View source for Bernard Herrmann

{{Short description|American composer (1911–1975)}}
{{distinguish|Bernhard Herrmann}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Bernard Herrmann
| image              = Bernard-Herrmann.jpg
| caption            = Herrmann in 1970
| birth_name         = Maximillian Herman
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1911|6|29}}
| birth_place        = New York City, U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1975|12|24|1911|6|29}}
| death_place        = [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S.
| other names        = Bernard Maximillian Herrmann
| resting_place      = [[Beth David Cemetery]]
| education          = {{hlist|[[Juilliard School]]|[[New York University]]}}
| occupation         = {{hlist|Composer|conductor}}
| years_active       = 1934–1975
| known_for          = Golden Age Film Composer
| notable_works      = 
| spouse             = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Lucille Fletcher]]|October 2, 1939|1948|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Lucy Anderson|1949|1964|end=divorced}}
* {{marriage|Norma Shepherd|November 27, 1967}}
}}
| children           = 2
| relatives          = 
| awards             = [[14th Academy Awards|1941 Academy Award]] for<br>[[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Music Score of a Dramatic Picture]], ''[[The Devil and Daniel Webster (film)|The Devil and Daniel Webster]]'' a.k.a. ''All That Money Can Buy''<br>[[British Academy Film Awards|1976 BAFTA Award]] for<br>[[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music|Best Film Music]], ''[[Taxi Driver]]''
| website            = {{URL|thebernardherrmannestate.com}}
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Bernard Herrmann''' (born '''Maximillian Herman'''; June 29, 1911{{spaced ndash}}December 24, 1975) was an American [[composer]] and [[Conducting|conductor]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url= http://www.bernardherrmann.org/articles/family-rivkin/ |first1=Steven E. |last1=Rivkin |date= March 1997 |title= Benny, Max and Moby |publisher= The Bernard Herrmann Society |website=Bernardherrmann.org}}</ref> best known for his work in [[film scoring]]. As a conductor, he championed the music of lesser-known composers. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest film composers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/deceptivecadence/2011/06/30/137495742/bernard-herrmann-at-100-master-of-the-movie-score|title = Bernard Herrmann at 100: Master of the Movie Score| website=[[NPR]] | date=29 June 2011 | last1=Huizenga | first1=Tom }}</ref> [[Alex Ross (music critic)|Alex Ross]] writes that "Over four decades, he revolutionized movie scoring by abandoning the illustrative musical techniques that dominated Hollywood in the 1930s and imposing his own peculiar harmonic and rhythmic vocabulary."<ref name=Ross>{{Cite news|last=Ross|first=Alex|author-link=Alex Ross (music critic)|date=October 6, 1996 |title=The Music that Casts the Spells of ''Vertigo''|work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.therestisnoise.com/2006/07/vertigo.html|via=therestisnoise.com}}</ref>

An [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]-winner for ''[[The Devil and Daniel Webster (film)|The Devil and Daniel Webster]]'' (1941),<ref name=Oscar>{{cite web| title=The 14th Academy Awards| work=[[The Academy Awards]]| date=3 October 2014| url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1942}}</ref>  Herrmann worked in [[radio drama]], composing for [[Orson Welles]]'s ''[[The Mercury Theater on the Air]]'', and his first film score was for Welles's film debut, ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941). He is known for his collaborations with [[Alfred Hitchcock]], notably ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'' (1956) (where he makes a cameo as the conductor at [[Royal Albert Hall]]), ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' (1958), ''[[North by Northwest]]'' (1959), ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' (1960), ''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]'' (1963) (as "sound consultant") and ''[[Marnie (film)|Marnie]]'' (1964) . His other credits include ''[[Jane Eyre (1943 film)|Jane Eyre]]'' (1943), ''[[Anna and the King of Siam (film)|Anna and the King of Siam]]'' (1946), ''[[The Ghost and Mrs. Muir]]'' (1947), ''[[The Day the Earth Stood Still]]'' (1951), ''[[Cape Fear (1962 film)|Cape Fear]]'' (1962), ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]'' (1966) and ''[[Twisted Nerve]]'' (1968). Herrmann scored films that were inspired by Hitchcock, like [[François Truffaut]]'s ''[[The Bride Wore Black]]'' (1968) and [[Brian De Palma]]'s ''[[Sisters (1972 film)|Sisters]]'' (1972) and ''[[Obsession (1976 film)|Obsession]]'' (1976). He composed the scores for several fantasy films by [[Ray Harryhausen]], and composed for television, including ''[[Have Gun – Will Travel]]'' and [[Rod Serling]]'s ''[[The Twilight Zone]]''. His last score, recorded shortly before his death, was for [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976).{{sfn|Smith|2002}}<ref>{{Cite journal |url= http://www.equinoxpub.com/api-ui/articles/fulltext/6804 |journal= The Journal of Film Music |volume=1|number=2/3 |pages= 273–281 |issn= 1087-7142 |date=2003 |publisher= The International Film Music Society|title= Reviews: Steven C. Smith. ''A Heart at Fire's Center: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann''|first= Richard |last= Littlefield |doi= 10.1558/jfm.v1i2/3.273 |access-date= 17 March 2015|url-access= subscription }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Herrmann was born in [[New York City]] as Maximillian Herman, the son of a [[Jewish]] middle-class family of Russian origin.<ref name="auto"/><ref>[https://vimeo.com/showcase/5492991/video/310864869] {{dead link|date=September 2021}}</ref> He was the son of Ida (Gorenstein)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/film-and-television-biographies/bernard-herrmann|title=Bernard Herrmann |website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=5 May 2019}}</ref> and Abram Dardik, who was from [[Ukraine]] and had changed the family name. Herrmann attended [[DeWitt Clinton High School]], an all-boys public school at that time on 10th Avenue and 59th Street in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.bernardherrmann.org/articles/phototour-newyork/3/ |title= Herrmann Photo Biography – New York City – The Bernard Herrmann Society |website=Bernardherrmann.org}}</ref> His father encouraged music activity, taking him to the opera, and encouraging him to learn the violin. After winning a composition prize at the age of thirteen, he decided to concentrate on music, and went to [[New York University]], where he studied with [[Percy Grainger]] and [[Philip James]]. He also studied at the [[Juilliard School]], and at the age of 20, formed his own orchestra, the New Chamber Orchestra of New York.{{sfn|Smith|2002}}

In 1934, he joined the [[CBS|Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)]] as a staff conductor. Within two years, he was appointed music director of the ''[[Columbia Workshop]]'', an experimental radio drama series for which Herrmann composed or arranged music (one notable program was ''[[The Fall of the City]]''). Within nine years, he had become chief conductor to the [[CBS Symphony Orchestra]]. He was responsible for introducing more new works to US audiences than any other conductor&nbsp;– he was a particular champion of [[Charles Ives]]' music, which was virtually unknown at that time. Herrmann's radio programs of concert music, which were broadcast under such titles as ''Invitation to Music'' and ''Exploring Music'', were planned in an unconventional way and featured rarely heard music, old and new, which was not heard in public concert halls. Examples include broadcasts devoted to music of famous amateurs or of notable royal personages, such as the music of [[Frederick the Great|Frederick the Great of Prussia]], [[Henry VIII]], [[Charles I of England]], [[Louis XIII]] and so on.

Herrmann's many US broadcast premieres during the 1940s included [[Nikolai Myaskovsky|Myaskovsky]]'s 22nd Symphony, [[Gian Francesco Malipiero]]'s 3rd Symphony, [[Richard Arnell]]'s 1st Symphony, [[Edmund Rubbra]]'s 3rd Symphony and Ives' [[Symphony No. 3 (Ives)|3rd Symphony]]. He performed the works of [[Hermann Goetz]], [[Alexander Gretchaninov]], [[Niels Gade]] and [[Franz Liszt]], and received many outstanding American musical awards and grants for his unusual programming and championship of little-known composers. In ''Dictators of the Baton'', David Ewen wrote that Herrmann was "one of the most invigorating influences in the radio music of the past decade."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Edward |title=Bernard Herrmann – A Biographical Sketch – The Bernard Herrmann Society |url=http://bernardherrmann.org/articles/biographical-sketch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909053819/http://www.bernardherrmann.org/articles/biographical-sketch/ |archive-date=2024-09-09 |access-date=2024-06-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Also during the 1940s, Herrmann's own concert music was taken up and played by such celebrated maestri as [[Leopold Stokowski]], Sir [[John Barbirolli]], Sir [[Thomas Beecham]] and [[Eugene Ormandy]].

In 1934 Herrmann met a young CBS secretary and aspiring writer, [[Lucille Fletcher]]. She was impressed with Herrmann's work, and the two began a five-year courtship. Marriage was delayed by the objections of Fletcher's parents, who disliked the fact that Herrmann was a Jew and were put off by what they viewed as his abrasive personality. The couple finally married on October 2, 1939. They had two daughters: Dorothy (born 1941) and Wendy (born 1945).

Fletcher was to become a noted radio scriptwriter, and she and Herrmann collaborated on several projects throughout their career. He contributed the score to the famed 1941 radio presentation of Fletcher's original story ''[[The Hitch-Hiker (radio play)|The Hitch-Hiker]]'' on ''[[The Orson Welles Show (radio series)|The Orson Welles Show]]'', and Fletcher helped to write the libretto for [[Wuthering Heights (Herrmann)|his operatic adaptation]] of ''[[Wuthering Heights]]''. The couple divorced in 1948. The next year, he married Lucille's cousin Lucy (Kathy Lucille) Anderson. That marriage lasted until 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicacademyonline.com/composer/biographies.php?bid=107|title=Bernard Herrmann (1911-75)|work=musicacademyonline.com|access-date=2010-11-25|archive-date=2015-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017202443/http://www.musicacademyonline.com/composer/biographies.php?bid=107|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Collaboration with Orson Welles==
[[File:Mercury-Theatre-Radio-Rehearsal-1938.jpg|thumb|left|Herrmann conducts the CBS Radio orchestra at a rehearsal of ''[[The Mercury Theatre on the Air]]'' directed by [[Orson Welles]] (1938)]]
While at CBS, Herrmann met [[Orson Welles]], and wrote or arranged scores for radio shows in which Welles appeared or wrote, such as the ''[[Columbia Workshop]]'', Welles's ''[[The Mercury Theatre on the Air|Mercury Theatre on the Air]]'' and ''[[The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)|Campbell Playhouse]]'' series (1938–1940), which were radio adaptations of literature and film. He conducted the live performances, including [[The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)|Welles's famous adaptation]] of [[H.G. Wells]]'s ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' broadcast on October 30, 1938, which consisted entirely of pre-existing music.{{efn-ua|Herrmann kept a list of all original music he composed for radio and did not include anything from ''The War of the Worlds'', indicating that there was no new music composed for it. This list is now part of the Bernard Herrmann Papers at the University of California-Santa Barbara.}} Herrmann used large sections of his score for the inaugural broadcast of ''The Campbell Playhouse'', an adaptation of ''[[Rebecca (novel)|Rebecca]]'', for the feature film ''[[Jane Eyre (1943 film)|Jane Eyre]]'' (1943), the third film in which Welles starred.{{sfn|Callow|1995|page=422}}

When Welles gained his [[RKO Pictures]] contract, Herrmann worked for him. He wrote his first film score for ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941) and received an [[14th Academy Awards|Academy Award nomination]] for Best Score of a Dramatic Picture. The aria from the fictional opera ''Salammbo'', which Kane's wife Susan Alexander ([[Dorothy Comingore]]) performs, was also composed by Herrmann. Welles wanted Herrmann to do a pastiche of real operas, writing in a telegram "Here is a chance for you to do something witty and amusing."{{sfn|Welles|Bogdanovich|1998|page=57}} Herrmann composed the score for Welles's ''[[The Magnificent Ambersons (film)|The Magnificent Ambersons]]'' (1942); like the film, the music was heavily edited by RKO Pictures. When more than half of his score was removed from the soundtrack, Herrmann bitterly severed his ties with the film and promised legal action if his name were not removed from the credits.<ref>Husted, Christopher, liner notes for ''The Magnificent Ambersons: Original 1942 Motion Picture Score'', Preamble (PRCD 1783), Fifth Continent Music Corp. 1990</ref>

Herrmann was music director for Welles's CBS radio series ''[[The Orson Welles Show (radio series)|The Orson Welles Show]]'' (1941–1942), which included the debut of his wife [[Lucille Fletcher]]'s suspense classic ''[[The Hitch-Hiker (radio play)|The Hitch-Hiker]]''; ''[[Ceiling Unlimited]]'' (1942), a program conceived to glorify the aviation industry and dramatize its role in [[World War II]]; and ''[[Mercury Theatre#The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air (1946)|The Mercury Summer Theatre on the Air]]'' (1946).<ref>[http://folk.uib.no/smkgg/midi/soundtrackweb/herrmann/m_rad_ad.html Radio Music], The Bernard Herrmann Web Pages; retrieved 17 June 2012.</ref> "Benny Herrmann was an intimate member of the family", Welles told filmmaker [[Peter Bogdanovich]].{{sfn|Welles|Bogdanovich|1998|page=56}} Between the films by Welles, he wrote the score for [[William Dieterle]]'s [[The Devil and Daniel Webster (film) |''The Devil and Daniel Webster'']] (1941), for which he won his only [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]].<ref name=Oscar/>

Herrmann was among those who rebutted the charges [[Pauline Kael]] made in her 1971 essay "[[Raising Kane]]", in which she revived controversy over the authorship of the [[Screenplay for Citizen Kane|screenplay for ''Citizen Kane'']] and denigrated Welles's contributions.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Gilling |first=Ted |date=Spring 1972 |title=[Interview with George Coulouris and Bernard Herrmann on] ''The Citizen Kane Book''|magazine=[[Sight & Sound]] |pages=71–73}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=176 |title=Bernard Herrmann on working with Orson Welles and Citizen Kane |website=Wellesnet.com |date=June 24, 2007 |access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref>

==Collaboration with Alfred Hitchcock==
[[File:Alfred Hitchcock The Man Who Know Too Much 1956 trailer.png|thumb|left|Herrmann conducting the orchestra in a scene from ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'' (1956)]]
Herrmann is closely associated with the director [[Alfred Hitchcock]]. He wrote the scores for seven Hitchcock films, from ''[[The Trouble with Harry]]'' (1955) to ''[[Marnie (film)|Marnie]]'' (1964), a period that included ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'', ''[[North by Northwest]]'', and ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''. He was also credited as sound consultant on ''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]'' (1963), as there was no actual music in the film as such, only electronically made bird sounds.

The film score for the remake of ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'' (1956) was composed by Herrmann, but two of the more significant pieces of music in the film – the song "[[Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be)]]" and the ''[[Storm Clouds Cantata]]'' played in the [[Royal Albert Hall]] – are not by Herrmann (although he did re-[[orchestration|orchestrate]] the [[cantata]] by Australian-born composer [[Arthur Benjamin]] written for the earlier Hitchcock [[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934 film)|film of the same name]]). However, this film did give Herrmann the opportunity for an on-screen appearance: he is the conductor of the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] in the Albert Hall scene. Herrmann's score for Hitchcock's ''[[The Wrong Man]]'' (1956) is in a jazz style and makes heavy use of bass; Emmanuel Balestrero ([[Henry Fonda]]), the wrong man of the title, is a jazz bassist.

Herrmann's most recognizable music is from Hitchcock's ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''. Unusual for a thriller at the time, the score uses only the string section of the orchestra. The screeching violin heard during the famous shower scene (which Hitchcock originally suggested have no music at all) is one of the most famous moments in film score history. Hitchcock admitted at the time that ''Psycho'' heavily depended on the music for its tension and sense of pervading doom.{{sfn|Smith|1991|page=236}} [[David Thomson (film critic)|David Thomson]] notes Herrmann's "sly borrowings from [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)|''Eroica'']]", a recording of which can be seen in the bedroom of Norman Bates ([[Anthony Perkins]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomson |first=David |title=[[The New Biographical Dictionary of Film]] |year=2010 |edition=5th |pages=443}}</ref> Herrmann's score also had a direct influence on producer [[George Martin]]'s staccato string arrangement for [[the Beatles]]' 1966 single "[[Eleanor Rigby]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Steve |author-link=Steve Turner (writer) |title=A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song |date=2005 |orig-year=1994 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York, NY |page=164 |isbn=978-0-06-084409-7 |edition=New and Updated |url=https://archive.org/details/harddayswritesto0000turn_a2y5/|url-access=registration}}</ref>

His [[Vertigo (film score)|score]] for ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' (1958) is seen as just as masterly. In many of the key scenes, Hitchcock let Herrmann's score take centre stage, a score whose melodies, echoing the "[[Liebestod]]" from [[Richard Wagner]]'s ''[[Tristan und Isolde]]'', dramatically convey the main character's obsessive love for the image of a woman and underscores that ''Vertigo'', like ''Tristan'', is a story of love and death. Ross writes that Herrmann's homage "is a matter of deliberation and subtlety. The main melodic contour is his own; the harmony is still his idiosyncratic construction. He is jogging the memory of those who know ''Tristan'' and the subconscious of those who don't. His veiled citations indicate in their own way the unstoppable recurrence of the past."<ref name=Ross />

A notable feature of the ''Vertigo'' score is the ominous two-note falling motif that opens the suite&nbsp;– it is a direct musical imitation of the two notes sounded by the fog horns located at either side of the [[Golden Gate Bridge]] in San Francisco (as heard from the San Francisco side of the bridge). This motif has direct relevance to the film because the horns can be clearly heard sounding in just this manner at [[Fort Point, San Francisco|Fort Point]], the spot where a key incident occurs involving the character played by [[Kim Novak]].

However, according to Dan Auiler, author of ''Vertigo: The Making of a Hitchcock Classic'', Herrmann deeply regretted being unable to conduct his composition for ''Vertigo''. A musicians' strike in America meant that it was actually conducted in England and in Austria by [[Muir Mathieson]]. Herrmann always personally conducted his own works and given that he considered the composition among his best works, he regarded it as a missed opportunity.

In a question-and-answer session at [[George Eastman House]] in October 1973, Herrmann stated that, unlike most film composers who did not have any creative input into the style and tone of the score, he insisted on creative control as a condition of accepting a scoring assignment:

{{Blockquote|I have the final say, or I don't do the music. The reason for insisting on this is simply, compared to [[Orson Welles]], a man of great musical culture, most other directors are just babes in the woods. If you were to follow their taste, the music would be awful. There are exceptions. I once did a film ''The Devil and Daniel Webster'' with a wonderful director [[William Dieterle]]. He was also a man of great musical culture. And Hitchcock, you know, is very sensitive; he leaves me alone. It depends on the person. But if I have to take what a director says, I'd rather not do the film. I find it's impossible to work that way.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=176 |title=Bernard Herrmann on working with Orson Welles and Citizen Kane |date=24 June 2007 |work=Wellesnet: The Orson Welles Web Resource |access-date=26 July 2010}}</ref>}}

Herrmann stated that Hitchcock would invite him on to the production of a film and, depending on his decision about the length of the music, either expand or contract the scene. It was Hitchcock who asked Herrmann for the "recognition scene" near the end of ''Vertigo'' (the scene in which James Stewart's character suddenly realizes Kim Novak's identity) to be played with music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-02-10 |title=Excerpt: 'Hitchcock's Music' |url=https://www.vpm.org/npr-news/2007-02-10/excerpt-hitchcocks-music |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=VPM |language=en}}</ref>

In 1963, Herrmann began writing original music for the CBS-TV anthology series ''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents|The Alfred Hitchcock Hour]]'', which was in its eighth season. Hitchcock served only as advisor on the show, which he hosted, but Herrmann was again working with former [[Mercury Theatre]] actor [[Norman Lloyd]], co-producer (with [[Joan Harrison (screenwriter)|Joan Harrison]]) of the series. Herrmann scored 17 episodes (1963–1965), and like much of his work for CBS, the music frequently was reused for other programs.{{sfn|Smith|1991|pages=256–257, 373}}

Herrmann's relationship with Hitchcock came to an abrupt end when they disagreed over the score for ''[[Torn Curtain]]''. Reportedly pressured by [[Universal Pictures|Universal]] executives, Hitchcock wanted a score that was more jazz- and pop-influenced. Hitchcock's biographer [[Patrick McGilligan (biographer)|Patrick McGilligan]] stated that Hitchcock was worried about becoming old-fashioned and felt that Herrmann's music had to change with the times as well. Herrmann initially accepted the offer, but then decided to score the film according to his own ideas.{{sfn|McGilligan|2001|pages=673–674}} [[François Truffaut]] writes that "in 1966, In Hollywood and elsewhere, it was the practice of the film industry to favor scores that would sell as popular records—the kind of film music that could be danced to in discotheques. In this sort of game, Herrmann, a disciple of Wagner and Stravinsky, was bound to be a loser." Truffaut writes that "Herrmann's removal is a flagrant injustice, since it is a matter of record that his contributions to ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'', ''North by Northwest'', and ''Psycho'' had greatly enhanced the success of these films."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Truffaut |first=François |title=[[Hitchcock/Truffaut]] |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1983 |edition=Revised |pages=328}}</ref>

Hitchcock listened to only the [[prelude (music)|prelude]] of the score, then confronted Herrmann about the pop score. Herrmann, equally incensed, bellowed "Look, Hitch, you can't outjump your own shadow. And you don't make pop pictures. What do you want with me? I don't write pop music." Hitchcock unrelentingly insisted that Herrmann change the score, violating Herrmann's general claim to the creative control he had always maintained in their previous works together. Herrmann then said "Hitch, what's the use of my doing more with you? I had a career before you, and I will afterwards."{{sfn|McGilligan|2001|page=674}} The score was rejected and replaced with one by [[John Addison]].

According to McGilligan, Herrmann later tried to reconcile with Hitchcock, but Hitchcock refused to see him. Herrmann's widow Norma Herrmann disputed this in a conversation with Günther Kögebehn for the Bernard Herrmann Society in 2004:

{{Blockquote|I met Hitchcock very briefly. Everybody says they never spoke again. I met him, it was cool, it was not a warm meeting. It was in Universal Studios, this must be 69, 70, 71ish. And we were in Universal for some other reason and Herrmann said: "See that tiny little office over there, that's Hitch. And that stupid little parking place. Hitch used to have an empire with big offices and a big staff. Then they made it down to half that size, then they made it to half that size… We are going over to say hello." Actually [Herrmann] got a record; he was always intending to give him a record he just made. But it wasn't a film thing. It was either ''Moby Dick'' or something of his concert pieces to take it and give to Hitch. Peggy, Hitchcock's secretary was there. Hitch came out, Benny said "I thought you'd like a copy of this." "How are you?" etc., and he introduced me. And Hitchcock was cool, but they did meet. They met, I was there. And when Herrmann came out again, he said "What a great reduction in Hitch's status."<ref>Kögebehn, Günther, [http://www.bernardherrmann.org/articles/interview-herrmann/ "Running with the Kids: A Conversation with Norma Herrmann"]. [http://www.thebernardherrmannestate.com/ The Bernard Herrmann Estate]. June 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2012.</ref>}}

In 2009, Norma Herrmann began to auction her husband's personal collection on Bonhams.com, adding more interesting details to the two men's relationship. While Herrmann had brought Hitchcock a copy of his classical work after the break-up, Hitchcock had given Herrmann a copy of his 1967 interview book with François Truffaut, which he inscribed "To Benny with my fondest wishes, Hitch."

"This is rather interesting because it comes a year after Hitchcock had abruptly fired Herrmann from his work scoring ''Torn Curtain'' and indicates Hitchcock may have hoped to mend fences with Herrmann and have him score his next film, ''[[Topaz (1969 film)|Topaz]]''," reported Wellesnet, the Orson Welles website, in April 2009:

{{Blockquote|Of course, once Herrmann felt he had been wronged, he was not going to say "yes" to Hitchcock unless he was courted and it seems unlikely that Hitchcock would be willing to do that, although apparently Hitchcock did ask Herrmann back to score his last film ''[[Family Plot]]'' right before Herrmann died. Herrmann, who had a full schedule of films planned for 1976, including [[Brian DePalma|DePalma]]'s ''[[Carrie (1976 film)|Carrie]]'', ''[[The Seven Per Cent Solution]]'' and [[Larry Cohen]]'s ''[[God Told Me To]]'', was reportedly happy to be in a position to ignore Hitchcock's reunion offer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wellesnet.com/?p=497 |title=Orson Welles to Bernard Herrmann: "I love you truly and your heart is God's little garden" |date=12 April 2009 |work=Wellesnet: The Orson Welles Web Resource |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>}}

Herrmann's unused score for ''[[Torn Curtain]]'' was commercially recorded after his death, initially by [[Elmer Bernstein]] for his Film Music Collection subscription record label (reissued by Warner Bros. Records), then in a fuller realization of the original score by [[Joel McNeely]] and the [[Royal Scottish National Orchestra]] and later, in a concert suite adapted by [[Christopher Palmer]], by [[Esa-Pekka Salonen]] and the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] for [[Sony]]. Some of Herrmann's cues for ''Torn Curtain'' were post-synched to the final cut, where they showed how remarkably attuned the composer was to the action, and how, arguably, more effective his score could have been.

==Later life and death==
{{more citations needed section|date=February 2025}}
From the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, Herrmann scored a series of notable mythically themed fantasy films, including ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]'' and the [[Ray Harryhausen]] Dynamation epics ''[[The 7th Voyage of Sinbad]]'', ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'', ''[[Mysterious Island (1961 film)|Mysterious Island]]'' and ''[[The 3 Worlds of Gulliver]]''.

During the same period, Herrmann turned his talents to writing scores for television shows. He wrote the scores for several well-known episodes of the original ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|Twilight Zone]]'' series, including the lesser known theme used during the series' [[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series) (season 1)|first season]], as well as the opening theme to ''[[Have Gun – Will Travel]]''.

In the mid-1960s, he composed the highly regarded music score for [[François Truffaut]]'s ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]''. Scored for strings, two harps, [[vibraphone]], xylophone and [[glockenspiel]], Herrmann's score created a driving, neurotic mood that perfectly suited the film.

By 1967, Herrmann worked almost exclusively in England. In November 1967, the 56-year-old composer married 27-year-old journalist Norma Shepherd, his third wife. In August 1971, the Herrmanns made London their permanent home.{{sfn|Smith|1991|pages=287, 308}}

Herrmann's last film scores included ''[[Sisters (1972 film)|Sisters]]'' and ''[[Obsession (1976 film)|Obsession]]'' for [[Brian De Palma]]. His final film soundtrack, and the last work he completed, was his sombre score for ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976), directed by [[Martin Scorsese]]. It was De Palma who had suggested to Scorsese to use the composer.

Immediately after finishing the recording of the ''Taxi Driver'' soundtrack on December 23, 1975, Herrmann viewed the rough cut of what was to be his next film assignment, [[Larry Cohen]]'s ''[[God Told Me To]]'', and dined with Cohen. He returned to his hotel, and died from an apparent heart attack in his sleep the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/25/archives/bernard-herrmann-composer-oscar-winner-for-score-dead.html|title = Bernard Herrmann, Composer, Oscar Winner for Score, Dead|date = December 24, 1975|website = [[The New York Times]]|access-date = February 15, 2018}}</ref> Scorsese and Cohen both dedicated their respective films in his memory. Herrmann was interred in [[Beth David Cemetery]] in [[Elmont, New York]].

==Other works==
As well as his many film scores, Herrmann wrote several concert pieces, including his [[Symphony No. 1 (Herrmann)|Symphony]] in 1941; the opera ''[[Wuthering Heights (Herrmann)|Wuthering Heights]]''; the cantata [[Moby Dick (cantata)|''Moby Dick'']] (1938), dedicated to [[Charles Ives]]; and ''For the Fallen'', a tribute to the soldiers who died in battle in World War II. He recorded all these compositions, and several others, for the [[Unicorn-Kanchana|Unicorn]] label during his last years in London. A work written late in his life, ''Souvenir de Voyages'', showed his ability to write non-programmatic pieces.

==Compositional style and philosophy==
Herrmann's music is typified by frequent use of [[ostinato|ostinati]] (short repeating patterns), novel orchestration, and, in his film scores, an ability to portray character traits not altogether obvious from other elements of the film.

Early in his life, Herrmann committed himself to a creed of personal integrity at the price of unpopularity: the quintessential artist. His philosophy is summarized by a favorite Tolstoy quote: "Eagles fly alone, and sparrows fly in flocks." Thus, Herrmann only composed music for films when he was allowed the artistic liberty to compose what he wished without the director getting in the way. This was the cause of the split with Hitchcock after over a decade of composing scores for the director's films.

His philosophy of orchestrating film was based on the assumption that the musicians were selected and hired for the recording session – that this music was not constrained to the musical forces of the concert hall. For example, his use of nine harps in ''[[Beneath the 12-Mile Reef]]'' created an extraordinary underwater-like sonic landscape;<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/cds/detail.cfm/CDID/80/Beneath-the-12-Mile-Reef/ |title=''Beneath the 12-Mile Reef'' (1953) Music by Bernard Herrmann |year=2015 |magazine=[[Film Score Monthly]]|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> his use of four [[alto flute]]s in ''Citizen Kane'' contributed to the unsettling quality of the opening, only matched by the use of 12 flutes in his unused ''Torn Curtain'' score; and his use of the [[Serpent (instrument)|serpent]] in ''[[White Witch Doctor]]'' is possibly the first use of that instrument in a film score.{{clarify|date=July 2010|reason=Do you mean that it is the first use of the instrument *in a film*?}}

Herrmann said: "To orchestrate is like a thumbprint. I can't understand having someone else do it. It would be like someone putting color to your paintings."<ref>Quoted by {{Cite web|last1=Hall |first1=Roger L.|url=https://www.americanmusicpreservation.com/film.htm#bernardherrmanntribute|website=Americanmusicpreservation.com |title=A tribute to Bernard Herrmann|page=43}}</ref>

Herrmann subscribed to the belief that the best film music should be able to stand on its own legs when detached from the film for which it was originally written. To this end, he made several well-known recordings for Decca of arrangements of his own film music as well as music of other prominent composers.

===Use of electronic instruments===
Herrmann's involvement with electronic musical instruments dates back to 1951, when he used the [[theremin]] in ''[[The Day the Earth Stood Still]]''. Robert B. Sexton has noted <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=TVOX |date=2003-07-16 |title=Bernard Herrmann |url=https://www.thereminvox.com/stories/reference/bernard-herrmann/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Theremin Vox |language=en-US}}</ref> that this score involved the use of treble and bass theremins (played by [[Dr. Samuel Hoffmann]] and Paul Shure), [[electric violin|electric strings]], bass, prepared piano, and guitar together with various pianos and harps, electronic organs, brass, and percussion, and that Herrmann treated the theremins as a truly orchestral section.

Herrmann was a sound consultant on ''The Birds'', which made extensive use of an electronic instrument called the [[Trautonium|mixturtrautonium]], performed by [[Oskar Sala]] on the film's soundtrack. Herrmann used several electronic instruments on his score of ''[[It's Alive (1974 film)|It's Alive]]'', as well as the [[Moog synthesizer]] for the main themes in ''[[Endless Night (1972 film)|Endless Night]]'' and ''[[Sisters (1972 film)|Sisters]]''.

==Legacy and recording==
Herrmann is still a prominent figure in the world of film music today, despite his death in 1975. As such, his career has been studied extensively by biographers and documentarians. His string-only score for ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'', for example, set the standard when it became a new way to write music for thrillers (rather than big fully orchestrated pieces). In 1992, the documentary ''[[Music for the Movies: Bernard Herrmann]]'' was made about him. It was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature]]. Also in 1988, Bruce Crawford produced a {{frac|2|1|2}}-hour-long [[National Public Radio]] documentary on his life&nbsp;– ''Bernard Herrmann: A Celebration of His Life and Music''.<ref>[http://www.bernardherrmann.org/articles/present-celebration-broadcast ''Bernard Herrmann: A Celebration of His Life and Music''], bernardherrmann.org</ref> In 1991, Steven C. Smith wrote a Herrmann biography titled ''A Heart at Fire's Center'',{{sfn|Smith|1991}} a quote from a favorite [[Stephen Spender]] poem of Herrmann.

His music continues to be used in films and recordings after his death. On the 1977 album ''[[Ra (Utopia album)|Ra]],'' American [[progressive rock]] group [[Utopia (band)|Utopia]] adapted Herrmann's "Mountain Top/Sunrise" from [[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film)|''Journey to the Center of the Earth'']] in a rock arrangement, as the introduction to the album's opening song, "Communion With The Sun". The 1990s saw two iconic Herrmann scores adapted for remakes: celebrated composer [[Elmer Bernstein]] adapted and expanded Herrmann's music for Martin Scorsese's update of ''[[Cape Fear (1962 film)|Cape Fear]],'' expanding the score to include music from Herrmann's rejected score to ''[[Torn Curtain]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/cape_fear.html|title=Editorial Review: Cape Fear (1991 Re-recording)|date=April 9, 2006|website=[[Filmtracks]]|access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> and similarly, though more faithful to the original material, film composer [[Danny Elfman]] and orchestrator [[Steve Bartek]] adapted Herrmann's full ''Psycho'' score for director [[Gus Van Sant]]'s shot-for-shot [[Psycho (1998 film)|remake]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/psycho98.html|title=Review: Psycho (1998) (Bernard Herrmann/Danny Elfman/Steve Bartek)|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=November 27, 2009|website=FilmTracks|access-date=October 7, 2019|quote=So loyal is Elfman (and cohort Steve Bartek) to Herrmann's original intent that he succeeded better than anyone else at re-recording the work.}}</ref> "Georgie's Theme" from Herrmann's score for the 1968 film ''[[Twisted Nerve]]'' is whistled by assassin Elle Driver in the hospital corridor scene in [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1]]'' (2003). 2011 saw several uses of Herrmann's music from ''Vertigo:'' the opening theme was used in the prologue to [[Lady Gaga]]'s video for "[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]" and during a flashback sequence in the pilot episode of FX's ''[[American Horror Story]]'' (which featured "Georgie's Theme" in later episodes as a recurring musical motif for the character of Tate), and [[Ludovic Bource]] used the love theme in the last reels of ''[[The Artist (film)|The Artist]]''. ''Vertigo''{{'s}} opening sequence was also copied for the opening sequence of the 1993 miniseries, [[Tales of the City (1993 miniseries)|''Tales Of The City'']], an adaptation of the first in a series of books by [[Armistead Maupin]]. More recently, the first and fourth episodes of Amazon Prime's 2018 streaming series ''[[Homecoming (TV series)|Homecoming]]'' used cues from Herrmann's ''Vertigo'' and ''[[The Day the Earth Stood Still]]'' respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/11/homecoming-score-classic-thriller-movie-soundtracks-sam-esmail-complete-list-1202018145/|title='Homecoming': All the Classic Movie Soundtracks In the Series – And Why Sam Esmail Used Them|last=O'Falt|first=Chris|date=November 5, 2018|website=[[IndieWire]]|language=en|access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>

Herrmann's film music is well represented on disc. His friend, John Steven Lasher, has produced several albums featuring [[Urtext edition|Urtext]] recordings, including ''[[Battle of Neretva (film)|Battle of Neretva]],'' ''[[Citizen Kane]],'' ''[[The Kentuckian (1955 film)|The Kentuckian]],'' ''[[The Magnificent Ambersons (film)|The Magnificent Ambersons]],'' ''[[The Night Digger]]'' and ''[[Sisters (1972 film)|Sisters]],'' under various labels owned by Fifth Continent Australia Pty Ltd.

Herrmann was an early and enthusiastic proponent of the music of [[Charles Ives]]. He met Ives in the early 1930s, performed many of his works while conductor of the [[CBS Symphony Orchestra]], and conducted Ives' [[Symphony No. 2 (Ives)|Second Symphony]] with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] on his first visit to London in 1956. Herrmann later made a recording of the work in 1972 and this reunion with the LSO, after more than a decade, was significant to him for several reasons – he had long hoped to record his own interpretation of the symphony, feeling that [[Leonard Bernstein]]'s 1951 version was "overblown and inaccurate"; on a personal level, it also served to assuage Herrmann's long-held feeling that he had been snubbed by the orchestra after his first visit in 1956. The notoriously prickly composer had also been enraged by the recent appointment of the LSO's new chief conductor [[André Previn]], who Herrmann detested, and deprecatingly referred to as "that jazz boy".{{sfn|Smith|2002|page=316}}

Herrmann was also an ardent champion of the romantic-era composer [[Joachim Raff]], whose music had fallen into near-oblivion by the 1960s. During the 1940s, Herrmann had played Raff's 3rd and 5th Symphonies in his CBS radio broadcasts. In May 1970, Herrmann conducted the world premiere recording of Raff's Fifth Symphony ''Lenore'' for the Unicorn label, which he mainly financed himself.{{sfn|Smith|2002|page=299}} The recording did not attract much notice in its time, despite receiving excellent reviews, but is now considered a major turning-point in the rehabilitation of Raff as a composer.

In 1996, [[Sony Classical]] released ''The Film Scores,'' a recording of Herrmann's music performed by the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]] under the baton of [[Esa-Pekka Salonen]]. This disc received the 1998 Cannes Classical Music Award for Best 20th-Century Orchestral Recording. It was also nominated for the 1998 [[Grammy Award]] for Best Engineered Album, Classical.

[[Decca Records|Decca]] reissued on CD a series of [[Phase 4 Stereo]] recordings with Herrmann conducting the [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]], mostly in excerpts from his various film scores, including one devoted to music from several of the Hitchcock films (including ''Psycho'', ''Marnie'' and ''Vertigo''). In the liner notes of the Hitchcock Phase 4 album, Herrmann said that the suite from ''[[The Trouble with Harry]]'' was a "portrait of Hitch". Another album was devoted to his fantasy film scores – a few of them being the films of the special effects animator Ray Harryhausen, including music from ''The Seventh Voyage of Sinbad'' and ''The Three Worlds of Gulliver.'' His other Phase 4 Stereo LPs of the 1970s included ''Music from the Great Film Classics'' (suites and excerpts from ''Jane Eyre'', ''[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952 film)|The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]'', ''Citizen Kane'' and ''The Devil and Daniel Webster''); and "The Fantasy World of Bernard Herrmann" (''Journey to the Center of the Earth'', ''The Day the Earth Stood Still'', and ''Fahrenheit 451''.)

[[Charles Gerhardt (conductor)|Charles Gerhardt]] conducted a 1974 RCA recording titled ''The Classic Film Scores of Bernard Herrmann'' with the [[National Philharmonic Orchestra]]. It featured suites from ''Citizen Kane'' (with [[Kiri Te Kanawa]] singing Salammbo's Aria) and ''[[White Witch Doctor]]'', along with music from ''[[On Dangerous Ground]]'', ''[[Beneath the 12-Mile Reef]]'', and the ''[[Hangover Square]]'' piano concerto.

During his last years in England, between 1966 and 1975, Herrmann made several LPs of other composers' music for assorted record labels. These included Phase 4 Stereo recordings of Gustav Holst's ''The Planets'' and Charles Ives's 2nd Symphony, as well as an album titled "The Impressionists" (music by Satie, Debussy, Ravel, Fauré and Honegger) and another titled "The Four Faces of Jazz" (works by Weill, Gershwin, Stravinsky and Milhaud). As well as recording his own film music in Phase 4 Stereo, he made LPs of movie scores by others, such as ''Great Shakespearean Films'' (music by Shostakovich for ''Hamlet'', Walton for ''Richard III'' and Rózsa for ''Julius Caesar''), and ''Great British Film Music'' (movie scores by Lambert, Bax, Benjamin, Walton, Vaughan Williams, and Bliss).

For Unicorn Records, he recorded several of his own concert-hall works, including the cantata ''[[Moby Dick (cantata)|Moby Dick]]'', his opera ''[[Wuthering Heights (Herrmann)|Wuthering Heights]]'', his symphony, and the suites ''Welles Raises Kane'' and ''[[The Devil and Daniel Webster (film)|The Devil and Daniel Webster]]''.

[[Pristine Audio]] released two CDs of Herrmann's radio broadcasts. One is devoted to a CBS program from 1945 that features music by Handel, Vaughan Williams and Elgar; the other features works by Charles Ives, Robert Russell Bennett and Herrmann.

===Influences and legacy===
The works of Herrmann are widely studied, imitated and performed to this very day. His work has left a profound influence on composers of film music that followed him, the most notable being [[John Williams]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/the-force-is-still-strong-with-john-williams|title = The Force is Still Strong with John Williams|website=Newyorker.com|date = 21 July 2020}}</ref> [[Elmer Bernstein]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bernardherrmann.org/articles/interview-bernstein/|title=Talk on the Wild Side – Elmer Bernstein remembers his friend Bernard Herrmann|website=Bernardherrmann.org|access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref> [[Jerry Goldsmith]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bernardherrmann.org/articles/event-sevilla_1998/|title = Goldsmith in Sevilla – the Bernard Herrmann Society|website=Bernardherrmann.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/daring-and-original-bernard-herrmann-changed-movie-music/2011/06/21/AGG0YXjH_story.html |title=Daring and original, Bernard Herrmann changed movie music|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=2021-04-24 |archive-date=2021-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129121939/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/music/daring-and-original-bernard-herrmann-changed-movie-music/2011/06/21/AGG0YXjH_story.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Howard Shore]], [[Lalo Schifrin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yourclassical.org/episode/2020/06/21/lalo-schifrin|title = Lalo Schifrin|website=Yourclassical.org| date=21 June 2020 }}</ref> [[James Horner]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jameshorner-filmmusic.com/conversation-james-horner/|title = Conversation with James Horner|website=Jameshorner-filmmusic.com|date = 4 December 2014}}</ref> [[Carter Burwell]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/carter-burwell-interview-2637556039.html|title = Film Composer Carter Burwell Provides the Missing Link to Chris Butler's 'Missing Link'|website=Popmatters.com| date=23 May 2019 }}</ref> and others. [[Stephen Sondheim]] found Herrmann to be a primary influence after seeing the film ''[[Hangover Square]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bernardherrmann.org/articles/blog-herrmann100/2/|title = The Classic Film Scores of Bernard Herrmann – the Bernard Herrmann Society|website=Bernardherrmann.org}}</ref>

Popular film composer [[Danny Elfman]] counts Herrmann as his biggest influence, and has said hearing Herrmann's score to ''The Day the Earth Stood Still'' when he was a child was the first time he realized the powerful contribution a composer makes to the movies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/composers-talk-film-scores-83073|title=Composers talk film scores|date=April 28, 2009|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> [[Pasticcio|Pastiche]] of Herrmann's music can be heard in Elfman's score for ''[[Pee-wee's Big Adventure|Pee-Wee's Big Adventure]],'' specifically in the cues "Stolen Bike" and "Clown Dream", which reference Herrmann's "The Murder" from ''Psycho'' and "The Duel With the Skeleton" from ''[[The 7th Voyage of Sinbad|7th Voyage of Sinbad]]'' respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/pee_wee.html|title=Editorial Reviews: Pee-wee's Big Adventure|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=May 26, 2011|website=[[Filmtracks]]|access-date=October 23, 2019|quote=...'Stolen Bike' is perhaps the clearest emulation of Herrmann's fearful tone from Psycho to ever exist (until Elfman ironically re-recorded the classic score in full over a decade later for the remake).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fanfarearchive.com/articles/atop/13_2/1320030.aa_Danny_Elfman_Wunderkind_Filmmusic.html|title=Danny Elfman: Wunderkind of Filmmusic – A Profile|date=Nov–Dec 1989|format=subscription|access-date=September 25, 2019|quote=As for the Herrmann touch, Elfman was able to draw from that reservoir in some of the film's more inspires dream sequences. 'There was some strange and wonderful music of Herrmann's that influenced me, in particular, Jason and the Argonauts, The Seventh Voyage of Sinbad, and Mysterious Island.'}} [http://www.boingo.org/articles/FanfareArticle.html Alt URL]</ref> The prelude for Elfman's main ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'' theme references Herrmann's "Mountain Top / Sunrise" from ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'', and the [[Joker (character)|Joker]] character's "fate motif" heard throughout the score is inspired by Herrmann's ''Vertigo.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmtracks.com/titles/batman.html|title=Editorial Review: Batman|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=August 29, 1997|website=[[Filmtracks]]|access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite podcast|url=http://www.artofthescore.com.au/podcast/2017/7/23/episode-10-batman|title=Episode 10: Batman|website=Art of the Score|date=July 23, 2017|time=1:01:30|access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> More integral homage can be heard in Elfman's later scores for ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'' and ''[[Hitchcock (film)|Hitchcock]],'' the latter based on Hitchcock's creation of ''Psycho,'' as well as the "Blue Strings" movement of Elfman's first concert work ''[[Serenada Schizophrana]]''.

In addition to Elfman, fellow film composers [[Richard Band]], [[Graeme Revell]], [[Christopher Young]], [[Alexandre Desplat]] and [[Brian Tyler]] consider Herrmann to be a major inspiration. In 1985, [[Richard Band]]'s opening theme to ''[[Re-Animator]]'' borrows heavily from Herrmann's opening score to ''Psycho''. In 1990, [[Graeme Revell]] had adapted Herrmann's music from ''Psycho'' for its television sequel-prequel ''[[Psycho IV: The Beginning]]''. Revell's early orchestral music during the early nineties, such as ''[[Child's Play 2]]'' (which its music score being reminiscent of Herrmann's scores to the 1973 film ''[[Sisters (1972 film)|Sisters]]'', due to the synthesizers incorporated in the chilling parts of the orchestral score) as well as the 1963 ''The Twilight Zone'' episode "[[Living Doll (The Twilight Zone)|Living Doll]]" (which inspired the ''Child's Play'' franchise), were very similar to Herrmann's work. Also, Revell's score for the video game ''[[Call of Duty 2]]'' was reminiscent of Herrmann's rare WWII music scores such as ''[[The Naked and the Dead (film)|The Naked and the Dead]]'' and ''[[Battle of Neretva (film)|Battle of Neretva]]''. Young, who was a [[jazz drummer]] at first, listened to Herrmann's works which convinced him to be a film composer. Tyler's score for [[Bill Paxton]]'s film ''[[Frailty (2001 film)|Frailty]]'' was influenced by Herrmann's film music.

Sir [[George Martin]], best known for producing and often adding orchestration to [[the Beatles]] music, cites Herrmann as an influence in his own work, particularly in Martin's scoring of the Beatles' song "[[Eleanor Rigby]]". Martin later expanded on this as an extended suite for McCartney's 1984 film ''[[Give My Regards to Broad Street (film)|Give My Regards to Broad Street]]'', which features a very recognizable homage to Herrmann's score for ''Psycho''.

Avant-garde composer/saxophonist/producer [[John Zorn]], in the biographical film ''[[A Bookshelf on Top of the Sky: 12 Stories About John Zorn|A Bookshelf on Top of the Sky]]'', cited Bernard Herrmann as one of his favorite composers and a major influence.

In addition to adapting and expanding the original score from ''[[Cape Fear (1962 film)|Cape Fear]]'' for the [[Martin Scorsese]] remake, [[Elmer Bernstein]] recorded Herrmann's score for ''[[The Ghost and Mrs. Muir]]'', released in 1975 on the Varèse Sarabande label and later reissued on CD in the 1990s.

[[David Thomson (film critic)|David Thomson]] calls him the greatest film composer, writing: "Herrmann knew how lovely the dark should be, and he was at his best in rites of dismay, dark dreams, introspection, and the gloomy romance of loneliness. No one else would have dared or known to make the score for ''Taxi Driver'' such a lament for impossible love... Yet the score for ''Taxi Driver'' is universally cinematic: it speaks to sitting in the dark, full of dread and desire, watching."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomson |first=David |title=[[The New Biographical Dictionary of Film]] |edition=Fifth |pages=442}}</ref>

==Accolades==

===Academy Awards===
These awards and nominations are recorded by the Motion Picture Academy of Arts and Sciences:<ref>[http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/BasicSearchInput.jsp The Official Academy Awards Database] {{as of|2015|February|22|lc=y|df=US}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921143432/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/BasicSearchInput.jsp |date=September 21, 2008 }}, accessed 17 March 2015.</ref>
* [[14th Academy Awards|1941]]: Winner, [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture]], ''[[The Devil and Daniel Webster (film)|The Devil and Daniel Webster]]'' (later renamed ''All That Money Can Buy'')
* 1941: Nominee, [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Music Score of a Dramatic Motion Picture]], ''[[Citizen Kane]]''
* [[19th Academy Awards|1946]]: Nominee, [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Score of a Dramatic Picture]], ''[[Anna and the King of Siam (film)|Anna and the King of Siam]]''
* [[49th Academy Awards|1976]]: Nominee, [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Original Score]], ''[[Obsession (1976 film)|Obsession]]''
* 1976: Nominee, [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Original Score]], ''[[Taxi Driver]]''

===American Film Institute===
In 2005 the [[American Film Institute]] respectively ranked Herrmann's scores for ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' and ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' #4 and #12 on [[AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores|its list of the 25 greatest film scores]].<ref>[http://www.afi.com/100years/scores.aspx Press Release], "AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores; 'Star Wars' tops AFI's list of 25 greatest film scores of all time". American Film Institute, September 23, 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2013.</ref> His scores for the following films were also nominated for the list:<ref>[http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/scores250.pdf Official Ballot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706070523/http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/scores250.pdf |date=2011-07-06 }} (PDF), AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores</ref>
* ''[[Citizen Kane]]'' (1941)
* ''[[The Devil and Daniel Webster (film)|The Devil and Daniel Webster]]'' (1941)
* ''[[Jane Eyre (1943 film)|Jane Eyre]]'' (1944)
* ''[[The Ghost and Mrs. Muir]]'' (1947)
* ''[[The Day the Earth Stood Still]]'' (1951)
* ''[[North by Northwest]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Taxi Driver]]'' (1976)

===British Academy Film Awards===
* 1976: Winner, [[British Academy Film Awards|British Academy Film Award]], [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music|Best Film Music]], ''[[Taxi Driver]]''

==In popular culture==
* Featured (music and as a character) in"The Lovesong of Alfred J. Hitchcock" by David Rudkin (BBC Radio, 1993) [https://the.hitchcock.zone/wiki/The_Lovesong_of_Alfred_J._Hitchcock_(BBC_Radio,_1993)]
* "Marnie", adapted as a song from the theme for the film ''Marnie'', Michael Poss on his 2000 album ''Silver Screen Serenades''<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=mw0000257751|title=Silver Screen Serenades|author=Dave Nathan}}</ref>
* Part of Herrmann's score for ''The Trouble with Harry'' was used in a 2010 U.S. television commercial for the [[Volkswagen CC]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmscoremonthly.com/board/posts.cfm?threadID=67384&forumID=1&archive=0 |title=Bernard Herrmann in a VW Commercial |work=Film Score Monthly |access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://adtunes.com/forums/showthread.php?t=99304|title=VW Volkswagen CC TV Commercial Music|work=Adtunes Forums|date=27 March 2010 }}</ref>
* Music from the ''Vertigo'' soundtrack was used in [[BBC Four]]'s ''Spitfire Women'' documentary, aired in the UK in September 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Spitfire Women'' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tw1m1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511141431/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tw1m1 |archive-date=2024-05-11 |access-date=2025-03-23 |publisher=[[BBC Four]]}}</ref>
* A 2011 TV commercial titled "Snowpocalypse" for [[Dodge]] all-wheel drive vehicles uses Herrmann's main title theme for ''Cape Fear.''<ref>{{YouTube|aFLrN1-GZOg|Dodge AWD "Snowpocalypse" commercial}}, accessed 20 March 2013.</ref>
* "[[Gimme Some More]]" by [[Busta Rhymes]] is based on a sample from Herrmann's score from ''Psycho''.
* The prologue to [[Lady Gaga]]'s 2011 video for the song ''[[Born This Way (song)|Born This Way]]'' features Herrmann's ''Vertigo'' prelude.<ref>{{YouTube|Z4a8QtvOkBQ|Lady Gaga's ''Born This Way''}}</ref>
* The 2011 FX series ''[[American Horror Story]]'' used cues from ''[[Twisted Nerve]]'', ''Psycho'', and ''Vertigo'' for episode scores.
* The 2011 film ''[[The Artist (film)|The Artist]]'' used a soundtrack recording of the love theme from ''Vertigo''. Film actress [[Kim Novak]] later voiced her concern about the use of the music, saying that her work "had been violated by ''The Artist''".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/the-artist-kim-novak-rape-vertigo-279690 |title=Kim Novak Cries 'Rape' Over 'The Artist's' Use of Music From 'Vertigo' |date=January 9, 2012 |first1=Gregg |last1=Kilday |newspaper=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
* Paul Schackman portrayed Herrmann in the 2012 biopic ''[[Hitchcock (film)|Hitchcock]]''.
* "The Whistle Song" from ''Twisted Nerve'' was used as an opening theme for the Quentin Tarantino film ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1]]''.
* Herrmann's scores from many Hitchcock films are prominently featured in the New York City immersive theatrical production ''[[Sleep No More (2011 play)|Sleep No More]]''; particular standouts include the prelude from ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]'' as audience members wind through the dark portal-like maze at the start of the experience, leading them back in time to the 1930s; moments from ''Psycho'' being used to underscore the ''[[Macbeth]]'' elements of the story; and the characters' hour-long loops restarting to the opening suite from ''Vertigo''.
* ''Benny & Hitch'' – "a brand new radio drama – with live orchestral music – about the extraordinary and explosive relationship between director [[Alfred Hitchcock]] and composer Bernard Herrmann", written by Andrew McCaldon. It was performed/recorded live on October 16, 2022, at the [[Alexandra Palace]] theatre in London with [[BBC Concert Orchestra]] conducted by Ben Palmer.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/events/e9qrn3 "''Benny & Hitch''"], 16 October 2022, [[BBC Concert Orchestra]]</ref> Acting as Hitchcock and Herrmann respectively, [[Toby Jones]] (who also portrayed Hitchcock in the BBC/HBO co-production ''[[The Girl (2012 TV film)|The Girl]]'' (2012)) and [[Tim McInnerny]]. Also featuring [[Joanna Monro]] as [[Alma Hitchcock]], Tara Ward as Lucy Anderson (and [[Tippi Hedren]]) and [[Jonathan Forbes]] as [[Lew Wasserman]] (and briefly as [[Paul Newman]]). Broadcast on [[BBC Radio 3]] on December 25, 2022.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001g9pz "''Benny & Hitch''"], audio, [[BBC Sounds]]</ref>

==Film scores==
{| class=wikitable
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2|1941
| ''[[Citizen Kane]]''
| [[Orson Welles]]
| [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominee
|-
| ''[[The Devil and Daniel Webster (film)|The Devil and Daniel Webster]]''<br>{{small|also known as ''All That Money Can Buy''}}
| [[William Dieterle]]
| Oscar winner
|-
| 1942
| ''[[The Magnificent Ambersons (film)|The Magnificent Ambersons]]''
| Orson Welles
| Uncredited (at own request); additional cues composed by [[Roy Webb]]
|-
| 1943
| ''[[Jane Eyre (1943 film)|Jane Eyre]]''
| [[Robert Stevenson (filmmaker)|Robert Stevenson]]
|
|-
| 1945
| ''[[Hangover Square (film)|Hangover Square]]''
| [[John Brahm]]
|
|-
| 1946
| ''[[Anna and the King of Siam (film)|Anna and the King of Siam]]''
| [[John Cromwell (director)|John Cromwell]]
| Oscar nominee
|-
| 1947
| ''[[The Ghost and Mrs. Muir]]''
| [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]]
|
|-
| 1948
| ''[[Portrait of Jennie]]''
| William Dieterle
| Theme
|-
| rowspan=2|1951
| ''[[The Day the Earth Stood Still]]''
| [[Robert Wise]]
| [[Golden Globe]] nominee
|-
| ''[[On Dangerous Ground]]''
| [[Nicholas Ray]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1952
| ''[[5 Fingers]]''
| Joseph L. Mankiewicz
|
|-
| ''[[The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952 film)|The Snows of Kilimanjaro]]''
| [[Henry King (director)|Henry King]]
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1953
| ''[[White Witch Doctor]]''
| [[Henry Hathaway]]
|
|-
| ''[[Beneath the 12-Mile Reef]]''
| [[Robert D. Webb|Robert Webb]]
|
|-
| ''[[King of the Khyber Rifles (film)|King of the Khyber Rifles]]''
| Henry King
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1954
| ''[[Garden of Evil]]''
| Henry Hathaway
|
|-
| ''[[The Egyptian (film)|The Egyptian]]''
| [[Michael Curtiz]]
| Co-composer: [[Alfred Newman]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1955
| ''[[Prince of Players]]''
| [[Philip Dunne (writer)|Philip Dunne]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Trouble with Harry]]''
| [[Alfred Hitchcock]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Kentuckian (1955 film)|The Kentuckian]]''
| [[Burt Lancaster]]
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1956
| ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956 film)|The Man Who Knew Too Much]]''
| Alfred Hitchcock
| (cameo – Conductor / Himself), Uncredited
|-
| ''[[The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit]]''
| Nunnally Johnson
|
|-
| ''[[The Wrong Man]]''
| Alfred Hitchcock
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1957
| ''[[Williamsburg: The Story of a Patriot]]''
| [[George Seaton]]
| Short subject
|-
| ''[[A Hatful of Rain]]''
| [[Fred Zinnemann]]
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1958
| ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]''
| Alfred Hitchcock
|
|-
| ''[[The Naked and the Dead (film)|The Naked and the Dead]]''
| Raoul Walsh
|
|-
| ''[[The 7th Voyage of Sinbad]]''
| [[Nathan Juran|Nathan H. Juran]]
|
|-
| rowspan=3|1959
| ''[[North by Northwest]]''
| Alfred Hitchcock
|
|-
| ''[[Blue Denim]]''
| Philip Dunne
|
|-
| ''[[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film)|Journey to the Center of the Earth]]''
| [[Henry Levin (director)|Henry Levin]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1960
| ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''
| Alfred Hitchcock
|
|-
| ''[[The 3 Worlds of Gulliver]]''
| Jack Sher
|
|-
| 1961
| ''[[Mysterious Island (1961 film)|Mysterious Island]]''
| [[Cy Endfield]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1962
| ''[[Tender Is the Night (film)|Tender Is the Night]]''
| Henry King
|
|-
| ''[[Cape Fear (1962 film)|Cape Fear]]''
| [[J. Lee Thompson]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1963
| ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]''
| Don Chaffey
|
|-
| ''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]''
| Alfred Hitchcock
|sound consultant
|-
| 1964
| ''[[Marnie (film)|Marnie]]''
| Alfred Hitchcock
|
|-
| 1965
| ''[[Joy in the Morning (film)|Joy in the Morning]]''
| Alex Segal
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1966
| ''[[Torn Curtain]]''
| Alfred Hitchcock
| unused score
|-
| ''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]''
| [[François Truffaut]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1968
| ''[[The Bride Wore Black]]''
| François Truffaut
|
|-
| ''[[Twisted Nerve]]''
| [[Boulting brothers|Roy Boulting]]
| main theme featured in ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1]]'' (2003)
|-
| 1969
| ''[[Battle of Neretva (film)|Battle of Neretva]]''
| [[Veljko Bulajić]]
|
|-
| 1971
| ''[[The Night Digger]]''
| [[Alastair Reid (director)|Alastair Reid]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1972
| ''[[Endless Night (1972 film)|Endless Night]]''
| [[Sidney Gilliat]]
|
|-
| ''[[Sisters (1972 film)|Sisters]]''
| [[Brian De Palma]]
|
|-
| 1974
| ''[[It's Alive (1974 film)|It's Alive]]''
|[[Larry Cohen]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|1976
| ''[[Obsession (1976 film)|Obsession]]''
| Brian De Palma
| Oscar nominee; Posthumous release
|-
| ''[[Taxi Driver]]''
| [[Martin Scorsese]]
| Oscar and [[Grammy]] nominee; [[BAFTA]] winner; Final film scoring; Posthumous release
|-
|1978
| ''[[It Lives Again]]''
| Larry Cohen
| Original themes from ''It's Alive''; arranged and conducted by [[Laurie Johnson]]
|}

==Television scores==
Herrmann's work for television includes scores for such westerns as ''[[Cimarron Strip]]'', ''[[Gunsmoke]]'', ''[[Rawhide (TV series)|Rawhide]]'', ''[[Have Gun – Will Travel]]'', as well as the 1968 suspense TV movie ''[[Companions in Nightmare]]''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0061505/trivia/?item=tr2146016 |title=Companions in Nightmare (TV Movie 1968) - Trivia - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2024-06-20 |via=m.imdb.com}}</ref>

For ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'':
* Opening and closing themes (used only during the 1959–1960 season)
* [[Where Is Everybody?]] (first aired October 2, 1959)
* [[Walking Distance]] (first aired October 30, 1959)
* [[The Lonely]] (first aired November 13, 1959)
* [[Eye of the Beholder (The Twilight Zone, 1959)|Eye of the Beholder]] (first aired November 11, 1960)
* [[Little Girl Lost (The Twilight Zone)|Little Girl Lost]] (first aired March 16, 1962)
* [[Living Doll (The Twilight Zone)|Living Doll]] (first aired November 1, 1963)

For the ''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents|Alfred Hitchcock Hour]]'':
* A Home Away from Home (first aired September 27, 1963)
* Terror at Northfield (first aired October 11, 1963
* You'll Be the Death of Me (first aired October 18, 1963)
* Nothing Ever Happens in Linvale (first aired November 8, 1963)
* The Jar (first aired February 14, 1964)
* Behind the Locked Door (first aired March 27, 1964
* Body in the Barn (first aired July 3, 1964)
* Change of Address (first aired October 12, 1964)
* Water's Edge (first aired October 19, 1964)
* The Life Work of Juan Diaz (first aired October 26, 1964)
* The McGregor Affair (first aired November 23, 1964)
* Misadventure (first aired December 7, 1964)
* Consider Her Ways (first aired December 28, 1964)
* Where the Woodbine Twineth (first aired January 11, 1965)
* An Unlocked Window (first aired February 15, 1965)
* Wally the Beard (first aired March 1, 1965)
* Death Scene (first aired March 8, 1965)

==Radio scores==

===Melodrams===
These works are for narrator and full orchestra, intended to be broadcast over the radio (since a human voice would not be able to be heard over the full volume of an orchestra). In a 1938 broadcast of the ''[[Columbia Workshop]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/Columbia.Workshop_174 |title=''The Columbia Workshop'' – Melodrams|via=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=11 June 2014}}</ref> Herrmann distinguished "[[melodrama]]" from "melodram" and explained that these works are not part of the former, but the latter. The 1935 works were composed before June 1935.
* ''La Belle Dame sans merci'' (September 1934)
* ''The City of Brass'' (December 1934)
* ''Annabel Lee'' (1934–1935)
* ''Poem Cycle'' (1935):
** "The Willow Leaf"
** "Weep No More, Sad Fountains"
** "Something Tells"
* ''A Shropshire Lad'' (1935)
* ''Cynara'' (June 1935)

===Incidental music===
''See also ''[[Columbia Workshop]]'' for programs in which Herrmann participated but did not write original music.''
* ''Palmolive Beauty Box'' (c. 1935) (2 existing cues)
* ''Dauber'' (October 1936)
* ''Rhythm of the Jute Mill'' (December 1936)
* ''The Gods of the Mountain'' (1936)
* ''The Happy Prince'' (December 1941)
* ''[[A Christmas Carol (1954 TV musical)|A Christmas Carol]]'' (1954, a CBS-TV special, after Dickens)
* ''A Child Is Born'' (1955, a TV special hosted by Ronald Reagan with singers Nadine Conner and Theodor Uppman)
* ''Brave New World'' (1956)

==Stage works==
* ''[[Wuthering Heights (Herrmann)|Wuthering Heights]]'': Opera (1951)
* ''[[The King of Schnorrers]]'' (1968) Musical comedy

==Concert works==
* ''The Forest'', [[tone poem]] for large orchestra (1929)
* ''November Dusk'', tone poem for large orchestra (1929)
* ''Tempest and Storm: Furies Shrieking!'', for piano (1929)
* ''The Dancing Faun'' and ''The Bells'', two songs for medium voice and small Chamber orchestra (1929)
* ''Requiescat'', violin and piano (1929)
* ''Twilight'', violin and piano (1929)
* ''March Militaire'' (1932), ballet music for ''Americana Revue'' (1932)
* Aria for Flute and Harp (1932)
* ''Variations on "Deep River" and "Water Boy"'' (1933)
* ''Prelude to Anathema'', for fifteen instruments (1933)
* ''Silent Noon'', for fourteen instruments (1933)
* ''The Body Beautiful'' (1935), music from the Broadway play
* Nocturne and Scherzo (1935)
* Sinfonietta for Strings (1935)
* ''Currier and Ives'', suite (1935)
* Violin Concerto, unfinished (1937)
* ''[[Moby Dick (cantata)|Moby Dick]]'', cantata (1937)
* ''Johnny Appleseed'', unfinished cantata (1940)
* [[Symphony No. 1 (Herrmann)|Symphony No. 1]] (1941)
* ''The Fantasticks'' (1942)
* ''The Devil and Daniel Webster'', suite (1942)
* ''For the Fallen'' (1943)
* ''Welles Raises Kane'' (1943)
* ''Echoes'', string quartet (1965)
* ''Souvenirs de Voyage'' (1967)
* ''Holst's The Planets'' (1970)

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Film|Classical music|Opera}}
* ''[[High Anxiety]]'', a comedy spoof that parodies many Hitchcock devices. including Herrmann's music
* ''[[Hitchcock & Herrmann]]'', a stage play about the relationship between Herrmann and Alfred Hitchcock

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{Cite book |author-link1=Simon Callow |last1=Callow |first1=Simon |title=Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu |location=New York, London |publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]], [[Viking Press]] |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/orsonwellesvolum00simo/page/422 422] |isbn=0-670-86722-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/orsonwellesvolum00simo/page/422 }}
* {{Cite book |first1=Patrick |last1=McGilligan |year=2001 |author-link=Patrick McGilligan (biographer) |title=Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light |location=New York |publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] |isbn=978-0-06-098827-2|pages=673–674 }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Steven C. |title=A Heart at Fire's Center: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=0-520-07123-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/heartatfirescent00smit }}
* {{Cite book |first1=Steven C. |last1=Smith |title=A Heart at Fire's Center: The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann With a New Preface |year=2002 |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-22939-8}}
* {{Cite book |first1=Orson |last1= Welles |author-link1=Orson Welles |first2=Peter |last2=Bogdanovich |author-link2=Peter Bogdanovich|editor-first=Jonathan|editor-last=Rosenbaum|editor-link=Jonathan Rosenbaum|title=This is Orson Welles|location=Boston|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]|year=1998|edition=2nd, revised|isbn=978-0306808340|title-link=This is Orson Welles}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book
 | last = Cooper
 | first = David
 | year=2001
 | title = Bernard Herrmann's Vertigo: A Film Score Handbook
 | publisher = Greenwood Press
 | location= US
 | isbn = 0-313-31490-X|ref=none
 }}
* {{Cite book
 | last = Cooper
 | first = David
 | year=2005
 | title = Bernard Herrmann's The Ghost and Mrs Muir: A Film Score Guide
 | publisher = Scarecrow Press
 | location= US
 | isbn = 0-8108-5679-4|ref=none
 }}
* {{Cite book
 | last = Johnson
 | first = Edward
 | year=1977
 | title = Bernard Herrmann&nbsp;– Hollywood's Music-Dramatist&nbsp;– Foreword by [[Miklós Rózsa]]
 | publisher = Triad Press&nbsp;– Bibliographical Series No. 6
 | location= Rickmansworth, UK|ref=none
 }}
* Radigales, Jaume: 'Wagner's Heritage in Cinema: The Bernard Herrmann Case' In: {{Cite book|last=Stoppe|first=Sebastian|title=Film in Concert. Film Scores and their Relation to Classical Concert Music|year=2014|publisher=VWH Verlag|location=Glücksstadt, Germany|isbn=978-3-86488-060-5|pages=45–62|doi=10.25969/mediarep/16802|ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bernard Herrmann}}
* [http://www.bernardherrmann.org/ Bernard Herrmann Society]
* {{IMDb name|0002136}}
* [http://www.thebernardherrmannestate.com/ The Bernard Herrmann Estate]
* {{AllMusic|artist/bernard-herrmann-mn0000760240}}
* [https://gramophone.net/Issue/Page/February Obituary] in ''[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]]'' magazine
* {{Find a Grave|12355}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927015648/http://www.soundtrackguide.net/?content=search&pattern=Herrmann&column=composer Bernard Herrmann] at Soundtrackguide.net
* {{Discogs artist}}
* [https://filmscoreclicktrack.com/the-bastard-child-of-puccini/ The Bastard Child of Puccini] in ''[[Film Score Monthly]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073512/http://www.runmovies.eu/?p=5918 Bernard Herrmann: The Early Years] in ''Soundtrack'' magazine
* [http://www.library.ucsb.edu/special-collections/performing-arts/pamss03 Bernard Herrmann papers] at [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library.
* [http://www.bernardherrmann.org/articles/present-celebration-broadcast/ Bernard Herrmann: A Celebration of his Life and Music] 1988 radio documentary

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Bernard Herrmann
| list =
{{AcademyAwardBestOriginalScore 1941-1960}}
{{BAFTA Award for Best Original Music}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Music}}
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Herrmann, Bernard}}
[[Category:Bernard Herrmann| ]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]
[[Category:20th-century American classical composers]]
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[[Category:American male opera composers]]
[[Category:American opera composers]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Best Original Music BAFTA Award winners]]
[[Category:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners]]
[[Category:Burials at Beth David Cemetery]]
[[Category:CBS people]]
[[Category:Classical musicians from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Composers from New York City]]
[[Category:DeWitt Clinton High School alumni]]
[[Category:Jewish American classical composers]]
[[Category:Jewish American film score composers]]
[[Category:Juilliard School alumni]]
[[Category:New York University alumni]]
[[Category:American string quartet composers]]
[[Category:Varèse Sarabande Records artists]]
[[Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century American male composers]]