View source for Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad

{{Short description|Railroad in the United States}}
{{use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox rail
| railroad_name=Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad
| logo_filename=Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad logo.png
| logo_size=175
| gauge = {{track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}
| old_gauge=
| marks=BLE
| locale=[[Ohio]] and [[Pennsylvania]]
| start_year=1869
| hq_city=[[Homewood, Illinois]]
| website={{URL|https://www.cn.ca}}
|successor=[[Canadian National Railway]]|end_year=2004}}
The '''Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad''' {{Reporting mark|BLE}} was a [[class II railroad]] that operated in northwestern [[Pennsylvania]] and northeastern [[Ohio]].

The railroad's main route runs from the [[Lake Erie]] port of [[Conneaut, Ohio]], to the [[Pittsburgh]] suburb of [[Penn Hills, Pennsylvania]], a distance of {{convert|139|mi}}. The original rail ancestor of the B&LE, the Shenango and Allegheny Railroad, began operation in October 1869.<ref>{{cite book| last=Drury| first=George| title=Historical Guide to North American Railroads| year=1985| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| location=Waukesha, WI| isbn=0890240728}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2021}}

Rail operations were maintained continuously by various corporate descendants on the growing system that ultimately became the BLE in 1900. In 2004 BLE came under the ownership of the [[Canadian National Railway]] (CN) as part of CN's larger purchase of holding company [[Great Lakes Transportation]]. BLE is operated by CN as their '''Bessemer Subdivision'''. As a subsidiary of CN, BLE has been largely unchanged (though repainting of BLE locomotives into CN paint with "BLE" sub-lettering began in April 2015<ref name=repaint>{{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/news/news-wire/2015/04/cn-begins-repainting-bessemer--lake-erie-motive-power| website=Trains News Wire| publisher=Kalmbach Media| title=CN begins repainting Bessemer & Lake Erie motive power| date=April 27, 2015}}</ref>) and still does business as BLE. BLE locomotives, especially the former [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]] SD40T-3 "Tunnel Motors", have been scattered across the CN system; many are being used in the line that feeds most of BLE's traffic, the former Duluth, Missabe, and Iron Range lines in Minnesota. The iron ore that originates on these lines is transloaded to ships at [[Two Harbors, Minnesota]], then sent by ship to [[Conneaut, Ohio]], where it is again transloaded to BLE trains. It is then taken down to steel mills in the Pittsburgh region, mainly to the blast furnaces at US Steel's Edgar Thomson Plant in [[Braddock, Pennsylvania]], part of the Mon Valley Works.

==History==
{{Rail freight
|title=Revenue freight traffic, in millions of net ton-miles
|float=right
|1925|2045
|1933|807
|1944|2675
|1960|1318
|1970|2462
}}

[[File:Bessemer & Lake Erie System Index Map - NARA - 100307147.jpg|thumb|right|1916 valuation map by the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]]]]
The Pittsburgh, Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad Company was founded in 1897 by [[Andrew Carnegie]] to haul [[iron]] ore and other products from the port at [[Conneaut, Ohio]], on the [[Great Lakes]] to [[Carnegie Steel Company]] plants in Pittsburgh and the surrounding region.  On the return trip, Pennsylvania [[coal]] was hauled north to Conneaut Harbor. The company was created largely out of a series of small predecessor companies including the [[Pittsburgh, Shenango and Lake Erie Railroad]], and the Butler and Pittsburgh Railroad Company.  The company was renamed the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad in 1900. Carnegie Steel had an exclusive 99-year lease to the PS&LE. This lease was acquired by [[United States Steel Corporation|US Steel]] when that company acquired Carnegie Steel in 1901.

At the end of 1925 B&LE operated 228 miles of road on 631 miles of track; at the end of 1970 mileages were 220 and 489.

In 1988 the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad became part of [[Transtar, Inc.]], a privately held transportation holding company with principal operations in railroad freight transportation, dock operations, Great Lakes shipping, and inland river barging that were formerly subsidiaries of USX, the holding company that owns U.S. Steel. In 2001 the Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad became part of [[Great Lakes Transportation, LLC]].  On May 10, 2004 [[Canadian National Railway]] acquired the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad. Iron ore and coal are still the route's major freight commodities.

==Route notes==
[[File:Bessemer rail logo.JPG|thumb|B&LE logo on a hopper at [[Cedar Rapids, Iowa]] ]]
The B&LE connects with the [[Norfolk Southern Railway]] at Wallace Junction, near [[Girard, Pennsylvania]], and at the Shenango Yard in [[Greenville, Pennsylvania]].  The [[Union Railroad (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)|Union Railroad]] connects at the B&LE's southern terminus at Penn Hills' North Bessemer Yard.  [[CSX Transportation|CSX]] (formerly the [[Erie-Lackawanna Railroad]]) connects at Shenango Yard (the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] may have connected here, too), and the [[Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad]] connects at Calvin Yard in [[Butler, Pennsylvania]].  The B&LE formerly interchanged at Osgood, Pennsylvania with the [[New York Central System]], later [[Penn Central Railroad]] and then [[Conrail]], until the latter abandoned the line in 1988.

The Bessemer and Lake Erie accessed the City of [[Erie, Pennsylvania|Erie]] using trackage rights over the [[Nickel Plate Road]] established in 1891 by the PS&LE.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://appalachianrailroadmodeling.com/railroads/current-day-appalachian-railroads/ble/|website=Appalachian Railroad Modeling|title=Bessemer & Lake Erie}}</ref> There the railroad maintained a small terminal facility for both passenger and freight operations, with its own passenger station a block north of [[Union Station (Erie, Pennsylvania)|Union Station]].

The main rail yard and locomotive and car shops are in [[Greenville, Pennsylvania]]. Although the B&LE acquired some early diesel-electric switching locomotives painted black with yellow trim, in 1950 the company adopted a locomotive color scheme of bright orange and black which is still in use. Because the B&LE's primary traffic is iron ore, it adopted rust-colored hoppers so the ore wouldn't produce noticeable stains on its cars.
[[File:BLE 1593.JPG|thumb|right|B&LE 1593]]

The B&LE also saw passenger traffic, and maintained a [[spur line]] from its main line east to [[Conneaut Lake Park]] [[amusement park]] for dropping off and picking up excursionists visiting the park.

The B&LE main line divides around Greenville, between a waypoint north of the village of Osgood called 'KO' and another waypoint near the village of Kremis that used the telegraph call name 'KY', for the "Osgood-Kremis" cut-off ("K-O") that joined the original "Old Line" there. The latter still winds down along the Little Shenango and Shenango Rivers into downtown Greenville (where the B&LE shops are located), and then climbs back up to Kremis, en route to Fredonia and North Bessemer.  The B&LE constructed the shortcut K-O Line in 1901–02 to bypass the steep, winding route through Greenville.  From 'KO Junction', it runs south over a long ({{convert|1724|ft}}) viaduct above the Little Shenango River, the original B&LE Old Line, the former NYC RR's JF&C Branch and the former Erie RR's Chicago—New York main line at Osgood. It then passes east of downtown Greenville at a relatively high elevation, and rejoins the original line at KY, near Kremis. The K-O Line cut-off shortened KO to KY run by 3.1 miles vs. the Old Line. Except for the Osgood Viaduct, this cut-off was double-tracked for many years but, since the arrival of [[Centralized traffic control|CTC]] signaling in the 1950s, is now entirely single track.<ref>{{cite book| title=Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad| year=2009| first=Kenneth C.| last=Springirth| publisher=Fonthill Media}}</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2021}}

The B&LE operated a line from Queen Junction (near Butler, Pennsylvania) to [[Brady's Bend, Pennsylvania]]. It was known as the Western Allegheny Division, and was notable for being the last line that the B&LE's F-Units ran on. F-unit service on the line ended in 1992, and the last train, which was pulled by an [[EMD SD9]] ran in November 1994. The line sat out of service until 2000, when it was abandoned. The tracks were removed in 2002, and today, the right of way is barely visible.

There was originally one [[tunnel]] on the B&LE mainline at Culmerville, but it was dug out or "daylighted" in 1922, converting it to an open cut through a hill.

As it approaches North Bessemer, the B&LE is also noticeable where it crosses the [[Allegheny River]] on the {{convert| 2327|ft}} [[Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad Bridge]] immediately east of and parallel to the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]].

==Locomotives==
[[File:B&LESD38AC869.jpg|thumb|right|Bessemer & Lake Erie SD38AC #869.]]
In the steam era, B&LE had a fleet of [[2-8-0]] "Consolidation" types, classes C1 through C4; [[2-10-2]] "Santa Fe" types, classes D1 and D2; and [[2-10-4]] "Texas" type locomotives, class H1. The H1 locomotives were one of the most powerful non-articulated locomotives ever constructed.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.steamlocomotive.com/locobase.php?country=USA&wheel=2-10-4&railroad=ble#93| website=SteamLocomotive.com| title=Class H1A to H1G (Locobase 93)| quote=Built in several series from 1929 to 1944, these Texas engines built for this western Pennsylvania iron ore hauler were huge, and among the biggest and heaviest non-articulated engines ever built. Bert Pennypacker's opening paragraph quotes a "frequent" sight in the 1940s of "100-car, 13,000-ton [iron] ore drags getting laboriously underway with three ponderous H1 class 2-10-4s" out of the Lake Erie port at Conneaut, Ohio. The grade began at a 0.9% climb, then pitched up to 1% for much of the next 13 miles (21 km).}}</ref> The B&LE also had a number of switchers, including [[0-6-0]]s and [[0-8-0]]s.<ref>{{cite web| title=B&LE Steam| url=http://www.rr-fallenflags.org/ble/ble-stm.html| website=Fallen Flags and Other Railroad Photos| date=July 11, 2002}}</ref> Two steam locomotives from the B&LE have been preserved, which are 2-10-4 [[Bessemer and Lake Erie 643|No. 643]] and 2-8-0 [[Bessemer and Lake Erie 154|No. 154]]. The road was dieselized in 1953. In the diesel era, B&LE's motive power has always been mostly Electro-Motive Division. It dieselized with many EMD F-units, which were supplemented by SD9s, SD18s, and ALCo RSD15s. Later, it bought a number of EMD SD38ACs and SD38-2s to replace the F-units. In the late 1990s, it bought many EMD SD40T-3 "Tunnel Motors" from Southern Pacific Railroad to replace the 1950s-vintage SD9s.<ref>{{cite web| title=B&LE Bessemer & Lake Erie| url=http://appalachianrailroadmodeling.com/railroads/current-day-appalachian-railroads/ble/| website=Appalachian Railroad Modeling}}</ref>

As a subsidiary of CN, the B&LE has been largely unchanged (though repainting of B&LE locomotives into CN paint with "BLE" sub-lettering began in April 2015<ref name=repaint />). Bessemer and Lake Erie's locomotives, especially the SD40T-3 "Tunnel Motors," have been scattered across the CN system in the mid-late 2000s with the majority leaving the B&LE Property in March 2015. Many of these SD40T-3s are being used on the line that feeds most of B&LE's traffic, the former Duluth, Missabe, and Iron Range Railroad in Minnesota. The iron ore that originates on these lines is transloaded to ships at Two Harbors, Minnesota; then sent by ship to Conneaut, Ohio, where it is again transloaded to B&LE trains. It is then taken down to steel mills in the Pittsburgh area, mainly to the blast furnaces at US Steel's Edgar Thomson Plant in Braddock, Pennsylvania, part of the Mon Valley Works. As of October 2022, the locomotives on the Bessemer include a set of 3 or 4 CN EMD SD70M-2s (CN 8800, 8804, 8827, 8876, and 8907 are currently on the property) for ore trains. B&LE Tunnel Motor 905, B&LE SD38AC 868, and B&LE SD38 862 (painted in the Duluth, Missabe, and Iron Range Railroad scheme) are kept on the line for use on locals, and rare appearances on the ore trains. 868 previously operated at the docks in Conneaut until the loop track was put back in place around 2020.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book| title=Train Pictures| first=Charles B.| last=McCreary| publisher=Malabar Rails Publishing| year=2011| page=213| isbn=978-0615359601}}
* {{cite book| first=Charles F.| last=Lee| title=Carnival of Blood?: African American Workers and the Building of the Pittsburgh, Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad, 1897-1912| publisher=Carnegie Mellon University| year=2006}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Trains}}
{{Commons category|Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad}}
*[[Historic American Engineering Record]] (HAER) No. PA-642, "[http://loc.gov/pictures/item/pa4096/ Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad, Greenville Shops]"
*[http://www.cn.ca/about/special_interest/gltacquisition/newsroom/en_News.shtml CN Website - GLT Acquisition]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box| before=[[Providence and Worcester Railroad]]| title=[[Regional Railroad of the Year]]| years=2000| after=[[Wisconsin and Southern Railroad]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Regional railroads}}
{{Former Class I}}

{{Ohio railroads}}
{{Pennsylvania railroads}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bessemer Lake Erie Railroad}}
[[Category:Ohio railroads]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania railroads]]
[[Category:Former regional railroads in the United States]]
[[Category:Former Class I railroads in the United States]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1900]]
[[Category:Andrew Carnegie]]
[[Category:Canadian National Railway subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Companies based in Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Predecessors of the Canadian National Railway]]