View source for Battle of Seven Oaks

{{Short description|1816 engagement of the Pemmican War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image       = The Fight at Seven Oaks.jpg
| image_size  = 300px
| caption     = An illustration of the battle by [[Charles William Jefferys]] 
| conflict    = Battle of Seven Oaks
| partof      = the [[Pemmican War]]
| date        = {{Start date and age|1816|06|19|df=yes}}
| place       = Near modern-day [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba
| result      = North West Company victory
| combatant1  = {{unbulleted list| {{flagicon image|Flag of the North West Company Post-1801.svg}} [[North West Company]]|{{flagicon image|Metis Blue.svg }} [[Métis]]}}
| combatant2  = {{flagicon image|Hudson's Bay Company Flag.svg}} [[Hudson's Bay Company]]
| commander1  = {{flagicon image|Flag of the North West Company Post-1801.svg}} [[Cuthbert Grant]]
| commander2  = {{flagicon image|Hudson's Bay Company Flag.svg}} [[Robert Semple (fur trader)|Robert Semple]]{{KIA}}
| strength1   = 65<ref name="Hargrave1871"/>
| strength2   = 28<ref name="Hargrave1871"/>
| casualties1 = 1 killed<ref name="Hargrave1871"/>
| casualties2 = 21 killed<ref name="Hargrave1871"/>
{{Designation list |embed=yes |designation1=NHSC |designation1_offname=Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada |designation1_date=1920 }}
|}}

The '''Battle of Seven Oaks'''—also known as the '''Seven Oaks Massacre''' and the '''Seven Oaks Incident'''—was a violent confrontation of the [[Pemmican War]] between the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) and the [[North West Company]] (NWC) which occurred on 19 June 1816 near modern-day [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

Resulting in a decisive victory for the NWC over their rivals in the [[North American fur trade]], the confrontation was the climax in a long series of dispute in [[the Canadas]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=J.E. |last=Rea |date=4 March 2015 |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/seven-oaks-incident |title=Seven Oaks Incident |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Historica Canada |edition=online |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616121234/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/seven-oaks-incident |archive-date=16 June 2012 }}</ref>

The battle is also known as the '''Victory of the Frog Plain''' ({{Langx|fr|la Victoire de la Grenouillère}}) among [[Manitoba Métis Federation|Métis People]], whose members fought for the NWC during the battle.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca">{{Cite web |last=Barkwell |first=Lawrence |date=July 18, 2018 |title=Battle of Seven Oaks |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/seven-oaks-incident |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Victory at Frog Plain |url=https://www.mmf.mb.ca/news/victory-at-frog-plain |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Manitoba Métis Federation |language=en}}</ref> The event would mark one of the first times the Métis asserted themselves as {{Langx|fr|la Nouvelle Nation|label=none}} ('the New Nation') and fly the [[Métis flag|flag of the Métis Nation]].<ref name=":0" />

==Background==
For many years, [[The Forks, Winnipeg|the confluence]] of the [[Red River of the North|Red]] and [[Assiniboine River|Assiniboine]] rivers—whose access had previously been controlled by the [[Assiniboine|Assiniboine people]]—had been a meeting place for the [[North American fur trade|fur trade]] in [[British North America]] (in modern-day [[Winnipeg]], Manitoba). The Forks were also home to [[Ojibwe]] newcomers, [[Cree]] traders, and [[Métis buffalo hunting|Métis buffalo hunters]].<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

In the first decade of the 19th century, the [[Hudson's Bay Company|Hudson’s Bay Company]] established a small depot across the river, at what is now [[Saint Boniface, Winnipeg|St. Boniface]].<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" /> In 1809, the [[North West Company]] arrived to establish [[Fort Gibraltar]] at the Forks, which would be built in 1810 by John Wills, Cuthbert Grant’s brother-in-law.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

During this time, [[Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk]], sought to settle the Red River region, planning to bring [[Scottish Canadians|Scottish settlers]] to the Forks and to establish the [[Red River Colony]] (also known as the Red River Settlement). In 1812, Selkirk’s men began building [[Fort Douglas (Canada)|Fort Douglas]] on the west side of the Red River, downstream from the NWC’s Fort Gibraltar.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

The Métis saw the Settlement as a threat to their way of life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada |url=https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=149 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Parks Canada |language=en}}</ref>

Because the project was so poorly planned, the settlers went hungry in 1812 and 1813. They would move south for winter at the junction of the [[Pembina River (Manitoba – North Dakota)|Pembina]] and Red rivers, relying on the meat provided by the Métis and the NWC, as well as corn purchased from the [[Peguis First Nation|Peguis Band]].<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

On 8 January 1814, [[Miles MacDonell]], governor of the Red River Colony, issued the [[Pemmican Proclamation]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=John E. |last=Foster |date=24 July 2015 |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/pemmican-proclamation |title=Pemmican Proclamation |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |edition=online |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430013310/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/pemmican-proclamation |archive-date=30 April 2012 }}</ref> which prohibited the export of [[pemmican]] from the colony for the next year.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

While Macdonell claimed that the proclamation was meant to guarantee adequate supplies for the Hudson's Bay Colony, the North West Company and the Métis—who supplied the NWC with pemmican—viewed it as a ploy by Selkirk to monopolize the commodity, which was important to the NWC.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bumsted|first1=J.M.|title=Lord Selkirk: a life|date=2008|publisher=University of Manitoba Press|isbn=9780887553370|page=236}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/macdonell_miles_6E.html|work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|title=MacDonell, Miles|author=Mays, Herbert|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=1987}}</ref> The Métis did not acknowledge the authority of the Red River Settlement, and the Pemmican Proclamation was a blow to both the Métis and North West Company. The NWC accused the HBC of unfairly monopolizing the fur trade.

=== Rising tensions ===
From 1815 through 1816, environmental conditions left pemmican in short supply, and the arrival of the Selkirk settlers only made the shortage worse.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

MacDonnell resigned as governor of the Red River Colony in 1815, after several conflicts and suffering from "severe emotional instability."<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=J.M. |last=Bumsted |date=17 November 2014 |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/miles-macdonell |title=Miles MacDonnell |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher=Historica Canada |edition=online |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920041320/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/miles-macdonell |archive-date=20 September 2012 }}</ref> He was replaced by [[Robert Semple (Canada)|Robert Semple]], an American businessman with no previous experience in the fur trade.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=J.E. |last=Rea |date=17 November 2014 |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/robert-semple |title=Robert Semple |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=Historica Canada |edition=online |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920041326/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/robert-semple |archive-date=20 September 2012 }}</ref>

On 7 June 1815, Métis leader and NWC clerk [[Cuthbert Grant]] established a Métis camp La Grenouillère (Frog Plain), {{Convert|4|mi|km|order=flip}} down the Red River from the HBC’s headquarters at Point Douglas. On June 10, during a shootout between Métis and remaining settlers at HBC’s Fort Douglas, one of Macdonell’s men was killed when a cannon exploded, and three others were wounded.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

At this time, Cuthbert gained more men as many of Selkirk’s people went over to the Métis side, as well as the Irish who were initially hired to prepare the way for the settlement, as their contracts expired on June 1. The Métis thereafter increased their demands that the settlers leave the Forks, under order from the four chiefs of the Métis: Grant, William Shaw, Robert Bonhomme Montour, and Peter Bostonais Pangman.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

Surveyor and [[Brandon House]] district manager [[Peter Fidler]] negotiated with the Métis chiefs at their camp at Frog Plain. On 20 June 1815, Pangman instructed Fidler that no colonists were to remain, but that a limited number of HBC servants might stay, as it was to the advantage of the Métis to have competing trading companies in the area.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

In March 1816, the HBC seized and then destroyed Fort Gibraltar to prevent the NWC from trans-shipping pemmican from the Forks to their brigades coming in from [[Fort William, Ontario|Fort William]] on [[Lake Superior]].<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

==Battle==
[[File:Cuthbert Grant.jpg|thumb|upright|In 1816, [[Cuthbert Grant]] led a band of North West Company employees to seize a stolen supply of pemmican from the Hudson's Bay Company]]

On 19 June 1816, [[Cuthbert Grant]] led two groups of North West Company employees, a party of about 60 mounted Métis and First Nations freighters, towards Seven Oaks (known to the Métis as ''la Grenouillière'', or Frog Plain) to escort a shipment of pemmican to [[Lake Winnipeg]] to supply NWC canoe brigades from Montreal which had to pass by en route to [[Athabasca River|Athabasca]].<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the proceedings connected with the disputes between the Earl of Selkirk and the North West Company: at the assizes, held at York, in Upper Canada, October&nbsp;1818 |publisher=James Lane and Nahum Mower |year=1819 |location=Montreal, Quebec}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The Battle of Seven Oaks {{!}} Société historique de Saint-Boniface |url=https://shsb.mb.ca/la-grenouillere-english-2/?lang=en |access-date=2024-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In retaliation for the destruction of [[Fort Gibraltar]], the group stopped a [[flotilla]] of HBC canoes coming down the [[Qu'Appelle River|Qu’Appelle River]] and seized their shipment of stolen pemmican destined for the Red River Colony. Grant’s men escorted their boats of supplies back up the Assiniboine River and seized [[Brandon House]] trading post. The horsemen continued towards Lake Winnipeg divided in two groups, one on each side of the Assiniboine River.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

HBC employees spotted Grant's second group, and HBC Governor [[Robert Semple (Canada)|Robert Semple]] and 26-28 men (a group of HBC men and settlers) went out on foot to confront them. Catching up with Grant's men at Seven Oaks, Semple challenged them.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" /><ref name=":1" />

The North West Company sent François-Firmin Boucher to speak to Semple's men. He and Semple argued, and a gunfight ensued when the settlers tried to arrest Boucher and seize his horse.<ref name="Narratives_1819">{{cite book |title=Narratives of John Pritchard, Pierre Chrysologue Pambrun, and Frederick Damien Heurter, respecting the aggressions of the North West Company, against the Earl of Selkirk's settlement upon Red River |url=https://archive.org/details/cihm_47219 |publisher=John Murray |location=London, England |year=1819|isbn=9780665472190 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=François-Firmin |last=Boucher |title=François-Firmin Boucher à ses Concitoyens |trans-title=François-Firmin Boucher to his Countrymen |publisher=author-published |year=c. 1819}}</ref> Early reports said that the Métis fired the first shot and began the fray, but an ensuing investigation by Royal Commissioner [[William Bachelor Coltman]] determined with "next to certainty" that it was one of Semple's men who fired first.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" /><ref>{{cite book |title=The Metis: Memorable Events and Memorable Personalities |author-link1=George R. D. Goulet |first1=George |last1=Goulet  |first2=Terry |last2=Goulet |year=2006 |publisher=FabJob |isbn=978-1-894638-98-2}}</ref>

The Métis were skilled sharpshooters and outnumbered Semple's forces by nearly 3&nbsp;to&nbsp;1. The Metis killed 21&nbsp;men, including Governor Semple, while suffering only one fatality.<ref name="Hargrave1871">{{cite book |first=Joseph James |last=Hargrave |title=Red River |url=https://archive.org/details/redriver00harggoog |year=1871 |publisher=author-published |page=[https://archive.org/details/redriver00harggoog/page/n448 487]}}</ref> On the Métis side, 16-year-old Joseph Letendre dit Batoche died, and Joseph Trottier was wounded. One of the main assumptions as to why many fewer of Grant's men were killed than Semple's is because the latter mistakenly thought they had won. After the first round of fire, the Métis threw themselves on their backs to reload their firearms, but the colonists perceived them to be on the ground because they were killed, and began celebrating. Semple’s men were then taken by surprise when the Métis, having reloaded, rose up and resumed firing.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

==Aftermath==
[[File:Battle of Seven Oaks Monument3.jpg|thumb|An obelisk monument to commemorate the battle was erected in 1891 at [[West Kildonan, Winnipeg]].]]

According to oral tradition, the Métis gathered that night in their Frog Plain camp to celebrate their victory. There, Métis poet and balladeer [[Pierre Falcon]], Grant’s brother-in-law, wrote “La Chanson de la Grenouillère” about the battle.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" /><ref name=":2" />

Demoralized from the losses, the settlers gathered their belongings the day after the battle and sailed north for [[Norway House]], leaving the Métis in command of the settlement, having seized Fort Douglas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Friesen |first=Gerald |contribution=Maintaining the Old Order 1805–1844 |title=The Canadian Prairies a History |page=80 |edition=Student |location=Toronto, ON |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=1987}}</ref>

The battle marked one of the first documented times the [[Red River Métis]] declared their [[nationhood]], asserting themselves as {{Langx|fr|la Nouvelle Nation|label=none}} ('the New Nation') with rights to trade as they wished and travel freely on their own land. It was also one of the first times that the [[Métis flag|flag of the Métis Nation]] was flown.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=MMF commemorates the 208th anniversary of the Victory at Frog Plain: Declaration of la Nouvelle Nation/the New Nation |url=https://www.mmf.mb.ca/news/mmf-commemorates-the-208th-anniversary-of-the-victory-at-frog-plain-declaration-of-la-nouvelle-nation-the-new-nation |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Manitoba Métis Federation |language=en}}</ref>

The British government called for a special inquiry into the incident, and appointed Lieutenant Colonel [[William Bachelor Coltman]] as Royal Commissioner, who set his investigation in motion in May 1817. Delivered to the [[British House of Commons]] on 24 June 1819, Coltman's report exonerated the Métis, concluding that the first shot was fired at François Boucher from Semple’s side. The fighting did not last longer than 15 minutes.<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

Coltman also concluded that, before the battle, neither side intended to engage in a fight. He also argued that Selkirk and Semple should have known that their enforcement of the Pemmican Proclamation showed "a blameable carelessness as to the consequence, on a subject likely to endanger both the peace of the country and the lives of individuals."<ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

On 12 August 1816, Selkirk and a force of 90 soldiers who had been discharged from the [[Regiment de Meuron|De Meuron]] and [[De Watteville's Regiment|De Watteville]] regiments arrived from [[eastern Canada]] and captured the North West Company headquarters and supply base at [[Fort William, Ontario|Fort William]]. Selkirk attempted to prosecute several members of the NWC for murder and kept Boucher in prison for nearly two years without specific charges. The NWC men were tried at [[York, Upper Canada]], in 1818. All trials ended in acquittals, and the remaining charges were dropped. Members of the North West Company counter-sued Selkirk, whose health and influence subsequently declined. Selkirk died in 1820, and the two companies merged in 1821. The Hudson's Bay Company gave Cuthbert Grant an annual salary in 1828 and the position of "warden of the plains of Red River."<ref>{{DFHD|962|Grant, Cuthbert National Historic Person|9 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite DCB |first=George |last=Woodcock |title=Grant, Cuthbert |volume=8 |accessdate=12 January 2014 |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/grant_cuthbert_1854_8E.html }}</ref>

== Commemorations ==
The [[Manitoba Historical Society]] erected an obelisk monument in 1891 commemorating the battle at the intersection of [[Main Street, Winnipeg|Main Street]] and Rupertsland Boulevard in the Winnipeg district of [[West Kildonan]], the approximate centre of the battle site. The site was designated a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site of Canada]] in 1920.<ref>{{CRHP|16005|Battle of Seven Oaks|5 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{DFHD|149|Battle of Seven Oaks National Historic Site of Canada|8 January 2015}}</ref>

[[Parks Canada]] installed new interpretive signs as part of their reconciliation with the Métis, and the Seven Oaks Park was re-landscaped. The site was officially reopened on 19 June 2016 to mark the 200th anniversary of the battle.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="thecanadianencyclopedia.ca" />

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Barkwell |first=Lawrence J. |title=The Battle of Seven Oaks: a Métis perspective |location=Winnipeg, Manitoba |publisher=Louis Riel Institute |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9809912-9-1}}
* Coutts, Robert, and Richard Stuart, eds. 1994. ''The Forks and the Battle of Seven Oaks in Manitoba History, Part II : Reflections on the Battle of Seven Oaks''. Winnipeg: Manitoba Historical Society.
* Dick, Lyle. 1991. "[https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/jcha/1991-v2-n1-jcha998/031029ar.pdf The Seven Oaks Incident and the Construction of a Historical Tradition, 1816 to 1970]." ''[[Journal of the Canadian Historical Association]]'' 2(1):91–113. {{Doi|10.7202/031029ar}}
* —— 1994. "Historical Writing on Seven Oaks; the Assertion of Anglo-Canadian Cultural Dominance in the West." pp.&nbsp;65–70 in The Forks and the Battle of Seven Oaks in Manitoba History, Part II: Reflections on the Battle of Seven Oaks," edited by R. Coutts and R. Stuart. Winnipeg: Manitoba Historical Society.
* MacLeod, Margaret Arnett, and W.L. Morton. 1963. ''Cuthbert Grant of Grantown Warden of the Plains of Red River''. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/history/oaks.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611064456/http://www.metisresourcecentre.mb.ca/history/oaks.htm |archive-date=11 June 2008 |publisher=Metis Culture & Heritage Resource Centre, Inc. |title=Battle of Seven Oaks |series=News Letter Excerpts}}

==External links==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Seven Oaks 1816}}
[[Category:Pemmican War]]
[[Category:1816 in Canada]]
[[Category:Battles in 1816]]
[[Category:19th century in Manitoba]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Hudson's Bay Company]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Métis]]
[[Category:Métis history]]
[[Category:Métis in Manitoba]]
[[Category:Conflicts in Canada]]
[[Category:Economic warfare]]
[[Category:Hudson's Bay Company]]
[[Category:Indigenous conflicts in Canada]]
[[Category:June 1816]]
[[Category:Military history of Manitoba]]
[[Category:North West Company]]
[[Category:Seven Oaks, Winnipeg]]