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{{short description|Swiss patrician family, notable for having produced eight mathematically gifted academics}}
{{Infobox family |name= Bernoulli |region=[[Basel]], [[Switzerland]] |origin=[[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]] |members= {{unbulleted list |[[Jacob Bernoulli]] |[[Johann Bernoulli]] |[[Nicolaus I Bernoulli]] |[[Nicolaus II Bernoulli]] |[[Daniel Bernoulli]] |[[Johann II Bernoulli]] |[[Johann III Bernoulli]] |[[Jacob II Bernoulli]] }}|other_families = [[Curie family]] |distinctions = {{hlist |[[astronomy]] |[[geography]] |[[mathematics]] |[[natural science]]s |[[physics]]}}|}}
The '''Bernoulli family''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɜr|ˈ|n|uː|l|i}} {{respell|bur|NOO|lee}}; {{IPA|de|bɛʁˈnʊli|lang}};{{efn|
German pronunciation from Mangold (1990).<ref>
{{cite dictionary
 |editor-last = Mangold |editor-first = Max
 |year = 1990
 |title = Bernoulli
 |dictionary = Duden — das Aussprachewörterbuch  |lang = de
 |edition = 3tte. Auflage
 |place = Mannheim, DE / Wien, Austria / Zürich, CH
 |publisher = Dudenverlag
}}
</ref>
In a tradition going back to the 18th&nbsp;century,<ref>{{cite book |first = Tronson |last = du Coudray  |title = L'artillerie nouvelle |year = 1773 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k0NgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA195 |page = 195 }}</ref>
the name was spelled ''Bernouilli'' in France, and accordingly given the French pronunciation of [bɛʁnuˈji]. This is no longer the case, and the name is now spelled in the original form ''Bernoulli'' also in French-language context. ''Rue Bernoulli'' in [[8th arrondissement of Paris|Paris&nbsp;8]] was named ''rue Bernouilli'' in 1867 and renamed to the correct spelling in 1994<ref>{{cite web |title = 0906 nom. |series = nomenclature voies / Voieactu |url=http://www.v2asp.paris.fr/commun/v2asp/v2/nomenclature_voies/Voieactu/0906.nom.htm |website = v2asp.paris.fr |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201130051808/http://www.v2asp.paris.fr/commun/v2asp/v2/nomenclature_voies/Voieactu/0906.nom.htm |archive-date=2020-11-30 }}</ref> [[Bernoulli crater]] was spelled ''Bernouilli'' in the moon atlas by Beer & Mädler (1836), and hence adopted as the official name by the [[IAU]] in 1935; the IAU changed the official name to ''Bernoulli'' in 2003. The [[French submarine Bernouilli]] (1906) was named for [[Daniel Bernoulli]].
}} {{IPA|de-CH|bɛrˈnʊli|lang}}) of [[Basel]] was a [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|patrician]] family, notable for having produced  eight mathematically gifted academics who, among them, contributed substantially to the development of mathematics and physics during the [[Early Modern Switzerland|early modern period]].

==History==
[[File:Bernoulli-Wappenn.png|thumb|left|150px|Coat of arms of the Bernoulli family]]
Originally from [[Antwerp]], a branch of the family relocated to Basel in 1620.<ref name=HLS>{{HLS|20951|author=René Bernoulli-Sutter|date=2004}}</ref>
While their origin in Antwerp is certain, proposed earlier connections with the Dutch family of Italian ancestry called ''Bornouilla'' (''Bernoullie''), or with the Castilian family ''de Bernuy'' (''Bernoille'', ''Bernouille''), are uncertain.<ref name=HLS/>

The first known member of the family was Leon Bernoulli (d. 1561),  a doctor in [[Antwerp]], at that time part of the [[Spanish Netherlands]]. His son, Jacob, emigrated to [[Frankfurt am Main]] in 1570 to escape from the [[Inquisition in the Netherlands|Spanish persecution]] of the [[Protestant]]s. Jacob's grandson, a spice trader, also named Jacob, moved to [[Basel]], [[Switzerland]] in 1620, and was granted citizenship in 1622.<ref name=HLS/> His son, {{Interlanguage link|Niklaus Bernoulli|de|}} (Nicolaus, 1623&ndash;1708), Leon's great-great-grandson, married Margarethe Schönauer.

===Notable academic members===
Margarethe and Niklaus had four sons, of whom Johann and Hieronymus became the progenitors of the "greater" and the "lesser" branches of the family, respectively. The four sons of Margarethe and Niklaus were:{{efn|
The academic members of the famous Bernoulli family lived in a multi-lingual country and themselves had regular correspondence and frequent professional and informal contacts with native speakers of German and French. The earlier Bernoulli brothers Jacob and Johann both published in Latin. Most of them spoke all three languages fluently, as well as occasional Italian, and other languages not local to Switzerland – [[Nicolaus I Bernoulli|Nicolaus]] and his nephew [[Johann III Bernoulli|Johann]] both spoke some English, for example. They all appear to have comfortably and frequently used different versions of their names adapted to the language they were using at the moment (such as [[Jacob Bernoulli]] writing under the names "Jacob", "James", and "Jacques").
}}
* [[Jacob Bernoulli]] (1654&ndash;1705; also known as James or Jacques), mathematician after whom [[Bernoulli numbers]] are named, and author of the early probability text ''[[Ars Conjectandi]]''
* Nicolaus Bernoulli (1662&ndash;1716), painter and [[alderman]] of Basel
* [[Johann Bernoulli]] (1667&ndash;1748; also known as Jean), mathematician and early adopter of [[infinitesimal calculus]]
* Hieronymus Bernoulli (1669&ndash;1760), m.  Catharina Ebneter

In addition to [[Jacob Bernoulli|Jacob]] and [[Johann Bernoulli|Johann]], the Bernoulli family of mathematicians is generally taken to include:
* [[Nicolaus I Bernoulli]] (1687&ndash;1759), son of Nicolaus, mathematician, worked on curves, [[differential equations]], and [[probability]]; originator of the [[St. Petersburg paradox]]
* [[Nicolaus II Bernoulli]] (1695&ndash;1726), son of Johann
* [[Daniel Bernoulli]] (1700&ndash;1782), son of Johann, developer of [[Bernoulli's principle]] and originator of the concept of [[Expected utility hypothesis|expected utility]] for resolving the St. Petersburg paradox
* [[Johann II Bernoulli]] (1710&ndash;1790; also known as Jean), son of Johann, mathematician and physicist
* [[Johann III Bernoulli]] (1744&ndash;1807; also known as Jean), son of Johann II, astronomer, geographer and mathematician
* [[Jakob II Bernoulli]] (1759&ndash;1789; also known as Jacques), son of Johann II, physicist and mathematician

Several more recent prominent scholars are also descended from the family, including:
*{{Interlanguage link multi|Johann Jakob Bernoulli|lt=|de|Johann Jakob Bernoulli}} (1831&ndash;1913), art historian and archaeologist; noted for his ''Römische Ikonographie'' (1882 onwards) on Roman Imperial portraits 
*[[Ludwig Bernoully]] (1873–1928), German architect in Frankfurt
* [[Hans Benno Bernoulli|Hans Bernoulli]] (1876&ndash;1959), architect and designer of the Bernoullihäuser in Zurich and Grenchen SO
* [[Elisabeth Bernoulli]] (1873–1935), suffragette and campaigner against alcoholism

The surname survives in Switzerland, with 11 entries in the white pages for the city of Basel as of 2024.<ref>[https://tel.search.ch/?was=Bernoulli&wo=Basel&pages=2 tel.search.ch]</ref>

== Family tree of the Basler Bernoullis ==

{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nik | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Nik=[[Niklaus Bernoulli|Niklaus]]<br />(1623–1708)}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | Jac | | Nik | | | | | | Joh | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hie | | | | |Jac='''[[Jakob I Bernoulli|Jakob I]]'''<br />(1655–1705) |Nik=Nikolaus<br />(1662–1716) |Joh='''[[Johann I Bernoulli|Johann I]]'''<br />(1667–1748) |Hie=Hieronymus<br />(1669–1760)}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | Ni1 | | Ni2 | | Dan | | Jo2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fra | | | | |Ni1=[[Nikolaus I Bernoulli|Nikolaus I]]<br />(1687–1759) |Ni2=[[Nikolaus II Bernoulli|Nikolaus II]]<br />(1695–1726) |Dan='''[[Daniel Bernoulli|Daniel]]'''<br />(1700–1782) |Jo2=[[Johann II Bernoulli|Johann II]]<br />(1710–1790) |Fra=Franz<br />(1705–1777)}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | Jo3 | | Da2 | | | | | | | | | | Ni3 | | | | | | Ja2 | | | | | | | | | | Hir | | | | |Jo3=[[Johann III Bernoulli|Johann III]]<br />(1744–1807) |Da2=Daniel II<br />(1751–1834) |Ni3=Nikolaus III<br />(1754–1841) |Ja2=[[Jakob II Bernoulli|Jakob II]]<br />(1759–1789) |Hir=Hieronymus<br />(1735–1786)}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | Chr | | Jos | | Leo | | Lnh | | | | | | Ni2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | JJ1 | | | | |Chr=Christoph<br />(1782–1863) |Jos=Johannes<br />(1785–1869) |Leo=Leonhard<br />(1786–1852) |Lnh=Leonhard<br />(1791–1871) |Ni2=Nikolaus<br />(1793–1876) |JJ1=Johann Jacob<br />(1769–1853)}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | Car | | Kar | | Edu | | AuC | | Fri | | | | | | The | | | | | | | | JJ2 | | | | Fr2 |Car=Carl Christoph<br />(1809–1884) |Kar=Carl Johann<br />(1835–1906) |Edu=Eduard<br />(1819–1899) |AuC=[[August Bernoulli|August]]<br />(1839–1921) |Fri=Fritz<br />(1824–1913) |The=Theodor<br />(1837–1909) |JJ2=Johann Jacob<br />(1802–1892)|Fr2=Franz<br />(1813–1850)}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{Tree chart | CaC | | CaA | | Edu | | ALe | | Mar | | Eli | | Han | | Rud | | JJ3 | | CaG | | Ern |CaC=[[Carl Christoph Bernoulli|Carl Christoph]]<br />(1861–1923) |CaA=[[Carl Albrecht Bernoulli|Carl Albrecht]]<br />(1868–1937) |Edu=[[Eduard Bernoulli|Eduard]]<br />(1867–1927) |ALe=[[August Leonhard Bernoulli|August Leonhard]]<br />(1879–1939) |Mar=[[Hermann Hesse#Between Lake Constance and India|Maria]]<br />(1868–1963) |Rud=[[Rudolf Bernoulli|Rudolf]]<br />(1880–1948) |Eli=[[Elisabeth Bernoulli|Elisabeth]]<br />(1873–1935) |Han=[[Hans Bernoulli|Hans]]<br />(1876–1959) |JJ3=[[Johann Jakob Bernoulli|Johann Jakob]]<br />(1831–1913) |CaG=[[Carl Gustav Bernoulli|Carl Gustav]]<br />(1834–1878)|Ern=Ernst<br />(1846–1931)}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{Tree chart | Cht | | Eva | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Luc | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Eug |Cht=[[Christoph Bernoulli|Christoph]]<br /> (1897–1981) |Eva=[[Eva Bernoulli|Eva]]<br />(1903–1995) |Luc=[[Lucas Bernoulli|Lucas]]<br />(1907–1976)|Eug=[[Eugen Bernoulli|Eugen]]<br />(1882–1983)}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Cor={{ill|Cornelia Bernoulli|de}}<br />(b 1954)}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==Named for members of the family==
{{main|List of things named after members of the Bernoulli family}}

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Bernoulli differential equation]]
* [[Bernoulli distribution]]
* [[Bernoulli number]]
* [[Bernoulli polynomials]]
* [[Bernoulli process]]
* [[Bernoulli trial]]
* [[Bernoulli's principle]]
* [[Bernoulli's triangle]]
{{Div col end}}
== See also==
* [[List of second-generation physicists]]
* [[List of second-generation mathematicians]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bernoulli}}
{{Commons category|Bernoulli family}}
* [https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Diagrams/Bernoulli_family.gif Family tree] at the [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]].
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/Bernoulli.html David Darling ''Encyclopedia of Science'' Bernoulli family] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113044145/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/Bernoulli.html |date=2014-01-13 }}

{{Bernoulli family}}
{{Patrician families of Basel}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bernoulli Family}}
[[Category:Bernoulli family| Bernoulli Family]]
[[Category:History of Basel]]
[[Category:History of mathematics]]
[[Category:Patriciate of Basel]]
[[Category:Scientific families]]
[[Category:Families of Belgian ancestry]]