View source for Battle of the Dunes (1658)

{{Short description|1658 battle of the Franco-Spanish War}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = Battle of the Dunes
| partof            = the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] and [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)]]
| image             = LariviereBatailleDunes.jpg
| caption           = ''[[The Battle of the Dunes]]'' <br /> [[Charles-Philippe Larivière]], 1837
| date              = 14 June 1658
| place             = Near [[Dunkirk, France|Dunkirk]], [[Spanish Netherlands]]
| coordinates       = {{coord|51.0383|N|2.3775|E|source:wikidata|display=inline}}
| result            = Franco-Commonwealth victory{{sfn|Sandler|2002|p=247}}{{sfn|Lopez|2012|pp=32–33}}
| combatant1        = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}<br/>{{flagd|Commonwealth of England}} [[Commonwealth of England|England]]
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|Spain|1506}} 
| commander1        = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of France}} [[Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne|Henri de Turenne]]<br>{{flagdeco|Kingdom of France}} [[François de Créquy]]<br>{{flagdeco|Commonwealth of England}} [[William Lockhart of Lee|William Lockhart]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=De Périni |first1=Hardÿ |title=Batailles françaises, Volume IV |date=1896 |publisher=Ernest Flammarion, Paris|page=227}}</ref>
| commander2        = {{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[John Joseph of Austria]]<br>{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[Louis II de Condé|Louis de Bourbon-Condé]]<br>{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena|Luis Carrillo]]<br>{{flagdeco|Spain|1506}} [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]]
| strength1         = 14,000–15,000{{sfn|Fortescue|1899|p=271}}<ref group=lower-alpha>Sources vary considerably on the army strengths of cavalry and infantry of both sides with a general agreement that both were about 15,000 strong. For example the French-Commonwealth strength is given as:
* 6,000 horse, 9,000 foot{{harv|Fortescue|1899|p=271}};
* 9,000 horse, 6,000-foot{{harv|Davis|2001|p=221}};
* 9,000 horse, 6,000-foot{{harv|Hamilton|1874|p=24}};
* 6,000 horse, 8,000-foot{{harv|Longueville|1907|p=261}};
* 5,000 to 6,000 horse in 58 squadrons, 9,000-foot in 18 battalions{{harv|Ramsay|1735|p=184}};
* 6,000 horse, 9,000-foot{{harv|Hozier|1885|p=132}};
* 4,000 horse, 6,000-foot,{{harv|Manganiello|2004|p=170}};
* 5,000 to 6,000 horse in 58 squadrons, 9,000-foot in 16 battalions {{harv|Cust|1867|p=85}};
* 6,000 horse, 8,000-foot{{harv|Waylen|1880|p=204}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fortescue|1899|p=271}}; also {{harvnb|Hozier|1885|p=132}}.</ref> (3,000 British troops)
| strength2         = 14,000–15,000{{sfn|Fortescue|1899|p=270}}<ref group=lower-alpha>Spanish ''et al'' strength:
* 8,000 horse, 6,000 foot{{harv|Longueville|1907|p=261}};
* 5,000 horse, 10,000-foot{{harv|Davis|2001|p=221}};
* 8,000 horse (4,000 of which are described as out foraging), 6,000-foot in 15 battalions{{harv|Ramsay|1735|pp=499–500}};
* 8,000 horse, 6,000-foot{{harv|Hozier|1885|p=131}};
* 3,000 horse, 12,000-foot{{harv|Manganiello|2004|p=171}} and;
* 9,000 to 10,000 horse, 5,000-foot {{harv|Cust|1867|p=85}}
* Condé 4,000 horse on the left wing and calls the armies even in numbers {{harv|Waylen|1880|p=205}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fortescue|1899|p=270}} also,{{harvnb|Hozier|1885|p=131}}.</ref> (2,000 British troops)
| casualties1       = 400 killed or wounded{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=225}}
| casualties2       = 6,000{{sfn|Tucker|2010|p=214}}–8,000{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=42}} killed, wounded or captured
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659)}}{{Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1667)}}|
}}
The '''Battle of the Dunes''' ({{Langx|fr|Bataille des Dunes}}, {{Langx|es|Batalla de las Dunas}}), also known as the '''Battle of Dunkirk''', took place on 14 June 1658, near the strategic port of [[Dunkirk, France|Dunkirk]] in what was then the [[Spanish Netherlands]]. Part of the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] and concurrent [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654)|Anglo-Spanish War]], a [[Kingdom of France|French]] army under [[Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne|Turenne]], supported by troops from the [[Commonwealth of England]], had [[Siege of Dunkirk (1658)|besieged Dunkirk]]. Led by [[John Joseph of Austria]] and [[Louis, Grand Condé]], a [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] force supported by the [[Royalist Army in Exile]] and French [[Fronde]] rebels attempted to raise the siege but suffered a severe defeat.

Despite this victory, both the French and Spanish were financially exhausted by the long running war and negotiated the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]] in November 1659. England retained possession of Dunkirk until 1662 when [[Sale of Dunkirk|the port was sold to France]] by [[Charles II of England|Charles II]].

==Background==

A complex political situation resulted in both French and English forces fighting for both sides. When the government of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] formed an alliance with [[Lord Protector]] [[Oliver Cromwell]], the exiled [[Charles II of England]] [[Treaty of Brussels (1656)|allied himself]] with [[Philip IV of Spain]]. Charles set up his headquarters in [[Bruges]] and established the [[Royalist Army in Exile]]. The Spanish supplied only enough money to form five regiments.{{sfn|EKBGD staff|loc=Origins}}{{sfn|Birch|1742|pp=384–399}} This was a disappointment for the Royalists, who had hoped to be able to form an army large enough to contemplate an invasion of the [[English Commonwealth]]. A renewal of a 1657 treaty between Cromwell and Louis XIV provided 6,000 Commonwealth infantry and a fleet to aid Turenne. Along with English forces, French forces fought on both sides with Condé, a French [[Prince du sang|Prince of the blood]], leading a contingent of French rebels of the Fronde.

[[File:Juanjosedeaustria.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Don Juan José de Austria, Spanish commander at Battle of the Dunes]]

The 15,000 French supported by 6,000 troops from the [[English Commonwealth]] [[Siege of Dunkirk (1658)|besieged Dunkirk]]. Dunkirk was Spain's greatest base for [[privateers]], and these privateers had wreaked havoc on English merchant shipping.<ref group=lower-alpha>England had lost 1,500 to 2,000 ships to Spain that year {{harv|Rodger|2004|p=28}}.</ref> It was defended by a garrison of about 3,000 in May 1658,{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=222}} while an English fleet of 18 ships,{{sfn|Hozier|1885|p=131}} under [[Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich|Edward Mountagu]], blockaded the port and prevented any reinforcement or supply by sea. The Spanish and their allies were caught by surprise as they were convinced that Turenne would attack [[Cambrai]], while they thought Dunkirk was merely a diversion, and they responded belatedly and hastily.{{sfn|Longueville|1907|p=257}} The approach to Dunkirk was made difficult as the inhabitants had opened the sluices and flooded the area, but Turenne persisted and opened the trenches on the night of 4/5 June.{{sfn|Hozier|1885|p=131}}

A Spanish army under the command of [[John Joseph of Austria]], consisting of about 15,000 men, moved to raise the siege. It was divided in two corps, the Spanish [[Army of Flanders]] on the right and centre and the small corps of French rebels, of the [[Fronde]], on the left under the command of Condé.  The Spanish army included Spanish, German and Walloon troops, and a force of 2,000 English and Irish Royalists – formed as the nucleus of potential army for the invasion of England by Charles II, with Charles' brother [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]], amongst its commanders – was sent to relieve the town.

Leaving some 6,000 men{{sfn|Tucker|2010|p=213}} to continue the siege, Turenne advanced to meet the Spanish army. The battle on 14 June 1658 which resulted from this manoeuvre became known as the ''Battle of the Dunes'' because the Spanish army formed their line upon a line of dunes, or sand-hills, also called the Downs, perpendicular to the sea. Napoleon described the battle as Turenne's "...&nbsp;most brilliant action".{{sfn|Longueville|1907|p=266}} The [[Red coat (British army)|red-coats]] of the [[New Model Army]] under the leadership of Sir [[William Lockhart of Lee|William Lockhart]], Cromwell's ambassador at Paris in Turenne's army, astonished both armies by the stubborn fierceness of their assault up a sand-hill {{convert|150|ft|m}} high and strongly defended by Spanish veterans.{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=223}}<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Fronde, The |volume=11 |page=248}}</ref>{{sfn|Plant|2008|loc=Battle of the Dunes, 1658}}<ref group=lower-alpha>The English had learnt a lot about war since two rabbles had met at the [[Battle of Edgehill]] in 1642 ({{harvnb|Niderost|1993}} and {{harvnb|Atkinson|1911|p=404}})</ref>

==Battle==
The Spanish army approached and camped upon a line of dunes north-east of Dunkirk. Turenne seized the initiative and marched out to meet the Spanish and attack them the following day. The French army of some 6,000 foot and 8,000 horse{{sfn|Hamilton|1874|p=24}} and 10 cannon were deployed with their left on the sea and their right on the canal.  Turenne, before low tide, deployed his French-English force in two lines with cavalry on each flank. With the left flank cavalry on the beach, 40 squadrons strong, Turenne planned to take advantage of the turning tide going out to expose the Spanish right to his cavalry. Turenne placed 5 cannon on the right wing between the downs and the meadow and 5 cannon on the left along the strand.{{sfn|Ramsay|1735|p=184}} Cromwell's English, under the command of Major General [[Sir Thomas Morgan, 1st Baronet|Thomas Morgan]] and William Lockhart, were lined up against the Spanish troops while the centre was the French infantry consisting of the Guards, the Swiss and the regiments of Picardy and Turenne facing the Wallons and Germans. The right flank French cavalry under the Duke de Crequi opposed Condé.
[[File:Battle of the Dunes 1658.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Battle of the Dunes 1658 - 1698 engraving by [[Sebastian Pontault de Beaulieu|Sebastian Beaulieu]], showing the Spanish deployment at top and French below.]]

The Spanish army with 6,000 foot and 9,000 horse{{sfn|Hamilton|1874|p=24}} formed up with its right on the sea across the sand-hills to the canal of Furnes on their left. The regular Spanish infantry [[tercios]] were on the right under the command of Don Juan, the Royalist regiments under the Duke of York were on their left to the right centre, the [[Walloons|Walloon]] and German tercios were in the centre and on the left were the French rebel Frondeurs and some other troops. The Spanish cavalry was drawn up in line behind the infantry. In their rush to relieve Dunkirk the Spanish had left their artillery behind.

Turenne began the battle with four or five artillery salvoes from his two unopposed batteries, and the Spanish right flank was bombarded with some harassing fire from several frigates and sloops{{sfn|Hozier|1885|p=132}} of the English fleet. The Anglo-French army began to advance, and the Cromwellian English pressed quickly ahead against the Spanish [[tercio]] of Don Caspar Boniface deployed on a sand dune that was somewhat in advance of the rest of their army. The English charged and crossed pikes with the Spanish tercio, driving it down the hill, and, by following up, the English formation became exposed. James, Duke of York, led two cavalry charges against the Cromwellian troops' flank, driving into the musketeers. Some Spanish cavalry from their reserve was sent forward and threatened the English but were defeated in turn by the French cavalry under [[Jacques de Mauvisière de Castelnau|Marquis de Castelneau]]. The French infantry consisting of the Guards, the Swiss and the regiments of Picardy and Turenne advanced on the Spanish centre, meeting little resistance. Marshal Turenne took advantage of the receding tide to concentrate most of his cavalry on his left, and its advance enveloped the Spanish right wing.{{sfn|Hozier|1885|p=132}}
[[Image:Panoramic view on the Battle of Dunes in 1658.PNG|thumb|View of the Battle of Dunes from behind the Spanish lines<br>Oil painting by [[Siméon Fort]]]]

Condé on the Spanish left held off the initial attacks of the French right wing and even counterattacked them, getting unhorsed and nearly captured, but in the end he was also forced from the field. The German and Walloons of the centre retired at the onset of the French infantry, throwing the Spanish cavalry in the reserve into disorder so that it was carried away in the flight.{{sfn|Hamilton|1874|pp=25–26}}

The battle lasted for about two hours, and by noon Turenne had a complete victory{{sfn|Tucker|2010|p=214}} that ended with the rout of the Spanish forces. The Spanish lost about 1,200 killed, 3,000 wounded{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=42}}{{sfn|Hamilton|1874|p=27}} and some 5,000 captured while the French lost only about 400, about half of them English. Amongst the Cromwellian troops Lockhart's regiment of foot bore the brunt of the fighting. Its lieutenant-colonel, [[Roger Fenwick (Roundhead)|Roger Fenwick]], and two of its captains were killed, and nearly all the rest of its officers were wounded, and lost about forty or fifty other ranks killed in battle. Lillingston's lost a captain and thirty or forty killed in battle, while the other regiments suffered only slight losses (the number of English dead rose because like Fenwick they died of wounds over the next few weeks).<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1898|pp=85–86}} cites: Clarke Papers, iii. 154; Thurloe, vii. 156, 160 ; Cal. S. P., Dam. 1658-9, p. 97-</ref>{{sfn|Firth|1909|p=199}}{{sfn|Baker|Phillips|1733|p=562}} The French pursuit lasted until nightfall. One force of Royalist guards<ref group=lower-alpha>This unit would be the core of the Royal Regiment of Guards, later the [[Grenadier Guards]] {{harv|Tucker|2010|p=214}}.</ref> held out, surrendering only when they were assured they would be allowed to rejoin Charles II at Ypres. The Duke of York's troop of guards, which charged several times with the Duke himself at its head, suffered severely, but also remained fit for further service. The King's forces after the battle numbered less than a thousand men, probably not more than seven or eight hundred.{{sfn|Firth|1898|p=86}} The French corps of Frondeurs on the left under the command of Condé retreated in good order.

==Aftermath==
Following his victory, Turenne took Dunkirk and advanced, capturing a series of towns and fortresses including Furnes, Dixmunde, Gravelines, Ypres and Oudenarde.{{sfn|Longueville|1907|p=267}} The victory at the Battle of the Dunes and its consequences would lead to the end of ten years of war with the signing of [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]]. By this treaty France gained [[Roussillon]] and [[Perpignan]], [[Thionville]], [[Montmédy]] and other parts of [[Luxembourg]], Artois and towns in [[Flanders]], including Arras, [[Béthune]] and [[Gravelines]], and a new border with Spain was fixed at the Pyrenees.{{sfn|Maland|1991|p=227}} The 1659 treaty also required the Spanish king to recognise and confirm all French gains in the 1648 [[Peace of Westphalia]].{{sfn|Maland|1991|p=227}}

The defeat of the Spanish relief force and the taking of Dunkirk ended the immediate prospect of a Royalist expedition to England. Dunkirk surrendered to French forces ten days after the battle on 24 June, and [[Cardinal Mazarin]] honoured the terms of the treaty with [[Oliver Cromwell]] and handed the port over to the [[English Commonwealth|Commonwealth]].{{sfn|Firth|1898|p=86}} The campaign of the English contingent in Flanders did not end with the battle of the Dunes and the capture of Dunkirk. Part of the English contingent was left to garrison Dunkirk and Mardyke under the command of Sir William Lockhart, while the rest, under Sir Thomas Morgan, continued to serve with Turenne's army in the field.

While the French received all of [[Artois]], England had eliminated the greatest Spanish privateering base{{sfn|Rodger|2004|p=29}} with the result that merchant shipping losses were much reduced.{{sfn|Capp|1989|p=103}} Cromwell died two months after the battle and was succeeded by his son's protectorship, which ended nine months later, and the Commonwealth fell into confusion, whereupon Charles II returned to the throne in May 1660. Charles would sell Dunkirk back to the French in 1662 for £320,000.

==British involvement==

The [[Grenadier Guards]] can trace their origins back to [[Thomas Wentworth, 5th Baron Wentworth|Lord Wentworth's]] [[Lord Wentworth's Regiment|Royal Regiment of Guards]] which was one of five regiments raised in 1656. The [[Life Guards (British Army)|Life Guards]] can trace their origins back to two cavalry troops raised at this time ''His Majesty's Own Troop of Horse Guards'' and ''The Duke of York's Troop of Horse Guards''. In the Spanish army, the Royalist contigent consisted of three battalions made up of five understrength regiments: The first battalion was commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Blague, of ''[[George Digby, 2nd Earl of Bristol|Lord Bristol's]]'' regiment combined with [[Lord Wentworth's Regiment|''Lord Wentworth's'' regiment]] (also known as King Charles II's footguards). The second battalion was command by [[Donough MacCarty, 2nd Viscount Muskerry|Lord Muskerry]] and consisted of the ''Duke of York's'' regiment. The third consisted of ''[[James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde|Lord Ormond's]]'' regiment of Irish commanded by Colonel [[Richard Grace]], and ''[[James Levingston, 1st Earl of Newburgh|Lord Newburgh's]]'' regiment of Scots under the command of Sir [[William Urry]].{{sfn|Firth|1898|p=85}} English regiments were named after their colonels. In the French army the New Model Army on the left (by the coast): ''[[Bryce Cochrane|Cochrane]]'', ''[[Roger Alsop|Alsop]]'', ''[[Henry Lillingston|Lillingston]]'' and ''Morgan'', on the right 200 ''Montgommery'' musketeers. Cavalry: ''Lockhart'', ''Gibbons'' and ''Salmo''<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.geocities.com/ao1617/Dunes58uk.html|title=The Second Battle of the Dunes 14/06/1658 Anglo-French Victory (Strategic) }}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?f=57&t=30035&start=30 Alt URL]</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2013}}<ref>{{harvnb|Firth|1894|p=162}}, for the first names of the Cromwellian colonels:[[Bryce Cochrane]], [[Roger Alsop]] and [[Henry Lillingston]]</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>Foot: Alsop, Clark, Cochrane, Lillington, Morgan, and Reynolds, horse: Lockheart ( {{harvnb|Asquith|1981|p=31}} (alphabetically?))</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>Commonwealth: Foot Alsop, Clark, Cochrane, Lillington, Morgan, and [[John Reynolds (Roundhead)|Reynolds]], Horse Lockheart. Five Royalist regiments: Charles's Foot Guards, three Irish Muskerry, Ormonde, Willoughby and one of Scots (Duke of Gloster), Horse one troop under the direct command of the Duke of York {{harv|Manganiello|2004|p=171}}.</ref> Two out of the three Royalist battalions, Bristol's and York's Irish, broke and fled.{{sfn|Hamilton|1874|p=26}}

==See also==
* [[Henry Jones of Oxfordshire#Battle of the Dunes]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist |group=lower-alpha}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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* {{Citation|last=Waylen|first=James|year=1880|title=The house of Cromwell and the story of Dunkirk|publisher=Chapman and Hall, Ltd.|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/houseofcromwel00wayl|pages=198}}

===Attribution===
* {{source-attribution|{{citation|first=C. H.|last=Firth|year=1898|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/transactions17royauoft#page/67/mode/1up|url=https://archive.org/details/transactions17royauoft|chapter=Royalist and Cromwellian Armies in Flanders, 1657–1662|title=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|pages=67–119}}}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|last=Ceriziers |first= René de |author-link=René de Ceriziers|year=1657 |title=L'année françoise ou la première campagne de Louis XIV.|publisher=chez Charles Angot|location=Paris |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lf2as-vZmAC&pg=PA347 35], ff |language=fr}}
* {{Citation |author=Encyclopædia Britannica staff |date=19 November 2012 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/126997/French-marshal-Henri-de-La-Tour-dAuvergne-vicomte-de-Turenne |title=French marshal Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, at the Battle of the Dunes, June 14, 1658 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
* {{Citation|author=Anonymous |year=1871 |title=Coleccion de libros españoles raros ó curiosos. |publisher=Impr. de M.Rivadeneyra |location=Madrid |pages=[https://archive.org/stream/colecciondelibro14almauoft#page/369/mode/1up 369], ff |language=es}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunes 1658}}
[[Category:1658 in France]]
[[Category:Battles of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)]]
[[Category:Battles involving England]]
[[Category:Battles of the Anglo-French wars]]
[[Category:Military history of Dunkirk]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1658]]
[[Category:Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)]]