View source for Belz

{{short description|City in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Bălți}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name               = Belz
| native_name        = Белз
| native_name_lang   = uk
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities in Ukraine|City]]
| image_skyline      = Белз. Вигляд на ратушу.jpg
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| image_caption      = City Hall
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| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Lviv Oblast##Location in Ukraine
| coordinates        = {{coord|50.38|N|24.02|E|display=it}}
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| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = Ukraine
| subdivision_type1  = [[Oblasts of Ukraine|Oblast]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Lviv Oblast]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Raions of Ukraine|Raion]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Sheptytskyi Raion]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Hromada]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Belz urban hromada]]
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| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Volodymyr Mukha
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| area_total_km2     = 5.85
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| elevation_m        = 200
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| population_total   = 2,191
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| postal_code        = 80065
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| area_code          = +380 3257
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'''Belz''' ({{langx|uk|Белз}}, {{IPA|uk|bɛlz|ipa|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Белз.wav}}; {{langx|pl|Bełz}}; {{langx|yi|בעלז}}) is a small city in [[Lviv Oblast]], western [[Ukraine]], located near the [[Poland–Ukraine border|border with Poland]] between the Solokiya River (a tributary of the [[Bug River]]) and the Richytsia stream. Belz hosts the administration of [[Belz urban hromada]], one of the [[hromada]]s of Ukraine.<ref name="admreform_2020_belz">{{cite web |title=Белзькая городская громада |url=https://gromada.info/ru/obschina/belzka/ |publisher=Портал об'єднаних громад України |language=ru}}</ref> Its population is approximately {{Ua-pop-est2022|2,191|.}}

== History ==
[[File:Церква Параскеви Белз.jpg|thumb|left|Saint Paraskeva's [[wooden churches in Ukraine|wooden church]] in Belz]]
{{Quote box |width=23em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical affiliations
|fontsize=90% |quote={{flagicon image|Emblem of Civitas Schinesghe.svg}}[[Civitas Schinesghe|Duchy of Poland]] 970 - 981<br />
[[Kievan Rus]] 981-1018<br />
{{flagicon image|Emblem of Civitas Schinesghe.svg}} [[Civitas Schinesghe|Duchy of Poland]] 1018-1025<br />
{{flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]] 1025-1031<br />
[[Kievan Rus]] 1031-1170<br />
{{flagicon image|Coat of Arms of Belz Principality.svg}} [[Duchy of Belz]] 1170-1234<br />
{{flagicon image|Alex K Halych-Volhynia-flag.svg}} [[Principality of Galicia–Volhynia]] 1234-1340<br />
{{flagicon image|Alex K Grundwald flags 1410-03.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] 1340-1366<br />
{{flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] 1366-1377<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (15th century, rectangular).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]] 1378-1387<br />
{{flagicon image|Alex K Kingdom of Poland-flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] 1387-1569<br />
{{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg}} [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] 1569-1772<br />
{{flagicon|Austrian Empire}} [[Habsburg monarchy]] 1772-1804<br />
{{flag|Austrian Empire}} 1804-1867<br />
{{flag|Austria-Hungary}} 1867-1918<br />
{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]] 1918-1919<br />
{{flag|Second Polish Republic}} 1919-1939<br />
{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1939-1944<br />
{{flag|Polish People's Republic}} 1944-1951<br />
{{flag|Soviet Union}} 1951-1991<br />
{{flag|Ukraine}} 1991-present
}}

=== Early history ===
Belz is situated in a fertile plain which tribes of [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] origin settled in ancient times: Celtic [[Lugii]],<ref>Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, ''De Origine et situ Germanorum''</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20070625063629/http://www.arts.ulster.ac.uk/lanlit/celto-slavica/abstracts.html Alexander Falileyev, Celto-Slavica. University of Ulster, 2004]</ref> next (2nd-5th century) Germanic [[Goths]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pan-ol.lublin.pl/biul_5/art_505.htm |title=Hrubieszowskie w dobie panowania Gotów |access-date=2008-10-28 |archive-date=2009-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924004421/http://www.pan-ol.lublin.pl/biul_5/art_505.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[[Andrzej Kokowski]], ''Archeologia Gotów. Goci w Kotlinie Hrubieszowskiej'', Lublin 1999</ref> slavized [[Sarmatians]] ([[White Croats]]),<ref>Kazimierz Godłowski, ''Z badań nad rozprzestrzenieniem się Słowian w V-VII w. n.e.'', Kraków 1979</ref> and at last Slavic [[Dulebes]]<ref name="Barford2001">{{cite book|author=Paul M. Barford|title=The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC&pg=PA111|date=January 2001|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-3977-3|pages=104}}</ref> (later [[Buzhans]]), who eventually become part of the [[Kievan Rus']] in 907, when Dulebs took part in [[Oleg of Kiev|Oleg]]'s [[Rus'-Byzantine War (907)|military campaign]] against [[Czargrad]] ([[Constantinople]]).<ref name="WaldmanMason2006">{{cite book|author1=Carl Waldman|author2=Catherine Mason|title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA878|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1|pages=878}}</ref> Mainly рolish historiography located here also [[Lendians]] tribe<ref>Magdalena Mączyńska, ''Wędrówki Ludów''. Kraków 1996</ref> whо also paid tribute to Kievan Rus'.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3al15wpFWiMC Constantino VII (Emperador de Bizancio), Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (Emperor of the East), Gyula Moravcsik. De Administrando Imperio -P.57]</ref>

The town has existed at least since the 10th century as one of the [[Cherven Cities]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,75476,8601329,Nazywam_sie_Czerwien.html|title=Wyborcza.pl}}</ref> which were under [[Poland|Polish]] rule in the 970s.<ref>Under 981, the Primary Chronicle reports on Volodymyr's campaign against the Poles, which resulted in the capture of "their towns". In: S. Plokhy. "The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus". Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 57.</ref> In 981 Belz was incorporated into [[Kievan Rus']].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIxphmak_0C&dq=jerzy+narymuntowicz+bełz&pg=PA26 Artur Pawłowski, ''Roztocze'', Oficyna Wydawnicza "Rewasz", Warszawa 2009.] {{ISBN|978-83-89188-87-8}}</ref> In 1170, the town became the seat of the [[Duchy of Belz]]. In 1234 it was incorporated into the [[Duchy of Galicia–Volhynia]], which would control Belz until 1340 when it came under [[Lithuania]]n rule.

Belz was under Polish rule from 1366 to 1772, first as a fief, and since 1462 as the capital of a [[voivodeship]]. On October 5, 1377, the town was granted rights under the [[Magdeburg law]] by [[Władysław Opolczyk]], the governor of [[Red Ruthenia]]. A charter dated November 10, 1509 once again granted Belz privileges under the Magdeburg rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.day.kiev.ua/157441/|title=Belz is 1,000 years old|last=Yehorova|first=Iryna}}</ref>

In 1772, Belz was incorporated into the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] (later [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]]) where it was a part of the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]. {{Further |First Partition of Poland}} Belz received a railway connection in 1884 with the opening of the railway line Jarosław–Kowel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=rgb&datum=18810004&seite=00000467 |website=Österreichische Nationalbibliothek |access-date=29 February 2020|title=ÖNB-ALEX - Reichsgesetzblatt 1849-1918 }}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following World War I in November 1918, Belz was included in the [[Western Ukrainian People's Republic]]. It came under Polish control in 1919 during the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]]. In April 1920, the Second Polish Republic, represented by Józef Piłsudski, and the Ukrainian People's Republic, represented by Symon Petlura signed the [[Treaty of Warsaw (1920)|Treaty of Warsaw]], in which they agreed that the Polish-Ukrainian border in Western Ukraine would follow the [[Zbruch River]]. This left Belz, along with the rest of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Eastern Galicia]] in the Polish Republic.<ref name=Debo210>Richard K Debo, ''Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=gQfUB0CXBO4C&pg=PA210 pp. 210-211], McGill-Queen's Press, 1992, {{ISBN|0-7735-0828-7}}.</ref>

From 1919 to 1939 Belz was annexed to the [[Lviv Voivodeship]], [[Second Polish Republic]].

From 1939 to 1944 Belz was occupied by Germany as a part of the [[General Government]]. Belz is situated on left, north waterside of the Solokiya river (affluent of the Bug river), which was the German-Soviet border in 1939–1941. During the war, the delegation of the Hrubeshiv Ukrainian Relief Committee operated in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diasporiana Електронна бібліотека {{!}} Кубійович В. Українці в Ґенеральній Губернії 1939-1941 |url=https://diasporiana.org.ua/istoriya/87-kubiyovich-v-ukrayintsi-v-generalniy-guberniyi-1939-1941/ |access-date=2023-05-14 |website=diasporiana.org.ua}}</ref>

After the war Belz reverted to Poland (where it was again within the [[Lublin Voivodeship]]) until 1951 when, after a border readjustment, it passed to the Soviet Union ([[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]). (See: [[1951 Polish–Soviet territorial exchange]]) Since 1991 it has been part of independent Ukraine.

Until 18 July 2020, Belz belonged to [[Sokal Raion]]. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Lviv Oblast to seven. The area of Sokal Raion was merged into Chervonohrad Raion (modern Sheptytskyi Raion).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Про утворення та ліквідацію районів. Постанова Верховної Ради України № 807-ІХ.|url=http://www.golos.com.ua/article/333466|access-date=2020-10-03|date=2020-07-18|website=Голос України|language=uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Нові райони: карти + склад |url=https://www.minregion.gov.ua/press/news/novi-rajony-karty-sklad/ |publisher=Міністерство розвитку громад та територій України |language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

== Jewish history ==
[[File:Belz hasidic synagogue.jpg|thumb|{{Ill|Great Synagogue, Belz|lt=Belz hasidic synagogue|uk|Велика синагога (Белз)}}. Dedicated in 1843, it was destroyed by the Nazis during World War II, and demolished in the 1950s; Rebbe Rokeach had personally helped build this large and imposing synagogue.]]
The [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jewish]] community in Belz was established circa 14th century. In 1665, the Jews in Belz received equal rights and duties.<ref>Dr Fryderyk Papée, ''Zabytki przeszłości miasta Bełza''. Lwów 1884</ref> The town became home to a [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] dynasty in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Rabbinic/infofiles/biblio4.htm|title=Chassidic Rebbes: From the Baal Shem Tov to Modern Times|last=Rabinowicz|first=Rabbi Tsvi|year=1989|publisher=[[Targum Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishgen.org/Rabbinic/infofiles/biblio8.htm|title=Sefer Yikhus Belz (The Lineage Book of the Grand Rabbis of Belz)|last=Yodlov|first=Yitshak Shlomo}}</ref>

The [[Rabbi]] of Belz, [[Shalom Rokeach]] (1779–1855), also known as the ''Sar Shalom'', joined the [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] movement by studying with the [[Maggid]] of Lutzk,<ref>Preface to the Divras Shlomo signed by the Belzer Rebbe, 1997</ref> and established the community and become the first ''Belzer [[Rebbe]]'', thereby establishing the [[Belz (Hasidic dynasty)|Belz Hasidic dynasty]].
When Rebbe Shalom died in 1855, his youngest son, Rebbe Yehoshua Rokeach (1855–1894), became the next Rebbe. 
Belzer Hasidism grew in size during the tenure of Rebbe Yehoshua's son and successor, Rebbe Yissachar Dov Rokeach (third Belzer Rebbe)(1894–1926). Rebbe Yissachar Dov's son and successor, Rebbe Aharon Rokeach (1880 to 1957), escaped from Nazi-occupied Europe to Israel in 1944, re-establishing the Hasidut first in Tel Aviv and then in Jerusalem. For recent history see {{slink|Belz (Hasidic dynasty)#Belz today}}.
<!-- The successor of Rebbe Aharon is the current Rebbe Yissacher Dov Rokeach (born December 21, 1947) named after his grandfather the third Rebbe, son of Rebbi Mordechai Rokeach of Bilgoraye who was the younger brother of Rebbe Aharon, the previous Rebbe. Rabbi Mordechai Rokeach of Bilgoraye died November 1949 while his son the current Rebbe was only two years old. A few years later in 1957 Rebbe Aharon died while the only living survivur of the Belz dynasty [the current Rebbe] was only nine years old. Nine years later in 1966 Rebbe Yissacher Dov Rokeach, the current Rebbe was crowned as the fifth Belz Rebbe. Under his leadership the Belz hasidus grew to become one of today's greatest hasidic empires with around fifteen thousand followers around the globe.
 -->

At the beginning of World War I, Belz had 6100 inhabitants, including 3600 Jews, 1600 Ukrainians, and 900 Poles.<ref>Dr Mieczysław Orłowicz. ''Ilustrowany Przewodnik po Galicyi''. Lwów 1919.</ref> During the German and Soviet invasion of Poland (September 1939), most of the Jews of Belz fled to the Soviet Union in Autumn 1939 (the [[German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation]]). However, by May 1942, there were over 1,540 local Jewish residents and refugees in Belz. On June 2, 1942, 1,000 Jews were deported to [[Hrubieszów]] and from there to [[Sobibor extermination camp]]. Another 504 were brought to [[Hrubieszów]] in September of that year, after they were no longer needed to work on the farms in the area.<ref>Spector, Shmuel and Wigoder, Geoffrey, ''The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust'', p. 105. NY:NYU Press 2001.</ref>

== Cultural trivia ==
The Yiddish song ''“Beltz, Mayn Shtetele”'' is a moving evocation of a happy childhood spent in a [[shtetl]]. Originally this song was composed for a town which bears a similar-sounding name in [[Yiddish]] (''belts''), called [[Bălți]] in [[Romanian language|Romanian]], which is located in [[Bessarabia]]<ref>{{cite journal|date=September 12, 2012|journal=[[Ami (magazine)|Ami Living]]|issue=87|page=45}}</ref> (currently in [[Moldova]]). Later interpretations may have had ''Belz'' in mind, though.{{citation needed|date=March 2010}} The song has special significance in [[Holocaust]] history, as a 16-year-old playing the song was overheard by an [[SS]] guard at [[Auschwitz]] extermination camp, who then forced the child to play it repeatedly to ease the moods of Jews being herded into the [[gas chambers]].{{Citation needed|reason=this is not in the article originally cited|date=January 2023}}

Belz is also a very important place for [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian Catholics]] and [[Poland|Polish Catholics]] as a place where the [[Black Madonna of Częstochowa]] (this icon was believed to have been painted by St. [[Luke the Evangelist]]) had resided for several centuries until 1382, when [[Władysław Opolczyk]], duke of [[Opole]], took the icon home to his principality after ending his service as the Royal emissary for [[Halychyna]] for [[Louis I of Hungary]].<ref>[http://www.ukraine-observer.com/articles/217/814 The Black Madonna] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126000000/http://www.ukraine-observer.com/articles/217/814 |date=January 26, 2008 }}</ref>

Literature – [[Belles-lettres]]: a poem ''Maria: A Tale of the Ukraine'' written by [[Antoni Malczewski]], and a novel ''Starościna Bełska: opowiadanie historyczne 1770–1774'' by [[Józef Ignacy Kraszewski]].

== Notable people ==
[[File:Лев Данилович.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Leo I of Galicia]]]]
[[File:Jakub Sobieski 1580-1646.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Jakub Sobieski]]]]
[[File:Belz1.jpg|thumb|140px|Rabbi [[Yissachar Dov Rokeach (third Belzer rebbe)|Yissachar Dov Rokeach]] of Belz]]
* [[Vsevolod Mstislavich of Volhynia]], prince of Belz (1170–1196)
* [[Vasilko Romanovich]], prince of Belz (1207–1211)
* [[Alexander Vsevolodovich]], prince of Belz (1212–1234)
* [[Daniel of Galicia]], prince of Belz (1234–1245)
* [[Lev I of Galicia]], prince of Belz (1245–1264)
* [[Yuri I of Galicia]], prince of Belz (1264–1301)
* [[Andrew of Galicia]], prince of Belz (1308–1323)
* [[Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia]], Polish–Lithuanian-Ruthenian prince of Belz (1323–1340)
* [[Yuri Narimuntovich]] ([[:lt:Jurgis Narimantaitis|Jurgis Narimantaitis]]), Lithuanian, prince of Belz (1340–1377)
* [[Władysław Opolczyk]], Silesian duke, Hungarian governor (1377–1378)
* [[Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia]], prince of Belz (1388–1426)
* [[Jaśko Mazowita]], prefect of Belz (14th–15th centuries)
* [[Casimir II of Belz]], prince of Belz (1434–1442)
* [[Jan Kamieniecki]] (1463–1513), starost of Belz
* [[Mikołaj Sieniawski]] (c. 1489–1569), voivode of Belz
* [[Jan Firlej]] (c. 1521–1574), voivode of Belz
* [[Jan Zamoyski]] (1542–1605), starost of Belz
* [[Yoel Sirkis]] (1561–1640), the Bach, later rabbi of [[Kraków|Krakow]], one of the [[Acharonim]]
* [[Rafał Leszczyński (1579–1636)|Rafał Leszczyński]] (1579–1636), voivode of Belz
* [[Jakub Sobieski]] (1580–1646), voivode of Belz
* [[Dymitr Jerzy Wiśniowiecki]] (1631–1682), voivode of Belz
* [[Marcin Zamoyski]] (c.1637–1689), starost of Belz
* [[Stefan Aleksander Potocki]], voivode of Belz
* [[Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski]] (1666–1726), voivode of Belz
* [[Stanisław Mateusz Rzewuski]] (1642–1728), voivode of Belz
* [[Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki]] (1753–1805), starost of Belz
* [[Sholom Rokeach]] (1779–1855), the first [[Rebbe]] of Belz
* [[Malka Rokeach]] (1780–1853), the first ''[[rebbetzin]]'' of Belz
* [[Yehoshua Rokeach]] (1825–1894), the second [[Rebbe]] of Belz
* [[Yissachar Dov Rokeach (third Belzer rebbe)|Yissachar Dov Rokeach]] (1854–1926), the third [[Rebbe]] of Belz
* [[Aharon Rokeach]] (1877–1957), the fourth [[Rebbe]] of Belz
* [[Mordechai Rokeach]] (1902–1949), rabbi of [[Biłgoraj|Bilgoraj]], son of the [[Yissachar Dov Rokeach (third Belzer rebbe)|third Belzer Rebbe]], half-brother and [[Spokesperson|spokesman]] for the [[Aharon Rokeach|fourth Rebbe]] and father of the [[Yissachar Dov Rokeach (fifth Belzer rebbe)|fifth Rebbe]]

== See also ==
* [[Belz (Hasidic dynasty)]]
* [[Polish-Soviet border treaty (disambiguation)|Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last1=Weiner|first1=Miriam|last2=Ukrainian State Archives (in cooperation with)|last3=Moldovan National Archives (in cooperation with)|title=Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories|date=1999|publisher=Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation|location=Secaucus, NJ|isbn=978-0-96-565081-6|url=http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/BELZ.pdf|chapter=Chapter 11: Town Clips: Belz|oclc=607423469|page=402}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Belz}}
* {{in lang|pl}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120223051835/http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_I/129 Bełz] (Belz) in the [[Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland]] (1880)
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=50.38,%2024.02 Google location]
* [https://belz-austrian-empire.blogspot.com/ Blog for people who are researching ancestors in Belz]
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|1035317|Belz, Ukraine}}

{{Lviv Oblast}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Belz| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Lviv Oblast]]
[[Category:Cities of district significance in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Rus' towns]]