View source for Bering Sea

{{short description|Sea of the northern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Alaska and Russia}}
{{distinguish|Barents Sea|Bering Strait}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name                   = Bering Sea
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| image                  = LA2-Bering-Sea-UTM-zones.png
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| caption                = Map showing the location of the Bering Sea with latitude and longitude zones of the [[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system]]
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| basin_countries        = [[Russia]] and [[United States]]
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| area                   = {{cvt|2,000,000|km2}}
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The '''Bering Sea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɛər|ɪ|ŋ|,_|ˈ|b|ɛr|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|BAIR|ing|,_|BERR|ing}}, {{IPAc-en|usalso|ˈ|b|ɪər|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|BEER|ing}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Bering|access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> {{lang-rus|Бе́рингово мо́ре|r=Béringovo móre|p=ˈbʲerʲɪnɡəvə ˈmorʲe}}) is a [[marginal sea]] of the [[Northern Pacific Ocean]]. It forms, along with the [[Bering Strait]], the divide between the two largest landmasses on Earth: [[Eurasia]] and the [[Americas]].<ref name="Fasham2003">{{cite book|author=Fasham, M. J. R. |title=Ocean biogeochemistry: the role of the ocean carbon cycle in global change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3c_vFxn2Z8kC&pg=PA79|year=2003|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-42398-0|page=79}}</ref><ref name="McColl2005">{{cite book|last=McColl|first=R.W.|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA697|access-date=26 November 2010|year=2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5786-3|page=697}}</ref> It comprises a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the [[continental shelf|continental shelves]]. The Bering Sea is named after [[Vitus Bering]], a [[Denmark|Danish]]-born [[Russia|Russian]] navigator, who, in 1728, was the first European to systematically explore it, sailing from the Pacific Ocean northward to the [[Arctic Ocean]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Vitus-Bering |title=Vitus Bering |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>

The Bering Sea is separated from the [[Gulf of Alaska]] by the [[Alaska Peninsula]]. It covers over {{Convert|2000000|km2|sqmi|sp=us}} and is bordered on the east and northeast by [[Alaska]], on the west by the [[Russian Far East]] and the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]], on the south by the Alaska Peninsula and the [[Aleutian Islands]] and on the far north by the [[Bering Strait]], which connects the Bering Sea to the [[Arctic Ocean]]'s [[Chukchi Sea]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Area of Bering sea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bering-Sea |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref> [[Bristol Bay]] is the portion of the Bering Sea between the Alaska Peninsula and [[Cape Newenham Long Range Radar Site|Cape Newenham]] on mainland [[Southwest Alaska]].

The Bering Sea ecosystem includes resources within the jurisdiction of the [[United States]] and [[Russia]], as well as [[international waters]] in the middle of the sea (known as the "Donut Hole"<ref>{{cite web|title=North Pacific Overfishing (DONUT)|url=http://www1.american.edu/ted/donut.htm|work=Trade Environment Database|publisher=American University|access-date=13 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409225847/http://www1.american.edu/TED/DONUT.HTM|archive-date=9 April 2011}}</ref>). The interaction between currents, sea ice, and weather makes for a vigorous and productive ecosystem.

==History==
Most scientists think that during the [[Last glacial period|most recent ice age]], [[sea level]] was low enough to allow humans to migrate east on foot from [[Asia]] to [[North America]] across what is now the Bering Strait. Other animals including [[megafauna]] migrated in both directions. This is commonly referred to as the "[[Beringia|Bering land bridge]]" and is accepted by most, though not all scientists, to be the first point of entry of humans into the [[Americas]].

There is a small portion of the [[Kula Plate]] in the Bering Sea. The Kula Plate is an ancient [[Plate tectonics|tectonic plate]] that used to [[subduction|subduct]] under Alaska.<ref>Steinberger, Bernhard, and Carmen Gaina ''Geology 35'' (5) 407–410, 2007 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235762473 Plate-tectonic reconstructions predict part of the Hawaiian hotspot tract to be preserved in the Bering Sea]</ref>

On 18 December 2018, a large meteor exploded above the Bering Sea. The meteor exploded at an altitude of 25.6km, releasing 49 kilotons of energy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/fireballs/|title = Fireballs |access-date= 10 September 2022 |work=cneos.jpl.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47607696|title=US detects huge meteor explosion|first=Paul|last=Rincon|work=BBC News|date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==

===Extent===
[[File:Beringian Margin canyons.png|thumb|upright=1.0|Bering Sea showing the larger of the submarine canyons that cut the margin]]
The [[International Hydrographic Organization]] defines the limits of the Bering Sea as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition|year=1953|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|access-date=28 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>

::''On the North.'' The Southern limit of the [[Chukchi Sea|Chuckchi Sea]] {{sic}} [The [[Arctic Circle]] between [[Siberia]] and [[Alaska]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>

::''On the South.'' A line running from Kabuch Point ({{Coord|54|48|N|163|21|W|display=inline}}) in the [[Alaska Peninsula|Alaskan Peninsula]], through the [[Aleutian Islands]] to the South extremes of the [[Commander Islands|Komandorski Islands]] and on to Cape [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] in such a way that all the narrow waters between Alaska and Kamchatka are included in the Bering Sea.

===Islands===
Islands of the Bering Sea include:
* [[Pribilof Islands]], including [[Saint Paul Island (Alaska)|St. Paul Island]]
* [[Commander Islands|Komandorski Islands]], including [[Bering Island]]
* [[St. Lawrence Island]]
* [[Diomede Islands]]
* [[King Island, Alaska|King Island]]
* [[St. Matthew Island]]
* [[Karaginsky Island]]
* [[Nunivak Island]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Nunivak island in Bering sea|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nunivak-Island |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2018-12-21}}</ref>
* [[Sledge Island]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Alaska Islands of Bering Sea|url=http://www.stateofalaskaguide.com/islands-of-bering-sea.htm|website=www.stateofalaskaguide.com|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122123016/http://www.stateofalaskaguide.com/islands-of-bering-sea.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Hagemeister Island]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Wilderness.net - Bering Sea Wilderness - General Information|url=https://www.wilderness.net/NWPS/wildView?WID=36|website=Wilderness.net|access-date=24 April 2018|language=EN-US|archive-date=22 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122123817/https://wilderness.net/NWPS/wildView?WID=36|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Regions===
Regions of the Bering Sea include:
* [[Bering Strait]]
* [[Bristol Bay]]
* [[Gulf of Anadyr]]
* [[Norton Sound]]

The Bering Sea contains 16 [[submarine canyon]]s including the largest submarine canyon in the world, [[Zhemchug Canyon]].

[[Image:Choris, Saint Paul.jpg|thumb|The Russian "Rurik" sets anchor near [[Saint Paul Island (Alaska)|Saint Paul Island]] in the Bering Sea in order to load food and equipment for the expedition to the Chukchi sea in the north. Drawing by [[Louis Choris]] in 1817.]]
[[Image:Noaa-walrus17.jpg|thumb|Walrus (''Odobenus rosmarus divergens''), hauled out on Bering Sea ice, Alaska, June 1978. (Source: NOAA)]]
[[Image:Snailfish.jpg|thumb|[[Snailfish]], a non-commercial fish, caught in the eastern Bering Sea]]
[[Image:Kingcrabpile.jpg|thumb|[[Paralithodes camtschaticus|Red king crab]]]]
[[File:Aerial view of Tutakoke Bird Camp, Coast of the Bering Sea just south of Hooper Bay, Alaska, near Chevak, Alaska.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Tutakoke Bird Camp on the coast of the Bering Sea, south of [[Hooper Bay]]]]

==Ecosystem==
The Bering Sea [[Continental shelf|shelf break]] is the dominant driver of [[primary production|primary productivity]] in the Bering Sea.<ref name="Springer">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00118.x| title = The Bering Sea Green Belt: Shelf-edge processes and ecosystem production| journal = Fisheries Oceanography| volume = 5| issue = 3–4| pages = 205| year = 1996| last1 = Springer | first1 = A. M. | last2 = McRoy | first2 = C. P. | last3 = Flint | first3 = M. V. | bibcode = 1996FisOc...5..205S}}</ref> This zone, where the shallower [[continental shelf]] drops off into the [[North Aleutians Basin]] is also known as the "Greenbelt". Nutrient upwelling from the cold waters of the Aleutian basin flowing up the slope and mixing with shallower waters of the shelf provide for constant production of [[phytoplankton]].

The second driver of productivity in the Bering Sea is seasonal [[sea ice]] that, in part, triggers the spring phytoplankton bloom. Seasonal melting of sea ice causes an influx of lower salinity water into the middle and other shelf areas, causing stratification and hydrographic effects which influence productivity.<ref name="Schumacher">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1175/1520-0485(1979)009<0079:ASFOTC>2.0.CO;2| title = A Structural Front over the Continental Shelf of the Eastern Bering Sea| journal = [[Journal of Physical Oceanography]]| volume = 9| issue = 1| pages = 79| year = 1979| last1 = Schumacher | first1 = J. D.| last2 = Kinder | first2 = T. H.| last3 = Pashinski | first3 = D. J.| last4 = Charnell | first4 = R. L.| bibcode = 1979JPO.....9...79S| doi-access = free}}</ref> In addition to the hydrographic and productivity influence of melting sea ice, the ice itself also provides an attachment substrate for the growth of algae as well as interstitial ice algae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Olsen |first1=Lasse M. |last2=Duarte |first2=Pedro |last3=Peralta-Ferriz |first3=Cecilia |last4=Kauko |first4=Hanna M. |last5=Johansson |first5=Malin |last6=Peeken |first6=Ilka |last7=Różańska-Pluta |first7=Magdalena |last8=Tatarek |first8=Agnieszka |last9=Wiktor |first9=Jozef |last10=Fernández-Méndez |first10=Mar |last11=Wagner |first11=Penelope M. |last12=Pavlov |first12=Alexey K. |last13=Hop |first13=Haakon |last14=Assmy |first14=Philipp |date=2019-07-02 |title=A red tide in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=9536 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45935-0 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6606610 |pmid=31266996|bibcode=2019NatSR...9.9536O }}</ref>

Some evidence suggests that great changes to the Bering Sea ecosystem have already occurred. Warm water conditions in the summer of 1997 resulted in a massive bloom of low energy [[coccolithophore|coccolithophorid]] phytoplankton (Stockwell et al. 2001). A long record of [[Isotopic signature|carbon isotopes]], which is reflective of primary production trends of the Bering Sea, exists from historical samples of bowhead whale [[baleen]].<ref name="Schell">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.4319/lo.2000.45.2.0459| title = Declining carrying capacity in the Bering Sea: Isotopic evidence from whale baleen| journal = [[Limnology and Oceanography]]| volume = 45| issue = 2| pages = 459–462| year = 2000| last1 = Schell | first1 = D. M. | bibcode = 2000LimOc..45..459S| doi-access = free}}</ref> Trends in carbon isotope ratios in whale baleen samples suggest that a 30–40% decline in average seasonal primary productivity has occurred over the last 50 years.<ref name="Schell"/> The implication is that the [[carrying capacity]] of the Bering Sea is much lower now than it has been in the past.

==Biodiversity==
The sea supports many whale species, including the [[Beluga (whale)|beluga]], [[humpback whale]], [[bowhead whale]], [[gray whale]] and [[blue whale]], the vulnerable [[sperm whale]], and the endangered [[fin whale]], [[sei whale]] and the rarest in the world, the [[North Pacific right whale]]. Other marine mammals include [[walrus]], [[Steller sea lion]], [[northern fur seal]], [[orca]] and [[polar bear]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Citta|first1=John J.|last2=Burns|first2=John J.|last3=Quakenbush|first3=Lori T.|last4=Vanek|first4=Vicki|last5=George|first5=John C.|last6=Small|first6=Robert J.|last7=Heide-Jørgensen|first7=Mads Peter|last8=Brower|first8=Harry|title=Potential for bowhead whale entanglement in cod and crab pot gear in the Bering Sea|journal=[[Marine Mammal Science]]|volume=30|issue=2|pages=445–459|language=en|doi=10.1111/mms.12047|date=12 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Humpback Whales in Alaska|url=http://www.whale-watching-alaska.com/whale/humpbackwhalesalaska.html|website=www.whale-watching-alaska.com|access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

The Bering Sea is very important to the seabirds of the world. Over 30 species of seabirds and approximately 20 million individuals breed in the Bering Sea region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=Ecoregion-Based Conservation in the Bering Sea |url=http://protectedareas.info/upload/document/ecoregionplan-ecoregionconservationintheberingsea.pdf |pages=6, 13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2006 |title=Bering Sea Report, Center for Biological Diversity |url=https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/publications/papers/BeringSeaRpt.pdf |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eco region based conservation in the Bering sea|url=http://protectedareas.info/upload/document/ecoregionplan-ecoregionconservationintheberingsea.pdf|url-status=live|website=Protected areas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211063108/http://protectedareas.info/upload/document/ecoregionplan-ecoregionconservationintheberingsea.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-11 }}</ref> Seabird species include [[tufted puffin]]s, the endangered [[short-tailed albatross]], [[spectacled eider]], and [[red-legged kittiwake]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hundreds of Tufted Puffin Deaths Suggest Dangers of Warming Seas|url=http://www.audubon.org/news/hundreds-tufted-puffin-deaths-suggest-dangers-warming-seas|website=Audubon|access-date=24 April 2018|language=en|date=23 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Red-legged Kittiwake|url=http://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/red-legged-kittiwake|website=Audubon|access-date=24 April 2018|language=en|date=13 November 2014}}</ref> Many of these species are unique to the area, which provides highly productive foraging habitat, particularly along the shelf edge and in other nutrient-rich upwelling regions, such as the Pribilof, [[Zhemchug Canyon|Zhemchug]], and Pervenets canyons. The Bering Sea is also home to colonies of [[crested auklet]]s, with upwards of a million individuals.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Two Bering Sea species, the [[Steller's sea cow]] (''Hydrodamalis gigas'') and [[spectacled cormorant]] (''Phalacrocorax perspicillatus''), are extinct because of [[overexploitation]] by man. In addition, a small subspecies of Canada goose, the Bering Canada goose (''Branta canadensis asiatica'') is extinct due to overhunting and the introduction of rats to their breeding islands.

The Bering Sea supports many species of fish, some of which support large and valuable commercial fisheries. Commercial fish species include [[Pacific cod]], several species of [[flatfish]], [[sablefish]], Pacific [[salmon]], and [[Pacific herring]]. Shellfish include [[Paralithodes camtschaticus|red king crab]] and [[Chionoecetes|snow crab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=commercialbyareaaleutianislands.main|title=Bering Sea & Aleutian Islands|website=[[Alaska Department of Fish and Game]]|access-date=April 4, 2020}}</ref>

Fish biodiversity is high, and at least 419 species of fish have been reported from the Bering Sea.

==Fisheries==
The Bering Sea is world-renowned for its productive and profitable fisheries, such as [[Alaskan king crab fishing|king crab]],<ref>[http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/kodiak/photo/crabgprkc14a.htm Red King Crab, ''Paralithodes camtschaticus''] Alaska Fisheries Science Center. Retrieved 2007-04-07.</ref> opilio and tanner crabs, Bristol Bay salmon, pollock and other groundfish.<ref>[http://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov/ Bering Climate]. noaa.gov</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Groundfish Fisheries in the Eastern Bering Sea|url=https://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Report-Card/Report-Card-2017/ArtMID/7798/ArticleID/693/Groundfish-Fisheries-in-the-Eastern-Bering-Sea|website=Arctic Program|date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 April 2018}}</ref> These fisheries rely on the productivity of the Bering Sea via a complicated and little understood food web. 

Commercial fishing is lucrative business in the Bering Sea, which is relied upon by the largest seafood companies in the world to produce fish and shellfish.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/alaska/sustainable-fisheries/sustainable-fisheries-alaska|title=Sustainable Fisheries in Alaska {{!}} NOAA Fisheries|last=Fisheries|first=NOAA|date=2019-05-24|website=www.fisheries.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2019-06-16}}</ref> On the U.S. side, commercial fisheries catch approximately $1&nbsp;billion worth of seafood annually, while Russian Bering Sea fisheries are worth approximately $600&nbsp;million annually.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

The Bering Sea also serves as the central location of the Alaskan [[king crab]] and [[Chionoecetes|snow crab]] seasons, which are chronicled on the [[Discovery Channel]] television program ''[[Deadliest Catch]]''. Landings from Alaskan waters represents half the U.S. catch of fish and shellfish.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==Change==
Because of the changes going on in the Arctic, the future evolution of the Bering Sea climate and ecosystem is uncertain.<ref>[http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/detect Providing information on the present state of Arctic ecosystems and climate in historical context]. arctic.noaa.gov</ref> Between 1979 and 2012, the region experienced small growth in sea ice extent, standing in contrast to the substantial loss of summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean to the north.<ref>{{cite news |title=In a warming world, Alaska's icy Bering Sea bucks the trend |author=Alex DeMarban |url=http://www.adn.com/article/20140219/warming-world-alaskas-icy-bering-sea-bucks-trend |newspaper=Alaska Dispatch |date=19 February 2014 |access-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>

==In media==
'The White Seal', one of many chapters on [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Jungle Book]]'', features the Bering Sea as the birthplace and homeland of Kotick, a rare white [[Northern fur seal|fur seal]].

The film ''[[Harbinger Down]]'', which was released on August 7, 2015, was about a group of grad students who booked passage on the crabbing boat Harbinger to study the effects of [[global warming]] on a pod of [[beluga whale]]s in the Bering Sea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3397918/|title=Harbinger Down|date=7 August 2015|via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>

One of the central characters in the 1949 film ''[[Down to the Sea in Ships (1949 film)|Down to the Sea in Ships]]'' has the given name "Bering" due to having been born in a ship crossing the Bering Sea.<ref>{{cite web|title=Down to the Sea in Ships (1949) with Richard Widmark - Classic Film Freak|url=http://www.classicfilmfreak.com/2010/12/14/down-to-the-sea-in-ships-1949/|website=Classic Film Freak|access-date=24 April 2018|date=14 December 2010}}</ref>

The 2002 supernatural thriller, ''[[Ghost Ship (2002 film)|Ghost Ship]]'', directed by [[Steve Beck (director)|Steve Beck]], follows a marine salvage crew in the Bering Sea who discover the lost Italian ocean liner, ''Antonia Graza'' that disappeared in 1962.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bering Sea ESA376705.tiff|In the top-right corner of the image is Alaska's mainland blanketed with snow, as well as Nunivak Island. At the centre of the image are the islands of Saint Paul and Saint George – part of the Pribilof Islands. Also note the [[von Kármán vortex street]] (swirly clouds) in the middle right.
File:BeringSea.jpg|Satellite photo of the Bering Sea – Alaska is on the top right, Siberia on the top left
File:Bering Sea Location.png|Bering Sea in the North Pacific Ocean
File:Bering Sea Sunrise (8287968367).jpg|alt=Bering sea with sunset.|Sunrise at the Bering sea.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Beringia]] - name for the dry land that included the northeast third of today's Bering Sea during the last Ice Age
* [[Bering Sea Arbitration]]
* [[List of seas]]
* [[Northern Bering Sea Climate Resilience Area]]
* [[Timeline of environmental events]]

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book | last=Demuth | first=Bathsheba | title=Floating Coast: An Environmental History of the Bering Strait | publisher = W. W. Norton & Company | publication-place=New York | date=2020 | isbn=978-0-393-63516-4 | oclc=1091237096 | author-link = Bathsheba Demuth | title-link = Floating Coast: An Environmental History of the Bering Strait}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
* [http://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov/ Bering Sea Climate and Ecosystem] from [[NOAA]]
* [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/np/ North Pacific Ocean theme page] from [[NOAA]]
* [http://library.state.ak.us/asp/edocs/2007/04/ocn132695933.pdf Groundfish fisheries and harvest, 2005] from [[Alaska Department of Fish and Game]]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/extremeice/thinice.html Video of research on Bering Sea]
* [http://coastmariner.com/bin/chart2.php?chartId=513_1&lat=53.89429&lon=-166.51209 Nautical Chart of the Bering Sea (Southern Part)]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312115632/http://coastmariner.com/bin/chart2.php?chartid=513_1&lat=53.89429&lon=-166.51209 |date=2016-03-12 }}

{{Islands in the Bering Sea}}
{{List of seas}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bering Sea| ]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Alaska]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug]]
[[Category:Bodies of water of Kamchatka Krai]]
[[Category:Marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Marine ecoregions]]
[[Category:Pacific Coast of Russia]]
[[Category:Russia–United States border]]
[[Category:Seas of Asia]]
[[Category:Seas of North America]]
[[Category:Seas of Russia]]
[[Category:Seas of the United States]]