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{{Short description|Khmer temple in Angkor Thom, Cambodia}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name               = Bayon
| image              = Bayon, Angkor Thom, Camboya, 2013-08-17, DD 37.JPG
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
| map_type           = Cambodia
| map_caption        = Location in Cambodia
| coordinates        = {{coord|13|26|28|N|103|51|31|E|type:landmark_region:KH|display=inline,title}}
| native_name        = Jaygiri
| country            = [[Cambodia]]
| state              = 
| district           = 
| locale             = [[Angkor Thom]]
| elevation_m        = 
| deity              = [[Avalokiteshvara]], [[Hevajra]] (Jayagiri)
| festivals          = 
| architecture       = Bayon
| temple_quantity    = 
| monument_quantity  = 
| inscriptions       = 
| year_completed     = End of the 12th century CE
| creator            = [[Jayavarman VII]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]]
}}

The '''Bayon''' ({{langx|km|ប្រាសាទបាយ័ន}}, {{lang|km-Latn|Prasat Bayoăn}} {{IPA|km|praːsaːt baːjŏən|}}; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aɪ|ɔː|n}} ''BAI-on'') is a richly decorated [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] temple related to Buddhism at [[Angkor]] in [[Cambodia]].  Built in the late 12th or early 13th century as the state temple of the King [[Jayavarman VII]] ({{langx|km|ព្រះបាទជ័យវរ្ម័នទី ៧}}), the Bayon stands at the centre of Jayavarman's capital, [[Angkor Thom]] ({{langx|km|អង្គរធំ}}).<ref name=Higham>Higham, C., 2001, The Civilization of Angkor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, {{ISBN|9781842125847}}, p.121</ref><ref name=Higham1>Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., pp.378-382  {{ISBN|9786167339443}}</ref>

The Bayon's most distinctive feature is the multitude of serene and smiling stone faces of [[Brahma]] - probably modeled on the face of King Jayavarman VII - on every side the many towers that jut out from the upper terrace and cluster around its central peak.<ref name="Freeman and Jacques, p.78">Freeman and Jacques, p.78.</ref> The main conservatory body, the Japanese Government Team for the Safeguarding of [[Angkor]] (the JSA) has described the temple as "the most striking expression of the baroque style" of [[Khmer architecture]], as contrasted with the classical style of [[Angkor Wat]] ({{langx|km|ប្រាសាទអង្គរវត្ត}}).<ref>''The Bayon Symposium''</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[Image:Bayon 0759 (27773814040).jpg|thumb|Carved faces on a tower at the Bayon]]
The original name for the Bayon is Jayagiri ({{langx|km|ជ័យគីរី}}, {{lang|km-Latn|Chey Kĭri}}) (or "Victory Mountain" or “Mountain of Brahma” ; “Jaya” - another name of Brahma and “giri” to mountain), with [[Sanskrit]] roots similar to [[Sigiriya|Sīnhāgiri]] ("Lion Rock"). {{fact|date=May 2023}}

The name of Bayon was given by [[Étienne Aymonier|Etienne Aymonier]] in 1880. According to his report, Bayon was the Latin transliteration of what he had seen written in Khmer as "Bayânt" which he presumed must have been a corrupted form of the [[Pali]] ''Vejayant'' or [[Sanskrit]] ''Vaijayant'', the name of the celestial palace of Indra of which the Bayon was presumed to be the earthly reflection. The first syllable ''Ba'' as a Sanskritic prefix was similar to that found in other places such as [[Ba Phnum District|Ba Phnom]] and could signify the presence of a protector or defensor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aymonier |first=Etienne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzAQAAAAYAAJ&dq=cambodge+le+nom+du+bayon&pg=PA185 |title=Excursions et reconnaissances |date=1880 |location=Saigon |pages=185 |language=fr}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Image:Bayon, Angkor Thom, Camboya, 2013-08-16, DD 32.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.7|According to Angkor-scholar [[Maurice Glaize]], the Bayon appears "as but a muddle of stones, a sort of moving chaos assaulting the sky."<ref name="Glaize, p.87">Glaize, p.87.</ref>]]

===Buddhist symbolism in the foundation of the temple by King Jayavarman VII===
[[Image:JayavarmanVII.jpg|thumb|left|upright|According to scholars, King [[Jayavarman VII]] bears a strong resemblance to the face towers of the Bayon.]]
{{Buddhism}}
The Bayon was the last state temple to be built at [[Angkor]], and the only Angkorian state temple to be built primarily to worship Buddhist deities, though a great number of minor and local deities were also encompassed as representatives of the various districts and cities of the realm. Originally a Hindu temple, the Bayon (''Jayagiri'') was the centrepiece of [[Jayavarman VII]]'s massive program of monumental construction and public works, which was also responsible for the walls and [[nāga]]-bridges of [[Angkor Thom]] and the temples of [[Vishnu]], [[Ta Prohm]] and [[Banteay Kdei]].<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1 |pages=173–175}}</ref>
[[Image:Das Lächeln von Angkor.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|From the vantage point of the temple's upper terrace, one is struck by "the serenity of the stone faces" occupying many towers.<ref name="Glaize, p.87" />]]
The similarity of the 216 gigantic faces on the temple's towers to other statues of the has led many scholars to the conclusion that the faces are representations of Jayavarman VII, himself. Scholars have theorized that the faces belong to [[Avalokitesvara]], the [[bodhisattva]] of compassion.<ref>Coedės, p.137.</ref> But some locals believe the temple was built for [[Brahma]], since the faces have four sides, representing Brahma's four faces. Also, the faces have three eyes, which symbolizes [[Shiva]] in the [[Trimurti]]. Buddha's images seldom wear jewelry like necklaces, large earrings and a crown. The two hypotheses need not be regarded as mutually exclusive. Angkor scholar [[George Coedès]] has theorized that Jayavarman VII stood squarely in the tradition of the Khmer monarchs in thinking of himself as a ''devaraja'' (god-king), the difference being that while his predecessors were Hindus and associated themselves with [[Brahma]] and his symbol the, ''chaturmukha'' (four faces), Jayavarman VII was a [[Buddhist]].<ref>Coedès, p.147.</ref>

===Alterations following the death of Jayavarman VII===
{{Hinduism}}
Since the time of [[Jayavarman VII]], the Bayon has undergone numerous [[Buddhistic art|Buddhist]] additions and alterations at the hands of subsequent monarchs.<ref name="Glaize, p.87" />  During the reign of [[Jayavarman VIII]] in the mid-13th century, the [[Khmer empire]] reverted to [[Hinduism]] and its state temple was altered accordingly. In later centuries, [[Theravada Buddhism]] became the dominant religion, leading to still further changes, before the temple was eventually abandoned to the jungle. Current features which were not part of the original plan include the terrace to the east of the temple, the [[Architecture of Cambodia#Library|libraries]], the square corners of the inner [[Architecture of Cambodia#Gallery|gallery]], and parts of the upper terrace.

===Modern restoration===
In the first part of the 20th century, the [[École Française d'Extrême Orient]] took the lead in the conservation of the temple, restoring it in accordance with the technique of [[anastylosis]].  Since 1995 the Japanese Government team for the Safeguarding of Angkor (the JSA) has been the main conservation body, and has held annual symposia.

==The site==
[[File:Bayón Temple english.jpg|thumb|The Bayon in plan, showing the main structure. The dimensions of the upper terrace are only approximate, due to its irregular shape.]]
The temple is oriented towards the east, and so its buildings are set back to the west inside enclosures elongated along the east-west axis. Because the temple sits at the exact centre of [[Angkor Thom]], roads lead to it directly from the gates at each of the city's [[cardinal point]]s. The temple itself has no wall or [[moat]]s, these being replaced by those of the city itself: the city-temple arrangement, with an area of 9 square kilometres, is much larger than that of [[Angkor Wat]] to the south (2&nbsp;km²).
Within the temple itself, there are two galleried enclosures (the third and second enclosures) and an upper terrace (the first enclosure). All of these elements are crowded against each other with little space between. Unlike [[Angkor Wat]], which impresses with the grand scale of its architecture and open spaces, the Bayon "gives the impression of being compressed within a frame which is too tight for it."<ref>Glaize, p.85.</ref>

===The outer gallery: historical events and everyday life===
[[File:Bayon Angkor Relief1.jpg|thumb|left|A scene from the eastern gallery shows a Khmer army on the march.]]
The outer wall of the outer gallery features a series of [[bas-reliefs]] depicting historical events and scenes from the everyday life of the Angkorian Khmer. Though highly detailed and informative in themselves, the bas-reliefs are not accompanied by any sort of epigraphic text, and for that reason considerable uncertainty remains as to which historical events are portrayed and how, if at all, the different reliefs are related.<ref>See Glaize, pp.90 ff. and Rovedo, pp.134 ff., for detailed descriptions of the bas-reliefs.</ref>  From the east [[gopura]] clockwise, the subjects are:
[[File:Bayonnavalbat01.JPG|thumb|right|A scene from the southern gallery depicts a naval battle; this section shows Cham warriors in a boat and dead Khmer fighters in the water.]]
* in the southern part of the eastern gallery a marching [[Khmer Empire|Khmer]] army (including some [[China|Chinese]] soldiers),<ref>Freeman and Jacques, p.85-86. The Khmer are depicted as having short hair and long earlobes, and as wearing loincloths and little else. The Chinese are identified by their beards, topknots, and patterned tunics.</ref> with musicians, horsemen, and officers mounted on elephants, followed by wagons of provisions;
* still in the eastern gallery, on the other side of the doorway leading into the courtyard, another procession followed by domestic scenes depicting Angkorian houses, some of the occupants of which appear to be Chinese merchants;
* in the southeast corner pavilion, an unfinished temple scene with towers, [[apsaras]] ({{langx|km|អប្សរា}}), and a [[lingam]] ({{langx|km|លិង្គសិវៈ}});
[[File:Bayonmarket01.JPG|thumb|right|A market scene in the southern gallery shows the weighing of goods; the fish belong to a naval battle taking place above.]]
* in the eastern part of the southern gallery, a naval battle on the [[Tonle Sap]] ({{langx|km|ទន្លេសាប}}) between Khmer and Cham forces,<ref>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|author-link= George Coedès|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1 |pages=169–170}}</ref><ref>Freeman and Jacques, p.85-87. The Cham are identified by their tunics, curved shields, and distinctive crown and scarf headgear. It has been speculated that this scene represents the Cham naval attack on the Khmer capital in 1177. However, since the scene seems to have the Khmer winning, and since the Cham naval attack of 1177 was successful and led to the sack of the Khmer capital, it may be more accurate to say that the scene depicts a subsequent naval engagement from which the forces of [[Jayavarman VII]] emerged victorious.</ref> underneath which are more scenes from civilian life depicting a market, open-air cooking, hunters, and women tending to children and an invalid;
* still in the southern gallery, past the doorway leading to the courtyard, a scene with boats and fisherman, including a Chinese junk, below which is a depiction of a [[cockfighting|cockfight]]; then some palace scenes with princesses, servants, people engaged in conversations and games, wrestlers, and a wild boar fight; then a battle scene with Cham warriors disembarking from boats and engaging Khmer warriors whose bodies are protected by coiled ropes, followed by a scene in which the Khmer dominate the combat, followed by a scene in which the Khmer king celebrates a victory feast with his subjects;
* in the western part of the southern gallery, a military procession including both Khmers and Chams, elephants, war machines such as a large crossbow and a catapult;
* in the southern part of the western gallery, unfinished reliefs show an army marching through the forest, then arguments and fighting between groups of Khmers;<ref>Freeman and Jacques, pp.91-92. The subject-matter here may be a revolt documented to have occurred in 1182.</ref>
* in the western gallery, past the doorway to the courtyard, a scene depicting a melee between Khmer warriors, then a scene in which warriors pursue others past a pool in which an enormous fish swallows a small deer;<ref>Glaize, p.92. Unlike most of the bas-reliefs, this one is accompanied by an inscription, albeit by one that is not particularly helpful. It says, "The deer is his nourishment."</ref> then a royal procession, with the king standing on an elephant, preceded by the ark of the sacred flame;
* in the western part of the northern gallery, again unfinished, a scene of royal entertainment including athletes, jugglers and acrobats, a procession of animals, ascetics sitting in a forest, and more battles between Khmer and Cham forces;
* in the northern gallery, past the doorway to the courtyard, a scene in which the Khmer flee from Cham soldiers advancing in tight ranks;
* in the northeast corner pavilion, another marching Khmer army;
* in the eastern gallery, a land battle between Khmer and Cham forces, both of which are supported by elephants: the Khmer appear to be winning.

The outer gallery encloses a courtyard in which there are two libraries (one on either side of the east entrance). Originally the courtyard contained 16 chapels, but these were subsequently demolished by the Hindu restorationist [[Jayavarman VIII]].

===The inner gallery: depictions of mythological events===
The inner gallery is raised above ground level and has doubled corners, with the original redented cross-shape later filled out to a square. Its bas-reliefs, later additions of Jayavarman VIII, are in stark contrast to those of the outer: rather than set-piece battles and processions, the smaller canvases offered by the inner gallery are decorated for the most part with scenes from [[Hindu mythology]]. Some of the figures depicted are [[Shiva|Siva]], [[Vishnu]], and [[Brahma]], the members of the [[trimurti]] or threefold godhead of [[Hinduism]], [[Apsaras]] or celestial dancers, [[Ravana]] and [[Garuda]].<ref>Glaize, pp.94 ff.</ref>  There is however no certainty as to what some of the panels depict, or as to their relationship with one another. One gallery just north of the eastern [[Architecture of Cambodia#Gopura|gopura]], for example, shows two linked scenes which have been explained as the freeing of a goddess from inside a mountain, or as an act of iconoclasm by Cham invaders.<ref>Glaize, p.98; Rovedo, pp.148-149 (both preferring the former interpretation).</ref> Another series of panels shows a king fighting a gigantic serpent with his bare hands, then having his hands examined by women, and finally lying ill in bed; these images have been connected with the legend of the Leper King, who contracted leprosy from the venom of a serpent with whom he had done battle.<ref>Freeman and Jacques, p.101; Rovedo, p.149-150 (speculating that the serpent is symbolic of the disease itself).</ref>  Less obscure are depictions of the construction of a [[Vishnu]]ite temple (south of the western [[gopura]]) and the [[Samudra manthan|Churning of the Sea of Milk]] (north of the western gopura).
[[Image:Bayon, Angkor Thom, Camboya, 2013-08-16, DD 09.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Very little space is left between the inner gallery (left) and the upper terrace (right)]]

==={{anchor | Lokesvara }} The upper terrace: 200 faces of Lokesvara===
The inner gallery is nearly filled by the upper terrace, raised one level higher again. The lack of space between the inner gallery and the upper terrace has led scholars to conclude that the upper terrace did not figure in the original plan for the temple, but that it was added shortly thereafter following a change in design. Originally, it is believed, the Bayon had been designed as a single-level structure, similar in that respect to the roughly contemporaneous foundations at [[Ta Prohm]] and [[Banteay Kdei]].<ref>Coedès, p.127.</ref>

The upper terrace is home to the famous "face towers" of the Bayon, each of which supports two, three or (most commonly) four gigantic smiling faces. In addition to the mass of the central tower, smaller towers are located along the inner gallery (at the corners and entrances), and on chapels on the upper terrace.  "Wherever one wanders," writes [[Maurice Glaize]], "the faces of [[Lokesvara]] follow and dominate with their multiple presence."<ref>Glaize, p.89.</ref>

Efforts to read some significance into the numbers of towers and faces have run up against the circumstance that these numbers have not remained constant over time, as towers have been added through construction and lost to attrition. At one point, the temple was host to 49 such towers; now only 37 remain.<ref name="Freeman and Jacques, p.78" />  The number of faces is approximately 200, but since some are only partially preserved there can be no definitive count.

===The central tower and sanctuary===
Like the inner gallery, the central tower was originally cruciform but was later filled out and made circular. It rises 43 metres above the ground. At the time of the temple's foundation, the principal religious image was a statue of the [[Buddha]], 3.6 m tall, located in the [[sanctuary]] at the heart of the central tower. The statue depicted the Buddha seated in meditation, shielded from the elements by the flared hood of the serpent king [[Mucalinda]]. During the reign of Hindu restorationist monarch [[Jayavarman VIII]]({{langx|km|ព្រះបាទជ័យវរ្ម័នទី ៨}}), the figure was removed from the [[sanctuary]] and smashed to pieces. After being recovered in 1933 from the bottom of a well, it was pieced back together, and is now on display in a small pavilion at [[Angkor]].<ref>Freeman and Jacques, p.83; Glaize, p.87.</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160" heights="120">

File:Prasat Bayon 2014.JPG
File:Le Bayon (Angkor Thom) (6918753837).jpg
File:2016 Angkor, Angkor Thom, Bajon (14).jpg
File:Bayon (II).jpg
File:Two Khmer Heads-Angkor Wat.jpg
File:Temple of Bayon.jpg
File:2016 Angkor, Angkor Thom, Bajon (51).jpg
File:Bayon_temple_(47).jpg
File:The Pink Girl (6901232208).jpg
File:Bas-reliefs du Bayon (Angkor) (6912560519).jpg
File:Angkor Thom Bayon 50.jpg
File:Angkor - Bayon - 030 Battle Scenes (8581859550).jpg
File:Angkor - Bayon - 045 Battle Scenes (8581875846).jpg
File:Angkor - Bayon - 050 Resting (8581880560).jpg
File:Angkor_-_Bayon_-_039_Battle_Scenes_(8580767123).jpg
File:Angkor - Bayon - 052 At Home (8581882636).jpg
File:Angkor - Bayon - 058 Listening to Dhamma (8581889148).jpg
File:Angkor Thom (6202449724).jpg
File:Corridor in Bayon, Angkor.JPG
File:Cambodia the land of uniqueness.jpg
File:Angkor_Thom,_Bayon_08.jpg
File:Bayon Temple.jpg
File:Bayon-2+.JPG
File:Angkor_-_Bayon_-_043_Battle_Scenes_(8581873798).jpg
File:Angkor_Wat.-_Battle_of_Devas_and_Asuras_(4).jpg
File:2016_Angkor,_Angkor_Thom,_Bajon_(09).jpg|
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal | Hinduism |Religion}}
* [[Indosphere]]
* [[Greater India]]
* ''[[Raiō no Terasu]]''
* [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]
* [[Buddhism in Southeast Asia]]
* [[List of Hindu temples]]
* [[List of Buddhist temples]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author=Albanese, Marilia  |title=The Treasures of Angkor | location=Vercelli | publisher=White Star Publishers| year=2006 | type = Paperback | isbn=88-544-0117-X}}
*Coedès, George.  ''Pour mieux comprendre Angkor'' (Hanoi: Imprimerie D'Extrême-Orient, 1943), esp. Ch.6, "Le mystère du Bayon," pp.&nbsp;119–148.
*Freeman, Michael and Jacques, Claude.  ''Ancient Angkor''. River Books, 1999, pp.&nbsp;78 ff. {{ISBN|0-8348-0426-3}}.
*Glaize, Maurice. ''The Monuments of the Angkor Group''. Translated into English from the French, revised 1993 and published online at [http://www.theangkorguide.com/cgi-bin/MasterFrameReunion.cgi?http://www.theangkorguide.com/text/part-two/angkorthom/bayon.htm theangkorguide.com].  (The link takes you directly to the section of this work having to do with Angkor Thom and the Bayon.)
*{{cite book |author1=Jessup, Helen Ibbitson |author2=Brukoff, Barry |title=Temples of Cambodia - The Heart of Angkor | location=Bangkok | publisher=River Books| year=2011 | type = Hardback | isbn=978-616-7339-10-8}}
*Rovedo, Vittorio.  ''Khmer Mythology: Secrets of Angkor'' (New York: Weatherhill, 1998), pp.&nbsp;131 ff.
*[http://angkor-jsa.org/bayon/index_e.html JSA Bayon Master Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041207114620/http://angkor-jsa.org/bayon/index_e.html |date=2004-12-07 }} Accessed 17 May 2005.
*[http://www.unesco.org/culture/Bayon/interface/en/symposiums.html JSA Bayon Symposia]  Accessed 17 May 2005.

==External links==
{{commons category|Bayon}}
* [http://www.unesco.org/culture/Bayon/interface/en/temple.html The Bayon Symposium (Unesco): 1996–2001]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100316104029/http://www.devata.org/2009/10/the-bayon-goddesses-devata-of-king-jayavarman-vii/ Bayon Goddesses – Devata of King Jayavarman VII]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100423123358/http://www.devata.org/2010/04/are-ancient-goddesses-actually-12th-century-khmer-queens/ Are Ancient Goddesses Actually 12th Century Khmer Queens?]
* [http://www.khmer-heritage.de/gallery/bayon/index.html Bayon – Gallery and Photographic Documentation] by khmer-heritage.de

{{Angkorian sites}}
{{SiemReapProvince}}
{{Buddhism in Cambodia|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Siem Reap province]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Siem Reap province]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Siem Reap province]]
[[Category:Angkorian sites in Siem Reap province]]
[[Category:12th-century Buddhist temples]]