View source for Bell Labs

{{Short description|Research and scientific development company}}
{{for-multi|the building|Bell Laboratories Building|the part that continues under AT&T|AT&T Labs}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Nokia Bell Labs
| logo = Nokia Bell Labs 2023.svg
| logo_caption = Logo since 2023
| logo_size = 250px
| image = File:Bell Laboratories at New Providence, New Jersey (7235324892) (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = Bell Labs' headquarters in [[Murray Hill, New Jersey]] in 2012
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1925|1}} (as Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.)
| location = [[Murray Hill, New Jersey]], U.S.
| industry = Telecommunication, information technology, [[material science]]
| key_people = <!-- So many notable people have had significant involvement in Bell Labs that it's best to leave this infobox parameter empty. -->
| products = 
| subsid = Nokia Shanghai Bell
| parent = {{plain list|
* [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] and [[Western Electric]] (1925–1996){{efn|In 1983, [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] created a new subsidiary [[AT&T Technologies]]. It split up Western Electric into multiple companies as AT&T Technologies subsidiaries. Bell Labs became one of subsidiaries. In 1996, AT&T Technologies was divested and renamed to [[Lucent Technologies]].}}
* [[Lucent Technologies]] (1996–2006)
* [[Alcatel-Lucent]] (2006–2016)
* [[Nokia]] (2016–present)
}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.bell-labs.com|bell-labs.com}}
}}
'''Nokia Bell Labs''',{{Efn|Originally named '''Bell Telephone Laboratories''' (1925–1984), then '''AT&T Bell Laboratories''' (1984–1996) and '''Bell Labs Innovations''' (1996–2007)}} commonly referred to as '''Bell Labs''', is an American industrial [[research and development]] company owned by the [[Finland|Finnish]] technology company [[Nokia]]. With headquarters located in [[Murray Hill, New Jersey]], the company operates several laboratories in the United States and around the world.

As a former subsidiary of the [[American Telephone and Telegraph Company]] (AT&T), Bell Labs and its researchers have been credited with the development of [[radio astronomy]], the [[transistor]], the [[laser]], the [[photovoltaic cell]], the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD), [[information theory]], the [[Unix]] operating system, and the [[programming language]]s [[B (programming language)|B]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[S (programming language)|S]], [[SNOBOL]], [[AWK]], [[AMPL]], and others, throughout the 20th century. Eleven [[Nobel Prize]]s and five [[Turing Award]]s have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Nobel Prize in Physics laureate Arthur Ashkin delivers his Nobel Lecture at Nokia Bell Labs |url=https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2018/12/18/2018-nobel-prize-in-physics-laureate-arthur-ashkin-delivers-his-nobel-lecture-at-nokia-bell-labs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407044900/https://www.nokia.com/about-us/news/releases/2018/12/18/2018-nobel-prize-in-physics-laureate-arthur-ashkin-delivers-his-nobel-lecture-at-nokia-bell-labs/ |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |access-date=April 9, 2020 |website=Nokia |language=en}}</ref>

Bell Labs had its origin in the complex corporate organization of the [[Bell System]] telephone conglomerate. The laboratory began operating in the late 19th century as the [[Western Electric]] Engineering Department, located at [[Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)|463 West Street]] in New York City. After years of advancing [[telecommunication]] innovations, the department was reformed into Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925 and placed under the shared ownership of Western Electric and the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. In the 1960s, laboratory and company headquarters were moved to Murray Hill, New Jersey. [[List of Bell Labs alumni|Its alumni]] during this time include a plethora of world-renowned scientists and engineers.

With the [[breakup of the Bell System]], Bell Labs became a subsidiary of [[AT&T Technologies]] in 1984, which resulted in a drastic decline in its funding.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Georgescu |first=Iulia |date=February 2022 |title=Bringing back the golden days of Bell Labs |journal=Nature Reviews Physics |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=76–78 |doi=10.1038/s42254-022-00426-6 |pmid=35103251 |issn=2522-5820|pmc=8792522 |bibcode=2022NatRP...4...76G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brumfiel |first=Geoff |date=2008-08-01 |title=Bell Labs bottoms out |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/454927a |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=454 |issue=7207 |pages=927 |doi=10.1038/454927a |pmid=18719552 |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> In 1996, AT&T spun off AT&T Technologies, which was renamed to [[Lucent Technologies]], using the Murray Hill site for headquarters. Bell Laboratories was split with [[AT&T]] retaining parts as [[AT&T Laboratories]]. In 2006, Lucent merged with French telecommunication company [[Alcatel]] to form [[Alcatel-Lucent]], which was acquired by [[Nokia]] in 2016.

==Origin and historical locations==
=== Bell's personal research after the telephone ===
[[File:Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, Georgetown, Washington, DC (31666507267).jpg|alt=An oblique view of a large salmon colored two-story stone building, of some prominence|thumb|Bell's 1893 [[Volta Bureau]] building in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
In 1880, when the [[French Third Republic|French government]] awarded [[Alexander Graham Bell]] the [[Volta Prize]] of 50,000{{spaces}}[[French franc|francs]] for the [[invention of the telephone]] (equivalent to about US$10,000 at the time, or about ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|10000|1879|r=-4}}}} now),{{Inflation-fn|US}} he used the award to fund the [[Volta Laboratory and Bureau|Volta Laboratory]] (also known as the "Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory") in [[Washington, D.C.]] in collaboration with [[Charles Sumner Tainter|Sumner Tainter]] and Bell's cousin [[Chichester Bell]].<ref name="Bruce1990">Bruce, Robert V. ''Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude''. Ithaca, New York: [[Cornell University|Cornell University Press]], 1990. {{ISBN|0-8014-9691-8}}.</ref> The laboratory was variously known as the ''Volta Bureau'', the ''Bell Carriage House'', the ''Bell Laboratory'' and the ''Volta Laboratory''.

It focused on the analysis, recording, and transmission of sound. Bell used his considerable profits from the laboratory for further research and education advancing the diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf.<ref name="Bruce1990" /> This resulted in the founding of the Volta Bureau ({{circa|1887}}) at the Washington, D.C. home of his father, linguist [[Alexander Melville Bell]]. The carriage house there, at 1527 35th Street N.W., became their headquarters in 1889.<ref name="Bruce1990" />

In 1893, Bell constructed a new building close by at 1537 35th Street N.W., specifically to house the lab.<ref name="Bruce1990" /> This building was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1972.<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web |url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1292&ResourceType=Building |title=Volta Bureau |access-date=May 10, 2008 |website=National Historic Landmark summary listing |publisher=National Park Service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011145610/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1292&ResourceType=Building |archive-date=October 11, 2012}}</ref><ref name="nrhpinv2">{{citation |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Volta Bureau |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/72001436_text |date=n.d. |author=Unsigned |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306070329/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/72001436_text |url-status=live }} and
{{NHLS url|id=72001436|title=''Accompanying three photos, exterior, from 1972''|photos=y}}&nbsp;{{small|(920&nbsp;KB)}}</ref><ref name="dctravelitin">{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/dc14.htm |title=Volta Laboratory & Bureau |access-date=May 10, 2008 |website=Washington D.C. National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary listing |publisher=National Park Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512051946/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/wash/dc14.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After the invention of the telephone, Bell maintained a relatively distant role with the Bell System as a whole, but continued to pursue his own personal research interests.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Alexander Graham Bell, A Life |last=Mackay |first=James |publisher=John Wiley & Sons Inc. |year=1997 |location=US}}</ref>

===Early antecedent===
The Bell Patent Association was formed by [[Alexander Graham Bell]], Thomas Sanders, and [[Gardiner Hubbard]] when filing the first patents for the telephone in 1876.

Bell Telephone Company, the first telephone company, was formed a year later. It later became a part of the American Bell Telephone Company.

In 1884, the [[American Bell Telephone Company]] created the Mechanical Department from the Electrical and Patent Department formed a year earlier.

The American Telephone and Telegraph Company and its own subsidiary company took control of American Bell and the Bell System by 1899.

American Bell held a controlling interest in [[Western Electric]] (which was the manufacturing arm of the business) whereas AT&T was doing research into the service providers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Telephone Enterprise |last=Garnet |first=Robert |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1985 |location=Baltimore, Maryland |pages=1–44}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/about/history-bell-labs/ |title=Nokia Bell Labs History |date=July 20, 2018 |website=Nokia Bell Labs |access-date=July 21, 2018 |archive-date=July 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714130736/http://www.bell-labs.com/about/history-bell-labs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Formal organization and location changes===
[[File:Bell Laboratories West Street.jpg|alt=463 West Street New York Bell Labs|thumb|The [[Bell Laboratories Building]], built at 463 West Street in New York City in 1925]]
In 1896, Western Electric bought property at [[Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)|463 West Street]] to centralize the manufacturers and engineers which had been supplying AT&T with such technology as telephones, [[telephone exchange]] switches and transmission equipment.

During the early 20th century, several historically significant laboratories were established. In 1915, the first radio transmissions were made from a shack in [[Montauk, Long Island]]. That same year, tests were performed on the first transoceanic radio telephone at a house in [[Arlington County, Virginia]].  A radio reception laboratory was established in 1919 in the [[Cliffwood, New Jersey|Cliffwood]] section of [[Aberdeen Township, New Jersey]]. Additionally for 1919, a transmission studies site was established in [[Phoenixville, Pennsylvania]] that built, in 1929, the coaxial conductor line for first tests of long-distance transmission in various frequencies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=R. Linsley |title=Bell Telephone Quarterly-The Geography of the Bell Telephone Laboratories |date=April 1939 |publisher=INFORMATION DEPARTMENT AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY |pages=95–96 |edition=VOLUME XVIII |url=https://archive.org/details/belltelephonemag18amerrich/page/95/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>

On January 1, 1925, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. was organized to consolidate the development and research activities in the communication field and allied sciences for the Bell System. Ownership was evenly shared between Western Electric and AT&T. The new company had 3600 engineers, scientists, and support staff. Its {{Convert|400000|sqft|adj=on}} space was expanded with a new building occupying about one quarter of a city block.<ref name="telephony1925">Telephony, Volume 87(5), p.20, January 31, 1925</ref>

The first chairman of the board of directors was [[John J. Carty]], AT&T's vice president, and the first president was [[Frank B. Jewett]],<ref name="telephony1925"/> also a board member, who stayed there until 1940.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donofrio |first=Angelo |date=May–June 1966 |title=West Street Story |journal=Bell Labs Reporter |volume=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=[[The Idea Factory]] |last=Gertner |first=Jon |publisher=The Penguin Press |year=2012 |location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Manufacturing the Future |last=Adams, Butler |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1999 |location=Cambridge}}</ref> The operations were directed by E. B. Craft, executive vice-president, and formerly chief engineer at Western Electric.

In the early 1920s, a few outdoor facilities and radio communications development facilities were developed. In 1925, the test plot studies were established at [[Gulfport, Mississippi]], where there were numerous telephone pole samples established for wood preservation. At the [[Deal, New Jersey]] location, work was done on ship-to-shore radio telephony. In 1926, in the [[Whippany, New Jersey|Whippany]] section of [[Hanover Township, New Jersey]], land was acquired and established for the development of a 50-kilowatt broadcast transmitter. In 1931, Whippany increased with {{Convert|75|acres}} added from a nearby property. In 1928, a {{Convert|15|acre|adj=on}} site in [[Chester Township, New Jersey]], was leased for outdoor tests, though the facility became inadequate for such purposes. In 1930, the Chester location required the purchase of an additional {{Convert|85|acres}} of land to be used for a new outdoor plant development laboratory. Prior to Chester being established, a test plot was installed in [[Limon, Colorado]] in 1929, similar to the one in Gulfport. The three test plots at Gulfport, Limon, and Chester were outdoor facilities for preservatives and prolonging the use of telephone poles. Additionally, in 1929, a land expansion was done at the Deal Labs to {{Convert|208|acres}}. This added land increased the facility for radio transmission studies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=R. Linsley |title=Bell Telephone Quarterly-The Geography of the Bell Telephone Laboratories |date=April 1939 |publisher=INFORMATION DEPARTMENT AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY |pages=96–102 |edition=VOLUME XVIII |url=https://archive.org/details/belltelephonemag18amerrich/page/95/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>

The beginning of 1930s, established three facilities with radio communications experiments and chemical aspects testing. By 1939, the [[Summit, New Jersey]], chemical laboratory was nearly 10 years established in a three-story building conducted experiments in corrosion, using various fungicides tests on cables, metallic components, or wood. For 1929, land was purchased in [[Holmdel Township, New Jersey]], for a radio reception laboratory to replace the [[Cliffwood, New Jersey|Cliffwood]] location that had been in operation since 1919. In 1930, the Cliffwood location was ending its operations as Holmdel was established. Whereas, in 1930, a location in [[Mendham Township, New Jersey]], was established to continue radio receiver developments farther from the Whippany location and eliminate transmitter interference at that facility with developments. The Mendham location worked on communication equipment and broadcast receivers. These devices were used for marine, aircraft, and police services as well as the location performed precision frequency-measuring apparatus, field strength measurements, and conducted radio interference.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=R. Linsley |title=Bell Telephone Quarterly-The Geography of the Bell Telephone Laboratories |date=April 1939 |publisher=INFORMATION DEPARTMENT AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY |pages=95–102 |edition=VOLUME XVIII |url=https://archive.org/details/belltelephonemag18amerrich/page/95/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>

By the early 1940s, Bell Labs engineers and scientists had begun to move to other locations away from the congestion and environmental distractions of New York City, and in 1967 Bell Laboratories headquarters was officially relocated to [[Murray Hill, New Jersey]].

Among the later Bell Laboratories locations in New Jersey were [[Holmdel Township, New Jersey|Holmdel Township]], [[Crawford Hill]], the [[Deal Test Site]], [[Freehold Borough, New Jersey|Freehold]], [[Lincroft, New Jersey|Lincroft]], [[Long Branch, New Jersey|Long Branch]], [[Middletown Township, New Jersey|Middletown]], [[Neptune Township, New Jersey|Neptune Township]], [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[Piscataway, New Jersey|Piscataway]], [[Red Bank, New Jersey|Red Bank]], [[Chester Township, New Jersey|Chester Township]], and [[Whippany, New Jersey|Whippany]]. Of these, Murray Hill and Crawford Hill remain in existence (the Piscataway and Red Bank locations were transferred to and are now operated by [[Telcordia Technologies]] and the Whippany site was purchased by [[Bayer]]<ref>{{cite web |title=It's official! Bayer buys Alcatel-Lucent site in Hanover Twp |date=May 16, 2012 |url=http://newjerseyhills.com/hanover_eagle/news/it-s-official-bayer-buys-alcatel-lucent-site-in-hanover/article_d32b1704-9fc7-11e1-8336-001a4bcf887a.html?mode=story |publisher=The Hanover Eagle |access-date=May 21, 2012 |archive-date=March 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324150952/http://www.newjerseyhills.com/hanover_eagle/news/it-s-official-bayer-buys-alcatel-lucent-site-in-hanover/article_d32b1704-9fc7-11e1-8336-001a4bcf887a.html?mode=story |url-status=live }}</ref>).

The largest grouping of people in the company was in [[Illinois]], at [[Naperville, Illinois|Naperville]]-[[Lisle, Illinois|Lisle]], in the Chicago area, which had the largest concentration of employees (about 11,000) prior to 2001. There also were groups of employees in [[Indianapolis]], Indiana; [[Columbus, Ohio]]; [[North Andover, Massachusetts]]; [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]]; [[Reading, Pennsylvania]]; and [[Breinigsville, Pennsylvania]]; Burlington, North Carolina (1950s–1970s, moved to Greensboro 1980s) and [[Westminster, Colorado]]. Since 2001, many of the former locations have been scaled down or closed.

[[File:Bell Labs Holmdel.jpg|thumb|The Old [[Bell Labs Holmdel Complex]], located about 20 miles south of New York City, in [[New Jersey]]]]

Bell's [[Bell Labs Holmdel Complex|Holmdel research and development lab]], a {{Convert|1900000|sqft|adj=on}} structure set on {{Convert|473|acres}}, was closed in 2007. The mirrored-glass building was designed by [[Eero Saarinen]]. In August 2013, Somerset Development bought the building, intending to redevelop it into a mixed commercial and residential project. A 2012 article expressed doubt on the success of the newly named Bell Works site,<ref>{{cite news |title=Future takes shape for Bell Labs site |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/11/realestate/commercial/future-takes-shape-for-bell-labs-site.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 11, 2013 |access-date=September 29, 2013 |last1=Kaysen |first1=Ronda |archive-date=September 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919220746/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/11/realestate/commercial/future-takes-shape-for-bell-labs-site.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but several large tenants had announced plans to move in through 2016 and 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icims.com/about-us/news-room/press-releases/icims-plans-move-to-landmark-bell-works-building-commits-to |title=iCIMS Plans Move to Landmark Bell Works Building, Commits to Continued Growth in NJ |date=July 10, 2016 |website=ICIMS.com |access-date=October 10, 2018 |archive-date=July 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195341/https://www.icims.com/about-us/news-room/press-releases/icims-plans-move-to-landmark-bell-works-building-commits-to |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nj.com/monmouth/index.ssf/2017/04/nyc-based_insurance_company_reportedly_signs_lease.html |title=Hundreds of new workers to move into historic Bell Labs building |date=April 10, 2017 |website=NJ.com |access-date=October 10, 2018 |archive-date=October 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010213624/https://www.nj.com/monmouth/index.ssf/2017/04/nyc-based_insurance_company_reportedly_signs_lease.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Building Complex Location (code) information, past and present===
* Chester (CH) – North Road, [[Chester Township, New Jersey]] (began 1930, outdoor test site for small size telephone pole preservation, timber-related equipment, cable laying mechanism for the first undersea voice cable, research for loop transmission, Lucent Technologies donated land for park)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicchesternj.com/images/2015_Spring_CHS_Newsletter_compress_corr_add.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.historicchesternj.com/images/2015_Spring_CHS_Newsletter_compress_corr_add.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Chester Historical Society News & Views |date=2015 |website=Historicchesternj.com |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
* Crawford Hill (HOH) – Crawfords Corner Road, [[Crawford Hill|Holmdel]], NJ (built 1930s, currently as exhibit and building sold, [[Holmdel Horn Antenna|horn antenna]] used for "Big Bang" theory)
* Red Hill (HR) – located at exit 114 on the Garden State Parkway (480 Red Hill Rd, Middletown, NJ), the building that formerly housed hundreds of Bell Labs researchers is now in use by [[Memorial Sloan Kettering]]
* Holmdel (HO) – 101 Crawfords Corner, [[Bell Labs Holmdel Complex|Holmdel]], NJ (built 1959–1962, older structures in the 1920s, currently as private building called Bell Works, discovered extraterrestrial radio emissions, undersea cable research, satellite transmissions systems Telstar 3 and 4); provided office space for ~8000 workers in the 1980s (reaching a peak of ~9000 in 1982); prized glass building with hollow interior designed by [[Eero Saarinen]]; a 3-legged white water tower built to resemble a [[transistor]] marks the long entrance drive to this facility.
* Indian Hill (IH) – 2000 Naperville Road, Naperville, IL (built 1966, currently Nokia, developed switching technology and systems)<ref name="auto">{{cite web |author=Noll, A. Michael |title=Memories : A Personal History of Bell Telephone Laboratories |url=https://quello.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Memories-Noll.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811232343/http://quello.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Memories-Noll.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-11 |url-status=live |website=Quello.msu.edu |access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref>
* Indian Hill New (IHN) – 1960 Lucent Lane, Naperville, IL (built in 2000 by Lucent Technologies for growth of the Indian Hill Bell Labs complex.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lucent Naperville |url=https://www.krjda.com/projects/lucent-naperville |website=www.krjda.com |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> The steel and glass designed, {{Convert|613620|sqft|adj=on}} building with 900 parking places, was sold by Nokia for $4.8 million in April 2023. The buyer, Franklin Partners, purchased the {{Convert|41|acre|adj=on}} site for warehousing but decisions were made to demolish the building for future approved planning. The pedestrian bridge to Indian Hill building was demolished as a separated company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Franklin begins razing of Naperville office complex |url=https://therealdeal.com/chicago/2023/08/28/franklin-begins-razing-of-naperville-office-complex/ |website=therealdeal.com |date=August 28, 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> The conference room<ref>{{cite web |title=The best "Elevator Pitch" of the World? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrIfes1L7NI |website=www.youtube.com | date=10 December 2017 |publisher=Youtube |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> and lobby scenes of the building<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dilemma (2011) – Serious Lady Wood Scene (1/10) Movieclips |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8aK7LsC0G-4 |website=www.youtube.com | date=4 June 2018 |publisher=MovieClips |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> were filmed in July 2010, during Alcatel-Lucent ownership, for the Ron Howard film, ''[[The Dilemma]]''.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Ron Howard movie filming in Naperville |url=https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20100715/news/307159642/ |work=Daily Herald |date=July 14, 2010 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
* Indian Hill Park (IHP) – 200 Park Pl, Naperville, IL (Leased facility until Lucent Technologies consolidation to Indian Hill location.)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wonderly |first1=Gregg |title=What Good is a Tree When All You Have is a Computer? |url=https://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=4350 |website=www.artima.com |publisher=Gregg Wonderly |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>
* Indian Hill South (IX) – Naperville, IL (Leased facility until Lucent Technologies consolidation to Indian Hill location.)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldston |first1=Ed |title=Property Manager |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/henry-ed-goldston |website=www.linkedin.com |publisher=Ed Goldston |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>
* Indian Hill West (IW) – Naperville, IL (Leased facility until Lucent Technologies consolidation to Indian Hill location.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Haywood v. Lucent Technologies Inc. |url=https://casetext.com/case/haywood-v-lucent-technologies-inc-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227050828/https://casetext.com/case/haywood-v-lucent-technologies-inc-1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |website=casetext.com |publisher=Casetext Inc. |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>
* Murray Hill (MH) – 600 Mountain Ave, Murray Hill, NJ (built 1941–1945, currently Nokia, developed transistor, UNIX operating system and C programming language, [[anechoic chamber]], several building sections demolished)
[[File:AT&T Bell Laboratories Whippany New Jersey entrance sign in 1994.jpg|thumb|Whippany Bell Labs was an AT&T location from the mid-1920s until 1996. Lucent Technologies from 1996 to 2006 and Alcatel-Lucent from 2006 to 2009 (closure). The buildings were sold and demolished in 2010, except for two buildings repurposed for Bayer Healthcare.]]
* Network Software Center (NSC and/or NW) – 2500-2600 Warrenville Rd, Lisle, IL (Built in mid 1970s. Owned property under AT&T Bell Labs, then Lucent Technologies constructed an additional building in 2000s. During Alcatel-Lucent consolidation to Indian Hill location, the buildings were placed for sale and sold to [[Navistar]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Navistar proposes moving headquarters to Lisle |url=https://www.villageoflisle.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/170 |website=www.villageoflisle.org |publisher=Lisle Village Newsletter |access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>)
* Short Hills (HL) – 101–103 JFK Parkway, Short Hills, NJ (Various departments such as Accounts Payable, IT Purchasing, HR Personnel, Payroll, Telecom, and the Government group, and Unix Administration Systems Computer Center. Buildings exist without the overhead walkway between the two buildings and two different companies are located from banking and business analytics.)
* Summit (SF) – 190 River Road, Summit, NJ (building was part of the UNIX Software Operations and became UNIX System Laboratories, Inc. In December 1991, USL combined with Novell. Location is a banking company.)
* West St ( ) – 463 West Street, New York, NY (built 1898, 1925 until December 1966 as Bell Labs headquarters, experimental talking movies, wave nature of matter, radar)
* Whippany (WH) – 67 Whippany Road, Whippany, NJ (built 1920s, demolished and portion building as Bayer, performed military research and development, research and development in radar, in guidance for the [[Project Nike|Nike missile]], and in underwater sound, [[Telstar 1]], wireless technologies)<ref name="auto" />

===List of Bell Labs (1974)===
Bell Lab's 1974 corporate directory listed 22 labs in the United States, located in:
* Allentown – Allentown, PA
* Atlanta – Norcross, GA
* Centennial Park – Piscataway, NJ
* Chester – Chester, NJ
* Columbus – Columbus, OH
* Crawford Hill – Holmdel, NJ
* Denver – Denver, CO
* Grand Forks-MSR – Cavalier, ND [Missile Site Radar (MSR) Site]
* Grand Forks-PAR – Cavalier, ND [Perimeter Acquisition Radar (PAR) Site]
* Guilford Center – Greensboro, NC
* [[Bell Labs Holmdel Complex|Holmdel]] – Holmdel, NJ
* Indianapolis – Indianapolis, IN
* Indian Hill – Naperville, IL
* [[Kwajalein]] – San Francisco, CA<ref>[https://s3.amazonaws.com/arena-attachments/1606731/a41cb3f6903d5ace340477d62a8bbf73.pdf?1516213556 The Idea Factory]</ref><ref>[https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Bell-Laboratories-Record/Bell-Labs-50th-Anniversary.pdf Bell Labs 50th anniversary] worldradiohistory.com</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ethw.org/Bell_Labs | title=Bell Labs | date=August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/AA00061588/04647 | title=The Kwajalein hourglass | access-date=2024-01-23 | archive-date=2024-01-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123115309/https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/AA00061588/04647 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Madison – Madison, NJ
* Merrimack Valley – North Andover, MA
* Murray Hill – Murray Hill, NJ
* Raritan River Center – Piscataway, NJ
* Reading – Reading, PA
* Union – Union, NJ
* Warren Service Center – Warren, NJ
* Whippany – Whippany, NJ

===List of Bell Labs (2024)===
Nokia Bell Labs' 2024 website pictured 10 labs, located in:<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Global Research Locations |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/about/locations/#gref |website=www.bell-labs.com |date=January 25, 2023 |publisher=Nokia |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref>
* Antwerp – (Copernicuslaan 50, 2018 [[Antwerp, Belgium]])
* Budapest – (Skypark 8A, Bókay János utca 36–42, 1083, [[Budapest, Hungary]])
* Cambridge – (Broers Building, 21 J.J. Thomson Avenue, [[Cambridge]], CB3 0FA, United Kingdom)
* Espoo – (Karaportti 3 FI-02610, [[Espoo, Finland]])
* Munich – (Werinherstrasse 91 81541, [[Munich, Germany]])
* Murray Hill – (600 Mountain Avenue, [[Murray Hill, New Jersey]] 07974-0636) (Global Headquarters)
* Oulu – (Kaapelitie 4, 90620 [[Oulu, Finland]])
* Paris – (12 rue Jean Bart, 91300 Massy) [[Paris-Saclay]], Nozay, France
* Shanghai – (No.388 Ningqiao Road, Pudong Jinqiao, [[Shanghai]] 201206 China
* Stuttgart – (Magirusstraße 8, 70469 [[Stuttgart, Germany]])

Also listed as research locations without additional information was [[Sunnyvale, California]], US and [[Tampere, Finland]].

The [[Naperville, Illinois]] Bell Labs location near Chicago was considered the Chicago Innovation Center and hosted Nokia's second annual Algorithm World event in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nokia Algorithm World 2022 |url=https://www.nokia.com/about-us/company/worldwide-presence/north-america/ |website=www.nokia.com |publisher=Nokia |access-date=31 January 2024}}</ref>

==Discoveries and developments==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2018}}
Bell Laboratories was, and is, regarded by many as the premier research facility of its type, developing a wide range of revolutionary technologies, including [[radio astronomy]], the [[transistor]], the [[laser]], [[information theory]], the operating system [[Unix]], the programming languages [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[C++]], [[solar cells]], the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD), and many other optical, wireless, and wired communications technologies and systems.

===1920s===
In 1924, Bell Labs physicist [[Walter A. Shewhart]] proposed the [[control chart]] as a method to determine when a process was in a state of statistical control. Shewhart's methods were the basis for [[statistical process control]] (SPC): the use of statistically based tools and techniques to manage and improve processes. This was the origin of the modern quality control movement, including [[Six Sigma]].

In 1926, the laboratories invented an early [[Sound film|synchronous-sound motion picture]] system, in competition with [[Movietone sound system|Fox Movietone]] and [[Phonofilm|DeForest Phonofilm]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015241 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503182230/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015241 |archive-date=May 3, 2006 |title=Bell Laboratories |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref>

In 1927, a Bell team headed by [[Herbert E. Ives]] successfully transmitted long-distance 128-line television images of [[Secretary of Commerce]] [[Herbert Hoover]] from Washington to New York. In 1928 the [[thermal noise]] in a resistor was first measured by [[John Bertrand Johnson|John B. Johnson]], for which [[Harry Nyquist]] provided the theoretical analysis; this is now termed ''Johnson-Nyquist noise''. During the 1920s, the [[one-time pad]] [[cipher]] was invented by [[Gilbert Vernam]] and [[Joseph Mauborgne]] at the laboratories. Bell Labs' [[Claude Shannon]] later proved that it is unbreakable.

In 1928, [[Harold Stephen Black|Harold Black]] invented the negative feedback system commonly used in amplifiers. Later, [[Harry Nyquist]] analyzed Black's design rule for negative feedback. This work was published in 1932 and became known as the [[Nyquist stability criterion|Nyquist criterion]].

===1930s===
[[File:Green Banks - Jansky Antena.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of the directional antenna used in the discovery of radio emission of extraterrestrial origin by [[Karl Guthe Jansky]] at [[Bell Telephone Laboratories]] in 1932]]
In 1931, a foundation for [[radio astronomy]] was laid by [[Karl Jansky]] during his work investigating the origins of static on long-distance [[Shortwave bands|shortwave communications]]. He discovered that radio waves were being emitted from the center of the [[galaxy]].

In 1931 and 1932, the labs made experimental high fidelity, long playing, and even stereophonic recordings of the [[Philadelphia Orchestra]], conducted by [[Leopold Stokowski]].<ref>[https://www.stokowski.org/Harvey_Fletcher_and_Bell_Labs_Stereo.htm Leopold Stokowski, Harvey Fletcher, and the Bell Laboratories Experimental Recordings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227150259/https://www.stokowski.org/Harvey_Fletcher_and_Bell_Labs_Stereo.htm |date=December 27, 2019 }}, Stokowski.org. Retrieved March 3, 2020.</ref>

In 1933, [[Stereophonic sound|stereo signals]] were transmitted live from [[Philadelphia]] to Washington, D.C.

In 1937, the [[vocoder]], an electronic speech compression device, or codec, and the [[Voder]], the first electronic [[Speech synthesis|speech synthesizer]], were developed and demonstrated by [[Homer Dudley]], the Voder being demonstrated at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Bell researcher [[Clinton Davisson]] shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with [[George Paget Thomson]] for the discovery of [[electron diffraction]], which helped lay the foundation for [[solid-state electronics]].

===1940s===
[[File:Replica-of-first-transistor.jpg|thumb|A replica of the first [[transistor]], a [[point-contact transistor|point-contact]] [[germanium]] device, invented at Bell Laboratories in 1947]]
In the early 1940s, the [[photovoltaic cell]] was developed by [[Russell Ohl]]. In 1943, Bell developed [[SIGSALY]], the first digital scrambled speech transmission system, used by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in [[World War II]]. The British wartime codebreaker [[Alan Turing]] visited the labs at this time, working on speech encryption and meeting [[Claude Shannon]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link1=Jack Copeland |first1=Jack |last1=Copeland |author-link2=Jonathan Bowen |first2=Jonathan |last2=Bowen |chapter=Chapter 1: Life and work & Chapter 18: Delilah—encrypting speech |title=The Turing Guide |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0198747833 |title-link=The Turing Guide}}</ref>

Bell Labs Quality Assurance Department gave the world and the United States such statisticians as [[Walter A. Shewhart]], [[W. Edwards Deming]], [[Harold F. Dodge]], [[George D. Edwards]], Harry Romig, R. L. Jones, Paul Olmstead, E.G.D. Paterson, and [[Mary N. Torrey]]. During World War II, Emergency Technical Committee – Quality Control, drawn mainly from Bell Labs' statisticians, was instrumental in advancing Army and Navy ammunition acceptance and material sampling procedures.

In 1947, the [[transistor]], arguably the most important invention developed by Bell Laboratories, was invented by [[John Bardeen]], [[Walter Houser Brattain]], and [[William Shockley|William Bradford Shockley]] (who subsequently shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956). Also in 1947, [[Douglas H. Ring]] of Bell Labs introduced the idea of using hexagonal "cells" to reuse frequencies in mobile [[Radiotelephone|radiotelephony]], laying the theoretical groundwork for modern [[Cellular network|cellular networks]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ring |first=Douglas H. |date=December 1947 |title=Mobile Telephony — Wide Area Coverage |url=http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207062016/http://www.privateline.com/archive/Ringcellreport1947.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2012-02-07 |journal=Bell Laboratories Record |volume=25 |issue=12 |pages=335–344}}</ref> The same year, [[Richard Hamming]] invented [[Hamming code]]s for [[error detection and correction]]. For patent reasons, his result was not published until 1950.

In 1948, "[[A Mathematical Theory of Communication]]", one of the founding works in [[information theory]], was published by [[Claude Shannon]] in the ''[[Bell System Technical Journal]]''. It built in part on earlier work in the field by Bell researchers [[Harry Nyquist]] and [[Ralph Hartley]], but went much further. Bell Labs also introduced a series of increasingly complex calculators through the decade. Shannon was also the founder of [[History of cryptography|modern cryptography]] with his 1949 paper ''[[Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems]]''.

====Calculators====
<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irvine |first=M. M. |date=July 2001 |title=Early digital computers at Bell Telephone Laboratories |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=22–42 |doi=10.1109/85.948904 |bibcode=2001IAHC...23c..22I |issn=1058-6180}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oyBUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |title=Birthing the Computer: From Relays to Vacuum Tubes |last1=Kaisler |first1=Stephen H. |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=9781443896313 |pages=32–37 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Three: Stibitz's Relay Computers |access-date=January 17, 2019 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017045959/https://books.google.com/books?id=oyBUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Model I: A [[complex number calculator]], completed in 1939 and put into operation in 1940, for doing calculations of [[complex number]]s.
* Model II: Relay Computer / Relay Interpolator,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cesareo |first1=O. |title=THE RELAY INTERPOLATOR |journal=Bell Laboratories Record |date=December 1946 |volume=XXIV |issue=12 |pages=457–460 |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Bell_Laboratories_Record_Issue_Key.htm |access-date=September 8, 2018 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050000/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Bell_Laboratories_Record_Issue_Key.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> September 1943, for interpolating data points of flight profiles (needed for performance testing of a gun director).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Akera |first1=Atsushi |title=Calculating a Natural World: Scientists, Engineers, and Computers During the Rise of U.S. Cold War Research |date=2008 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=9780262512039 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmSYJkh8WxUC&pg=PA57 |language=en |access-date=January 17, 2019 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050000/https://books.google.com/books?id=KmSYJkh8WxUC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> This model introduced error detection (self checking).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Belzer |first1=Jack |last2=Holzman |first2=Albert G. |last3=Kent |first3=Allen |title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology: Volume 3 – Ballistics Calculations to Box–Jenkins Approach to Time Series Analysis and Forecasting |date=1976 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780824722531 |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8IXArCuNWy4C&pg=PA197 |language=en |access-date=January 17, 2019 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050001/https://books.google.com/books?id=8IXArCuNWy4C&pg=PA197#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQwE8Gpsj5EC&pg=PA2 |title=Logic Design: A Review Of Theory And Practice |author=Glen G. Jr. Langdon |isbn=9780323160452 |date=December 2, 2012 |publisher=Elsevier |access-date=January 17, 2019 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050001/https://books.google.com/books?id=sQwE8Gpsj5EC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Model III: Ballistic Computer,<ref>{{cite web |title=Model III computer. Frame with covers removed |date=n.d. |publisher=[[Erwin Tomash#The Erwin Tomash Library|The Erwin Tomash Library]] |url=http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/Tomash/Images%20web%20site/Image%20files/A%20Images/pages/Andrews.Review%20of%20Bell%20labs%20digital%20computers.Model%20III.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113081839/http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/Tomash/Images%20web%20site/Image%20files/A%20Images/pages/Andrews.Review%20of%20Bell%20labs%20digital%20computers.Model%20III.htm |archive-date=January 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Juley |first1=Joseph |title=THE BALLISTIC COMPUTER |journal=Bell Laboratories Record |date=January 1947 |volume=XXV |issue=1 |pages=5–9 |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Bell_Laboratories_Record_Issue_Key.htm |access-date=September 8, 2018 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050000/https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Bell_Laboratories_Record_Issue_Key.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> June 1944, for calculations of ballistic trajectories.
* Model IV: Error Detector Mark II, March 1945,<ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_onrASurveyomputers1953_8778395/A_Survey_Of_Automatic_Digital_Computers_1953#page/n68/search/bell |title=A survey of automatic digital computers |last1=Research |first1=United States Office of Naval |date=1953 |publisher=Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy |others=Model V-VI IV |pages=9–10, 63 (in reader: 15–16, 69) |language=en}}</ref> an improved ballistic computer.
* [[Model V]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oplib.ru/random/view/161936 |title=Г. – Bell Labs – Model V |website=oplib.ru |language=ru |trans-title=G. – Bell Labs – Model V |access-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012044238/http://oplib.ru/random/view/161936 |url-status=dead }}</ref> General-purpose electromechanical computer, of which two were built, July 1946 and February 1947<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQ9LAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Computer Science |last1=Reilly |first1=Edwin D. |last2=Ralston |first2=Anthony |last3=Hemmendinger |first3=David |date=2000 |publisher=Nature Publishing Group |isbn=9781561592487 |page=548 |language=en |access-date=January 17, 2019 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050002/https://books.google.com/books?id=yQ9LAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>
* {{Cite journal |last=Alt |first=Franz L. |date=1948 |title=A Bell Telephone Laboratories' computing machine. I |journal=Mathematics of Computation |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=21 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1090/S0025-5718-1948-0023118-1 |issn=0025-5718 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Alt |first=Franz L. |date=1948 |title=A Bell Telephone Laboratories' computing machine. II |journal=Mathematics of Computation |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=22 |pages=69–84 |doi=10.1090/S0025-5718-1948-0025271-2 |issn=0025-5718 |doi-access=free}}
</ref>
* [[Model V#Model VI|Model VI]]: 1949, an enhanced Model V.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

===1950s===
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2020}}
The 1950s also saw developments based upon [[information theory]]. The central development was [[binary code]] systems. Efforts concentrated on the prime mission of supporting the Bell System with engineering advances, including the N-carrier system, TD [[microwave radio relay]], [[direct distance dialing]], E-[[repeater]], [[wire spring relay]], and the [[Number Five Crossbar Switching System]].

In 1952, [[William Gardner Pfann]] revealed the method of [[zone melting]], which enabled semiconductor purification and level doping.

In 1953, [[Maurice Karnaugh]] developed the [[Karnaugh map]], used for managing of [[Boolean algebra (logic)|Boolean algebraic]] expressions.

In January 1954, Bell Labs built one of the first completely transistorized computer machines,<ref>{{cite web |title=CED in the History of Media Technology |url=https://www.cedmagic.com/history/tradic-transistorized.html#:~:text=TRADIC%20stands%20for%20TRAnisitor%20DIgital,a%20computer%20for%20airborne%20use. |website=www.cedmagic.com |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> [[TRADIC]] or Flyable TRADIC,<ref>{{cite news |title=TRADIC - The "Super Computer" |url=https://www.rfcafe.com/references/popular-electronics/tradic-super-computer-popular-electronics-june-1955.htm |website=www.rfcafe.com |publisher=Popular Electronics |access-date=27 November 2023 |last1=Cafe |first1=Kirt Blattenberger }}</ref> for the United States Air Force with 10,358 germanium point-contact diodes and 684 Bell Labs Type 1734 Type A cartridge transistors.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} The design team was led by electrical engineer Jean Howard Felker with James R. Harris and Louis C. Brown ("Charlie Brown") as the lead engineers on the project, which started in 1951.<ref>{{cite web |title=1953: TRANSISTORIZED COMPUTERS EMERGE |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/transistorized-computers-emerge/ |website=www.computerhistory.org |publisher=CHM Computer History Museum |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref> The device took only 3 cubic-feet and consumed 100 watt power for its small and low powered design in comparison to the vacuum tube designs of the times. The device could be installed in a B-52 Stratofortress Bomber and had a performance up to one million logical operations a second. The flyable program used a Mylar sheet with punched holes, instead of the removable plugboard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laude |first1=David |title=A History of Semiconductors from the Archaic to the Monolithic |date=March 2012 |url=https://bmwmotorcycletech.info/AHistoryofSemiconductors.pdf |page=13}}</ref>

In 1954, the first modern [[solar cell]] was invented at Bell Laboratories.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2008|title=This Month in Physics History|url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200904/physicshistory.cfm|journal=APS News|publisher=[[American Physical Society]]|volume=18|issue=4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520014129/https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200904/physicshistory.cfm|archive-date=2021-05-20}}</ref>

In 1955, [[Carl Frosch]] and Lincoln Derick discovered semiconductor surface passivation by silicon dioxide.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref>

In 1956 [[TAT-1]], the first [[transatlantic communications cable]] to carry telephone conversations, was laid between Scotland and Newfoundland in a joint effort by AT&T, Bell Laboratories, and British and Canadian telephone companies.

In 1957, [[Max Mathews]] created [[MUSIC-N|MUSIC]], one of the first computer programs to play [[electronic music]]. [[Robert C. Prim]] and [[Joseph Kruskal]] developed new [[greedy algorithm]]s that revolutionized [[network planning and design|computer network design]].

In 1957 Frosch and Derick, using masking and predeposition, were able to manufacture silicon dioxide field effect transistors; the first planar transistors, in which drain and source were adjacent at the same surface. They showed that silicon dioxide insulated, protected silicon wafers and prevented dopants from diffusing into the wafer.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1958, a technical paper by [[Arthur Schawlow]] and [[Charles Hard Townes]] first described the [[laser]].

Following Frosch and Derick research, [[Mohamed Atalla]] and [[Dawon Kahng]] proposed a silicon MOS transistor in 1959<ref name="Bassett22">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> and successfully demonstrated a working MOS device with their Bell Labs team in 1960.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> Their team included E. E. LaBate and E. I. Povilonis who fabricated the device; M. O. Thurston, L. A. D’Asaro, and J. R. Ligenza who developed the diffusion processes, and H. K. Gummel and R. Lindner who characterized the device.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref>

K. E. Daburlos and H. J. Patterson of Bell Laboratories continued on the work of C. Frosch and L. Derick, and developed a process similar to Hoerni's [[planar process]] about the same time.<ref name="Lojek1203">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref>

J.R. Ligenza and W.G. Spitzer studied the mechanism of thermally grown oxides, fabricated a high quality Si/[[Silicon dioxide|SiO<sub>2</sub>]] stack and published their results in 1960.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref>

===1960s===
On October 1, 1960, the Kwajalein Field Station was announced as a location for the [[Nike Zeus]] test program. Mr. R. W. Benfer was the first director to arrive shortly on October 5 for the program. Bell Labs designed many of the major system elements and conducted fundamental investigations of phase-controlled scanning antenna arrays.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/ABM_Bell/ABM_Pt1.htm |title=Part I. HISTORY OF ABM DEVELOPMENT |website=Alternatewars.com |access-date=July 25, 2022 |archive-date=April 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183154/http://www.alternatewars.com/WW3/WW3_Documents/ABM_Bell/ABM_Pt1.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:US Patent 3118022 - Gerhard M. Sessler James E. West - Bell labs - electroacustic transducer - foil electret condenser microphone 1962 1964 - pages 1-3.png|thumb|The patent for the electret microphone, an invention by Gerhard Sessler and James West]]
[[File:Bell Laboratories logo.svg|alt=Bell Laboratories Logo from 1969 to 1983|thumb|Logo used from 1969 until 1983, featuring the icon designed by [[Saul Bass]]]]
In December 1960, [[Ali Javan]], PhD physicist from the University of Tehran, Iran with help by [[Rolf Seebach]] and his associates [[Dr. William R. Bennett Jr.|William Bennett]] and Donald Heriot, successfully operated the first [[gas laser]], the first continuous-light laser, operating at an unprecedented accuracy and color purity.

In 1962, the [[electret microphone]] was invented by [[Gerhard Sessler|Gerhard M. Sessler]] and [[James West (inventor)|James E. West]]. Also in 1962, [[John R. Pierce]]'s vision of [[communications satellite]]s was realized by the launch of [[Telstar]].

On July 10, 1962, the Telstar spacecraft was launched into orbit by NASA and it was designed and built by Bell Laboratories. The first worldwide television broadcast was July 23, 1962 with a press conference by President Kennedy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eyesofageneration.com/july-23-1962-first-world-wide-television-broadcast-via-telstaron-monday-aft/#:~:text=July%2023%2C%201962%E2%80%A6-,First%20World%20Wide%20Television%20Broadcast%20Via%20Telstar,broadcast%20with%20NBC's%20Chet%20Huntley. |title=Eyes Of A Generation…Television's Living History |website=Eyesofageneration.com |date=23 July 2016 |access-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226032604/https://eyesofageneration.com/july-23-1962-first-world-wide-television-broadcast-via-telstaron-monday-aft/#:~:text=July%2023%2C%201962%E2%80%A6-,First%20World%20Wide%20Television%20Broadcast%20Via%20Telstar,broadcast%20with%20NBC's%20Chet%20Huntley. |url-status=live }}</ref>

In Spring 1964, the building of an electronic switching systems center was planned at Bell Laboratories near Naperville, Illinois. The building in 1966 would be called Indian Hill, and development work from former electronic switching organization at Holmdel and Systems Equipment Engineering organization would occupy the laboratory with engineers from Western Electric Hawthorne Works. Scheduled for work were about 1,200 people when completed in 1966, and peaked at 11,000 before October 2001 Lucent Technologies downsizing occurred.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Iardella |first1=Albert B. |title=Western Electric and the Bell System-A SURVEY OF SERVICE |year=1964 |publisher=Western Electric Company |pages=20 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Catalogs/Western-Electric/WEandBellSystemBook.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200905150611/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Catalogs/Western-Electric/WEandBellSystemBook.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-05 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

In 1964, the [[carbon dioxide laser]] was invented by [[Kumar Patel]] and the discovery/operation of the [[Nd:YAG laser]] was demonstrated by Joseph E. Geusic ''et al.'' Experiments by [[Myriam Sarachik]] provided the first data that confirmed the [[Kondo effect]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=August 31, 2020 |title=Myriam Sarachik Never Gave Up on Physics |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/31/science/myriam-sarachik-physics.html |access-date=October 13, 2021 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831164630/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/31/science/myriam-sarachik-physics.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The research of [[Philip W. Anderson]] into electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems led to improved understanding of metals and insulators for which he was awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Physics]] in 1977.<ref>Banks, Michael, "[https://physicsworld.com/a/condensed-matter-physics-pioneer-philip-anderson-dies-aged-96/ Condensed-matter physics pioneer Philip Anderson dies aged 96] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331110547/https://physicsworld.com/a/condensed-matter-physics-pioneer-philip-anderson-dies-aged-96/ |date=March 31, 2020 }}", ''[[Physics World]]'', March 30, 2020</ref> 
In 1965, Penzias and Wilson discovered the [[cosmic microwave background]], for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 |website=Nobelprize.org |access-date=February 24, 2011 |archive-date=August 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801071241/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Frank W. Sinden, Edward E. Zajac, [[Ken Knowlton]], and [[A. Michael Noll]] made computer-animated movies during the early to mid-1960s. [[Ken Knowlton]] invented the computer animation language [[BEFLIX]]. The first digital computer art was created in 1962 by Noll.

In 1966, [[orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing]] (OFDM), a key technology in wireless services, was developed and patented by R. W. Chang.

In December 1966, the [[Bell Laboratories Building (Manhattan)|New York City site]] was sold and became the [[Westbeth Artists Community]] complex.
[[File:Nobel Prize 2009-Press Conference KVA-19.jpg|thumb|The charge-coupled device was invented by George E. Smith and Willard Boyle.]]
In 1968, [[molecular beam epitaxy]] was developed by J.R. Arthur and A.Y. Cho; molecular beam epitaxy allows semiconductor chips and laser matrices to be manufactured one atomic layer at a time.

In 1969, [[Dennis Ritchie]] and [[Ken Thompson]] created the computer operating system [[UNIX]] for the support of telecommunication switching systems as well as general-purpose computing. Also, in 1969, the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) was invented by [[Willard Boyle]] and [[George E. Smith]], for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009.

From 1969 to 1971, [[Aaron Marcus]], the first graphic designer involved with computer graphics, researched, designed, and programmed a prototype interactive page-layout system for the Picturephone.

===1970s===
[[File:The C Programming Language logo.svg|thumb|The C programming language was developed in 1972.]]

The 1970s and 1980s saw more and more computer-related inventions at the Bell Laboratories as part of the [[personal computing]] revolution.

In the 1970s, major central office technology evolved from crossbar electromechanical relay-based technology and discrete transistor logic to Bell Labs-developed thick film hybrid and [[transistor–transistor logic]] (TTL), stored program-controlled switching systems; [[1ESS switch|1A]]/[[4ESS switch|#4 TOLL]] Electronic Switching Systems (ESS) and 2A Local Central Offices produced at the Bell Labs Naperville and Western Electric Lisle, Illinois facilities. This technology evolution dramatically reduced floor space needs. The new ESS also came with its own diagnostic software that needed only a switchman and several frame technicians to maintain.

About 1970, the coax-22 cable was developed by Bell Labs. This coax cable with 22 strands had a total capacity of 132,000 telephone calls. Previously, a 12-strand coax cable was used for L-carrier systems. Both of these types of cables were manufactured at Western Electrics' Baltimore Works facility on machines designed by a Western Electric Senior development engineer.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebmi.org/portfolio/western-electric-baltimore-works/ |title=Baltimore Works |access-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-date=November 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127021240/https://www.thebmi.org/portfolio/western-electric-baltimore-works/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1970, [[A. Michael Noll]] invented a tactile, force-feedback system, coupled with interactive stereoscopic computer display.

In 1971, an improved task priority system for computerized [[telephone exchange]] switching systems for telephone traffic was invented by [[Erna Schneider Hoover]], who received one of the first [[software patent]]s for it.

In 1972, [[Dennis Ritchie]] developed the compiled programming language [[C (programming language)|C]] as a replacement for the interpreted language [[B (programming language)|B]], which was then used in a [[worse is better]] rewrite of UNIX. Also, the language [[AWK]] was designed and implemented by [[Alfred Aho]], [[Peter Weinberger]], and [[Brian Kernighan]] of Bell Laboratories. Also in 1972, [[Marc Rochkind]] invented the [[Source Code Control System]].

In 1976, [[optical fiber]] systems were first tested in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].

Production of their first internally designed [[microprocessor]], the [[BELLMAC-8]], began in 1977. In 1980 they demonstrated the first single-chip [[32-bit]] microprocessor, the [[Bellmac 32]]A, which went into production in 1982.

In 1978, the proprietary operating system [[Oryx/Pecos]] was developed from scratch by Bell Labs in order to run AT&T's large-scale [[PBX/IPBX|PBX]] switching equipment. It was first used with AT&T's flagship System 75, and until very recently was used in all variations up through and including Definity G3 (Generic 3) switches, now manufactured by [[Avaya]].

===1980s===
[[File:AT&T Bell Laboratories logo.svg|thumb|Bell Laboratories logo, used from 1984 until 1996]]
[[File:Teletype DMD 5620.jpg|thumb|Teletype/AT&T 5620 DMD version of the Blit. Terminal software written by Rob Pike and hardware designed by Bart Locanthi, Jr.]]
During the 1980s, the operating system [[Plan 9 from Bell Labs]] was developed extending the UNIX model. Also, the [[Radiodrum]], an electronic music instrument played in three space dimensions, was invented.

In 1980, the [[Time-division multiple access|TDMA]] digital cellular telephone technology was patented.

In late 1981, the Bell Labs Research organization internal use of a terminal called Jerq led to the [[Blit (computer terminal)|Blit terminal]] being renamed by designers [[Rob Pike]] and Bart Locanthi, Jr for the UNIX operating system. It was a programmable bitmap graphics terminal using multi-layers of opened windows operated by a keyboard and a distinguished red-colored three-button digitized mouse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blit |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9d9iwTVDr4 |website=www.youtube.com | date=23 December 2020 |publisher=Association of Computing Machinery |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> It was later known as the AT&T 5620 DMD terminal for commercial sales. The Blit used the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, whereas the Teletype/AT&T 5620 Dot Mapped Display terminal used the Western Electric WE32000 microprocessor.<ref>{{cite web |title=AT&T/Teletype 5620 Dot Mapped Display Terminal |url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/retrocomputing/att/5620/ |website=www.brouhaha.com |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref>

The launching of the Bell Labs Fellows Award started in 1982 to recognize and honor scientists and engineers who have made outstanding and sustained R&D contributions at AT&T with a level of distinction. As of the 2021 inductees, 336 people have received the honor.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fitchard |first1=Kevin |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/meet-the-new-bell-labs-fellows/#gref |title=Meet the new Bell Labs Fellows |work=Nokia Bell Labs |date=23 November 2021 |access-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728223706/https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/meet-the-new-bell-labs-fellows/#gref |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie were also Bell Labs Fellows for 1982. Ritchie started in 1967 at Bell Labs in the Bell Labs Computer Systems Research department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alcatel Lucent SA : Alcatel-Lucent's Bell Labs hosts event to explore the impact of software on society and to honor the life of Dennis Ritchie - the co-inventor of UNIX® |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ALCATEL-L-ADR-MUN-11612/news/Alcatel-Lucent-SA-Alcatel-Lucent-s-Bell-Labs-hosts-event-to-explore-the-impact-of-software-on-soci-14489394/ |website=Marketscreener |date=September 5, 2012 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119075613/https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ALCATEL-L-ADR-MUN-11612/news/Alcatel-Lucent-SA-Alcatel-Lucent-s-Bell-Labs-hosts-event-to-explore-the-impact-of-software-on-soci-14489394/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Thompson started in 1966. Both co-inventors of the UNIX operating system and C language were also awarded decades later the 2011 Japan Prize for Information and Communications.

In 1982, [[fractional quantum Hall effect]] was discovered by [[Horst Ludwig Störmer|Horst Störmer]] and former Bell Laboratories researchers [[Robert B. Laughlin]] and [[Daniel C. Tsui]]; they consequently won a Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery.

In 1984, the first photoconductive antennas for picosecond electromagnetic radiation were demonstrated by Auston and others. This type of antenna became an important component in [[terahertz time-domain spectroscopy]]. In 1984, [[Karmarkar's algorithm]] for linear programming was developed by mathematician [[Narendra Karmarkar]]. Also in 1984, [[Modification of Final Judgment|a divestiture agreement]] signed in 1982 with the American Federal government forced the breakup of AT&T, and [[Bellcore]] (now [[iconectiv]]) was split off from Bell Laboratories to provide the same R&D functions for the newly created [[local exchange carrier]]s. AT&T also was limited to using the Bell trademark only in association with Bell Laboratories. ''Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.'' became a wholly owned company of the new [[AT&T Technologies]] unit, the former Western Electric. The [[5ESS Switch]] was developed during this transition.

The National Medal of Technology was awarded to Bell Labs, the first corporation to achieve this honor in February 1985.<ref>{{cite journal |title=National Medal of Technology awarded |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v063n008.p008 |journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive |date=February 25, 1985 |volume=63 |issue=8 |page=8 |doi=10.1021/cen-v063n008.p008 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119082001/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v063n008.p008 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In 1985, [[laser cooling]] was used to slow and manipulate atoms by [[Steven Chu]] and team. In 1985, the modeling language ''A Mathematical Programming Language'', [[AMPL]], was developed by [[Robert Fourer]], David M. Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories. Also in 1985, Bell Laboratories was awarded the [[National Medal of Technology]] "For contribution over decades to modern communication systems".

In 1985,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/explore/stories-changed-world/bjarne-stroustrop-awarded-prize-c-language/ |title=The Rise of C++ – Bell Labs |website=Bell-labs.com |access-date=May 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630230413/http://bell-labs.com/explore/stories-changed-world/bjarne-stroustrop-awarded-prize-c-language/ |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the programming language [[C++]] had its first commercial release.<ref name="JANA">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wolEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |title=C++ AND OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PARADIGM |last=JANA |first=DEBASISH |date=October 1, 2014 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120350335 |language=en |access-date=May 9, 2017 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050002/https://books.google.com/books?id=wolEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bjarne Stroustrup]] started developing C++ at Bell Laboratories in 1979 as an extension to the original C language.<ref name="JANA" />

[[Arthur Ashkin]] invented optical tweezers that grab particles, atoms, viruses and other living cells with their laser beam fingers. A major breakthrough came in 1987, when Ashkin used the tweezers to capture living bacteria without harming them. He immediately began studying biological systems using the optical tweezers, which are now widely used to investigate the machinery of life.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US |access-date=October 2, 2018 |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209010109/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics (2018) for his work involving optical tweezers and their application to biological systems.

In the mid-1980s, the Transmission System departments of Bell Labs developed highly reliable long-haul [[fiber-optic communication]]s systems based on [[SONET]], and network operations techniques that made very high-volume, near-instantaneous communications across the North American continent possible. Fail-safe and disaster-related traffic management operations systems enhanced the usefulness of the fiber optics. There was a synergy in the land-based and sea-based fiber optic systems even though they were developed by different divisions within the company. These systems are still in use throughout the U.S. today.

Charles A. Burrus became a Bell Labs Fellow in 1988 for his work done as a Technical Staff member. Prior to this accomplishment, was awarded in 1982 the AT&T Bell Laboratories Distinguished Technical Staff Award. Charles started in 1955 at the Holmdel Bell Labs location and retired in 1996 with consultations to Lucent Technologies up to 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Charles A. Burrus |url=https://www.optica.org/en-us/history/biographies/bios/charles_a_burrus/ |website=Optica |date=17 September 2021 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119093529/https://www.optica.org/en-us/history/biographies/bios/charles_a_burrus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1988, [[TAT-8]] became the first transatlantic [[fiber-optic cable]]. Bell Labs in Freehold, NJ developed the 1.3-micron fiber, cable, splicing, laser detector, and 280&nbsp;Mbit/s repeater for 40,000 telephone-call capacity.

In the late 1980s, realizing that voiceband modems were approaching the [[Noisy-channel coding theorem|Shannon limit]] on bit rate, [[Richard D. Gitlin]], Jean-Jacques Werner and their colleagues pioneered a major breakthrough. They invented DSL ([[digital subscriber line]]), the technology that achieved megabit transmission on installed copper telephone lines, and this facilitated the broadband era.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=4924492 |title=Wideband transmission of digital signals |pubdate=May 8, 1990 |fdate=1992-10-20 |invent1=Richard D. Gitlin |invent2=Sailesh K. Rao |invent3=Jean-Jacques Werner |invent4=Nicholas Zervos |assign1=AT&T Corp}}</ref>

===1990s===
Bell Labs' John Mayo received the National Medal of Technology in 1990.<ref name="sciencedaily.com">{{cite web |title=Bell Labs Luminaries Dennis Ritchie And Ken Thompson To Receive National Medal Of Technology |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/12/981208172703.htm |website=ScienceDaily |date=December 8, 1998 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020416081444/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1998/12/981208172703.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 1990, Ronald Snare was named AT&T Bell Laboratories Fellow, for "Singular contributions to the development of the [[common-channel signaling]] network and the signal transfer points globally." This system began service in the United States in 1978.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snare |first1=Ron C. |title=Common channel interoffice signaling: Peripheral maintenance and administration support system |journal=The Bell System Technical Journal |date=February 1978 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=325–360 |doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1978.tb02091.x |bibcode=1978BSTJ...57..325S |s2cid=35295557}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, approaches to increase [[modem]] speeds to 56K were explored at Bell Labs, and early patents were filed in 1992 by Ender Ayanoglu, Nuri R. Dagdeviren and their colleagues.<ref>{{cite patent |country=US |number=5394437 |status=expired |title=High-speed modem synchronized to a remote CODEC |pubdate=February 28, 1995 |fdate=1992-10-20 |invent1=Ender Ayanoglu |invent2=Nuri R. Dagdeviren |invent3=James E. Mazo |invent4=Burton R. Saltzberg |assign1=AT&T Corp}}</ref>

The scientist, W. Lincoln Hawkins in 1992 received the National Medal of Technology for work done at Bell Labs.<ref name="sciencedaily.com" />

In 1992, Jack Salz, Jack Winters and [[Richard D. Gitlin]] provided the foundational technology to demonstrate that adaptive antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver can substantially increase both the reliability (via diversity) and capacity (via spatial multiplexing) of wireless systems without expanding the bandwidth.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J.H. |last1=Winters |first2=J. |last2=Salz |first3=R.D. |last3=Gitlin |title=The impact of antenna diversity on the capacity of wireless communication systems |journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications |volume=42 |pages=1740–1751 |date=Feb 1994 |issue=2/3/4 |doi=10.1109/TCOMM.1994.582882 |bibcode=1994ITCom..42.1740W }}</ref> Subsequently, the BLAST system proposed by [[Gerard Foschini]] and colleagues dramatically expanded the capacity of wireless systems.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=G. |last1=Foschini |first2=M |last2=Gans |title=On Limits of Wireless Communications in a Fading Environment when Using Multiple Antennas |journal=Wireless Personal Communications |volume=6 |pages=311–335 |year=1998 |issue=3 |doi=10.1023/A:1008889222784 |s2cid=6157164}}</ref> This technology, known today as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), was a significant factor in the standardization, commercialization, performance improvement, and growth of cellular and wireless LAN systems.

Amos Joel in 1993 received the National Medal of Technology.<ref name="sciencedaily.com" />

Two AT&T Bell Labs scientists, Joel Engel and Richard Frenkiel, were honored with the National Medal of Technology, in 1994.<ref name="sciencedaily.com" />

In 1994, the [[quantum cascade laser]] was invented by [[Federico Capasso]], [[Alfred Cho]], Jerome Faist and their collaborators. Also in 1994, [[Peter Shor]] devised his quantum factorization algorithm.

In 1996, SCALPEL [[Electron-beam lithography|electron lithography]], which prints features atoms wide on microchips, was invented by Lloyd Harriott and his team. The operating system [[Inferno (operating system)|Inferno]], an update of Plan 9, was created by Dennis Ritchie with others, using the then-new [[Concurrent computing|concurrent]] programming language [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]]. A high performance database engine (Dali) was developed which became DataBlitz in its product form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bell-labs.com/project/dali/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970116221538/http://www.bell-labs.com/project/dali/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 1997 |title=The Dali Home Page}}</ref>

In 1996, AT&T spun off Bell Laboratories, along with most of its equipment manufacturing business, into a new company named [[Alcatel-Lucent|Lucent Technologies]]. AT&T retained a small number of researchers who made up the staff of the newly created [[AT&T Labs]].

Lucy Sanders was the third woman to receive the Bell Labs Fellow award in 1996, for her work in creating a [[RISC]] chip that made more phone calls possible using software and hardware on a single server. She started in 1977 and was one of the few woman engineers at Bell Labs.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chuang |first=Tamara |title=How Lucy Sanders tackles gender inequity: Data, research, humor |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2015/10/02/how-lucy-sanders-tackles-gender-inequity-data-research-humor/ |work=The Denver Post |date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119101752/https://www.denverpost.com/2015/10/02/how-lucy-sanders-tackles-gender-inequity-data-research-humor/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 1997, Lucent planned a Bell Laboratories location at [[Yokosuka Research Park]] in [[Yokosuka]], Japan for developing a third generation Wideband Code Division Multiple Access cellular system ([[W-CDMA]].)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gregson |first1=Reily |title=LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES TO BUILD JAPAN R&D FACILITY |url=https://www.rcrwireless.com/19971103/archived-articles/lucent-technologies-to-build-japan-r-d-facility |website=www.rcrwireless.com |date=November 30, 1999 |publisher=RCR Wireless News |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref>

In 1997, the smallest then-practical transistor (60 [[nanometer]]s, 182 atoms wide) was built. In 1998, the first [[Optical IP Switching|optical router]] was invented.

Rudolph Kazarinov and Federico Capasso received the optoelectronics Rank Prize on December 8, 1998.<ref name="sciencedaily.com" />

In December 1998, Ritchie and Thompson also were honorees of the National Medal of Technology for their work done for pre-Lucent Technologies Bell Labs. The award was presented by U.S. President William Clinton in 1999 in a White House ceremony.<ref name="sciencedaily.com" />

===21st century===
[[Image:Alcatel Lucent Logo.svg|thumb|The pre-2013 logo of [[Alcatel-Lucent]], the parent company of Bell Labs]]
2000 was an active year for the Laboratories, in which [[DNA machine]] prototypes were developed; progressive geometry compression algorithm made widespread 3-D communication practical; the first electrically powered [[Dye laser|organic laser]] was invented; a large-scale map of cosmic [[dark matter]] was compiled; and the F-15 (material), an organic material that makes [[Organic electronics|plastic transistors]] possible, was invented.

In 2002, physicist [[Schön scandal|Jan Hendrik Schön was fired]] after his work was found to contain fraudulent data. It was the first known case of fraud at Bell Labs.

In 2003, the [[New Jersey Institute of Technology]] Biomedical Engineering Laboratory was created at [[Murray Hill, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.njnano.org/profile-new-jersey-nanotechnology-consortium/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530113227/http://www.njnano.org/resources/index.shtml |url-status=dead |title=Profile: New Jersey Nanotechnology Consortium |archive-date=May 30, 2008}}</ref>

In 2004, Lucent Technologies awarded two women the prestigious Bell Labs Fellow Award. Magaly Spector, a director in INS/Network Systems Group, was awarded for "sustained and exceptional scientific and technological contributions in [[solid-state physics]], III-V material for semiconductor lasers, [[Gallium Arsenide]] integrated circuits, and the quality and reliability of products used in high speed optical transport systems for next generation high bandwidth communication." Eve Varma, a technical manager in MNS/Network Systems Group, was awarded for her citation in "sustained contributions to digital and [[optical networking]], including architecture, synchronization, restoration, standards, operations and control."

In 2005, [[Jeong H. Kim]], former President of Lucent's Optical Network Group, returned from academia to become the President of Bell Laboratories.

In April 2006, Bell Laboratories' parent company, Lucent Technologies, signed a merger agreement with [[Alcatel-Lucent|Alcatel]]. On December 1, 2006, the merged company, [[Alcatel-Lucent]], began operations. This deal raised concerns in the United States, where Bell Laboratories works on defense contracts. A separate company, LGS Innovations, with an American board was set up to manage Bell Laboratories' and Lucent's sensitive [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] contracts. In March 2019, LGS Innovations was purchased by [[CACI]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/caci-international-to-buy-private-equity-backed-lgs-innovations-for-750-million-11548897592 |title=CACI International to Buy Private-Equity Backed LGS Innovations for $750 Million |first=Laura |last=Cooper |newspaper=[[Wall Street Journal]] |date=January 31, 2019 |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622215729/https://www.wsj.com/articles/caci-international-to-buy-private-equity-backed-lgs-innovations-for-750-million-11548897592 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2007, it was announced that the former Lucent Bell Laboratories and the former Alcatel Research and Innovation would be merged into one organization under the name of Bell Laboratories. This is the first period of growth following many years during which Bell Laboratories progressively lost manpower due to layoffs and spin-offs making the company shut down briefly.

In February 2008, Alcatel-Lucent continued the Bell Laboratories tradition of awarding the prestigious award for outstanding technical contributors. Martin J. Glapa, a former chief Technical Officer of Lucent's Cable Communications Business Unit and Director of Advanced Technologies,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Communications-Technology/00s/Communications-Technology-2000-03.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309033645/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Communications-Technology/00s/Communications-Technology-2000-03.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-09 |url-status=live |journal=Communications Technology |title=Interview with a Leader-IP Networking: Conduit to Cash |author=Jenifer Whalen |date=March 2000 |access-date=August 2, 2022}}</ref> was presented by Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs President Jeong H. Kim with the 2006 Bell Labs Fellow Award in [[Network Architecture]], Network Planning, and Professional Services with particular focus in Cable TV Systems and [[Broadband]] Services having "significant resulting Alcatel-Lucent commercial successes." Glapa is a patent holder and has co-written the 2004 technical paper called "Optimal Availability & Security For Voice Over Cable Networks" and co-authored the 2008 "Impact of bandwidth demand growth on HFC networks" published by IEEE.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fiercevideo.com/tech/bell-labs-cable-wireless-convergence-could-cut-expenses-by-40 |title=Bell Labs: Cable/wireless convergence could cut expenses by 40% |website=Nobelprize.org |author=Mike Dano |date=October 20, 2017 |access-date=August 2, 2022 |archive-date=August 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803013203/https://www.fiercevideo.com/tech/bell-labs-cable-wireless-convergence-could-cut-expenses-by-40 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of July 2008, however, only four scientists remained in physics research, according to a report by the scientific journal ''Nature''.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Access : Bell Labs bottoms out : Nature News |journal=Nature |volume=454 |issue=7207 |page=927 |author=Geoff Brumfiel |doi=10.1038/454927a |pmid=18719552 |year=2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

On August 28, 2008, Alcatel-Lucent announced it was pulling out of basic science, material physics, and semiconductor research, and it will instead focus on more immediately marketable areas, including networking, high-speed electronics, wireless networks, nanotechnology and software.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2008/08/bell-labs-kills/ |first=Priya |last=Ganapati |title=Bell Labs Kills Fundamental Physics Research |date=August 27, 2008 |access-date=August 28, 2008 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828233520/http://blog.wired.com/gadgets/2008/08/bell-labs-kills.html |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, Willard Boyle and George Smith were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention and development of the [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD).<ref>{{cite web |title=The 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics – Press Release |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/press.html |website=Nobelprize.org |date=October 6, 2009 |access-date=January 7, 2017 |archive-date=May 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516073858/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/boyle.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rob Soni was an Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs Fellow in 2009 as cited for work in winning North American customers wireless business and for helping to define 4G wireless networks with transformative system architectures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rob Soni Head of RAN Architecture, VMware Speaker BIO |url=https://www.mwclasvegas.com/agenda/speaker/rob-soni |date=2022 |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114051222/https://www.mwclasvegas.com/agenda/speaker/rob-soni |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2010s===
[[File:Nokia Bell Labs sign.jpg|thumb|The entrance sign to Nokia Bell Labs at the company's headquarters in [[New Jersey]] from 2016 to 2022]]
[[File:Nokia Bell Labs 2023.svg|thumb|Logo of Bell Labs since 2023]]
Gee Rittenhouse, former Head of Research, returned from his position as chief operating officer of Alcatel-Lucent's Software, Services, and Solutions business in February 2013, to become the 12th President of Bell Labs.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Gee Rittenhouse to take over as President of world-famous research institution Bell Labs |url=https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/press/2013/002793 |location=Paris |publisher=Alcatel-Lucent |date=February 18, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-date=March 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313060739/https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/press/2013/002793 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On November 4, 2013, Alcatel-Lucent announced the appointment of [[Marcus Weldon]] as President of Bell Labs. His stated charter was to return Bell Labs to the forefront of innovation in [[Information and communications technology]] by focusing on solving the key industry challenges, as was the case in the great Bell Labs innovation eras in the past.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Marcus Weldon appointed President of Alcatel-Lucent's Bell Labs to accelerate and unlock innovation as part of The Shift Plan |url=https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/press/2013/002935 |location=Paris |publisher=Alcatel-Lucent |date=November 4, 2013 |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-date=July 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713003440/https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/press/2013/002935 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On May 20, 2014, Michel Combes, CEO of Alcatel-Lucent, announced the opening of a Bell Labs location in [[Tel Aviv, Israel]] by summer time. The Bell Labs research team would be directed by an Israeli computer scientist and alum of Bell Labs, [[Danny Raz]]. The Bell Labs research would be in 'cloud networking' technologies for communications. The location would have approximately twenty academic scientific background employees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shamah |first1=David |title=Bell Labs plans Israeli branch of its 'idea factory' |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bell-labs-plans-israeli-branch-of-its-idea-factory/ |access-date=17 November 2023 |work=The Times of Israel |date=20 May 2014 |language=En}}</ref>

In July 2014, Bell Labs announced it had broken "the broadband Internet speed record" with a new technology dubbed XG-FAST that promises 10 gigabits per second transmission speeds.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Alcatel-Lucent sets new world record broadband speed of 10 Gbps for transmission of data over traditional copper telephone lines |url=https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/press/2014/alcatel-lucent-sets-new-world-record-broadband-speed-10-gbps-transmission-data-over-traditional |location=Paris |publisher=Alcatel-Lucent |date=July 9, 2014 |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310210132/https://www.alcatel-lucent.com/press/2014/alcatel-lucent-sets-new-world-record-broadband-speed-10-gbps-transmission-data-over-traditional |archive-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Eric Betzig]] shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs in the Semiconductor Physics Research Department.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014 |year=2014 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2014/ |publisher=Nobel Media AB |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310132035/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2014/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On April 15, 2015, [[Nokia]] agreed to acquire Alcatel-Lucent, Bell Labs' parent company, in a share exchange worth $16.6&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent Combine to Create an Innovation Leader in Next Generation Technology and Services for an IP Connected World |url=http://company.nokia.com/en/news/press-releases/2015/04/15/nokia-and-alcatel-lucent-to-combine-to-create-an-innovation-leader-in-next-generation-technology-and-services-for-an-ip-connected-world |location=Helsinki & Paris |publisher=Nokia |date=April 15, 2015 |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416133847/http://company.nokia.com/en/news/press-releases/2015/04/15/nokia-and-alcatel-lucent-to-combine-to-create-an-innovation-leader-in-next-generation-technology-and-services-for-an-ip-connected-world |archive-date=April 16, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Scott |first1=Mark |last2=Jolly |first2=David |date=April 15, 2015 |title=Nokia Agrees to $16.6 Billion Takeover of Alcatel-Lucent |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/business/dealbook/nokia-and-alcatel-lucent-takeover-deal-announced.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/16/business/dealbook/nokia-and-alcatel-lucent-takeover-deal-announced.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=March 10, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Their first day of combined operations was January 14, 2016.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Nokia celebrates first day of combined operations with Alcatel-Lucent |url=http://company.nokia.com/en/news/press-releases/2016/01/14/nokia-celebrates-first-day-of-combined-operations-with-alcatel-lucent |location=Espoo, Finland |publisher=Nokia |date=January 14, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309212625/http://company.nokia.com/en/news/press-releases/2016/01/14/nokia-celebrates-first-day-of-combined-operations-with-alcatel-lucent |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In September 2016, Nokia Bell Labs, along with [[Technische Universität Berlin]], Deutsche Telekom T-Labs and the [[Technical University of Munich]] achieved a data rate of one terabit per second by improving transmission capacity and spectral efficiency in an optical communications field trial with a [[Constellation shaping#Probabilistic Constellation Shaping|new modulation technique]].<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Technical University of Munich |title=Optical fiber transmits one terabit per second |url=http://www.tum.de/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/short/article/33398/ |date=September 16, 2016 |access-date=September 23, 2016 |archive-date=September 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923185425/http://www.tum.de/en/about-tum/news/press-releases/short/article/33398/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Antero Taivalsaari became a Bell Labs Fellow in 2016 for his specific work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bell Labs Fellow |url=https://researchportal.tuni.fi/en/prizes/bell-labs-fellow |publisher=Tampere University Research Portal |date=2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114050247/https://researchportal.tuni.fi/en/prizes/bell-labs-fellow |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2017, Dragan Samardzija was awarded the Bell Labs Fellow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dragan Samardzija |url=https://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/~samar/ |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114052404/https://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/~samar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, [[Arthur Ashkin]] shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"<ref name=":2" /> which was developed at Bell Labs in the 1980s.

===2020s===
In 2020, [[Alfred Aho]] and [[Jeffrey Ullman]] shared the Turing Award for their work on compilers, starting with their tenure at Bell Labs during 1967–69.

On, November 16, 2021, Nokia presented the 2021 Bell Labs Fellows Award Ceremony, six new members (Igor Curcio, Matthew Andrews, Bjorn Jelonnek, Ed Harstead, Gino Dion, Esa Tiirola) held at Nokia Batvik Mansion, Finland.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=November 23, 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-4B1HEL3AU |title=2021 Bell Labs Fellows award ceremony |publisher=[[Nokia Bell Labs]] |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605134112/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-4B1HEL3AU |archive-date=June 5, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2021, Nokia's Chief Strategy and Technology Officer decided to reorganize Bell Labs in two separate functional organizations: Bell Labs Core Research and Bell Labs Solutions research. Bell Labs Core Research is in charge of creating disruptive technologies with 10-year horizon. Bell Labs Solutions Research, looks for shorter term solutions that can provide growth opportunities for Nokia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/accelerating-a-new-era-of-research-innovation-at-nokia-bell-labs |publisher=Nokia Bell Labs |title=Accelerating a new era of research innovation at Nokia Bell Labs |date=December 21, 2021 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214030656/https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/accelerating-a-new-era-of-research-innovation-at-nokia-bell-labs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Nokia 2022 Bell Labs Fellows were recognized on November 29, 2022, in a New Jersey ceremony. Five researchers were inducted to the total of 341 recipients since its inception by AT&T Bell Labs in 1982. One member was from New Jersey, two were from Cambridge, UK, and two were from Finland representing Espoo and Tampere locations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Heller |first=Aron |title=Honoring the 2022 Bell Labs Fellows |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/honoring-the-2022-bell-labs-fellows/#gref |publisher=[[Nokia Bell Labs]] |date=November 29, 2022 |access-date=13 January 2023 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114042515/https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/honoring-the-2022-bell-labs-fellows/#gref |url-status=live }}</ref>

On November 28, 2023, the Nokia 2023 Bell Labs Fellows were recognized in a ceremony held in Finland. Six honorees were inducted to the total of 347 recipients. Two members were from Murray Hill, New Jersey, one from Munich, Germany, and three were from Finland representing two honorees from Espoo and one honoree from Tampere locations. The Murray Hill location honorees were Randeep Bhatia from Bell Labs Core Research, an author of 40 patent filings and Robert L. Willett from Bell Labs Solutions Research, a 35 year employee concentrating on 2D electron systems. <ref>{{cite web |last=Klein |first=Thierry |title=Honoring the 2023 Bell Labs Fellows |url=https://www.nokia.com/blog/honoring-the-2023-bell-labs-fellows/ |publisher=[[Nokia Bell Labs]] |date=November 29, 2023 |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref>

On December 11, 2023, Nokia announced a state of the art research facility in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]]. The planned relocation of the 80 year old, Murray Hill New Jersey Bell Labs facility would take place before 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alleven |first=Monica |date=Dec 11, 2023 |title=Nokia Bell Labs to move to new digs in New Jersey |url=https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/nokia-bell-labs-move-new-digs-new-jersey |website=Fierce Wireless}}</ref> The new building would be LEED Gold certified.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pytell |first=Jim |title=Nokia Bell Labs HQ is Moving from Murray Hill to New Brunswick |url=https://njbmagazine.com/njb-news-now/nokia-bell-labs-hq-is-moving-from-murray-hill-to-new-brunswick/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=New Jersey Business Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> The Murray Hill location has had iconic research of various historical innovations for [[AT&T Corp.]], [[Lucent Technologies]], [[Alcatel-Lucent]], and Nokia.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Nokia unveils plans for new state-of-the-art research and development facility for Nokia Bell Labs in New Brunswick, New Jersey technology hub |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/12/11/2794025/0/en/Nokia-unveils-plans-for-new-state-of-the-art-research-and-development-facility-for-Nokia-Bell-Labs-in-New-Brunswick-New-Jersey-technology-hub.html |website=www.globenewswire.com |date=December 11, 2023 |publisher=Nokia Oyj |access-date=11 December 2023}}</ref>

On November 19, 2024, the Nokia 2024 Bell Labs Fellows were recognized in a ceremony held in Lisbon, Portugal. Five honorees were inducted to the total of 352 recipients that include 83 from the Nokia community. Alexei Ashikhmin from Bell Labs Solutions Research represented Murray Hill Bell Labs with more than 25 years as a coding theory researcher. Two honorees were from Finland representing Espoo and Tampere locations. Additionally, two honorees represented Nokia's Vimercate, Italy and Tokyo, Japan locations.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vetter |first=Peter |title=Honoring the 2024 Bell Labs Fellows |url=https://www.nokia.com/blog/honoring-the-2024-bell-labs-fellows/ |publisher=[[Nokia Bell Labs]] |date=November 20, 2024 |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref>

The Nokia Bell Labs 10-story headquarters building, to be built in New Brunswick, New Jersey, had a groundbreaking ceremony on September 4, 2025. The construction is planned to be completed in 2027 and have 34,374-square-meters of space for optical communications, generative artificial intelligence, and quantum physics labs and offices. This building will be called the HELIX 2 building (Health and Life Science Exchange) and its' location would allow academic talent from nearby universities for Nokia ventures and new startup partnerships.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pretz |first=Kathy |title=Nokia Bell Labs Breaks Ground for Its New N.J. Headquarters |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/nokia-bell-labs-new-headquarters |publisher=IEEE Spectrum |date=October 14, 2025 |access-date=17 November 2025}}</ref>

==Accolades==
===Nobel Prize===
Eleven [[Nobel Prize]]s have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/our-people/recognition/ |title=Awards & Recognition – Bell Labs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308115624/https://www.bell-labs.com/our-people/recognition/ |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=March 8, 2016}}</ref>
* 1937: [[Clinton Davisson|Clinton J. Davisson]] shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating the wave nature of matter.
* 1956: [[John Bardeen]], [[Walter H. Brattain]], and [[William Shockley]] received the Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing the first [[transistor]]s.
* 1977: [[Philip W. Anderson]] shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing an improved understanding of the electronic structure of glass and magnetic materials.
* 1978: [[Arno A. Penzias]] and [[Robert Woodrow Wilson|Robert W. Wilson]] shared the Nobel Prize in Physics. Penzias and Wilson were cited for their discovering [[cosmic microwave background radiation]], a nearly uniform glow that fills the [[Universe]] in the microwave band of the radio spectrum.
* 1997: [[Steven Chu]] shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.
* 1998: [[Horst Störmer]], [[Robert Laughlin]], and [[Daniel Tsui]], were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering and explaining the [[fractional quantum Hall effect]].
* 2009: [[Willard S. Boyle]], [[George E. Smith]] shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with [[Charles K. Kao]]. Boyle and Smith were cited for inventing [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) semiconductor imaging sensors.
* 2014: [[Eric Betzig]] shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which he began pursuing while at Bell Labs.
* 2018: [[Arthur Ashkin]] shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on "the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"<ref name=":2" /> which was developed at Bell Labs.
* 2023: [[Louis Brus]] shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in "the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2023/press-release/ | title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023 | access-date=October 4, 2023 | archive-date=October 6, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006205935/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2023/press-release/ | url-status=live }}</ref> which he began at Bell Labs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brus |first1=L. E. |url=https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jcp/article-abstract/80/9/4403/625821/Electron-electron-and-electron-hole-interactions |title=Electron–electron and electron-hole interactions in small semiconductor crystallites: The size dependence of the lowest excited electronic state &#124; the Journal of Chemical Physics &#124; AIP Publishing |journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics |date=May 1984 |volume=80 |issue=9 |pages=4403–4409 |doi=10.1063/1.447218 |access-date=October 4, 2023 |archive-date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627115017/https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jcp/article-abstract/80/9/4403/625821/Electron-electron-and-electron-hole-interactions |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* 2024: [[John Hopfield]] shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in artificial networks for machine learning.

===Turing Award===
The [[Turing Award]] has been won five times by Bell Labs researchers.
* 1968: [[Richard Hamming]] for his work on numerical methods, automatic coding systems, and error-detecting and error-correcting codes.<ref name="O'Regan">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBKcCgAAQBAJ&q=bell+labs+turing+award&pg=PA37 |title=Pillars of Computing: A Compendium of Select, Pivotal Technology Firms |last=O'Regan |first=Gerard |date=September 24, 2015 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319214641 |language=en |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050004/https://books.google.com/books?id=RBKcCgAAQBAJ&q=bell+labs+turing+award&pg=PA37#v=snippet&q=bell%20labs%20turing%20award&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hamming_1000652.cfm |title=Richard W. Hamming - A.M. Turing Award Laureate |website=amturing.acm.org |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030025652/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hamming_1000652.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1983: [[Ken Thompson]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/thompson_4588371.cfm |title=Kenneth Lane Thompson – A.M. Turing Award Laureate |website=amturing.acm.org |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020112748/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/thompson_4588371.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Dennis Ritchie]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/ritchie_1506389.cfm |title=Dennis M. Ritchie – A.M. Turing Award Laureate |website=amturing.acm.org |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020112748/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/ritchie_1506389.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> for their work on operating system theory, and for developing [[Unix]].<ref name="O'Regan"/>
* 1986: [[Robert Tarjan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/tarjan_1092048.cfm |title=Robert E Tarjan – A.M. Turing Award Laureate |website=amturing.acm.org |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030003443/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/tarjan_1092048.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> with [[John Hopcroft]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hopcroft_1053917.cfm |title=John E Hopcroft – A.M. Turing Award Laureate |website=amturing.acm.org |access-date=February 3, 2019 |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027145715/https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hopcroft_1053917.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref> for fundamental achievements in the design and analysis of algorithms and data structures.
* 2018: [[Yann LeCun]] and [[Yoshua Bengio]] shared the Turing Award with [[Geoffrey Hinton]] for their work in Deep Learning.
* 2020: [[Alfred Aho]] and [[Jeffrey Ullman]] shared the Turing Award for their work on Compilers.

===IEEE Medal of Honor===
First awarded in 1917, the [[IEEE Medal of Honor]] is the highest form of recognition by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]. The IEEE Medal of Honor has been won 22 times by Bell Labs researchers. 
* 1926 [[Greenleaf Whittier Pickard]] ''For his contributions as to crystal detectors, coil antennas, wave propagation and atmospheric disturbances.''
* 1936 [[G A Campbell]] ''For his contributions to the theory of electrical network.''
* 1940 [[Lloyd Espenschied]] ''For his accomplishments as an engineer, as an inventor, as a pioneer in the development of radio telephony, and for his effective contributions to the progress of international radio coordination.''
* 1946 [[Ralph Hartley]] ''For his early work on oscillating circuits employing triode tubes and likewise for his early recognition and clear exposition of the fundamental relationship between the total amount of information which may be transmitted over a transmission system of limited band-width and the time required.''
* 1949 [[Ralph Brown]] ''For his extensive contributions to the field of radio and for his leadership in Institute affairs''
* 1955 [[Harald T. Friis]] ''For his outstanding technical contributions in the expansion of the useful spectrum of radio frequencies, and for the inspiration and leadership he has given to young engineers.''
* 1960 [[Harry Nyquist]] ''For fundamental contributions to a quantitative understanding of thermal noise, data transmission and negative feedback.''
* 1963 [[George C. Southworth]] (with [[John H. Hammond, Jr.]]) ''For pioneering contributions to microwave radio physics, to radio astronomy, and to waveguide transmission.'' 
* 1966 [[Claude Shannon]] ''For his development of a mathematical theory of communication which unified and significantly advanced the state of the art.''
* 1967 [[Charles H. Townes]] ''For his significant contributions in the field of quantum electronics which have led to the maser and the laser.''
* 1971 [[John Bardeen]] ''For his profound contributions to the understanding of the conductivity of solids, to the invention of the transistor, and to the microscopic theory of superconductivity''
* 1973 [[Rudolf Kompfner]] ''For a major contribution to world-wide communication through the conception of the traveling wave tube embodying a new principle of amplification.''
* 1975 [[John R. Pierce]] ''For his pioneering concrete proposals and the realization of satellite communication experiments, and for contributions in theory and design of traveling wave tubes and in electron beam optics essential to this success.''
* 1977 [[H. Earle Vaughan]] ''For his vision, technical contributions and leadership in the development of the first high-capacity pulse-code-modulation time-division telephone switching system.''
* 1980 [[William Shockley]] ''For the invention of the junction transistor, the analog and the junction field-effect transistor, and the theory underlying their operation.'' 
* 1981 [[Sidney Darlington]] ''For fundamental contributions to filtering and signal processing leading to chirp radar.''
* 1982 [[John Wilder Tukey]] ''For his contributions to the spectral analysis of random processes and the fast Fourier transform algorithm.'' 
* 1989 [[C. Kumar N. Patel]] ''For fundamental contributions to quantum electronics, including the carbon dioxide laser and the spin-flip Raman laser.'' 
* 1992 [[Amos E. Joel Jr.]] ''For fundamental contributions to and leadership in telecommunications switching systems.''
* 1994 [[Alfred Y. Cho]] ''For seminal contributions to the development of molecular beam epitaxy.''
* 2001 [[Herwig Kogelnik]] ''For fundamental contributions to the science and technology of lasers and optoelectronics, and for leadership in research and development of photonics and lightwave communication systems.'' 
* 2005 [[James L. Flanagan]] ''For sustained leadership and outstanding contributions in speech technology.''

==Emmy Awards, Grammy Award, and Academy Award==
The [[Emmy Award]] has been won five times by Bell Labs: one under Lucent Technologies, one under Alcatel-Lucent, and three under Nokia. 
* 1997: Primetime Engineering Emmy Award for "work on digital television as part of the HDTV Grand Alliance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/watch-live-nokia-bell-labs-receives-2020-technology-engineering-emmy-award/ |title=Nokia Bell Labs receives the 2020 Technology & Engineering Emmy® Award for pioneering work on imaging sensors |date=October 20, 2020 |website=Bell-labs.com |access-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726140438/https://www.bell-labs.com/institute/blog/watch-live-nokia-bell-labs-receives-2020-technology-engineering-emmy-award/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2013: Technology and Engineering Emmy for its "Pioneering Work in Implementation and Deployment of Network DVR" <ref>{{Cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/alcatel-lucent-wins-emmy-award-for-contributing-to-fundamental-changes-in-how-television-is-watched-223280531.html |title=Alcatel-Lucent wins Emmy® Award for contributing to fundamental changes in how television is watched |website=Prnewswire.com |access-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525221521/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/alcatel-lucent-wins-emmy-award-for-contributing-to-fundamental-changes-in-how-television-is-watched-223280531.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2016: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the pioneering invention and deployment of fiber-optic cable.
* 2020: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the CCD ([[charge-coupled device]]) was crucial in the development of television, allowing images to be captured digitally for recording transmission.
* 2021: Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for the "ISO Base Media File Format standardization, in which our multimedia research unit has played a major role."<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Nokia |author-link=Nokia |user=nokia |number=1354723811371982849 |date=January 28, 2021 |title=Proud to announce that The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences granted a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award to the ISO Base Media File Format standardization, in which our multimedia research unit has played a major role. #video #nokiainnovates #techemmys @TheEmmys https://t.co/HCAHFDi4c3 |language=en |access-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318044148/https://twitter.com/nokia/status/1354723811371982849 |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The inventions of fiber-optics and research done in digital television and media File Format were under former AT&T Bell Labs ownership.

The [[Grammy Award]] has been won once by Bell Labs under Alcatel-Lucent. 
* 2006: Technical Grammy Award for outstanding technical contributions to the recording field.

The [[Academy Award]] has been won once by E. C. Wente and Bell Labs.
* 1937: Scientific or Technical Award (Class II) for their multi-cellular high-frequency horn and receiver.

==Publications==
The American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Western Electric, and other Bell System companies issued numerous publications, such as local house organs, for corporate distribution, for the scientific and industry communities, and for the general public, including telephone subscribers.

The [[Bell Laboratories Record]] was a principal house organ, featuring general interest content such as corporate news, support staff profiles and events, reports of facilities upgrades, but also articles of research and development results written for technical or non-technical audiences. The publication commenced in 1925 with the founding of the laboratories.

A prominent journal for the focussed dissemination of original or reprinted scientific research by Bell Labs engineers and scientists was the ''[[Bell System Technical Journal]]'', started in 1922 by the AT&T Information Department. Bell researchers also published widely in industry journals.

Some of these articles were reprinted by the Bell System as Monographs, consecutively issued starting in 1920.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKcjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA167 |title=Bell Telephone Monograph #1 |year=1920 |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050005/https://books.google.com/books?id=fKcjAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> These reprints, numbering over 5000, comprise a catalog of Bell research over the decades. Research in the Monographs is aided by access to associated indexes,<ref>{{cite book |title=Index of monographs |oclc=2258253 }}</ref> for monographs 1–1199, 1200–2850 (1958), 2851–4050 (1962), and 4051–4650 (1964).

Essentially all of the landmark work done by Bell Labs is memorialized in one or more corresponding monographs. Examples include:
* Monograph 1598 – Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, 1948 (reprinted from BSTJ).
* Monograph 1659 – Bardeen and Brattain, Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Action, 1949 (reprinted from BSTJ).
* Monograph 1757 – Hamming, Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes, 1950 (reprinted from BSTJ).
* Monograph 3289 – Pierce, Transoceanic Communications by Means of Satellite, 1959 (reprinted from Proc. I.R.E.).
* Monograph 3345 – Schawlow & Townes, Infrared and Optical Masers, 1958 (reprinted from Physical Review).

==Presidents==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! || Period || Name of President || Lifetime
|-
| 1 || 1925–1940 ||[[Frank Baldwin Jewett]]|| 1879–1949
|-
| 2 || 1940–1951 ||[[Oliver Buckley]]|| 1887–1959
|-
| 3 || 1951–1959 ||[[Mervin Kelly]]|| 1895–1971
|-
| 4 || 1959–1973 ||[[James Brown Fisk]]|| 1910–1981<ref>{{cite news |author=Barnaby J. Feder |title=James Fisk, Bell Labs Executive And Leader In Radar, Dies At 70 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/13/obituaries/james-fisk-bell-labs-executive-and-leader-in-radar-dies-at-70.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 13, 1981 |access-date=January 31, 2017 |archive-date=November 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120153059/http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/13/obituaries/james-fisk-bell-labs-executive-and-leader-in-radar-dies-at-70.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 5 || 1973–1979 ||[[William Oliver Baker]]|| 1915–2005
|-
| 6 || 1979–1991 ||[[Ian Munro Ross]]|| 1927–2013
|-
| 7 || 1991–1995 ||[[John Sullivan Mayo]]|| b. 1930
|-
| 8 || 1995–1999 ||Dan Stanzione|| b. 1945
|-
| 9 || 1999–2001 ||[[Arun Netravali]]|| b. 1946
|-
| 10 || 2001–2005 ||Bill O'Shea|| b. 1957
|-
| 11 || 2005–2013 ||[[Jeong H. Kim|Jeong Hun Kim]]|| b. 1961
|-
| 12 || 2013–2013 ||Gee Rittenhouse||
|-
| 13 || 2013–2021||[[Marcus Weldon]]|| b. 1968
|-
| || 2021–||Thierry Klein (Bell Labs Solutions Research<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/about/researcher-profiles/thierryklein/ |title=Thierry e Klein |date=July 22, 2021 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214025007/https://www.bell-labs.com/about/researcher-profiles/thierryklein/ |url-status=live }}</ref>)|| b. 1971
|-
| || 2021–||Peter Vetter (Bell Labs Core Research<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bell-labs.com/about/researcher-profiles/petervetter/ |title=Peter Vetter |date=April 27, 2021 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214025004/https://www.bell-labs.com/about/researcher-profiles/petervetter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>)|| b. 1963
|}

==See also==
* ''[[Bell Labs Technical Journal]]''—Published scientific journal of Bell Laboratories (1996–present)
* ''[[Bell Labs Record]]''
* [[Industrial laboratory]]
* [[George Stibitz]]—Bell Laboratories engineer—"father of the modern digital computer"
* [[History of mobile phones]]—Bell Laboratories conception and development of cellular phones
* [[High speed photography]] & [[Wollensak]]—''Fastax'' high speed (rotating prism) cameras developed by Bell Labs
* [[Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory]]
* [[Simplified Message Desk Interface]]
* [[Sound film]]—''Westrex'' sound system for cinema films developed by Bell Labs
* ''[[TWX Magazine]]''—A short-lived trade periodical published by Bell Laboratories (1944–1952)
* [[Experiments in Art and Technology]]—A collaboration between artists and Bell Labs engineers & scientists to create new forms of art
* [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Martin, Douglas. [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/business/ian-ross-who-led-bell-labs-dies-at-85.html Ian M. Ross, a President at Bell Labs, Dies at 85], ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 16, 2013, p. A23
* {{cite book <!--Citation Bot deny-->|author=Jon Gertner|year=2013|title=The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation|isbn=978-0143122791|title-link=The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation}}
* [[Gleick, James]]. ''[[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]''. Vintage Books, 2012, 544 pages. {{ISBN|978-1400096237}}.

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://bell.works Bell Works], the re-imagining of the historic former Bell Labs building in Holmdel, New Jersey
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100520212253/http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/BellLabs/History/Timeline Timeline of discoveries as of 2006] <[https://www.bell-labs.com/timeline Nokia Bell-Labs Timeline]>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150411150628/https://www.bell-labs.com/anechoic-chamber/ Bell Labs' Murray Hill anechoic chamber]
* [http://www.stokowski.org/Development_of_Electrical_Recording.htm Bell Laboratories and the Development of Electrical Recording]
* [https://bellsystemmemorial.com/belllabs.html History of Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. (from Bell System Memorial)]
* ''[https://www.publicartinpublicplaces.info/bell-communications-1961-by-anthony-b-heinsbergen Bell Communications Around the Globe]'', public art sculpture, Los Angeles, California
* [http://www.c-span.org/video/?305445-1/book-discussion-idea-factory The Idea Factory]{{snd}} a video interview with Jon Gertner, author of "[[The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation]], by Dave Iverson of [[KQED-FM]] Public Radio, San Francisco

{{Bell System}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{Computer music}}
{{Western Electric}}
{{Authority control}}
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