View source for Bertel Thorvaldsen

{{Short description|Danish-Icelandic sculptor (1770–1844)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name             = Bertel Thorvaldsen
| image            = Bertel Thorvaldsen by Karl Begas 1820.jpg
| image_size       = 200px
| caption          = Portrait by [[Carl Joseph Begas]], {{circa|1820}}
| birth_name       = Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen
| birth_date       = 19 November 1770
| birth_place      = [[Copenhagen]], Denmark
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1844|3|24|1770|11|19|df=y}}
| death_place      = Copenhagen, Denmark
| known_for        = Sculpting
| training         = 
| movement         = 
| notable_works    = 
| patrons          = 
| awards           = 
}}

'''Albert Bertel Thorvaldsen''' ({{IPA|da|ˈpɛɐ̯tl̩ ˈtsʰɒːˌvælˀsn̩|lang}}; sometimes given as '''Thorwaldsen'''; 19 November 1770 – 24 March 1844) was a [[Danes|Danish]]-[[Icelanders|Icelandic]] [[Sculpture|sculptor]] and [[medallist|medalist]] of international fame,<ref>{{cite book |last=Forrer |first=L. |title=Biographical Dictionary of Medallists |chapter=Thorwaldsen, Albertus |publisher=Spink & Son Ltd |location=London |volume=VI |year=1916 |pages=84–86}}</ref> who spent most of his life (1797–1838) in Italy. Thorvaldsen was born in [[Copenhagen]] into a working-class Danish/Icelandic family, and was accepted to the [[Royal Danish Academy of Art]] at the age of eleven. Working part-time with his father, who was a wood carver, Thorvaldsen won many honors and medals at the academy. He was awarded a [[stipend]] to travel to Rome and continue his education.

In [[Rome]], Thorvaldsen made a name for himself as a sculptor. Maintaining a large workshop in the city, he worked in a heroic [[neo-classicist]] style. His patrons resided all over Europe.<ref>[[Alexander Sturgis]]. 2006. ''Rebels and Martyrs: The Image of the Artist in the Nineteenth Century'', London: National Gallery (Great Britain), p. 52</ref>

Upon his return to Denmark in 1838, Thorvaldsen was received as a [[Folk hero|national hero]]. The [[Thorvaldsen Museum]] was erected to house his works next to [[Christiansborg Palace]]. Thorvaldsen is buried within the courtyard of the museum. In his time, he was seen as the successor of master sculptor [[Antonio Canova]]. Among his more famous public monuments are the statues of [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] and [[Józef Poniatowski]] in [[Warsaw]]; the statue of [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian I]] in Munich; and the tomb monument of [[Pope Pius VII]], the only work by a non-Catholic in [[St. Peter's Basilica]].

==Early life and education==
[[File:Thorvaldsen som ung.jpg|right|230px|thumb|Self-portrait by Thorvaldsen while he was a student at the Royal Academy of Arts]]
[[File:Jasão e o Velo de ouro - Bertel Thorvaldsen - 1803.jpg|right|230px|thumb|''[[Jason]] with the Golden Fleece'', Thorvaldsen's first masterpiece]]
Thorvaldsen was born in [[Copenhagen]] in 1770 (according to some accounts, in 1768), the son of Gottskálk Þorvaldsson, an [[Iceland]]er who had settled in Denmark.  His father was a wood-carver at a shipyard, where he made decorative carvings for large ships and was the early source of influence on his son Bertel's development as a sculptor and on his choice of career. Thorvaldsen's mother was Karen Dagnes (her surname is sometimes reported as Grønlund), a [[Jutland]]ic peasant girl. His birth certificate and baptismal records have never been found, and the only existing record is of his confirmation in 1787.<ref>See the confirmation certificate at the [http://arkivet.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/documents/m29I,nr.5 ''Thorvaldsens Museum Archives'']</ref> Thorvaldsen had claimed descent from [[Snorri Thorfinnsson]], the first European born in [[Americas|America]].<ref>Paul Henri Mallet, Thomas Percy, I. A. Blackwell, Sir Walter Scott, [https://archive.org/details/northernantiqui01scotgoog  ''Northern Antiquities''], [[Harvard University Press]]</ref>

Thorvaldsen's childhood in Copenhagen was humble.  His father had a drinking habit that slowed his career.<ref>Just Mathias Thiele, Bertel Thorvaldsen, Mordaunt Roger Barnard. 1865. ''The Life of Thorvaldsen''. Chapman and Hall pp. 3–4</ref> Nothing is known of Thorvaldsen's early schooling, and he may have been schooled entirely at home. He never became good at writing, and he never acquired much of the knowledge of fine culture that was expected from an artist.<ref>Just Mathias Thiele, Bertel Thorvaldsen, Mordaunt Roger Barnard. 1865. ''The Life of Thorvaldsen''. Chapman and Hall p.8</ref>

In 1781, with the help of some friends, eleven-year-old Thorvaldsen was admitted to Copenhagen's [[Royal Danish Academy of Art]] (''Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi''), first as a draftsman and, from 1786, at the modeling school. At night he would assist his father with wood carving. Among his professors were [[Nicolai Abildgaard]] and [[Johannes Wiedewelt]], who are both likely influences for his later neoclassical style.

At the academy, he was highly praised for his works. In 1793, he won several prizes, from silver to gold, for a [[relief]] of [[St. Peter]] healing a crippled beggar. He was consequently granted a royal stipend, enabling him to complete his studies in Rome. Leaving Copenhagen on 30 August on the [[frigate]] ''Thetis'', he landed in [[Palermo]] in January 1797 and traveled to [[Naples]], where he studied for a month before making his entry to Rome on 8 March 1797. Since the date of his birth had never been recorded, he celebrated this day as his "Roman birthday" for the rest of his life.

==Career==
[[File:C.W. Eckersberg - Bertel Thorvaldsen - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|left|A portrait of Thorvaldsen, by [[Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg]]]] 
In Rome he lived at the Casa Buti, on the Via Sistina, in front of the [[Spanish Steps]] and had his workshop in the stables of the [[Palazzo Barberini]]. He was taken under the wing of [[Georg Zoëga]], a Danish archeologist and [[numismatist]] living in Rome. Zoëga took an interest in seeing to it that the young Thorvaldsen acquired an appreciation of the antique arts. As a frequent guest at Zoëga's house he met Anna Maria von Uhden, born Magnani. She had worked in Zoëga's house as a maid and had married a German archeologist. She became Thorvaldsen's mistress and left her husband in 1803. In 1813 she gave birth to a daughter, Elisa Thorvaldsen.

Thorvaldsen also studied with another Dane, [[Asmus Jacob Carstens]] whose handling of classic themes became a source of inspiration. Thorvaldsen's first success was the model for a statue of [[Jason]]; finished in 1801 it was highly praised by [[Antonio Canova]], the most popular sculptor in the city. But the work was slow in selling and his stipend having run out, he planned his return to Denmark. In 1803, as he was set to leave Rome, he received the commission to execute the Jason in marble from [[Thomas Hope (1769–1831)|Thomas Hope]], a wealthy English art-patron. From that time Thorvaldsen's success was assured, and he did not leave Italy for sixteen years.

The marble Jason was not finished until 25 years later, as Thorvaldsen quickly became a busy man. Also in 1803, he started work on ''Achilles and Briseïs'' his first [[Classical sculpture|classically]] themed relief. In 1804 he finished ''Dance of the Muses at Helicon'' and a group statue of ''[[Cupid and Psyche (Thorvaldsen)|Cupid and Psyche]]'' and other important early works such as ''Apollo, Bacchus og Ganymedes''. During 1805, he had to expand his workshop and enlist the help of several assistants. These assistants undertook most of the marble cutting, and the master limited himself to doing the sketches and finishing touches. Commissioned by [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]] in 1808 and finished in 1832 a statue of ''[[Adonis]]'' is one of the few works in marble carved solely by Thorvaldsen's own hand, and at the same time it is one of the works that is closest to the antique Greek ideals.

In the spring of 1818 Thorvaldsen fell ill, and during his convalescence he was nursed by the [[Scot]]tish lady Miss Frances Mackenzie. Thorvaldsen proposed to her on 29 March 1819, but the engagement was cancelled after a month. Thorvaldsen had fallen in love with another woman: Fanny Caspers. Torn between Mackenzie and Anna Maria Von Uhden, the mother of his daughter Elisa Sophia Carlotta von Uhden Thorvaldsen, Thorvaldsen never succeeded in making Miss Caspers his wife.

[[Image:Thorvaldsens modtagelse på Toldboden, 17 September1838.jpg|thumb|325px| Contemporary painting by [[Fritz Westphal]] of Thorvaldsen's reception as a national hero on his return to Denmark in 1838.]]
In 1819, he visited his native Denmark. Here he was commissioned to make the colossal series of statues of [[Jesus|Christ]] and the [[Twelve Apostles]] for the rebuilding of [[Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen)|Vor Frue Kirke]] (from 1922 known as the Copenhagen Cathedral) between 1817 and 1829, after its having been destroyed in the [[Battle of Copenhagen (1807)|British bombardment of Copenhagen]] in 1807. These were executed after his return to Rome, and were not completed until 1838, when Thorvaldsen returned with his works to Denmark, being received as a hero.<ref name="Coe 1896">{{cite book |last= Coe |first= Fanny E. |editor-last= Dunton |editor-first= Larkin |title= Modern Europe |url= https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop01duntgoog |place= Boston |publisher= [[Silver Burdett]] |series= The Young Folks' Library '''9''', The World and Its People '''5''' |year= 1896 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop01duntgoog/page/n130 124]–127 |oclc= 14865981 }}</ref>

==Death==

Towards the end of 1843 he was prohibited from working for medical reasons, but he began to work again in January 1844. His last composition from 24 March was a sketch for a statue of the ''genie'' in chalk on a blackboard. At night he had dinner with his friends [[Adam Oehlenschläger]] and [[Hans Christian Andersen|H. C. Andersen]], and he is said to have referred to the finished museum saying: "Now I can die whenever it is time, because [[Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll|Bindesbøll]] has finished my tomb."

After the meal he went to the [[Copenhagen Royal Theatre]] where he died suddenly from a heart attack.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bencard|first=Ernst Jonas |title=On the Cause of Thorvaldsen's Death  |url=http://arkivet.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/articles/on-the-cause-of-thorvaldsens-death#The_cause_of_death |access-date = 7 August 2015}}</ref> He had bequeathed a great part of his fortune for the building and endowment of a museum in Copenhagen, and left instructions to fill it with all his collection of works of art and the models for all his sculptures, a very large collection, exhibited to the greatest possible advantage. Thorvaldsen is buried in the courtyard of this museum, under a bed of roses, by his own wish.

==Works==
[[Image:Bertel-Thorvaldsen-1840.jpg|thumb|230px|A [[Daguerreotype]] of Bertel Thorvaldsen (1840), one of the first photos taken in Denmark]]
[[File:Bertel Thorvaldsen with the Bust of Horace Vernet.jpg|thumb|left|Bertel Thorvaldsen with the Bust of Horace Vernet. ''[[Portrait of Bertel Thorvaldsen]]'', 1833, painted by [[Horace Vernet]] (1789–1863) ]]
[[File:Mainz, Germany, Silver Medal 1840, Gutenberg Printing Press 400th Anniversary, obverse.jpg|left|thumb|Thorwaldsen's Gutenberg Denkmal in Mainz on an 1840 medal of the [[printing press]]' 400th anniversary.]]

Thorvaldsen was an outstanding representative of the [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] period in sculpture. In fact, his work was often compared to that of [[Antonio Canova]] and he became the foremost artist in the field after Canova's death in 1822. The poses and expressions of his figures are much more stiff and formal than those of Canova's. Thorvaldsen embodied the style of classical Greek art more than the Italian artist, he believed that only through the imitation of classical art pieces could one become a truly great artist.

Motifs for his works (reliefs, statues, and busts) were drawn mostly from [[Greek mythology]], as well as works of classic art and literature. He created portraits of important personalities, as in his statue of [[Pope Pius VII]]. Thorvaldsen's statue of Pope Pius VII is found in the Clementine Chapel in the Vatican, for which he was the only non-Italian artist to ever have been commissioned to produce a piece. Because he was a Protestant and not a Catholic, the church did not allow him to sign his work. This led to the story of Thorvaldsen sculpting his own face on to the shoulders of the Pope, however any comparison between Thorvaldsen's portrait and the sculpture will show that this is just a fanciful story built on some smaller similarities.<ref>Richard P. McBrien: ''Lives of the Popes''{{full citation needed|date=August 2014}}</ref>
His works can be seen in many European countries, especially in the [[Thorvaldsen Museum]] in Copenhagen, where his tomb is in the inner courtyard.  Thorvaldsen's ''[[Lion Monument]]'' (1819) is in [[Lucerne]], Switzerland. This monument commemorates the sacrifice of more than six hundred [[Swiss Guard]]s who died defending the [[Tuileries]] during the [[French Revolution]]. The monument portrays a dying lion lying across broken symbols of the French monarchy.

Thorvaldsen produced some striking and affecting statues of historic figures, including two in [[Warsaw]], Poland: an [[Monument to Prince Józef Poniatowski in Warsaw|equestrian statue]] of Prince [[Józef Poniatowski]] that now stands before the [[Presidential Palace, Warsaw|Presidential Palace]]; and the seated [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], before the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] building—both located on Warsaw's ''[[Krakowskie Przedmieście]]''. A replica of the Copernicus statue was cast in bronze and installed in 1973 on Chicago's lakefront along Solidarity Drive in the city's [[Chicago Museum Campus|Museum Campus]].<ref>Graf, John, ''Chicago's Parks'' Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 13-14., {{ISBN|0-7385-0716-4}}.</ref> A statue ([[:de:Gutenberg-Denkmal (Mainz)|Gutenberg Denkmal]]) of [[Johannes Gutenberg]] by Thorvaldsen can be seen in [[Mainz]], Germany.

==Museums and collections==
[[File:Gallery - Thorvaldsens Museum - DSC08631.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Thorvaldsen Museum]] ]] 
[[File:Bertel Thorvaldsen - Cupid.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|[[Cupid]], from the Thorvaldsen Museum (1897&ndash;99), after the original plaster of 1814)]]
The [[Thorvaldsen Museum]] is the museum in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] where Bertel Thorvaldsen's works are displayed. The museum is located on the small island of [[Slotsholmen]] in central Copenhagen next to [[Christiansborg Palace]]. Designed by [[Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll]], this building was constructed from public collection funds in 1837. The museum displays a collection of the artist's works in marble as well as plaster, including the original plaster models used in the making of cast bronze and marble statues and reliefs, copies of those works that are on display in museums, churches, and at other locations around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/en/collections|title=Thorvaldsen collections|publisher=thorvaldsensmuseum.dk|access-date=15 July 2018|archive-date=24 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624073007/http://www.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/en/collections|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The museum also features Bertel Thorvaldsen's personal collection of paintings, Greek and Roman sculptures, drawings, and prints the artist collected during his lifetime, as well as personal belongings he used in his work and everyday life.
[[File:Thorvaldsens Museum.JPG|thumb|[[Thorvaldsen Museum]]]] 
Outside Europe, Thorvaldsen is less well known.<ref>(but see the important paper by Dimmick below).</ref> However, in 1896 an American textbook writer wrote that his statue of the [[Resurrection of Jesus|resurrected]] Christ, commonly referred to as ''[[Christus (statue)|Thorvaldsen's Christus]]'' (created for [[Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen)|Vor Frue Kirke]]), was "considered the most perfect statue of Christ in the world."<ref name="Coe 1896"/> The statue has appealed to the members of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) and a 3.4&nbsp;m replica is on display at [[Temple Square]] in Salt Lake City, Utah. There is also a replica of this statue in visitors' centers associated with the LDS Church's [[Temple (LDS Church)|temples]] in [[Mesa Arizona Temple|Mesa, Arizona]], [[Laie Hawaii Temple|Laie, Hawaii]], [[México City México Temple|México City]], [[Los Angeles California Temple|Los Angeles, California]], [[Portland Oregon Temple|Portland, Oregon]], [[Washington D.C. Temple|Washington D.C.]], [[Hamilton New Zealand Temple|Hamilton, New Zealand]], and [[São Paulo Brazil Temple|São Paulo, Brazil]], along with visitors' centers in [[LDS Visitors Center, Independence, Missouri|Independence, Missouri]], and [[Nauvoo, Illinois]]. The Christus is also a feature of the visitors' center associated with the church's [[Rome Italy Temple]], where it is displayed alongside Thorvaldsen's statues of the Twelve Apostles also from [[Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen)|Vor Frue Kirke]]. In the [[Paris France Temple]] it is an outdoor feature, placed in the courtyard. Additionally, the LDS Church has historically used images of the statue in official church media, with this increasing with its use as a formal symbol, beginning in April 2020.<ref>{{citation |url= https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/new-symbol-church-of-jesus-christ |title= The Church's New Symbol Emphasizes the Centrality of the Savior|date= 4 April 2020}}</ref>

Additional replicas of the ''Christus'' include a full-size replica at the [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in Baltimore, Maryland within its iconic dome,<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/dome/0312/feature.cfm |title= A Provacative Icon |journal= Dome |volume= 54 |issue= 10 |page= 1 |first= Lindsay |last= Roylance |date= December 2003 |publisher= [[Johns Hopkins Medicine]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051048/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/dome/0312/feature.cfm |archive-date= 3 December 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> and a full-sized copy in bronze at the Ben H. Powell III family plot in Oakwood Cemetery in Huntsville, Texas as a memorial to the Powell's son Rawley.

Thorvaldsen's ''Christus'' was recreated in [[Lego]] by parishioners of a Swedish [[Protestant]] church in [[Västerås]] and unveiled on [[Easter Sunday]] 2009.<ref>{{citation |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna30178992 |title= Swedish parishioners unveil Jesus Lego statue |work= [[NBC News]] |date= 12 April 2009 |agency= [[Associated Press]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131021203615/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/30178992/ns/world_news-europe/t/swedish-parishioners-unveil-jesus-lego-statue/ |archive-date= 21 October 2013 |url-status= live}}</ref>

Thorvaldsen's primary mastery was his feel for the rhythm of lines and movements. Nearly all his sculptures can be viewed from any chosen angle without compromise of their impact. In addition, he had the ability to work in monumental size. Thorvaldsen's classicism was strict; nevertheless his contemporaries saw his art as the ideal, although afterwards art took new directions. A bronze copy of Thorvaldsen's ''Self-Portrait'' stands in [[Central Park]], New York, near the East 97 Street entrance.
{{clear}}

==Gallery: Thorvaldsen's works==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="Bertel Thorvaldsen's sculptures">
Image:Thorvaldsen Christus.jpg|''[[Christus (statue)|Christus]]'', [[Copenhagen Cathedral]]. Copies exist throughout the world.
Image:Christus (Draft) by Thorvaldsen.jpg|''Christus'' draft (discolored by sculpting-room fireplace), [[Thorvaldsen Museum]]
File:Vor Frue Kirke Copenhagen font.jpg|Baptismal font, [[Copenhagen Cathedral]]
File:Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan by Bertel Thorvaldsen 1818, Albertinum, Dresden.jpg|[[Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan]], by Bertel Thorvaldsen 1818, Albertinum, Dresden
Image:Ganymede Waters Zeus as an Eagle by Thorvaldsen.jpg|''[[##Ganymede (mythology)|Ganymede]] Waters Zeus as an Eagle'', [[Thorvaldsen Museum]]
File:Thorvaldsens Venus.jpg|''Venus with apple''
File:Dancing Girl - Thorvaldsens Museum - DSC08769.JPG|''Dancing Girl ''
Image:Pius VII monument.jpg|Tomb monument to [[Pope Pius VII]], [[Basilica of St. Peter|St. Peter's Basilica, Rome]]
File:Thorvaldsens Liggende løve.jpg|Lion by Thorvaldsen.
File:Copernicus_by_Thorwaldsen_Warsaw_02.jpg|[[Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Warsaw]]
Image:Thorwaldsen Józef Poniatowski Warsaw 01.jpg|[[Monument to Prince Józef Poniatowski in Warsaw|Prince Józef Poniatowski Monument]], [[Warsaw]]
Image:Luzern asv2022-10 Löwendenkmal img2.jpg|''[[Lion Monument]]'', [[Lucerne]]
File:Sir Walter Scott by Bertel Thorvaldsen, SNPG.JPG|[[Sir Walter Scott]] by Bertel Thorvaldsen
File:Bertel Thorvaldsen, Possibly Lady Georgiana Bingham, carved c. 1821-1824, NGA 156639.jpg|Possibly Lady Georgiana Bingham, carved c. 1821–1824, [[National Gallery of Art]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* ''Malta 1796–1797: Thorvaldsen's Visit'' (1996. Malta & Cop.)
* Jørnæs, B. ''Billedhuggeren Bertel Thorvaldsens liv og værk'' (1993)
* E. Lerberg, ''Fire danske Klassikere: Nicolai Abildgaard, Jens Juel, Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg og Bertel Thorvaldsen'' [exhibition catalogue] (1992)
* ''Kunstlerleben im Rom: Bertel Thorvaldsen, der danische Bildhauer und seine deutschen Freunde'', ed. G. Bott [exhibition catalogue] (1991)
* Lauretta Dimmick, 'Mythic Proportion: Bertel Thorvaldsen's Influence in America', in ''Thorvaldsen: l'ambiente, l'influsso, il mito,'' ed. P. Kragelund and M. Nykjær (1991) (=Analecta Romana Instituti Danici, Supplementum 18.), pp.&nbsp;169–191.
* ''The Age of Neoclassicism'' [exhibition catalogue] (1972)
* H. Fletcher, 'John Gibson: an English pupil of Thorvaldsen', in ''Apollo''; 96:128 (1972 October), pp.&nbsp;336–340.
* J. B. Hartmann, 'Canova, Thorvaldsen and Gibson', in ''English miscellany''; 6 (1955), pp.&nbsp;205–235.
* R. Zeitler, ''Klassizismus und Utopia: Interpretationen zu Werken von David, Canova, Carstens, Thorvaldsen, Koch'' (1954)
* Trier, S. ''Thorvaldsen'' (1903)
* Rosenberg, C. A. ''Thorwaldsen ... mit 146 Abbildungen'' (1896) (= Kunstlermonographie; 16)
* Wilde, A. ''Erindringer om Jerichau og Thorvaldsen'' (1884)
* Eugène Plon, ''Thorwaldsen, sa vie ...'' (1880)
* R. W. Buchanan, ''Thorvaldsen and his English critics'' (1865?)
* Thiele, J. M. ''Thorwaldsens Leben ...'' (1852–1856)
* Killerup, ''Thorwaldsens Arbeiten ...'' (1852)
* Andersen, ''B. Thorwaldsen'' (1845)
*[[Mordaunt Roger Barnard]] (trans)  ''The life of Thorvaldsen'': Collated from the Danish of Just Matthias Thiele, 1865 (Digitised [https://openlibrary.org/b/OL20547121M/The-life-of-Thorvaldsen%2C-collated-from-the-Dan.-%5BThorvaldsens-ungdomshistorie%2C-Thorvaldsen-i-Rom-...])
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Thorwaldsen, Bertel |volume=26 |page=882 }} 
{{refend}}
* Stefano Grandesso, ''Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844)'', introduzione di Fernando Mazzocca, catalogo delle opere a cura di Laila Skjøthaug 2010, Cinisello Balsamo (MI), Silvana Editoriale, {{ISBN|978-88-366-1912-2}}.
* Stefano Grandesso, ''Bertel Thorvaldsen (1770–1844)'', Introduction by Fernando Mazzocca, Stig Miss; with catalogue by Laila Skjøthaug, Second English and Italian Edition, 2015, Cinisello Balsamo (Milan), Silvana Editoriale, {{ISBN|978-88-366-1912-2}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons |Bertel Thorvaldsen}}
{{NSRW Poster|Thorwaldsen, Albert Bertel}}
*[http://www.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/en Thorvaldsen's Museum, Copenhagen]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/56268/rec/16 Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Thorvaldsen (see index)
*[http://arkivet.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/en ''The Thorvaldsens Museum Archives'', a Documentation Centre on the life, work and context of Bertel Thorvaldsen]
*[http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Monuments/PiusVII/PiusVII.htm St. Peter's Basilica]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050327171403/http://www.pinakothek.de/neue-pinakothek/sammlung/rundgang/rundgang_inc.php?inc=bild&which=25524 ''Adonis'' (links to larger image in new window)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050217083336/http://www.insecula.com/oeuvre/O0020442.html ''Adonis'' (5 views)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050228145236/http://cv.uoc.es/~991_04_005_01_web/fitxer/perc81b.html ''Jason with the Golden Fleece'' (links to larger image)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050318022610/http://towerwebproductions.com/alt-lib/art/threegraces.shtml ''The Three Graces'' (relief)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050824172022/http://www.scultura-italiana.com/Galleria_estero/Thorvaldsen%20Bertel/index.html 23 works]
*''Albert Thorwaldsen 1770 – 1844'', [https://archive.org/stream/lillustrationjou03pari#page/97/mode/1up L'Illustration Journal Universel], No. 59 Vol III, April 1844 (French)
*[https://arkivet.thorvaldsensmuseum.dk/personer/morse-samuel-finley-breese Portrait] by [[Samuel Morse]], 1831

{{s-start}}
{{s-culture}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Christian Frederik Hansen]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts#List of directors of the Royal Academy Schools|Director of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts]]|years=1833–1844}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Jørgen Hansen Koch]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Bertel Thorvaldsen}}

{{Authority control (arts)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorvaldsen, Bertel}}
[[Category:Bertel Thorvaldsen| ]]
[[Category:1770 births]]
[[Category:1844 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Danish sculptors]]
[[Category:18th-century Danish male artists]]
[[Category:19th-century Danish sculptors]]
[[Category:19th-century Danish male artists]]
[[Category:19th-century Danish medallists]]
[[Category:Neoclassical sculptors]]
[[Category:Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni]]
[[Category:Directors of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts]]
[[Category:Danish people of Icelandic descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Thorvaldsen Medal]]
[[Category:Sculptors from Copenhagen]]