–94.
* {{cite book|last=Merriman|first=Marcus|title=The Rough Wooings|year=2000|publisher=Tuckwell|isbn=1-86232-090-X|author-link=Marcus Merriman|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/roughwooingsmary00merr}}
*{{cite book|last=Phillips|first=Gervase|title=The Anglo-Scots Wars 1513–1550|year=1999|publisher=Boydell Press|isbn=0-85115-746-7}}
* Phillips, Gervase, 'In the Shadow of Flodden: Tactics, Technology and Scottish Military Effectiveness, 1513–1550', ''Scottish Historical Review'', vol.b77, no. 204 part 2, EUP (Oct. 1998), pp.&nbsp;162–182.
* [http://www.historynet.com/anglo-scottish-wars-battle-of-pinkie-cleugh.htm Phillips, Gervase, 'Anglo-Scottish Wars: Battle of Pinkie Cleugh', ''Military History'', August (1997)].
* [https://archive.org/details/cu31924027961683 F. Sadlier Stoney, ''Life and Times of Ralph Sadleir'' (Longman: London. 1877)] pp.&nbsp;107–114.
*{{cite book|last=Warner|first=Philip|year=1996|title=Famous Scottish Battles|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire|publisher=Leo Cooper|isbn=0-85052-487-3}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.battleofprestonpans1745.org/heritagetrust/html/news/show_news.asp?newsid=6753|title=News Item: Magnificent Pinkie Cleugh commemoration and re-enactments delight thousands|website=www.battleofprestonpans1745.org|access-date=12 April 2018}}.
* [[Alex Hodgson]], an East Lothian born folk singer/songwriter pays tribute to the battle of Pinkie Cleugh through the song [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfphzeQ-Vcg ''Doon Pinkie Cleugh''] on his second album 'The Brig Tae Nae Where', published on Scottish folk record label [[Greentrax Recordings]].

==External links==
* [http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/battleofpinkie.pdf Battle of Pinkie entry in the Scottish Government Inventory of Historic Battlefields].
* [http://www.musselburghheritage.org.uk/PCBGBattlefieldWalk.pdf Guide to walking the Battlefield, Musselburgh Museums].
* [https://www.johngraycentre.org/battle-of-pinkie-cleugh-exhibition-at-musselburgh/ Battle of Pinkie, exhibition in 2013, Musselburgh Museum].
* [https://www.johngraycentre.org/collections/getrecord/ELHER_MEL69/ Battle of Pinkie, information from the John Gray Centre, Haddington].
* [https://www.geddesconsulting.com/projects/battle-of-pinkie-1547-assessment/ Battle of Pinkie, summary of assessment and new mapping from Geddes Consulting, AOC Archaeology, David H. Caldwell].
* [http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2010_sept_07 Summary of 2010 BBC Radio 4 program on early battle drawing, Bodleian MS. Eng. Misc. C.13 (R)/(30492)]
* [http://www.battleofprestonpans1745.org/heritagetrust/html/news/show_news.asp?newsid=6753 Battle of Prestonpans]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pinkie 1547}}
[[Category:1547 in Scotland]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1547]]
[[Category:History of East Lothian]]
[[Category:Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland]]
[[Category:Musselburgh]]
[[Category:Battles of the Rough Wooing]]
[[Category:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]]
[[Category:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]]