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{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                 = metro district
| name                 = Bergama
| image_skyline        = Bergama tiyatro.jpg
| image_caption        = View of ancient [[Pergamon]] theatre and city
| image_map            = İzmir location Bergama.svg
| map_caption          = Map showing Bergama District in İzmir Province
| coordinates          = {{coord|39|07|N|27|11|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| province             = İzmir
| leader_party         = CHP
| leader_name          = Tanju Çelik
| leader_name1         = 
| area_total_km2       = 1544
| elevation_m          = 68
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total     = 105754
| population_as_of     = 2022
| postal_code          = 35700
| area_code            = 0232
| website              = {{url|http://www.bergama.bel.tr/}}
}}
'''Bergama''' is a municipality and [[Districts of Turkey|district]] of [[İzmir Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its area is 1,544&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> and its population is 105,754 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> By excluding [[İzmir]]'s metropolitan area, it is one of the prominent districts of the province in terms of population and is largely urbanized at the rate of 53.6%. Bergama center is situated at a distance of {{convert|118|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} to the north from the point of departure of the traditional center of İzmir ([[Konak Square]] in [[Konak, İzmir]]) and lies at a distance of {{convert|27|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} inland from the nearest seacoast at the town of [[Dikili]] to its west. Bergama district area neighbors the areas of three districts of [[Balıkesir Province]] to its north, namely [[Ayvalık]], [[Burhaniye]] and [[İvrindi]], [[İzmir Province]] district of [[Kınık]] and [[Manisa Province]] district of [[Soma, Manisa|Soma]] to its east, while to the south it is bordered by [[Yunusemre]] district of Manisa Province and two other İzmir Province districts along the coast that are [[Aliağa]] and [[Dikili]] from its south towards its west. The district area's physical features are determined by the alluvial plain of [[Bakırçay]] River.

==Name==
The name Bergama, as well as its ancient predecessor [[Pergamon]],<ref name=PECS>{{Cite PECS|Pergamon-2|Pergamon}}</ref> are thought to be connected with the even more ancient [[Luwian language]] adjective ''"parrai"'' ([[Hittite language]] equivalent; ''"parku"''), meaning ''"high"'' in the same vein as being the etymological root of a number of other ancient cities across [[Anatolia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tied.verbix.com/project/glossary/anat.html|title=Common Anatolian Glossary|last=Babaev|first=Cyril|website=tied.verbix.com|access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref> The ancient and modern Greek language form of the name is {{langx|el|Πέργαμος}}. In Turkish language, it has been adapted to '''Bergama'''. The name of Pergamos derives from Perga (as keramos from kera=earth, clay), although a Turkish author  [[Özhan Öztürk]] claims that ''Bergama'' means "high settlement/base" in [[Hittite language]]{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}, while Argoma (modern [[Suluova]]) in [[Amasya]] means "border settlement" at the [[Hittites|Hittite]]-[[Kaskians|Kaskian]] border.<ref>Hittite Parku "high" + huma(ti)  “base/settlement" and Arguma erha  “border" + huma(ti)  “base/settlement"  [[Özhan Öztürk]]. P [http://www.yeniansiklopedi.com/pontus-anticag%E2%80%99dan-gunumuze-karadeniz%E2%80%99in-etnik-ve-siyasi-tarihi/ Pontus: Antik Çağ’dan Günümüze Karadeniz’in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603224516/http://www.yeniansiklopedi.com/pontus-anticag%E2%80%99dan-gunumuze-karadeniz%E2%80%99in-etnik-ve-siyasi-tarihi/ |date=2016-06-03 }}. Genesis Yayınları. Ankara, 2011 pp. 438-39</ref>

==General features==
Currently, known for its cotton, gold, and fine carpets, the city was the ancient Greek and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] cultural center of [[Pergamon]]; its wealth of ancient ruins continues to attract considerable tourist interest today, although its famous Temple has been moved to the Pergamon Museum, in Berlin, Germany.

Located on a promontory north of the [[Bakırçay]] river, {{convert|26|km|0|abbr=off}} inland from the [[Aegean Sea]], Bergama has a population of about 102,000. The ruins of the ancient city of [[Pergamon]] lie to the north and west of the modern city; Roman Pergamon is believed to have sustained a population of approximately 150,000 at its height in the 1st century AD.

Among Bergama's notable ruins are the Sanctuary of Asclepius (or ''[[Asclepeion]]''), a temple dedicated to an [[Greek mythology|ancient Greek]] god of healing, a Greek Theater, and the [[Red Basilica]] complex ("Kızıl Avlu" in Turkish) that straddles the Selinus River, a 2nd-century AD construction likely built by [[Hadrian]]. The town also features an archaeological museum.

== History==
[[File:Asia Minor 188 BCE.jpg|thumb|The Attalid kingdom of Pergamon (colored olive) shown at its greatest extent in 188 BC]]
The city of [[Pergamon]] was the capital of the [[Attalid kingdom]] from 281 BC to 133 BC and then became part of the Roman province of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]].<ref name="PECS" /> It remained under Eastern Roman rule in the Middle Ages except for [[Sassanid]] invasion in 620s, [[Umayyad]] invasion in 715 and [[Sultanate of Rum]] rule between 1074 and 1097. It was conquered by [[Karasids]] and then [[Aydinids]] in 1302. It was part of [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1337. During Ottoman rule, it was part of the [[Sanjak of Karesi]] between 1337 and 1868, in [[Sanjak of Saruhan|Saruhan]] one (Its centre was [[Manisa]]) between 1868 and 1877 and finally in [[İzmir]] one. From 1867 until 1922, Bergama was part of [[Aidin Vilayet]] and had a mixed population of Turks, Greeks, Armenians and Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Χατζησταύρου |first=Κωνσταντίνος |date=2022-05-15 |title=Οι αναμνήσεις μιας προσφυγικής οικογένειας |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36fb49cbbaad42598b45253465e80991 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Turkish War of Independence]], it was occupied by Greece on June 19, 1919, but came under Turkish control again on September 14, 1922. The [[Greek Army]] burnt down the city while retreating in 1922. The Greek inhabitants were expelled in the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]] and founded new communities in [[Lesbos|Lesvos]] and [[Gallikos Kilkis|Gallikos]] in Greece.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Χατζησταύρου |first=Κωνσταντίνος |date=2022-05-15 |title=Οι αναμνήσεις μιας προσφυγικής οικογένειας |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/36fb49cbbaad42598b45253465e80991 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en}}</ref>

==Climate==
Bergama has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria. |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1 |journal=Nature: Scientific Data |language=en}}</ref> with very hot, dry summers, and cool to mild, moderately wet winters.{{Weather box
 | width       = auto
 | metric first = yes
 | single line = yes
 | location    = Bergama (1991–2020)
 | Jan high C = 11.2
 | Feb high C = 12.7
 | Mar high C = 16.2
 | Apr high C = 21.0
 | May high C = 26.7
 | Jun high C = 31.6
 | Jul high C = 34.2
 | Aug high C = 34.2
 | Sep high C = 30.0
 | Oct high C = 24.1
 | Nov high C = 17.8
 | Dec high C = 12.5
 | year high C = 22.7
 | Jan mean C = 6.8
 | Feb mean C = 7.8
 | Mar mean C = 10.4
 | Apr mean C = 14.5
 | May mean C = 20.0
 | Jun mean C = 24.7
 | Jul mean C = 27.4
 | Aug mean C = 27.3
 | Sep mean C = 23.0
 | Oct mean C = 17.8
 | Nov mean C = 12.3
 | Dec mean C = 8.3
 | year mean C = 16.7
 | Jan low C = 3.4
 | Feb low C = 4.1
 | Mar low C = 5.8
 | Apr low C = 9.1
 | May low C = 13.9
 | Jun low C = 18.2
 | Jul low C = 20.9
 | Aug low C = 21.2
 | Sep low C = 17.2
 | Oct low C = 13.0
 | Nov low C = 8.3
 | Dec low C = 5.1
 | year low C = 11.7
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 95.76
 | Feb precipitation mm = 86.33
 | Mar precipitation mm = 64.42
 | Apr precipitation mm = 54.19
 | May precipitation mm = 30.0
 | Jun precipitation mm = 16.08
 | Jul precipitation mm = 7.88
 | Aug precipitation mm = 4.5
 | Sep precipitation mm = 17.11
 | Oct precipitation mm = 59.34
 | Nov precipitation mm = 80.83
 | Dec precipitation mm = 103.16
 | year precipitation mm = 619.6

 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 8.2
 | Feb precipitation days = 7.8
 | Mar precipitation days = 6.5
 | Apr precipitation days = 5.9
 | May precipitation days = 4.8
 | Jun precipitation days = 3.0
 | Jul precipitation days = 1.5
 | Aug precipitation days = 1.4
 | Sep precipitation days = 2.7
 | Oct precipitation days = 4.8
 | Nov precipitation days = 6.6
 | Dec precipitation days = 9.1
 | year precipitation days = 62.3

 | Jan humidity = 73.1
 | Feb humidity = 70.3
 | Mar humidity = 66.0
 | Apr humidity = 62.2
 | May humidity = 56.9
 | Jun humidity = 51.6
 | Jul humidity = 48.1
 | Aug humidity = 50.1
 | Sep humidity = 55.3
 | Oct humidity = 63.9
 | Nov humidity = 71.0
 | Dec humidity = 74.2
 | year humidity = 62.0
 | source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Bergama_17742.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Bergama
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 13, 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Sights of interest within Bergama city==
[[File:Kursunlu Mosque, Bergama.jpg|thumb|Kursunlu Mosque]]
* [[Seljuk dynasty|Selçuk]] [[Minaret]] built in the 14th century
* Çukurhan [[caravanserai]] built in the 14th century
* Taşhan caravanserai built in 1432
* Great Mosque of Bergama built in 1399 
* Şadırvanlı [[Mosque]] built in 1550
* Zeus Altar (Now in Berlin Museum)
* Acropolis - accessible by the [[Bergama Acropolis Gondola]] from the base station north east of the town<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leitner-ropeways.com/en/company/references/gd8-bergama-712/|title=GD8 Bergama - References - Company - LEITNER ropeways|website=www.leitner-ropeways.com|access-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502113536/https://www.leitner-ropeways.com/en/company/references/gd8-bergama-712/|archive-date=2019-05-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Asklepion
*Halil Kayanın Evi


Bergama is also known for its historic quarter, where old [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] houses in the traditional style are found.

===Historic bridges===
As an ancient settlement at the northern edge of the Bakırçay River valley, with tributary streams flowing down from the [[Madra Mountains]], Bergama retains many historic bridges. 

The area next to the River Selinus (Bergama Çayı) at the base of the Pergamon Massif was developed extensively in Roman times, and the Selinus was [[River engineering#Canalization of rivers|canalized]] to allow construction along the river's course. By the reign of [[Hadrian]] (AD 117–138), development was so extensive that the Selinus was enclosed in two long tunnels where it runs in front of the [[Red Basilica]], allowing a huge sacred precinct or ''[[temenos]]'', to be built on top. The resulting structure, the [[Pergamon Bridge]] (sometimes known as Musluk Köprusu, survives to this day.<ref name=ka_20180908>{{cite web |url=https://kantaratlas.blogspot.com/2018/09/pergamon-bridge.html |title=Pergamon Bridge |website=Kantar Atlas |date=8 September 2018 |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref> Each of the tunnels spans {{cvt|9|m|ft}}; the northern one has a length of {{cvt|196|m|ft}} and the southern {{cvt|185|m|ft}}.<ref name=ka_20180908/> The entrance to the structure is at approximately {{Coord|39|07|23|N|27|10|54|E|display=inline}} and the exit at {{Coord|39|07|17.5|N|27|10|58|E|display=inline}}.

Other ancient bridges in Bergama include:

* The Ulucami Bridge, with two unequal spans.<ref name=ka_20180423>{{cite web |url=https://kantaratlas.blogspot.com/2018/04/pergamon-bridges.html |title=Pergamon Bridges |website=Kantar Atlas |date=23 April 2018 |access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref> {{Coord|39|07|29|N|27|10|45|E|display=inline}}
* The Tabak Bridge, with two roughly equal spans.<ref name=ka_20180423/> {{Coord|39|07|24|N|27|10|53|E|display=inline}}
* The Üçkemer Bridge, whose name means "three arches", a longer bridge approached on the south end by a ramp parallel to the river.<ref name=ka_20180423/> {{Coord|39|07|13|N|27|11|03|E|display=inline}}

==Allianoi==
{{main|Allianoi}}
'''Allianoi''' is an ancient [[spa]] settlement, with remains dating predominantly from the [[Roman Empire]] period (2nd century AD) located near the city of Bergama (ancient [[Pergamon]]) in [[Turkey]]'s [[İzmir Province]]. The site is at a distance of {{convert|18|km|0|abbr=off}} to the northeast of Bergama, on the road to the neighboring town of [[İvrindi]].

One particularity of Allianoi is its being a very recent historical discovery. It was mentioned only once in the 2nd century by the orator and medicinal writer [[Aelius Aristides]] in his "Hieroi Logoi" (''Sacred Tales'') (III.1), one of the key sources for the knowledge on the science of healing as it was understood at that time. No other writer of antiquity nor any [[epigraphy|epigraphic]] finding known had referred to Allianoi.

==Kozak Plateau==
[[File:Road to Kozak Plateau Bergama Turkey.jpg|left|thumb|Country road in Kozak Plateau]]
Kozak Plateau (''Kozak Yaylası'') is a high plain at an altitude varying between {{convert|500|and|1000|m|abbr=off}} and starting at a distance of {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from Bergama center in the northern direction. The plain is a favorite regional excursion area, famed for its hand-made textile products and pine forests whose [[pine nut]] is also extensively exported.

==Ovacık gold mine==
Recently, Bergama also made headlines in the context of controversies based on environmental concerns over the [[gold mine]] in [[Ovacık, Bergama|Ovacık]] village.<ref>''Managing cyanide: health, safety and risk management practices at Turkey's Ovacik gold–silver mine'', [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652605000648 Journal of Cleaner Production vol. 14, 8, 2]</ref><ref>"''European Court of Human Rights judgment on the Bergama Mine in Turkey''" [http://www.minesandcommunities.org/article.php?a=1031  Mines and Communities], published 01-05-2001, access on 31-03-2012</ref>

== Wind turbine manufacturing ==
[[LM Wind Power]], a division of [[GE Renewable Energy]], opened a [[wind turbine]] blade manufacturing facility in Bergama in 2017. The first blades it produced were used at the [[Bodangora Wind Farm]] in New South Wales, Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ge.com/reports/fresh-wind-turkish-turbine-blade-factory-invigorates-historic-town/|title=Fresh Air: Turkish Turbine Blade Factory Invigorates Historic Town|last=Coffey|first=Brendan|date=2019-09-13|website=GE Reports|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-28}}</ref>

==Bergama Carpets==
{{main|Bergama carpet}}
[[File:Bergamacarpets.jpg|thumb|Bergama Carpets]]
Bergama is also renowned for its high quality carpets. There are approximately eighty villages that still weave [[Bergama carpet]]s. The history of carpet weaving in Bergama dates back to the 11th century - when Turkish migration started to the area. Bergama carpets have almost always been woven with wool - an attestation to the pastoral life style of the [[Yörük]] clans populating the area at the time.

Although the history of carpet weaving in Bergama dates back to the 11th century, most surviving carpets do not age more than 200 years - mainly due to their wool content. The oldest surviving Bergama carpets can be found in mosques in and around Bergama, as well as the archaeological museum in Bergama.

==Bergama Festival==
Between June 18–24, Bergama celebrates its annual festival "Bergama Kermesi", which is already running into its seventy-second anniversary. Bergama Kermesi is a major local event, generally celebrated with the attendance of Turkish celebrities, singers, players, poets, and writers.

==Composition==
There are 135 [[mahalle|neighbourhoods]] in Bergama District:<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Ahmetbeyler
* Akçenger
* Alacalar
* Alhatlı
* Alibeyli
* Armağanlar
* Aşağıbey
* Aşağıcuma
* Aşağıılgındere
* Aşağıkırıklar
* Atatürk
* Atçılar
* Atmaca
* Avunduk
* Avunduruk
* [[Ayaskent, İzmir|Ayaskent]]
* Ayvatlar
* Aziziye
* Bahçelievler
* Balaban
* Barbaros
* Bayramcılar
* Bekirler
* [[Bölcek, İzmir|Bölcek]]
* Bozköy
* Bozyerler
* Çakırlar
* Çalıbahçe
* Çaltıkoru
* Çamavlu
* Çamköy
* Çamoba
* Çamtepe
* Çeltikçi
* Cevaplı
* Çitköy
* Çobanlar
* Çürükbağ
* Dağıstan
* Demircidere
* Dereköy
* Doğancı
* Durmuşlar
* Eğiller
* Eğrigöl
* Ertuğrul
* Fatih
* Ferizler
* Fevzipaşa
* Gaylan
* Gaziosmanpaşa
* Gazipaşa
* Göbeller
* [[Göçbeyli]]
* Gökçeyurt
* Gültepe
* Güneşli
* Hacıhamzalar
* Hacılar
* Halilağalar
* Hamzalısüleymaniye
* Hisarköy
* İkizler
* Ilgıncaber
* İncecikler
* İneşir
* İnkılap
* İslamsaray
* İsmailli
* Kadıköy
* Kadriye
* Kaleardı
* Kapıkaya
* Kaplanköy
* Karahıdırlı
* Karalar
* Karaveliler
* Kaşıkçı
* Katrancı
* Kıranlı
* Kırcalar
* Kızıltepe
* Kocahaliller
* Kocaköy
* Koyuneli
* Kozluca
* Kurfallı
* Kurtuluş
* Maltepe
* Maruflar
* Muratlar
* Narlıca
* Okçular
* Öksüzler
* Örenli
* Örlemiş
* Oruçlar
* Ovacık
* Paşaköy
* Pınarköy
* Pirveliler
* Rahmanlar
* Sağancı
* Sarıcalar
* Sarıcaoğlu
* Sarıdere
* Seklik
* Selçuk
* Sindel
* Süleymanlı
* Talatpaşa
* Tavukçukuru
* Teğelti
* Tekkedere
* [[Tepeköy, Bergama|Tepeköy]]
* Terzihaliller
* Tırmanlar
* Topallar
* Turabey
* Üçtepe
* Ulucami
* Ürkütler
* Yalnızdam
* Yalnızev
* Yenikent
* Yeniler
* Yerlitahtacı
* Yortanlı
* Yukarıada
* Yukarıbey
* Yukarıcuma
* Yukarıkırıklar
* Zafer
* Zağnos
* [[Zeytindağ]]
{{div col end}}

==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey}}

Bergama is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Kardeş Şehirlerimiz|url=http://www.bergama.bel.tr/Home/Page/102|website=bergama.bel.tr|publisher=Bergama|language=tr|access-date=2020-01-18|archive-date=2018-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913161733/http://www.bergama.bel.tr/Home/Page/102|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Alkmaar]], Netherlands
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Asenovgrad]], Bulgaria
*{{flagicon|LBN}} [[Baalbek]], Lebanon
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Böblingen]], Germany
*{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Lefka]], Cyprus
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Nea Peramos]], Greece
*{{flagicon|MDA}} [[Orhei]], Moldova
*{{flagicon|CYP}} [[Pergamos, Cyprus|Pergamos]], Cyprus
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Piatra Neamț]], Romania
*{{flagicon|MKD}} [[Rosoman Municipality|Rosoman]], North Macedonia
*{{flagicon|BIH}} [[Sanski Most]], Bosnia and Herzegovina
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Yehud, Israel|Yehud]], Israel
<!--rest - not twinning-->
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Bergama carpet]]
* [[Allianoi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bergama}}
{{wikivoyage|Bergama}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060830153142/http://www.pointsfromturkey.com/bergama.html pointsfromturkey.com]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813111253/http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/pir/asiamysi.htm Rosa Valderrama, "Pergamum"]: brief history
* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/bergama_turkey Photographic tour of old and new Pergamon, including the museum]
* [http://perso.orange.fr/istanbul/circuit_turquie_voyage_culturel_asie_mineure/PERGAME/index.html Pergamon pictures]
* [http://www.museumsinsel-berlin.de/index.php?lang=en&page=5_1_1 Pergamon altar in Berlin]
{{refend}}

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=İzmir|}}
{{Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey}}
{{Bergama District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bergama| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Roman sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in İzmir Province]]
[[Category:Districts of İzmir Province]]
[[Category:Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey]]