View source for Big Sur

{{Short description|Coastal region of California, United States}}
{{other uses}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=February 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Big Sur, California
| settlement_type        = [[List of regions of the United States|Region]]
| image_skyline          = Central Californian Coastline, Big Sur - May 2013.jpg
| image_caption          = Coastline
| pushpin_map            = California
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize        = 
| pushpin_map_caption    = Location in California
| coordinates = {{coord|36.299216|-121.873402|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name       = United States
| subdivision_type1      = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1      = [[California]]
| subdivision_type2      = [[County (United States)|Counties]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Monterey County, California|Monterey]], [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo]]
}}

'''Big Sur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɜːr}}) is a rugged and mountainous section of the [[Central Coast (California)|Central Coast]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[California]], between [[Carmel Highlands]] and [[San Simeon]], where the [[Santa Lucia Range|Santa Lucia Mountains]] rise abruptly from the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It is frequently praised for its dramatic scenery. Big Sur has been called the "longest and most scenic stretch of undeveloped coastline in the [[contiguous United States]]",<ref name="marvinney">{{cite journal |last1=Marvinney |first1=Craig A. |year=1984 |title=Land Use Policy Along the Big Sur Coast of California; What Role for the Federal Government? |journal=UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy |publisher=Regents of the University of California |volume=4 |doi=10.5070/L541018694 |id=Accessed 22 August 2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> a sublime "national treasure that demands extraordinary procedures to protect it from development",<ref name="nytimes012886">{{cite news |last1=Lindsey |first1=Robert |date=January 28, 1986 |title=Plan for Big Sur Severely Restricts Development |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/28/us/plan-for-big-sur-severely-restricts-development.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828084546/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/28/us/plan-for-big-sur-severely-restricts-development.html |archive-date=28 August 2016 |access-date=14 August 2016 |work=New York Times}}</ref> and "one of the most beautiful coastlines anywhere in the world, an isolated stretch of road, mythic in reputation".<ref name="wa082316">{{cite web |date=July 7, 2006 |title=Big times in Big Sur |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jul/7/20060707-084209-3823r/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826084926/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jul/7/20060707-084209-3823r/ |archive-date=August 26, 2016 |access-date=August 23, 2016 |work=Washington Times}}</ref> The views, [[Sequoioideae|redwood]] forests, hiking, beaches, and other recreational opportunities have made Big Sur a popular destination for visitors from across the world. With 4.5 to 7 million visitors annually,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Gregory |title=Big Sur is fed up with 'selfie tourism.' Here's its new plan to transform travel in the region |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/New-Big-Sur-plan-aims-to-control-tourists-at-15836501.php |website=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=31 May 2022 |date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425204742/https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/New-Big-Sur-plan-aims-to-control-tourists-at-15836501.php |url-status=live }}</ref> it is among the top tourist destinations in the United States, comparable to [[Yosemite National Park]], but with considerably fewer services, and less parking, roads, and related infrastructure.<ref name="cabigsur">{{cite web |title=Initiatives |url=https://www.cabigsur.org/initiatives/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726230134/https://www.cabigsur.org/initiatives/ |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=20 April 2020 |website=Community Association of Big Sur}}</ref><ref name=caltransguide/><ref name=losapos>{{cite web |url=http://www.losapos.com/pacific_coast_highway_california |title=Road trip on the Pacific Coast Highway - LosApos |website=Losapos.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923124011/http://www.losapos.com/pacific_coast_highway_california |archive-date=2016-09-23}}</ref><ref name=bsltblog>{{cite news |url=https://www.bigsurlandtrust.org/blog/our-response-to-california-state-parks-preferred-alternative-51.htm |title=Our response to California State Parks Preferred Alternative |work=Big Sur Land Trust |access-date=2018-01-06 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011159/https://www.bigsurlandtrust.org/blog/our-response-to-california-state-parks-preferred-alternative-51.htm |archive-date=2017-11-07 }}</ref><ref name=top10>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Tourist Destinations in the United States |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-10-usa-tourist-destinations.html |website=WorldAtlas.com |access-date=31 May 2022 |date=1 August 2017 |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520193321/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-10-usa-tourist-destinations.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Big Sur Village, California|Big Sur Village]] is a collection of small roadside businesses and homes.<ref name="henson"/>{{rp|2}} The larger region known as Big Sur does not have specific boundaries but is generally considered to include the {{convert|71|mile|adj=on}} segment of [[California State Route 1]] between [[Malpaso Creek]] near Carmel Highlands<ref name="Magazine2006"/> in the north and [[San Carpóforo Canyon|San Carpóforo Creek]] near San Simeon in the south,<ref name="Big Sur Magic - Carmel Magazine"/> as well as the entire Santa Lucia range between these creeks.<ref name="henson" /> The interior region is mostly uninhabited, while the coast remains relatively isolated and sparsely populated, with between 1,800 and 2,000 year-round residents<ref name="agha">{{cite web |first1=Laith |last1=Agha |title=The Long Road to Work |url=https://voicesofmontereybay.org/2018/01/24/the-long-road-to-work/ |website=voicesofmontereybay.org |access-date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=September 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914205037/https://voicesofmontereybay.org/2018/01/24/the-long-road-to-work/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and relatively few visitor accommodations scattered among four small settlements. The region remained one of the most inaccessible areas of California and the entire United States until, after 18 years of construction, the [[California State Route 1 (Big Sur)|Carmel–San Simeon Highway]] (now signed as part of State Route 1) was completed in 1937. Along with the ocean views, this winding, narrow road, often cut into the face of towering seaside cliffs, dominates the visitor's experience of Big Sur. The highway has been closed more than 55 times by [[landslide]]s, and in May 2017, a {{convert|2000000|ft3|m3|adj=on}} slide blocked the highway at Mud Creek, north of Salmon Creek near the [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo County]] line, to just south of [[Gorda, California|Gorda]]. The road was reopened on July 18, 2018.

The region is protected by the Big Sur Local Coastal Plan, which preserves it as "open space, a small residential community, and agricultural ranching."<ref name="karin">{{cite web |url=https://bigsurlcp.com/letter-from-karin-strasser-kauffman/ |title=Letter from Karin Strasser Kauffman |publisher=The Big Sur Local Coastal Program Defense Committee |access-date=14 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916211757/https://bigsurlcp.com/letter-from-karin-strasser-kauffman/ |archive-date=16 September 2016 |date=2015-04-04 }}</ref> Approved in 1986, the plan is one of the most restrictive local-use programs in the state,<ref name="barnewtt031981">{{cite journal |journal=Big Sur Gazette | title=Big Sur LCP Adopted by County Planners |
url=http://bigsurgazette.com/issues/032_%20March_1981.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820222739/http://bigsurgazette.com/issues/032_%20March_1981.pdf| archive-date=August 20, 2014| date=March 1981|first1=Mary |last1=Barnett }}</ref> and is widely regarded as one of the most restrictive documents of its kind anywhere.<ref name="diehl">{{cite web|last1=Diehl|first1=Martha V.|title=Land Use in Big Sur: In Search of Sustainable Balance between Community Needs and Resource Protection|url=http://www.bigsurwatersheds.org/docs/MDiehl_051606.pdf|publisher=California State University Monterey Bay|access-date=22 August 2016|date=May 15, 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414234710/http://www.bigsurwatersheds.org/docs/MDiehl_051606.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> The program protects [[viewshed]]s from the highway and many vantage points, and severely restricts the density of development. About 60% of the coastal region is owned by governmental or private agencies which do not allow any development. The majority of the interior region is part of the [[Los Padres National Forest]], [[Ventana Wilderness]], [[Silver Peak Wilderness]] or [[Fort Hunter Liggett]].

== Location ==
[[File:Big Sur and Los Padres National Forest.png|thumb|upright=1.75| Approximate boundaries of the Big Sur region]]
Big Sur is not an incorporated town but a region without formal boundaries in California's [[Central Coast (California)|Central Coast]] region.<ref name="walton">{{cite journal|last1=Walton|first1=John|title=The Land of Big Sur Conservation on the California Coast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822020712/http://www.johnwaltonphd.com/articles/the-land-of-big-sur.pdf |archive-date=August 22, 2016 |url=http://www.johnwaltonphd.com/articles/the-land-of-big-sur.pdf|journal=California History |volume=85|number=1 |year=2007|access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> The region is often confused with the small community of buildings and services {{convert|26|mi}} south of [[Carmel, California|Carmel]] in the [[Big Sur River]] valley, sometimes referred to by locals as [[Big Sur Village, California|Big Sur Village]], but officially known as Big Sur.<ref name=walton/><ref>{{cite web|title=Station and Equipment|url=http://bigsurfire.org/?page_id=8|publisher=Big Sur Volunteer Fire Brigade|access-date=16 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924132309/http://bigsurfire.org/?page_id=8|archive-date=24 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="woolfenden" />{{rp|8}}<ref name="norman" />{{rp|7}}<ref name="placenames" />

=== Historical boundaries ===
The various informal boundaries applied to the region have gradually expanded north and south over time. Esther Pfeiffer Ewoldson, who was born in 1904 and was a granddaughter of Big Sur pioneers Michael and Barbara Pfeiffer, wrote that the region extended from the [[Little Sur River]] {{convert|23|miles}} south to [[Slates Hot Springs]]. Members of the Harlan Family, who homesteaded the Lucia region {{convert|9|miles}} south of Slates Hot Springs, said that Big Sur was "miles and miles to the north of us."<ref name="woolfenden" />{{rp|6}} Prior to the construction of Highway 1, residents on the south coast had little contact with residents to the north of them.<ref name="woolfenden" />

=== Northern and southern boundaries ===
Most descriptions of the area refer to [[Malpaso Creek]] {{convert|4.5|miles}} south of the [[Carmel River (California)|Carmel River]] as the northern border.<ref name="Magazine2006">{{cite book|author=Surfer Magazine|title=Surfer Magazine's Guide to Northern and Central California Surf Spots|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFL2nb0SE3kC&pg=RA1-PA97|access-date=13 January 2011|date=21 February 2006|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-0-8118-4998-2|page=97|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116175824/https://books.google.com/books?id=aFL2nb0SE3kC&pg=RA1-PA97|archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2023}} The southern border is generally accepted to be [[San Carpóforo Canyon|San Carpóforo Creek]] in [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo County]].<ref name="Big Sur Magic - Carmel Magazine">{{cite web|last1=Chatfield|first1=Michael|title=Big Sur Magic – Carmel Magazine|url=http://www.carmelmagazine.com/archive/14sp/big-sur.shtml|website=Carmel Magazine|access-date=14 December 2016|date=5 May 2014| url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428194516/http://www.carmelmagazine.com/archive/14sp/big-sur.shtml|archive-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Gorda, California 2013-12-22 (a).jpg|thumb|View of [[Gorda, California|Gorda]], one of the small clusters of services in Big Sur]]

=== Inland extent ===
The vast majority of visitors only see Big Sur's dramatic coastline and consider the Big Sur region to include only the coastal flanks of the [[Santa Lucia Range|Santa Lucia Mountains]], which at various points extend from {{convert|3|to|12|mi|0}} inland.<ref name="bsim">{{cite web | url=http://www.bsim.org/Special_Interest/Big_Sur_Community.htm | title=The Big Sur Community | publisher=Big Sur International Marathon | access-date=August 10, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822065813/http://www.bsim.org/Special_Interest/Big_Sur_Community.htm | archive-date=August 22, 2016 }}</ref>

Some residents place the eastern border at the boundaries of the vast inland areas comprising the Los Padres National Forest, Ventana Wilderness, and Silver Peak Wilderness, or the unpopulated regions all the way to the eastern foothills of the Santa Lucia Mountains.<ref name="henson">{{cite web|last1=Henson|first1=Paul|author2=Donald J. Usner|title=The Natural History of Big Sur|url=http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/wjf/m/NaturalHistoryOfBigSur.pdf|publisher=University Of California Press|access-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617070622/http://sulcus.berkeley.edu/wjf/m/NaturalHistoryOfBigSur.pdf |archive-date= June 17, 2010|date=1993}}</ref> Author and local historian Jeff Norman considered Big Sur to extend inland to include the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="norman">{{cite book |last1=Norman |first1=Jeff |title=Big Sur |date=2004 |publisher=Arcadia Pub |location=Charleston, S.C. |isbn=0-7385-2913-3 }}</ref>{{rp|7}}

== Etymology ==
[[File:Big sur ocean coastlines.jpg|thumb|upright|Big Sur: rocky coast, fog and [[Macrocystis pyrifera|giant kelp]]]]
The name "Big Sur" has its origins in the area's early [[New Spain|Spanish history]]. While the [[Portolá expedition]] was exploring [[Alta California]], they arrived at [[San Carpóforo Canyon]] near present-day [[San Simeon, California|San Simeon]] on September 13, 1769. Unable to penetrate the difficult terrain along the coast, they detoured inland through the San Antonio and [[Salinas Valley]]s before arriving at [[Monterey Bay]], where they founded [[Monterey, California|Monterey]] and named it the provincial capital.<ref name=crespi>{{cite book |last=Bolton |first=Herbert E. |year=1927 |title=Fray Juan Crespi: Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast, 1769–1774 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788 |publisher=HathiTrust Digital Library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322103835/http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000288788 |archive-date=2014-03-22 }}</ref>

The Spanish referred to the vast and relatively unexplored coastal region to the south of Monterey as ''el país grande del sur'', meaning 'the big country of the south'. This was often shortened to ''el sur grande'' 'the big south'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigsurcalifornia.org/history.html|title=History of Big Sur California|work=bigsurcalifornia.org|access-date=2016-09-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801150314/http://www.bigsurcalifornia.org/history.html|archive-date=2016-08-01}}</ref><ref name="jensen">Jensen, Jamie [https://books.google.com/books?id=MRxpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 Road Trip USA: Cross-Country Adventures on America's Two-Lane Highways] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130164350/https://books.google.com/books?id=MRxpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT146 |date=2016-11-30 }} page 146</ref> The two major rivers draining this portion of the coast were named [[Big Sur River|El Rio Grande del Sur]] and [[Little Sur River|El Rio Chiquito del Sur]].<ref name="norman" />{{rp|7}}

The first recorded use of the name ''el Sud''<!-- sic --> (meaning 'the South') was on a map of the [[Rancho El Sur]] land grant given by Governor [[José Figueroa]] to [[Juan Bautista Alvarado]] on July 30, 1834.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb7d5nb474/?brand=oac4 |title=Diseño del parage llamado el Sud y solicitado por Juan Bauta. Alvarado: [Rancho El Sur, Calif.] |publisher=United States District Court (California: Southern District) |access-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-date=February 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063724/http://oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb7d5nb474/?brand=oac4 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first American use of the name 'Sur' was by the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|United States Coast Survey]] in 1851, which renamed a point of land that looked like an island and was shaped like a trumpet, known to the Spanish as ''Morro de la Trompa'' and ''Punta Que Parece Isla'', to [[Point Sur]].<ref name="placenames" />

Big Sur's first post office was named "Posts" after [[Posts, California|William Brainard Post]], in whose home it was located. He had obtained a patent to land at the top of the grade south of the Big Sur River, where he built a home in 1867.<ref>{{cite news |volume=142 |number=63 |date=4 March 1945 |title=Bir Sur Pioneers |page=19 |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19450304.1.19&srpos=9&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22W+B++Post%22+monterey-------1 |website=cdnc.ucr.edu |publisher=Oakland Tribune |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=February 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216042232/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=OT19450304.1.19&srpos=9&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-%22W+B++Post%22+monterey-------1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The English-speaking homesteaders petitioned the United States Post Office in Washington D.C. to change the name of their post office from Arbolado to Big Sur, and the rubber stamp using that name was returned on March 6, 1915, cementing the use of Big Sur as the place name.<ref name="woolfenden" />{{rp|8}}<ref name="norman" />{{rp|7}}<ref>[https://newspapers.com/clip/51196047/change-arbolado-post-office-name-to-big/ ''Change Arbolado Postoffice Name''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216042933/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51196047/change-arbolado-post-office-name-to-big/ |date=February 16, 2022 }} Monterey Daily Cypress and Monterey American. Monterey, California. May 15, 1915. page 3.</ref><ref name="placenames">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibMwDwAAQBAJ|title=California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names|last=Gudde|first=Erwin Gustav|date=1998|publisher=University of California Press|others=Bright, William|isbn=978-0-520-26619-3|edition=fourth, rev. and enl.|location=Berkeley|oclc=37854320|page=379|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109200344/https://books.google.com/books?id=ibMwDwAAQBAJ|archive-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>

== Popularity ==
[[File:Bigsur 2023.jpg|thumb|The Big Sur coast, looking north toward Bixby Creek Bridge]]

=== Scenic designations ===
The section of Highway 1 running through Big Sur is widely considered one of the most scenic driving routes in the United States, if not the world.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Amelia|title=Driving California's Big Sur|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/travel-tips-and-articles/68907|access-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827160320/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/travel-tips-and-articles/68907|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top 5 Best Driving Roads in America|url=http://www.buick.com/top-5-best-driving-roads.html|publisher=Buick|access-date=11 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815060046/http://www.buick.com/top-5-best-driving-roads.html|archive-date=15 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dangerousroads.org/north-america/usa/384-pacific-coast-highway-usa.html|title=Pacific Coast Highway|website=Dangerousroads.org|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627072241/http://www.dangerousroads.org/north-america/usa/384-pacific-coast-highway-usa.html|archive-date=2017-06-27}}</ref> The views are one reason that Big Sur was ranked second among all United States destinations in [[TripAdvisor]]'s 2008 Travelers' Choice Destination Awards.<ref name="tripadvisor">{{cite web|publisher=Monterey County Convention & Visitors Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223161955/http://www.montereyinfo.org/trip%20advisor%202008 |url=http://www.montereyinfo.org/trip%20advisor%202008  |archive-date=December 23, 2008| title=Trip Advisor Crowns Monterey County With Three 2008 Travelers' Choice Destination Awards}}</ref> The unblemished natural scenery owes much of its preservation to the highly restrictive development plans enforced in Big Sur; no billboards or advertisements are permitted along the highway and signage for businesses must be modestly scaled and of a rural nature conforming to the Big Sur region. The state of California designated the {{convert|72|mi|adj=on}} section of the highway from [[Cambria, California|Cambria]] to Carmel Highlands as the first [[State Scenic Highway System (California)|California Scenic Highway]] in 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/LandArch/16_livability/scenic_highways/route1.htm|title=Route 1 - Scenic Highway|last=Cadd|first=Brian Shultis, Dennis|website=Dot.ca.gov|access-date=2017-12-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223112639/http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/LandArch/16_livability/scenic_highways/route1.htm|archive-date=2016-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cahighways.org/stypes.html|title=California Highways: State Highway Types|website=Cahighways.org|access-date=2017-12-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918193916/http://www.cahighways.org/stypes.html|archive-date=2017-09-18}}</ref> In 1966, First Lady [[Lady Bird Johnson]] led the official scenic road designation ceremony at [[Bixby Creek Bridge]].<ref name=pavlik/> In 1996, the road became one of the first designated by the federal government as an "All-American Road" under the [[National Scenic Byways]] Program.<ref name=caltransguide>{{cite web|title=Guidelines for Corridor Aesthetic|work=Highway 1 Big Sur Coast Highway Management Plan|url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/planning/sys_plan_docs/chmp/aesthetics_guidelines.pdf|publisher=California Department of Transportation|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=March 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303154306/http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/planning/sys_plan_docs/chmp/aesthetics_guidelines.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/byways/byways/2301|title=Route 1 - Big Sur Coast Highway America's Byways|website=Fhwa.dot.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218150044/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/byways/byways/2301|archive-date=2017-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/road-trips/california-pacific-coast-road-trip/|title=Road Trip: California's Pacific Coast Highway -- National Geographic|date=2010-09-14|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102022020/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/road-trips/california-pacific-coast-road-trip/|archive-date=2017-11-02}}</ref><ref name="cambria">{{cite web|title=The Building of Highway One|url=http://cambriaHistoricalSociety.com/history_highway1.html|work=Historical Moments|publisher=Cambria Historical Society|access-date=30 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123035538/http://cambriahistoricalsociety.com/history_highway1.html|archive-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> CNN Traveler named [[McWay Falls]] as the most beautiful place in California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/the-most-beautiful-place-in-every-us-state|title=This Is the Most Beautiful Place in Every U.S. State|date=July 21, 2017|website=Condé Nast Traveler|access-date=January 7, 2019|archive-date=July 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701065241/https://www.cntraveler.com/gallery/the-most-beautiful-place-in-every-us-state|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Driving popularity ===
The drive along Highway 1 has been described as "one of the best drives on Earth", and is considered one of the top 10 motorcycle rides in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/motorcycle-rides-in-us/|title=Top 10 Motorcycle Rides in the U.S. -- National Geographic|date=2015-05-12|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207085636/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/motorcycle-rides-in-us/|archive-date=2017-12-07}}</ref> Highway 1 was named the most popular drive in California in 2014 by the [[American Automobile Association]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Iconic American Destination Virtually Isolated for Rest of Year {{!}} Weather Extremes |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/iconic-american-destination-virtually-isolated-for-rest-of-year.html |website=Weather Underground |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-date=July 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722072104/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/iconic-american-destination-virtually-isolated-for-rest-of-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The region receives as many as and sometimes more visitors than [[Yosemite National Park]]. Unlike the national park managed by a single entity, the Big Sur region is ruled over by multiple government and private land owners, offers only occasional bus service, limited parking, few restrooms, and a single, narrow [[Big Sur Coast Highway|two-lane highway]] that for most of its length clings to the steep coastal cliffs. North-bound traffic during the peak summer season and holiday weekends is often backed up for about {{convert|20|miles}} from [[Big Sur Village, California|Big Sur Village]] to [[Carmel Highlands, California|Carmel Highlands]]. Due to the large number of visitors during the summer, congestion and slow traffic between Carmel and [[Posts, California|Posts]] is becoming the norm.<ref name=bsltblog/><ref name=losapos/><ref name=cabigsur/><ref name=top10/><ref name=caltransguide/> However, during the winter, the road is [[Big Sur Coast Highway#Repeated closings|frequently closed]] due to washouts and slides.

=== Protection ===
Despite its popularity, the region is heavily protected to preserve the rural and natural character of the land. The entire Big Sur coast is located within the protected coastal zone established by the 1976 [[California Coastal Act]]. This includes land use within a defined "coastal zone" extending inland from {{cvt|3000|ft}} up to {{cvt|5|mi}}. The [[California Coastal Commission]] has the authority to control the construction of any type, including buildings, housing, roads, as well as fire and erosion abatement structures, and can issue fines for unapproved construction. The Coastal Zone is specifically defined by law as an area that extends from the State's seaward boundary of jurisdiction, and inland for a distance from the Mean High Tide Line of between a couple of hundred feet in urban areas, to up to five miles in rural areas.<ref name="Coastal-Act-Section-30103">[http://www.coastal.ca.gov/coastact.pdf California Coastal Act of 1976] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218043544/https://coastal.ca.gov/coastact.pdf |date=February 18, 2022 }} Public Resources Code Division 20 California</ref> The Big Sur Local Coastal Plan, approved by the [[Monterey County Board of Supervisors|Monterey County Supervisors]] in 1981, states that the region is meant to be an experience that visitors transit through, not a destination. For that reason, development of all kinds is severely restricted.<ref>{{cite web  |url=https://bigsurlcp.com/important-sections-of-the-big-sur-land-use-plan/  |title=Big Sur Land Use Plan  |url-status=live  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916005723/https://bigsurlcp.com/important-sections-of-the-big-sur-land-use-plan/  |archive-date=2016-09-16  |date=2015-05-12 }}</ref>

== Attractions ==
[[File:Bixby Bridge (2).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bixby Creek Bridge]], shown here looking southwest, is a popular attraction in Big Sur.]]
[[File:Bixby Bridge por Gustavo Gerdel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bixby Bridge|Bixby Creek Bridge]] at night]]
Besides sightseeing from the highway, Big Sur offers hiking and outdoor activities. There are a large number of state and federal lands and parks, including [[McWay Falls]] at [[Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park]], one of only two waterfalls in California that plunge directly into the ocean.  The waterfall is located near the foundation of a grand stone cliffside house built in 1940 by [[Lathrop Brown|Lathrop and Hélène Hooper Brown]] which was the region's first electrified home. However, parking is very limited and usually unavailable on summer weekends and holidays.<ref name="Congested guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.bigsurvisitorguide.com/congested/|title=Congested Areas|website=Big Sur Visitor Guide|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120239/http://www.bigsurvisitorguide.com/congested/|archive-date=2018-01-06}}</ref>

Another notable landmark is [[Point Sur Lighthouse|Point Sur Lightstation]], the only complete nineteenth century [[lighthouse]] complex open to the public in California.<ref>{{cite news |title=To Sur, With Love |first1=David |last1=Vincent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/jun/20/big-sur-usa-cultural-trips?INTCMP=SRCH |date=June 20, 2009 |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305112716/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2009/jun/20/big-sur-usa-cultural-trips?INTCMP=SRCH |archive-date=March 5, 2016}}</ref>

The Ventana Wildlife Center near Andrew Molera State Park features a free Discovery Center that enables visitors to learn about the California Condor recovery program and other wildlife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ventanaws.org/discovery_center/|title=DISCOVERY CENTER:: Ventana Wildlife Society|website=Ventanaws.org|access-date=2017-12-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701084523/http://www.ventanaws.org/discovery_center/|archive-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>

The [[Henry Miller]] Memorial Library is a nonprofit bookstore and arts center that opened in 1981 as a tribute to the writer. Miller lived in Big Sur from 1944 to February 1963 and wrote about Big Sur in his book [[Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymus Bosch]]. It is a gathering place for locals and has become the focal point of individuals with a literary mind,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.henrymiller.org/|title=Henry Miller Memorial Library|author=Ghan Patel|work=henrymiller.org|access-date=2016-09-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004020747/https://henrymiller.org/|archive-date=2016-10-04}}</ref>  a cultural center devoted to Miller's life and work, and a popular attraction for tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venuelust.com/post/insiders-guide-fall-love-big-sur-california/|title=Henry Miller Memorial Library|access-date=30 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011002031/https://venuelust.com/post/insiders-guide-fall-love-big-sur-california/|archive-date=11 October 2016|date=2014-09-25}}</ref><ref>[{{cite web |url=http://www.bendbulletin.com/news/1408630-151/big-sur |title=Big Sur |work=The Bulletin |access-date=2017-12-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052601/http://www.bendbulletin.com/news/1408630-151/big-sur |archive-date=2017-12-22 |date=May 2011 |last1=Interface |first1=Saxotech }} Big Sur]</ref>

[[File:Big Sur.Santa Lucia Range dal ristorante Nepenthe.png|thumb|Santa Lucia Range from Nepenthe restaurant]]

=== Beaches ===
There are a few small, scenic beaches that are accessible to the public and popular for walking, but usually unsuitable for swimming, because of unpredictable currents, frigid temperatures, and dangerous surf.<ref name="desertsun" /> The beach at Garrapata State Park is sometimes rated as the best beach in Big Sur. Depending on the season, visitors can view sea otters, sea lions, seals, and migrating whales from the beach. The beach is barely visible from Highway 1.<ref name="desertsun" />

[[Pfeiffer Beach]] is very popular but is only accessible via the narrow  {{convert|2|mi}} Sycamore Canyon Road. The parking lot at the beach only accommodates 60 vehicles and is usually full on summer and holiday weekends. During the summer, a shuttle operates from the US Forest Service headquarters to the beach. The wide sandy expanse offers views of a scenic arch rock offshore. It is sometimes confused with the beach at Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park to the south.<ref name="desertsun" />

In the south, [[Sand Dollar Beach]] is the longest stretch of beach in Big Sur. It is popular with hikers and photographers for its views of nearby bluffs. The beach is {{convert|25|mile}} south of the Big Sur village on Highway 1. A steep staircase leads down to the beach from the highway.<ref name="desertsun">{{cite web |url=http://www.desertsun.com/story/travel/advice/kathy-strong/2015/12/26/going-way-kathy-strong-wild-curves-waves-food-big-sur/77934718/ |title=Wild curves, waves — and food in Big Sur |first1=Kathy |last1=Strong |date=December 15, 2015 |publisher=Desert Sun |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525052331/http://www.desertsun.com/story/travel/advice/kathy-strong/2015/12/26/going-way-kathy-strong-wild-curves-waves-food-big-sur/77934718/ |archive-date=May 25, 2017 }}</ref> [[Jade Cove]], {{convert|2|mi}} south of Sand Dollar Beach, is also sometimes popular with visitors.

Swiss Canyon Beach is a long, sandy beach visible when looking north from the mouth of the [[Big Sur River]] in Andrew Molera State Park. The eastern side of the beach is bounded by private land. The beach may be accessible from the southern end depending on the tide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swiss Canyon Beach, Big Sur, CA |url=https://www.californiabeaches.com/beach/swiss-canyon-beach/ |website=California Beaches |access-date=11 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=February 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211025754/https://www.californiabeaches.com/beach/swiss-canyon-beach/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some beaches are surrounded by private land.  At the mouth of the Little Sur river are some of the largest dunes on the Big Sur coast. The mouth of the Little Sur River, the dunes, and the mile-long Little Sur River beach are within the boundaries of the [[El Sur Ranch]] and are inaccessible to the public. The owner of the ranch maintains a secure fence and has prominently posted {{sc|Private Property}} and {{sc|No Trespassing}} signs on the fence along Highway 1 as suggested by legal precedent.<ref>Llewellyn,  Richard E. II [http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=llr ''The Common Law Doctrine of Implied Dedication and Its Effect on the California Coastline Property Owner: Gion v. City of Santa Cruz''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706134720/https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1085&context=llr |date=July 6, 2022 }} Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 4 Loy. 438 (1971).</ref> While the beach below the mean high tide line is open to the public, the law does not permit individuals to trespass on private property to reach the public beach. Individuals who trespass to reach the beach have been cited.<ref>{{cite web|title=People v. Wilkinson|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/2d/248/supp906.html|website=Justia Law|access-date=7 March 2018|language=en|archive-date=December 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230081730/https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/2d/248/supp906.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Khosla joins Eastwood in lawsuit hall of fame|url=http://pineconearchive.fileburstcdn.com/140801PCAp28.pdf|publisher=Carmel Pine Cone|access-date=7 March 2018|date=August 1, 2014|archive-date=March 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313061032/http://pineconearchive.fileburstcdn.com/140801PCAp28.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other beaches that are inaccessible to the public include Point Sur Beach, a long sandy beach located below and to the north of Point Sur Lighthouse.<ref name="bestbeaches">{{cite web|title=Best Beaches You'll Never See in California – California Beaches|url=http://www.californiabeaches.com/map/best-beaches-youll-never-see-california/|website=California Beaches|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090456/http://www.californiabeaches.com/map/best-beaches-youll-never-see-california/|url-status=live}}</ref> There is a small beach at Rocky Point that is surrounded by private property, making it inaccessible. The beach at the foot of McWay falls is physically inaccessible from the shore. To the south near the county line, Wreck Beach south of Pfeiffer Beach is not accessible.  Gamboa Point Beach near the Monterey / San Luis Obispo county line is closed to the public.<ref name="bestbeaches" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.coastal.ca.gov/recap3/maps/pa-10d.pdf|title=Monterey County Periodic Review Map PA-10d Public Access Points|website=Coastal.ca.gov|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121020358/https://www.coastal.ca.gov/recap3/maps/pa-10d.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hiking ===
The [[Pine Ridge Trail]] (USFS 3E06) is the most popular hiking route into the [[Ventana Wilderness]]. Hikers can use it to access many campsites in the backcountry, including Ventana Camp, Terrace Creek, Barlow Flats, Sykes, and Redwood camps. When open, it is accessible from the [[Big Sur Station]]. The trail, connecting trails, and the campsites along its route were closed during the [[Soberanes Fire]] in July 2016. They were damaged by the fire itself and further damaged by the heavy rains during the following winter. {{as of|2017|8}}, the trail was blocked by four major washouts and more than 100 fallen trees across the path. Reopening the trail will require an environmental assessment, and perhaps re-routing the trail entirely.

The Mt. Manuel Trail (USFS 2E06) begins within Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park. It follows a northeasterly route up the slopes of Mt. Manuel. Hikers following this route can access Vado and Launtz Creek campsites. It connects to the Little Sur trail that provides access to the [[Little Sur River]] watershed. The trail is not maintained.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hikelospadres.com/mt-manuel-trail.html#.WlUjOFunFaQ|title=Mt Manuel Trail|website=Hikelospadres.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-09|archive-date=January 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110065014/http://www.hikelospadres.com/mt-manuel-trail.html#.WlUjOFunFaQ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The North Coast Ridge Road (USFS 20S05) is accessible from the road to the Ventana Inn and indirectly from the south via [[Limekiln State Park]]. Parking is available in the north at Cadillac Flat near the Ventana Inn. From Ventana Inn, the trail climbs steeply to the crest of the coastal ridge and south about {{convert|30|mi}} to near [[Cone Peak]]. There are wide views in all directions for almost the entire hike. It connects to several trails over its length, including Terrace Creek Trail (closed {{as of|2018|1|lc=on}}), Boronda Trail, DeAngulo Trail, Big Sur Trail, Marble Peak Trail, Bee Camp Trail, Lost Valley Connector Trail, Rodeo Flat Trail, and the Arroyo Seco Trail. It provides access to Timber Top and Cold Spring Camp. It passes near the summit of Anderson Peak ({{convert|4099|ft}}) and Marble Peak ({{convert|4031|ft}}), and through to the Nacimiento-Fergusson Road and through connects to the Cone Peak Road. It is not open to vehicular traffic or bicycles. {{as of|2018|1}}, the trail is closed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/r05/lospadres/recreation|title=Los Padres National Forest - North Coast Ridge - 3E10|website=Fs.usda.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-01-09|archive-date=January 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054906/https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/lpnf/recreation/hiking/recarea/?recid=10949&actid=51|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=North Coast Ridge Trail|url=http://www.hikelospadres.com/north-coast-ridge-trail.html|website=Hikelospadres.com|access-date=12 January 2018|language=en|archive-date=January 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113042625/http://www.hikelospadres.com/north-coast-ridge-trail.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Garrapata State Park, Andrew Molera State Park, Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park, and Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park all contain short hiking trails. {{as of|2018|1}}, almost all trails on the east side of Highway 1 in these parks are closed due to the Soberanes Fire and damage sustained during heavy rains the following winter. Some trails west of Highway 1 are open.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=582|title=Andrew Molera SP|last=California|first=California State Parks, State of|website=CA State Parks|language=en|access-date=2018-01-10|archive-date=January 19, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119184459/http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=582|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Places of contemplation ===
[[File:EsalenInstitute-aerial-DSC 7224.jpg|thumb|left|An evening aerial view of the Esalen Institute]]
Among the places that draw visitors is the once counterculture, later upscale [[Esalen Institute]]. Esalen hosted many figures of the nascent "[[New Age]]" and, in the 1960s, played an important role in popularizing Eastern philosophies, the "[[Human Potential Movement]]", and [[Gestalt therapy]] in the United States.<ref name="hgold">{{cite news |last1=Gold |first1=Herbert |date=January 29, 1984 |title=To (And In) Big Sur, The Way is Clear |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/29/travel/to-and-in-big-sur-the-way-is-clear.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312054052/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/29/travel/to-and-in-big-sur-the-way-is-clear.html |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |access-date=August 23, 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Esalen is named after the Native Americans who congregated there at the natural hot springs possibly for thousands of years. Far from the coast within the Los Padres National Forest, the [[Tassajara Zen Mountain Center]], accessible via a steep, narrow, {{convert|12|mi|adj=on}} dirt road, is only open to guests during the summer months.

Big Sur is also the location of a Catholic monastery, the [[New Camaldoli Hermitage]]. The Hermitage in Big Sur was founded in 1957. It rents a few simple rooms for visitors who would like to engage in silent meditation and contemplation. Normally all retreats are silent and undirected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://contemplation.com/who-we-are/|work=New Camaldoli Hermitage|title=New Camaldoli Hermitage- Who We Are|access-date=30 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903221046/http://www.contemplation.com/who-we-are/|archive-date=3 September 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Menu, Nepenthe, Big Sur.jpg|thumb|upright|Historic menu cover from Nepenthe restaurant, a Big Sur icon since 1949<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/article/Granddaughter-writes-history-of-Nepenthe-3281187.php |title=Granddaughter writes history of Nepenthe |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |date=November 13, 2009 |access-date=30 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814041206/http://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/article/Granddaughter-writes-history-of-Nepenthe-3281187.php |archive-date=14 August 2016 }}</ref>]]
[[File:McWay Falls 04-17-2009.jpg|thumb|[[McWay Falls]] and McWay Cove]]

=== Special events ===
The [[Big Sur International Marathon]] is an annual [[marathon]] that begins south of [[Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park]] and ends at the Crossroads Shopping Center in Carmel-by-the-Sea. The marathon was established in 1986 and attracts about 4,500 participants annually.<ref name="Benyo">{{cite book |last1=Benyo |first1=Richard |author-link1=Richard Benyo |last2=Henderson |first2=Joe |author-link2=Joe Henderson (runner) |title=Running Encyclopedia: The Ultimate Source for Today's Runner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqc1SkRr9UwC|year=2002 |publisher=Human Kinetics |location=Champaign, Illinois |isbn=978-0-7360-3734-1 |chapter=B: BAA to Bush, George W. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqc1SkRr9UwC&pg=PA34 |access-date=2016-09-06}}</ref>

Civic leaders in Big Sur stage a run each year in October to raise funds for the Big Sur Volunteer Fire Brigade and the Big Sur Health Center. Since the race, known as the Big Sur River Run, was founded in 1971, more than $1,025,104 has been donated to the two organizations. The run through the redwoods was canceled in 2016 due to the Soberanes Fire and in 2017 due to winter storms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bigsurriverrun.org/?page_id=12|title=Race Weekend - 36th Annual Big Sur River Run|date=2017-01-03|access-date=2018-01-05|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103073525/http://www.bigsurriverrun.org/?page_id=12|archive-date=2017-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/21/big-sur-river-run-cancelled-due-to-storm-damage-will-return-in-2018/|title=Big Sur River Run cancelled due to storm damage, will return in 2018|date=2017-09-21|work=The Mercury News|access-date=2018-01-05|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233553/https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/09/21/big-sur-river-run-cancelled-due-to-storm-damage-will-return-in-2018/|archive-date=2018-01-05}}</ref>

The [[Big Sur Folk Festival]] was held from 1964 to 1971. It began unintentionally when Nancy Carlen, a friend of singer [[Joan Baez]], organized a weekend seminar at the Esalen Institute in June 1964 titled "The New Folk Music". On Sunday afternoon, they invited all the neighbors for a free, open performance. This became the first festival.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joanbaez.com/chronology.html |title=Chronology |first1=Joan |last1=Baez |access-date=30 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817040215/http://www.joanbaez.com/chronology.html |archive-date=2016-08-17 }}</ref> The festival was held yearly on the grounds of the Esalen Institute, except for 1970, when it was held at the Monterey County Fairgrounds. Even when well-known acts like [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]] or the [[Beach Boys]] performed, the event was purposefully kept small with no more than a few thousand in attendance.<ref name=festival>{{cite web|url=http://heraldphotos.blogspot.com/2014/11/big-sur-folk-festival-at-monterey.html|title=Looking Back at Monterey County|date=November 2014|access-date=30 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806101017/http://heraldphotos.blogspot.com/2014/11/big-sur-folk-festival-at-monterey.html|archive-date=6 August 2016}}</ref>

== State and federal lands ==
=== State parks ===
[[File:Point Sur from the north.JPG|thumb|Point Sur and light station from the north]]
The state parks in Big Sur grew out of the original residents' desire to protect and preserve the land they admired. "The early settlers considered land stewardship their obligation to the community."<ref>Scott, Peter Gray ''Where The Road Begins''</ref> The first was Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park. John Pfeiffer, son of pioneers Michael Pfeiffer and Barbara Laquet, was offered $210,000 for his land near Sycamore Canyon by a Los Angeles developer, who wanted to build a subdivision on the land. Instead, Pfeiffer sold {{cvt|1.1|mi2}} to the state of California in 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hikinginbigsur.com/hikes_oakgrove.html|title=Hiking in Big Sur - Oak Grove Trail Loop|website=HikingInBigSur.com|access-date=March 22, 2019|archive-date=November 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124122515/http://www.hikinginbigsur.com/hikes_oakgrove.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Heid|first1=Analise Elliot|title=Hiking & backpacking Big Sur: a complete guide to the trails of Big Sur, Ventana Wilderness, and Silver Peak Wilderness|date=2013|publisher=Wilderness Press|isbn=978-0-89997-727-0|page=84|edition=Second}}</ref>

{{As of|2018|1}}, portions of most of these parks are closed due to after effects of the Soberanes Fire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seemonterey.com/resources/travel-alert/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233602/https://www.seemonterey.com/resources/travel-alert/|title=Travel Updates in Monterey County|archive-date=January 5, 2018|website=Seemonterey.com}}</ref>
From north to south, the following state parks are in use:<ref name=russell/>

* [[Garrapata State Park]]
* [[Point Sur State Historic Park]]
* [[Andrew Molera State Park]]
* [[Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park]]
* [[Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park]]
* [[Limekiln State Park]]

=== State reserves ===
* [[John Little State Natural Reserve]]
* [[Big Creek State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area]]

=== Federal land ===
{{as of |2018|1}}, some trails and campsites within the following areas are closed, due to damage caused by the 2016 Soberanes Fire and the following winter's rains.<ref name=russell>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bigsurcalifornia.org/camping.html|title=Big Sur Camping Guide, Big Sur California|last=Russell|first=Stan|website=Bigsurcalifornia.org|access-date=2018-01-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021122452/http://www.bigsurcalifornia.org/camping.html|archive-date=2017-10-21}}</ref>

* [[Pfeiffer Beach]]
* [[Los Padres National Forest]]
* [[Ventana Wilderness]]
* [[Silver Peak Wilderness]]

== Overuse issues ==
During most summer weekends and on all major holidays, Big Sur is overwhelmingly crowded.<ref name=guide/> Although some Big Sur residents catered to adventurous travelers in the early twentieth century,<ref name="woolfenden" />{{rp|10}} the modern tourist economy began when Highway 1 opened the region to automobiles in 1937, but only took off after World War II-era gasoline rationing and a ban on pleasure driving ended in August 1945.<ref name=bigsurg/> Big Sur has become a destination for travelers both within the United States and internationally.<ref name=caltranshistory>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/projects/bigsur/inventory_reports/history_road_closures.pdf|title=A History Of Road Closures Along Highway 1, Big Sur Monterey and San Luis Obispo Counties, California|author=JRP Historical Consulting Services|date=November 2001|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-date=February 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224184848/http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/projects/bigsur/inventory_reports/history_road_closures.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=landsel>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/David-Landsel/california-big-sur-driving-the-coast_b_5095299.html|title=14 Things You Need To Know Before Driving California's Big Sur|last=Landsel|first=David|date=2014-04-15|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906034525/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/David-Landsel/california-big-sur-driving-the-coast_b_5095299.html|archive-date=2017-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kion546.com/news/monterey-county/chinese-tourists-crash-into-tree-in-big-sur-one-woman-dead/524317312|title=Chinese tourists crash into tree in Big Sur; one woman dies|last1=Zhang|first1=Linda|first2=Brandon|last2=Castillo|date=2017-06-02|work=KION|access-date=2018-01-06|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630024750/http://www.kion546.com/news/monterey-county/chinese-tourists-crash-into-tree-in-big-sur-one-woman-dead/524317312|archive-date=2017-06-30}}</ref><ref name="vwasykes">{{cite web |title=Why can't I go to Sykes? The State of the Pine Ridge Trail in Big Sur |url=http://www.wildventana.org/why-cant-i-go-to-sykes-the-state-of-the-pine-ridge-trail-in-big-sur/ |website=Wild Ventana |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035016/http://www.wildventana.org/why-cant-i-go-to-sykes-the-state-of-the-pine-ridge-trail-in-big-sur/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Increasing numbers of visitors ===
The number of visitors to Big Sur has risen from about 1.5 million in 1978,<ref name=bigsurg>{{cite web |url=http://www.bigsurgazette.com/issues/005_December_1978.pdf |title=Big Sur: Love it or Leave it |first1=Brad |last1=Knickerbocker |date=July 14, 1978 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |access-date=September 2, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207212633/http://bigsurgazette.com/issues/005_December_1978.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2016 }}</ref> to about 3 million in 1980,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/10/15/big-sur-coastline-caught-up-in-a-riptide-on-potomac/812d46bf-1b05-42ac-aa91-eae09ac951d6/|title=Big Sur Coastline Caught Up in a Riptide on Potomac|last=Sinclair|first=Ward|date=1980-10-15|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055322/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/10/15/big-sur-coastline-caught-up-in-a-riptide-on-potomac/812d46bf-1b05-42ac-aa91-eae09ac951d6/|archive-date=2017-11-07}}</ref> to an estimated 4 to 5 million during 2014 and 2015, comparable to or greater than the number of visitors to [[Yosemite National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/254232/number-of-visitors-to-the-yosemite-national-park-in-the-us/|title=Yosemite National Park Visitors 2016 Statistic|website=Statista|language=en|access-date=2018-01-04|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611195530/https://www.statista.com/statistics/254232/number-of-visitors-to-the-yosemite-national-park-in-the-us/|archive-date=2017-06-11}}</ref> Unlike Yosemite, which is managed by a single federal entity, about one-quarter of the land in Big Sur is privately owned and the remainder is managed by a conglomeration of federal, state, local, and private agencies. Yosemite offers 5,400 parking spots and a free, daily, park-wide bus service. In Big Sur during the summer, there is a single public bus that runs three times daily and a single shuttle van that operates on Thursday through Sunday from the [[Big Sur Station]] to Pfeiffer Beach.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monterey Ranger District |url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/r05/lospadres |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829073836/https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/lpnf/alerts-notices/?cid=stelprdb5347980 |url-status=live }}</ref> The owner of the Nepenthe restaurant estimated in 2017 that the number of visitors had increased by 40% since 2011. Big Sur residents and business owners are concerned about the impact visitors are having on the region. Traffic and parking is consistently bad during summer and holidays weekends and some visitors don't obey the laws.<ref name=weekly0720>{{Cite news|url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/cover/highway-transformed-big-sur-and-opened-its-coastline-to-the/article_6016e926-6cb5-11e7-9840-fb2e98e7824f.html|title=Highway 1 transformed Big Sur, and opened its coastline to the world. That has been both a blessing and a curse.|date=July 20, 2017|last=Schmalz|first=David|work=Monterey County Weekly|access-date=2018-01-03|language=en|archive-date=September 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909074033/http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/cover/highway-transformed-big-sur-and-opened-its-coastline-to-the/article_6016e926-6cb5-11e7-9840-fb2e98e7824f.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=brooks>{{Cite book|title=Big Sur: The Making of a Prized California Landscape|date=November 21, 2017|first1=Shelley |last1=Alden-Brooks|isbn=978-0-520-29442-4|location=Oakland, California|oclc=976253271}}</ref>{{rp|6}}

Residents began discussing the potential necessity of shuttle buses, tollgates along Highway 1, and limits on the number of private autos allowed on the highway in 1978.<ref name=bigsurg/> One of the reasons for Big Sur's popularity is that it is only a one-day drive for about 7 million people. With the advent of [[social media]], hashtags like "#sykeshotsprings" and "#pineridgetrail", two popular destinations within Big Sur, encourage more visitors.<ref name=guide/><ref>{{cite web |title=Is Overcrowding at Sykes Camp Getting Worse? |url=https://xasauantoday.com/2013/11/18/overcrowding-sykes-camp/ |website=Xasáuan Today |access-date=28 August 2018 |date=19 November 2013 |archive-date=August 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072157/https://xasauantoday.com/2013/11/18/overcrowding-sykes-camp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Visitors must pay $15 for a parking spot at a trailhead parking lot and take a 14-passenger van to Pfeiffer Beach.<ref name=weekly0531>{{cite web|url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/a-shuttle-launch-in-big-sur-seeks-to-alleviate-the/article_2e43c662-645d-11e8-9955-43658f09dbbb.html|title=A shuttle launch in Big Sur seeks to alleviate the crush of tourist traffic to Pfeiffer Beach.|first=David|last=Schmalz|date=May 31, 2018|access-date=June 2, 2018|archive-date=November 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115054608/https://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/a-shuttle-launch-in-big-sur-seeks-to-alleviate-the/article_2e43c662-645d-11e8-9955-43658f09dbbb.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/management/upload/mrp-deis-fact-sheet-parking.pdf|title=Parking and Traffic Circulation|last=Yosemite National Park|date=January 2013|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-date=May 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510140612/https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/management/upload/mrp-deis-fact-sheet-parking.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=mercury222017>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/06/big-sur-officials-look-at-shuttle-service-to-pfeiffer-beach/|title=Big Sur: Officials look at shuttle service to Pfeiffer Beach|date=2017-11-06|work=The Mercury News|access-date=2018-01-10|language=en-US|archive-date=January 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052807/https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/06/big-sur-officials-look-at-shuttle-service-to-pfeiffer-beach/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/publictransportation.htm#CP_JUMP_566977|title=Public Transportation - Yosemite National Park (U.S. National Park Service)|website=Nps.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-01-10|archive-date=January 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111165015/https://www.nps.gov/yose/planyourvisit/publictransportation.htm#CP_JUMP_566977|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=brooks/>{{rp|6}}

The television series ''[[Big Little Lies (TV series)|Big Little Lies]]'', which is filmed in the Monterey and Big Sur area, has increased the number of visitors to the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/12/14/hbos-big-little-lies-a-financial-boon-for-monterey-peninsula/|title=HBO's 'Big Little Lies' a financial boon for Monterey Peninsula|website=Mercurynews.com|date=December 14, 2017|access-date=January 1, 2019|archive-date=December 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231113955/https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/12/14/hbos-big-little-lies-a-financial-boon-for-monterey-peninsula/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Restricted public transportation ===
Public transportation is available to and from Monterey on [[Monterey–Salinas Transit]]. The summer schedule operates from Memorial Day to Labor Day three times a day, while the winter schedule only offers bus service on weekends. The route is subject to interruption due to wind and severe inclement weather.<ref>{{cite web|title=22 Big Sur – Monterey|url=https://www.mst.org/wp-content/media/22.pdf|publisher=Monterey Salinas Transit|access-date=26 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914215148/https://www.mst.org/wp-content/media/22.pdf|archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Limited vehicle services ===
There are only six gas stations along Highway 1 in Big Sur, from [[Ragged Point (California)|Ragged Point]] in the south to Carmel Highlands in the north. Three of them are in the north near Big Sur Valley. The gas station at the Big Sur River Inn and Restaurant offers a steep discount to local residents.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bigsurriverinn.com/ |title=Big Sur River Inn & Restaurant |access-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504052554/https://www.bigsurriverinn.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The filling station in Gorda has one of the highest prices in the United States, as it is far from the [[electrical grid]] and part of the cost of auto fuel is used to support the operation of a diesel generator. All of them only operate during regular business hours and none of them supply diesel fuel. There are three Tesla recharging stations near Posts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://solvingev.com/charging-stations/zip/93920-big-sur-ca|title=Big Sur, CA 93920 - Electric Car Charging Stations Map|website=SolvingEV|access-date=December 23, 2018|archive-date=December 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224023722/http://solvingev.com/charging-stations/zip/93920-big-sur-ca|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigsurvisitorguide.com/fuel/|title=Big Sur Fuel Gas Diesel Propane|website=Big Sur Visitor Guide|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229123350/http://www.bigsurvisitorguide.com/fuel/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | work=ABC News | title=The Most Expensive Gas In America? | url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=4532134&page=1 | date=March 26, 2008 | access-date=December 31, 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224123021/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=4532134&page=1 | archive-date=December 24, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/12/us/12gorda.html?ex=1363060800&en=12dbe1539a13fc55&ei=5124 | title=Most Stunning View in Town Is the One at the Pump | first=Jesse | last=McKinley | work=The New York Times | date=March 12, 2008 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116175825/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/12/us/12gorda.html?ex=1363060800&en=12dbe1539a13fc55&ei=5124 | archive-date=November 16, 2017 }}</ref>

=== Lack of restrooms ===
{{rquote|align=right |quote=It's a 'scenic highway' with piles of shit up and down the highway.| author=Butch Kronlund, Coast Property Owners Association Executive Director}}
There are only 16 public restrooms along the entire coast to accommodate the almost 5 million annual visitors. The number of visitors far exceeds the available [[Public toilet|restrooms]], and most restrooms are not available in locations where tourists frequently visit.<ref name="linktv">{{Cite news|url=https://www.linktv.org/shows/earth-focus/closures-thoughtless-visitors-try-big-sur-locals-patience|title=Closures, Thoughtless Visitors Try Big Sur Locals' Patience|date=2017-06-22|work=Link TV|access-date=2018-01-10|language=en|archive-date=January 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052839/https://www.linktv.org/shows/earth-focus/closures-thoughtless-visitors-try-big-sur-locals-patience|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mahoney" />  Businesses report that the large number of visitors using their bathroom has overwhelmed their septic systems.<ref name="linktv" />

If visitors can locate them, they can use bathrooms within California State Parks or federal campgrounds without paying an entrance fee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigsurvisitorguide.com/rest-rooms/|title=Big Sur Rest Rooms Bathrooms|website=Big Sur Visitor Guide|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229123320/http://www.bigsurvisitorguide.com/rest-rooms/|url-status=live}}</ref> But many of the bathrooms are not visible from Highway 1. This is due in part to the fact that restroom signs along Highway 1 were removed for aesthetic reasons.<ref name=linktv/>

As a result, visitors often resort to defecating in the bushes near locations like the Bixby Creek Bridge.<ref name=linktv/><ref name=mahoney/>  Residents complain that visitors regularly defecate along Highway 1. Toilet paper, human waste, and trash litter the roadsides.<ref name=linktv/> Residents have taken it upon themselves to clean up after visitors. The California Department of Transportation, which cleans the roadside areas about once a week, finds human waste during every cleanup.<ref name=mahoney>{{cite web |last1=Mahoney |first1=Erika |title=Lack Of Public Bathrooms In Big Sur Creates A Mess |date=10 July 2018 |url=http://kazu.org/post/lack-public-bathrooms-big-sur-creates-mess |access-date=10 July 2018 |language=en |archive-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711034134/http://kazu.org/post/lack-public-bathrooms-big-sur-creates-mess |url-status=live }}</ref> Butch Kronlund, executive director of the Coast Property Owners Association, criticized the lack of restrooms. He says, "It's a 'scenic highway' with piles of shit up and down the highway."<ref name=weekly0720/><ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=https://www.cpoabigsur.org/About_CPOA/Board%20of%20Directors/Board_of_Directors_Main.html |website=cpoabigsur.org |access-date=14 September 2018 |archive-date=March 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331084525/https://www.cpoabigsur.org/About_CPOA/Board%20of%20Directors/Board_of_Directors_Main.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The 1976 [[California Coastal Act]] makes installing public bathrooms, trash bins, or even new road signs along Highway 1 extremely difficult. Several federal, state, and local agencies have jurisdiction in Big Sur, all of which must weigh in on decisions affecting residents and visitors.<ref name="fedup">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/New-Big-Sur-plan-aims-to-control-tourists-at-15836501.php|title=Big Sur is fed up with 'selfie tourism.' Here's its new plan to transform travel in the region|date=December 30, 2020|website=Sfchronicle.com|access-date=March 17, 2022|archive-date=April 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425204742/https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/New-Big-Sur-plan-aims-to-control-tourists-at-15836501.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Few visitors' services ===
[[File:Deetjens Inn Big Sur.jpg|thumb|left|[[Deetjen's Big Sur Inn]] is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="DeetjenRegister">{{cite web | title =California – Monterey County – Historic Districts | publisher =National Register of Historical Places | url =http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/CA/Monterey/districts.html | access-date =August 5, 2007 | url-status =live | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071220055255/http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/CA/Monterey/districts.html | archive-date =December 20, 2007 }}</ref>]]
The [[Big Sur land use|land use]] restrictions that preserve Big Sur's natural beauty also mean that visitor accommodations are limited, often expensive, and places to stay fill up quickly during the busy summer season.

There are no urban areas, just three small clusters of restaurants, gas stations, motels, and camp grounds: [[Posts, California|Posts]] in the Big Sur River valley, Lucia, near [[Limekiln State Park]], and [[Gorda, California|Gorda]], on the southern coast. Scattered among these distant settlements are nine small grocery stores, a few gift shops, and no chain hotels, supermarkets, or fast-food outlets, and no plans to add facilities or shopping.<ref name="parachini">{{cite web|last1=Parachini|first1=Allan|title=Big Sur Development: Who's in Charge Here? Sen. Wilson's Bill, U.S. Supreme Court May Upset State Panel's Land-Use Plan|date=April 20, 1986|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-04-20-vw-824-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=22 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910002550/http://articles.latimes.com/1986-04-20/news/vw-824_1_big-sur-coast/3|archive-date=10 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="heinrich">{{cite web|last1=Heinrich|first1=Ben|title=The Development Of Big Sur|url=http://theheinrichteam.com/tag/private-land-in-big-sur/|publisher=The Heinrich Team|access-date=14 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013235305/http://theheinrichteam.com/tag/private-land-in-big-sur/|archive-date=13 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigsurcalifornia.org/lodging.html|title=Big Sur Lodging Guide, Big Sur California|work=bigsurcalifornia.org|access-date=2016-09-06|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907014704/http://www.bigsurcalifornia.org/lodging.html|archive-date=2016-09-07}}</ref> Among the places to stay and eat are the luxury Ventana Inn, Post Ranch, and the [[Nepenthe (restaurant)|Nepenthe restaurant]], built around the cabin Orson Welles and Rita Hayworth impulsively bought.

=== Limited accommodation ===
[[File:Treehouse at Treebones Big Sur.jpg|alt=A cabin is built attached to four trees about 10 feet above grade. An elevated walkway is connected to the cabin's entrance.|thumb|One of the accommodations at the Treebones campsite and resort in Big Sur]]
There are fewer than 300 hotel rooms on the entire {{convert|90|mi|-1|adj=on}} stretch of Highway 1 between [[San Simeon, California|San Simeon]] and [[Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|Carmel]]. Lodging include a few cabins, motels, and campgrounds, and higher-end resorts. There are some short-term rentals, but their legality is still being determined.<ref name=pinecone>{{Cite news|title=Affordable housing becomes hot topic in STR debate|last=Counts|first=Chris|date=July 15, 2016|work=Carmel Pine Cone}}</ref>

=== Illegal camping ===
Some social media sites report the availability of free camping on the side of roads, but camping of any sort or parking overnight along highways and local roads is illegal and violators are regularly cited. Sleeping in cars is illegal and subject to a $1000 fine.<ref name=latimes2022>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/story/2022-10-19/big-sur-history-river-inn-highway-1|title=A modern traveler's guide to the magic of old Big Sur|date=October 19, 2022|website=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 14, 2023|archive-date=June 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614110357/https://www.latimes.com/travel/story/2022-10-19/big-sur-history-river-inn-highway-1|url-status=live}}</ref> Casual campers have at times turned every wide spot along the Nacimiento-Fergusson Road into an illegal campsite, although there are no bathrooms or fire pits. Residents complain about illegal camp fires and people defecating along the road without using proper sanitation.<ref name=weekly0531/> Camping is only permitted within designated private and state or federal park campsites or within USFS lands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Duane Hyde: Impromptu campsites dangerous, illegal |url=http://www.montereyherald.com/article/zz/20141024/NEWS/141029597 |access-date=2 June 2018 |language=en |date=2008-07-13 |archive-date=June 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608204230/http://www.montereyherald.com/article/zz/20141024/NEWS/141029597 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.kion546.com/news/illegal-camping-continues-in-big-sur-rangers-recommend-planning-ahead/591928609|title=Illegal camping continues in Big Sur; rangers recommend planning ahead|last=Holmes|first=Maya|date=2017-07-25|work=KION|access-date=2018-01-06|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107060955/http://www.kion546.com/news/illegal-camping-continues-in-big-sur-rangers-recommend-planning-ahead/591928609|archive-date=2018-01-07}}</ref>

On July 22, 2016, an illegal campfire within [[Garrapata State Park]], where camping is not permitted, got out of control. The resulting [[Soberanes Fire]] burned {{convert|132,127|acre}}, 57 homes and 11 outbuildings, and killed a bulldozer operator. It took almost three months to extinguish and cost about $236&nbsp;million to suppress.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Alexander|first1=Kurtis|title=Soberanes Fire nears record firefighting cost in U.S.|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Soberanes-Fire-nears-record-firefighting-cost-in-9526689.php|website=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=1 December 2016|date=October 2, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202035313/http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Soberanes-Fire-nears-record-firefighting-cost-in-9526689.php|archive-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> In October, 2017, a visitor from Florida was arrested for starting an illegal campfire that grew out of control.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/10/23/florida-man-arrested-after-illegal-campfire-starts-big-sur-blaze/|title=Florida man arrested after illegal campfire starts Big Sur blaze|date=2017-10-23|work=The Mercury News|access-date=2018-01-06|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106174605/https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/10/23/florida-man-arrested-after-illegal-campfire-starts-big-sur-blaze/|archive-date=2018-01-06}}</ref>

=== Solutions under consideration ===
The Community Association of Big Sur (formerly the Big Sur Property Owners Association) is proposing some solutions. They want to close the parking lot at Bixby Creek for a year to encourage visitors to take public transportation. They are considering asking community volunteers to keep tourists from walking onto the bridge, which is both dangerous and illegal. Tourists who want to get to Pfeiffer Beach over the mile-long, one-lane road to a small 65-car parking lot would be required to reserve and pay for parking ahead of time or take a shuttle. Parking on the highway shoulder at popular McWay Falls to avoid a $10 parking lot fee would be prohibited. Another idea under consideration is a ban on dispersed camping in the national forest during fire season "until proper backcountry monitoring and enforcement exists." An illegal campfire in 2017 burned 57 homes and killed one firefighter. The Forest Service used to have several backcountry rangers but removed them all.<ref name="fedup"/>

== Culture ==
The arrival of Bay Area artists in Carmel-by-the-Sea beginning in 1904 was the beginning of a literary and artistic colony on the northern edge of Big Sur. [[Robinson Jeffers]] moved to Carmel in September 1914, and over his lifetime wrote many evocative poems about the isolation and natural beauty of Big Sur. Beginning in the 1920s, his poetry introduced the romantic idea of Big Sur's wild, untamed spaces to a national audience, which encouraged many of the later visitors.

[[File:HenryMillerMuseum.jpg|thumb|The Henry Miller Memorial Library. Author Henry Miller lived in Big Sur from 1944 to 1962.]]
Henry Miller moved to Big Sur at the invitation of the Greco-French artist [[Jean Varda]], uncle of filmmaker [[Agnès Varda]]. He lived in Big Sur for almost 20 years, from 1944 to 1962. When he first arrived, he was broke and novelist [[Lynda Sargent]] was renting a cabin from a local riding club. She allowed Miller to live rent-free for a while. But when the cabin was sold to [[Orson Welles]] and [[Rita Hayworth]] in 1945, Miller moved several miles south to a wood cabin on Partington Ridge that had been owned by his friend Emil White.<ref>{{cite web|title=Granddaughter writes history of Nepenthe|url=http://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/article/Granddaughter-writes-history-of-Nepenthe-3281187.php|website=SFGate|access-date=18 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814041206/http://www.sfgate.com/restaurants/article/Granddaughter-writes-history-of-Nepenthe-3281187.php|archive-date=14 August 2016|date=2009-11-13}}</ref>

While in Big Sur, Miller, avant-garde musician [[Harry Partch]] and Jean Varda were part of a local group of bohemians known as the Anderson Creek Gang, many of whom lived at the former highway work camp near the mouth of [[Anderson Canyon|Anderson Creek]]. Miller lived in a shack there during 1946 before moving back to the cabin on Partington Ridge in 1947. In his 1957 essay/memoir/novel ''[[Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymus Bosch]]'', Miller described the joys and hardships that came from escaping the "air-conditioned nightmare" of modern life.<ref>[https://www.ventanawild.org/news/se99/anderson.html The Anderson Canyon Trail]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915084157/http://www.ventanawild.org/news/se99/anderson.html |date=2016-09-15 }} ''Doublecone Quarterly'' Vol II, No. 1 Spring 1999</ref>

=== Bohemian reputation ===
[[Hunter S. Thompson]] worked as a security guard and caretaker at a resort in Big Sur Hot Springs for eight months in 1961, just before the Esalen Institute was founded at that location. While there, he published his first feature story in the nationally distributed men's magazine [[Rogue (magazine)|''Rogue'']] about Big Sur's [[artisan]] and [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gonzogallery.com/books/rogue-magazine-october-1961|title=Rogue Magazine - October 1961|website=Gonzo Gallery|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084307/http://www.gonzogallery.com/books/rogue-magazine-october-1961|archive-date=2017-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.beatdom.com/hunter-s-thompson-gonzo-frontiersman/|title=Hunter S. Thompson – Gonzo Frontiersman|date=2012-09-22|work=Beatdom|access-date=2017-12-11|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212140656/http://www.beatdom.com/hunter-s-thompson-gonzo-frontiersman/|archive-date=2017-12-12}}</ref> In the article, he described how the Bohemian image attracted people who annoyed residents:

{{blockquote|Every weekend Dick Hartford, owner of the local Village Store, is plagued by people looking for "sex orgies," "wild drinking brawls," or "the road to Henry Miller's house" as if once they found Miller everything else would be taken care of ...

Time was when this place was as lonely and isolated as any spot in America. But no longer; inevitably, Big Sur has been "discovered." ''Life'' called it a "Rugged, Romantic World Apart," and presented nine pages of pictures to prove it. After that, there was no hope ...

And on some weekends, it seems like all seven million of them are right here, bubbling over with questions: "Where's the art colony man? I've come all the way from Tennessee to join it." "Say, fella, where do I find this [[Naturist resort|nudist colony]]?"... Or the one that drove Miller half-crazy: "Ah-ha! So you're Henry Miller! Well my name is Claude Fink and I've come to join the cult of sex and anarchy."<ref>{{cite web|title=Big Sur: The Tropic Of Henry Miller|url=http://rodakis.com/the-tropic-of-henry-miller/|website=rodakis.com|access-date=17 March 2018|language=en|first1=Hunter S.|last1=Thompson|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317103245/http://rodakis.com/the-tropic-of-henry-miller/|archive-date=17 March 2018}}</ref>}}

Other writers and artists were also attracted by Big Sur, including [[Edward Weston]], [[Richard Brautigan]], [[Emile Norman]] and [[Jack Kerouac]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Eyerman |first=J. R. |author-link=J. R. Eyerman |title=Rugged, Romantic World Apart |magazine=Life |volume=47 |issue=1 |year=1959 |page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lUgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65J |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516113225/https://books.google.com/books?id=lUgEAAAAMBAJ | archive-date=2016-05-16}}</ref> Big Sur acquired a bohemian reputation with these newcomers. Kerouac followed Miller to Big Sur and included the rugged coast in large parts of two of his novels. He spent a few days in early 1960 at fellow poet [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]]'s cabin in Bixby Canyon and based his novel ''[[Big Sur (novel)|Big Sur]]'' on his time there.

== Notable people ==
{{See also|Category:People from Big Sur, California}}
Well-known individuals have called Big Sur home, including:
{{Div col|small=yes}}
* [[José Abrego]] merchant, politician
* [[Ansel Adams]] photographer / musician
* [[Juan Bautista Alvarado]] politician
* [[Morley Baer]] photographer
* [[José Castro]] politician, statesman, and military officer 
* [[John B. R. Cooper]] merchant, landowner
* [[Kaffe Fassett]] textile artist
* [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]] author
* [[Allen Funt]] actor
* [[Al Jardine]] musician
* [[Philip Johnson]] architect
* [[Carolyn Mary Kleefeld]] author and artist
* [[Henry Miller]] author and artist
* [[Mickey Muennig]] architect
* [[John Nesbitt (announcer)|John Nesbitt]] radio announcer, TV producer
* [[Emile Norman]] artist
* [[Kim Novak]] actress
* [[Nathaniel A. Owings]] architect
* [[David Packard]] business executive
* [[Linus Pauling]] Nobel Prize winner
* [[Trent Reznor]] musician
* [[Johnny Rivers]] musician
* [[Nicholas Roosevelt (diplomat)|Nicholas Roosevelt]] diplomat
* [[Elizabeth Smart (Canadian author)|Elizabeth Smart]], author
* [[Ted Turner]] business executive
* [[Jean Varda]] author
* [[Cole Weston]] photographer
* [[Edward Weston]] photographer
* [[Vilmos Zsigmond]] cinematographer

{{Div col end}}

== Highway 1 impact ==
{{main|Big Sur Coast Highway}}
Before the construction of [[California State Route 1 (Big Sur)|California State Route 1]], the California coast south of Carmel and north of [[San Simeon, California|San Simeon]] was one of the most remote regions in the state, rivaling at the time nearly any other region in the United States for its difficult access. At the turn of the 19th century, the {{convert|30|mi|0|adj=on|abbr=on}} trip from Monterey to the Pfeiffer Ranch in the Big Sur valley could take three days by wagon. It was a rough road that ended in present-day Big Sur Village and could be impassible in winter.<ref name="Wall, Rosalind Sharpe 1989, pages 126">Wall, Rosalind Sharpe. ''A Wild Coast and Lonely: Big Sur Pioneers'' 1989, Wide World Publishing; San Carlos, California; pages 126–130</ref> There was no road beyond the Pfeiffer Ranch, only a horseback trail connecting the homesteads to the south. The ride from Pfeiffer Ranch to San Carpóforo canyon was about {{convert|60|mi}} in a direct line, but about three times that by horseback. [[J. Smeaton Chase]], who traveled on horseback up the coast in 1911, reported that a stagecoach carried passengers from [[Posts, California|Posts]] (then named Arbolado) to the Everett Hotel in Monterey on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chase |first1=J. Smeaton |author1-link=J. Smeaton Chase |title=California Coast Trails {{!}} Chapter XVI |url=http://www.ventanawild.org/news/fall05/chase/chapter16.html |website=Ventanawild.org |access-date=3 June 2020 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306044105/http://www.ventanawild.org/news/fall05/chase/chapter16.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The highway was first proposed by Dr. John L.&nbsp;D. Roberts, a physician who was summoned on April 21, 1894, to treat survivors of the wreck of the {{convert|493|shton|t LT}} S.S. ''Los Angeles'' (originally [[USRC Wayanda|USRC ''Wayanda'']]), which had run aground near the [[Point Sur Lighthouse|Point Sur Light Station]] about {{convert|25|mi|km}} south of Carmel-by-the-Sea. The ride on his two-wheeled, horse-drawn cart took him {{frac|3|1|2}} hours, a very fast trip for the day. Construction began in 1921, ceased for two years in 1926 when funding ran out, and after 18 years of construction, the Carmel–San Simeon Highway was completed in 1937. The route was incorporated into the state highway system and re-designated as [[California State Route 1|Highway 1]] in 1939.

The highway is a dominant feature of the Big Sur coast, providing the primary means of access and transportation.  The Big Sur portion of Highway 1 is generally considered to include the {{convert|71|mile|adj=on}} segment adjoining the [[Unincorporated area#United States|unincorporated]] region of Big Sur between [[Malpaso Creek]] near Carmel Highlands<ref name="Magazine2006"/> in the north and [[San Carpóforo Canyon|San Carpóforo Creek]] near San Simeon in the south.<ref name="Big Sur Magic - Carmel Magazine"/>

Along with the ocean views, this winding, narrow road, often cut into the face of seaside cliffs, dominates the visitor's experience of Big Sur.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Victoria |last2=Bates |first2=Ian C. |date=2023-02-04 |title=In Big Sur, Living With Nature's Beauty but Trapped by Its Fury |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/04/us/big-sur-storms-california.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207155335/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/04/us/big-sur-storms-california.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The views, redwood forests, hiking, beaches, and other recreational opportunities have made Big Sur a destination for about 4.5 to 7 million people who live within a day's drive and for visitors from elsewhere in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Gregory |title=Big Sur is fed up with 'selfie tourism.' Here's its new plan to transform travel in the region |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/New-Big-Sur-plan-aims-to-control-tourists-at-15836501.php |website=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=20 March 2023 |date=30 December 2020 |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425204742/https://www.sfchronicle.com/travel/article/New-Big-Sur-plan-aims-to-control-tourists-at-15836501.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

The highway has been closed more than 55 times by [[landslide]]s, and in May 2017, a {{convert|2000000|ft3|m3|adj=on}} slide blocked the highway at Mud Creek, north of Salmon Creek near the [[San Luis Obispo County, California|San Luis Obispo County]] line, to just south of [[Gorda, California|Gorda]]. The road was reopened on July 18, 2018, but is subject to closure during heavy storms.

== Big Sur land use ==
{{main|Big Sur land use}}
The policies protecting land used in Big Sur are some of the most restrictive local-use standards in California,<ref name="barnewtt031981" /> and are widely regarded as one of the most restrictive development protections anywhere.<ref name="diehl" /> The program protects [[viewshed]]s from the highway and many vantage points and severely restricts the density of development. About 60% of the coastal region is owned by governmental or private agencies which do not allow any development. The majority of the interior region is part of the [[Los Padres National Forest]], [[Ventana Wilderness]], [[Silver Peak Wilderness]], or [[Fort Hunter Liggett]]. The area is protected by the Big Sur Local Coastal Plan, which preserves it as "open space, a small residential community, and agricultural ranching."<ref name="karin" /> Its intention is "preserving the environment and visual access to it, the policies of the local coastal plan are to minimize, or limit, all destination activities."<ref>{{cite web |title=Important sections of the Big Sur Land Use Plan. |url=https://bigsurlcp.com/important-sections-of-the-big-sur-land-use-plan/ |website=Big Sur LCP Defense Committee |access-date=11 January 2020 |language=en |date=12 May 2015 |archive-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916005723/https://bigsurlcp.com/important-sections-of-the-big-sur-land-use-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Unincorporated area#United States|unincorporated]] region encompassing Big Sur does not have specific boundaries, but is generally considered to include the {{convert|71|mile|adj=on}} segment of [[California State Route 1 (Big Sur)|California State Route 1]] between [[Malpaso Creek]] near Carmel Highlands<ref name="Magazine2006"/>  in the north and [[San Carpóforo Canyon|San Carpóforo Creek]] near San Simeon in the south,<ref name="Big Sur Magic - Carmel Magazine"/> as well as the entire Santa Lucia range between these creeks.<ref name="henson"/> The interior region is mostly uninhabited, while the coast remains relatively isolated and sparsely populated, with between 1,800 and 2,000 year-round residents<ref name="agha"/> and relatively few visitor accommodations scattered among the four small settlements.

== History ==
=== Native Americans ===
Archaeological evidence shows that the Esselen lived in Big Sur as early as 3500 BC, leading a nomadic, hunter-gatherer existence.<ref>{{cite book | first1=Elliott |last1 =Analise |title= Hiking & Backpacking Big Sur |year= 2005 |publisher= Wilderness Press | location=Berkeley, California |page =21}}</ref><ref name="pavlik" />

The native people hollowed [[Bedrock mortar|mortar holes]] into large exposed rocks or boulders which they used to grind the acorns into flour. These can be found throughout the region. Arrows were made of cane and pointed with hardwood foreshafts.<ref name="meighan">{{cite web |last1=Meighan |first1=Clement W. |author1-link=Clement Woodward Meighan |date=1952 |title=Excavation of Isabella Meadows Cave, Monterey County California |url=http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucas029-002.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230135/http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucas029-002.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref> The tribes also used controlled burning techniques to increase tree growth and food production.<ref name="henson" />{{rp|269–270}} The population was limited as the Santa Lucia Mountains made the area relatively inaccessible and long-term habitation a challenge. The population of the Esselen who lived in the Big Sur area are estimated from a few hundred to a thousand or more.<ref name="mhcs">{{cite web|last=Breschini|first=Gary S.|title=A Brief Overview of the Esselen Indians of Monterey County|url=http://www.mchsmuseum.com/esselen.html|publisher=Montery County Historical Society|access-date=November 3, 2011|author2=Trudy Haversat|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122003607/http://www.mchsmuseum.com/esselen.html|archive-date=November 22, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/projects/ecoregions/261aj.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050315224046/http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/projects/ecoregions/261aj.htm |archive-date=March 15, 2005 |title=Santa Lucia Range ecological subregion information |access-date=February 22, 2014}}</ref>

=== Spanish exploration and settlement ===
The first [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] to see Big Sur were [[Spain|Spanish]] mariners led by [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo|Juan Cabrillo]] in 1542, who sailed up the coast without landing. When Cabrillo sailed by, he described the coastal range as "mountains which seem to reach the heavens, and the sea beats on them; sailing along close to land, it appears as though they would fall on the ships."<ref name=henson/>{{rp|272}}

Two centuries passed before the Spaniards attempted to colonize the area. On September 13, 1769, [[Portolá expedition|an expedition]] led by [[Gaspar de Portolá]] were the first Europeans to enter the Big Sur region when they arrived at San Carpóforo Canyon near Ragged Point.<ref name="henson" />{{rp| 272}} While camping there, they were visited by six indigenous people who offered [[pinole]] and fish and received beads in exchange. They explored the coast ahead and concluded it was impassable. They were forced to turn inland up the steep arroyo. The march through the mountains was one of the most difficult portions of the expedition's journey. The Spanish were forced to "make a road with crowbar and pickaxe". Crespi wrote, "The mountains which enclose it are perilously steep, and all are inaccessible, not only for men but also for goats and deer." From a high peak near the San Antonio River, they could see nothing but mountains in every direction.<ref name=crespi/>{{rp|190}} They reached Monterey on October 1.<ref name="Big Sur Magic - Carmel Magazine"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://carmelmagazine.com/archive/14sp/big-sur|title=Big Sur Magic – Carmel Magazine|website=carmelmagazine.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107003535/http://carmelmagazine.com/archive/14sp/big-sur|archive-date=2017-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+September+13+1769+Diaries|title=PacificaHistory - Portola Expedition September 13 1769 Diaries|access-date=2017-11-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616204635/http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+September+13+1769+Diaries|archive-date=2016-06-16}}</ref> When they attempted to explore further south, the scouts found their way blocked by "the same cliff that had forced us back from the shore and obliged us to travel through the mountains."<ref name=crespi/>{{rp|205}}

After the Spanish established the [[Spanish missions in California|California missions]] in 1770, they baptized and forced the native population to labor at the missions. While living at the missions, the aboriginal population was exposed to diseases unknown to them, like [[smallpox]] and [[measles]], for which they had no immunity, devastating the Native American population and their culture. Many of the remaining Native Americans assimilated with Spanish and Mexican ranchers in the nineteenth century.<ref name="henson" />{{rp| 264–267}}

In 1909, forest supervisors reported that three Indian families still lived within what was then known as the Monterey National Forest. The Encinale family of 16 members and the Quintana family with three members lived in the vicinity of The Indians (now known as Santa Lucia Memorial Park west of Ft. Hunger Liggett). The Mora family consisting of three members was living to the south along the Nacimiento-Ferguson Road.<ref name="blakely">{{cite book|last1=Blakely|first1=Jim|first2=Karen|last2=Barnette|title=Historical Overview: Los Padres National Forest|date=July 1985|url=http://lpfw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/19850700_Blakley_HistoricalOverviewLPNF.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207165451/http://lpfw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/19850700_Blakley_HistoricalOverviewLPNF.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-07}}</ref>

=== Spanish ranchos ===
Along with the rest of [[Alta California]], Big Sur became part of [[Mexico]] when it gained independence from [[Spain]] in 1821. But, due to its inaccessibility, only a few small portions of the Big Sur region were included in land grants given by Mexican governors [[José Figueroa]] and [[Juan Bautista Alvarado]].<ref name=brooks/>{{rp|8}}

; Rancho Tularcitos

{{Main|Rancho Tularcitos (Goméz)}}
Rancho Tularcitos,  {{convert|26581|acre|ha|adj=on}} of land, was granted in 1834 by Governor José Figueroa to Rafael Goméz.<ref>[[Ogden Hoffman]], 1862,''Reports of Land Cases Determined in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California'', Numa Hubert, San Francisco</ref>  It was located in upper Carmel Valley along Tularcitos Creek.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb4z09n8rd/?&brand=oac|title=Diseño del Rancho Los Tularcitos |publisher=State of California}}</ref>

; Rancho San Francisquito 
{{main|Rancho San Francisquito (Munrás)}}
[[Rancho San Francisquito (Munrás)|Rancho San Francisquito]] was a {{convert|8813|acre|km2|adj=on}} land grant given in 1835 by Governor [[José Castro]] to Catalina Manzanelli de Munrás. She was the wife of [[Esteban Munrás]] (1798–1850), a Monterey trader, amateur painter, and grantee of [[Rancho San Vicente (Munrás)|Rancho San Vicente]].<ref name="hoffman">[[Ogden Hoffman]], 1862, ''Reports of Land Cases Determined in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California'', Numa Hubert, San Francisco</ref>  The grant was located in the upper [[Carmel Valley Village, California|Carmel Valley]], inland and east of Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/hb7m3nb3rq/|title=Calisphere: [Diseño del Rancho San Francisquito: Monterey County, Calif.]|website=Calisphere|date=184|access-date=December 29, 2018|archive-date=December 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229075507/https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/hb7m3nb3rq/|url-status=live}}</ref>

; Rancho Milpitas

{{Main|Rancho Milpitas (Pastor)}}
Rancho Milpitas was a {{convert|43281|acre|ha|adj=on}} land grant given in 1838 by governor Juan Alvarado to Ygnacio Pastor.<ref name="hoffman"/>  The grant encompassed present-day [[Jolon, California|Jolon]] and land to the west.<ref>{{Cite GNIS| id = 245946|name = Rancho Milpitas}}</ref> When Pastor obtained title from the [[Public Land Commission]] in 1875, [[Faxon Atherton]] immediately purchased the land.  By 1880, the James Brown Cattle Company owned and operated Rancho Milpitas and neighboring Rancho Los Ojitos. [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s Piedmont Land and Cattle Company acquired the rancho in 1925.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mchsmuseum.com/mcoverview.html|title=Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages—Overview of Post-Hispanic Monterey County History|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522231029/http://www.mchsmuseum.com/mcoverview.html|archive-date=2006-05-22}}</ref>  In 1940, in anticipation of the increased forces required in World War II, the U.S. War Department purchased the land from Hearst to create a troop training facility known as the [[Fort Hunter Liggett|Hunter Liggett Military Reservation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/pwro/fhl/fhl_resource_description2.pdf|title=Draft Fort Hunter Ligget Special Resource Study & Environmental Assessment: Chapter 2 Cultural Resources|access-date=September 3, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221000551/https://www.nps.gov/pwro/fhl/fhl_resource_description2.pdf|archive-date=February 21, 2017}}</ref>

; Rancho El Sur

{{Main|Rancho El Sur}}
On July 30, 1834, Figueroa [[Ranchos of California|granted]] Rancho El Sur, two square [[league (unit)|league]]s of land totalling 8,949-acres (3,622&nbsp;ha), to [[Juan Bautista Alvarado]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Blakley|first=E.R. "Jim"|author2=Karen Barnette|title= Historical Overview of the Los Padres National Forest |publisher=privately published|date=July 1985|page=54}}</ref>{{rp|21}}<ref>{{cite book|url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb7d5nb474/?&brand=oac |title=Diseño del Rancho El Sur |language=es |access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> The grant extended from the Little Sur River to what became known as Cooper Point.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb7d5nb474/?&brand=oac|title=Diseño del parage llamado el Sud y solicitado por Juan Bauta. Alvarado: [Rancho El Sur, Calif.]|website=oac.cdlib.org|access-date=March 17, 2022|archive-date=March 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317043011/https://oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb7d5nb474/?&brand=oac|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite GNIS| id = 271040| name = Rancho El Sur}}</ref>  Alvarado later traded Rancho El Sur for the more accessible [[Rancho Bolsa del Potrero y Moro Cojo]] in the northern Salinas Valley, owned by his uncle by marriage, Captain [[John B. R. Cooper]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb109nb422&chunk.id=dsc-1.3.6&brand=oac |title=Land Case 1 SD Sur [Monterey County] |publisher=United States District Court (California: Southern District) Land Case 1 SD |language=es |access-date=October 28, 2011 |archive-date=June 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602214924/http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb109nb422&chunk.id=dsc-1.3.6 |url-status=live }}</ref> About one-half of Rancho El Sur is still an operating cattle ranch.

; Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito

{{Main|Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito}}
In 1839, Alvarado granted [[Rancho San Jose y Sur Chiquito]], also about two square leagues of land totalling {{convert|8876|acre|ha|adj=on}}, to Marcelino Escobar, a prominent official of [[Monterey, California|Monterey]].<ref>{{ cite book |first1=Ogden |last1=Hoffman |author1-link=Ogden Hoffman |year=1862 |url=https://archive.org/details/reportsoflandcas01hoff |title=Reports of Land Cases Determined in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California |publisher=Numa Hubert |location=San Francisco |access-date=2016-09-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525052250/https://archive.org/details/reportsoflandcas01hoff |archive-date=2017-05-25 }}</ref>  The grant was bounded on the north by the Carmel River and on the south by Palo Colorado Canyon.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoover |first1=Mildred B. |last2=Rensch |first2=Hero |last3=Rensch |first3=Ethel |last4=Abeloe |first4=William N. |title=Historic Spots in California |year=1966 |publisher=Stanford University Press | url=https://archive.org/details/historicspotsinc00rens|url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8047-4482-9}}</ref>

In 1848, two days after the discovery of gold at [[Sutter's Mill]], Mexico ceded California to the United States as a result of the [[Mexican–American War]].

=== First survey ===
During the first survey of the coast conducted by the U.S. Coast Survey in 1886, the surveyor reported:

{{blockquote|The country between the shoreline and the Coast Range of mountains, running parallel with the shoreline from San Carpojoro to Point Sur is probably the roughest piece of coastline on the whole Pacific coast of the United States from [[San Diego]] to [[Cape Flattery]].

The highest peaks of the crest of the coast range are located at an average distance from the coast of {{convert|spell=in|3+1/2|miles|disp=sqbr}}. In this distance they rise to elevations of from {{convert|spell=in|3,600|to|5,000|ft|disp=sqbr}} above the sea-level. From [[San Carpoforo Creek]] to Pfeiffer's Point, a distance of {{convert|54|mi}}, the shore-line is iron-bound coast with no possible chance of getting from the hills to the shore-line and back except at the mouths of the creeks and at such places as Coxe's Hole and [[Slates Hot Springs, California|Slate's Hot Springs]], where there are short stretches of sandy and rocky beaches from fifty to one hundred yards [meters] in length. In many places the sea bluffs are perpendicular, and rise from {{convert|spell=in|1,000|to|1,500|ft|disp=sqbr}} above the sea. The country is cut up by deep cañons [canyons], walled in with high and precipitous bluffs. These cañons are densely wooded with redwood, oak, and yellow and silver pine timber.

The redwood trees are from {{convert|spell=in|3|to|6|ft|disp=sqbr}} in diameter and from {{convert|spell=in|100|to|150|ft|m|disp=x| high [|]}}. The oaks and pines are of the same average dimensions. Beautiful streams of clear cold water, filled with an abundance of salmon or trout, are to be found in all the canyons. The spurs running from the summits of the range to the ocean bluffs are covered with a dense growth of brush and scattering clumps of oak and pine timber. The chaparral is very thick, and in many places grows to a height of ten or fifteen feet [3–5 m]&nbsp;... The spurs, slopes, and canons are impenetrable&nbsp;...<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bnfpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA66 |title= Report of the Superintendent of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Showing the Progress of the Work during the Fiscal Year Ending with June 1886 |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |year= 1887 |page= 66 |location= Washington, D.C. |access-date= 2016-09-06 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161130175826/https://books.google.com/books?id=bnfpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA66 |archive-date= 2016-11-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Some Notes From Lieutenant Charles Pierce Part 1: The California Coast 1932– 1933 |first=Albert "Skip" |last=Theberge |date=August 20, 2016 |access-date=19 September 2016 |magazine=The American Surveyor |url=http://www.amerisurv.com/content/view/15402/153/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829121107/http://www.amerisurv.com/content/view/15402/153/ |archive-date=2016-08-29 }}</ref>}}

=== Homesteaders ===
The first known European settler in Big Sur was John Davis who in 1853 built a cabin near the present-day site of the Mount Manuel Trail trailhead.<ref name="henson" />{{rp|326}} In 1868, Native Americans Manual and Florence Innocenti bought Davis' cabin and land for $50.

[[Juan B. R. Cooper|John Bautista Rogers Cooper]], born John Rogers Cooper,  was a [[Yankee]] from the British Channel Islands who arrived in Monterey in 1823.<ref>Ingersoll, Luther A. (1893) ''Monterey-San Francisco County CA Archives Biographies'',  The Lewis Publishing Company</ref> He became a Mexican citizen, converted to Catholicism, and was given a Spanish name at his baptism. He married Native American Encarnacion Vallejo and acquired considerable land, including Rancho El Sur, on which he had a cabin built in April or May 1861.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish and Mexican Heritage Sites|url=https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=22678|publisher=California Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=25 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916190401/https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=22678|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> The Cooper Cabin is the oldest surviving structure in Big Sur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=23082 |title=Big Sur Cabin |last=Davis |first=Kathleen |publisher=California Department of Parks & Recreation |access-date=October 28, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930071517/http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=23082 |archive-date=September 30, 2011 }}</ref>

[[File:Joseph W. Post House.jpg|thumb|Joseph W. Post House, a historic structure built in 1867–1877]] 
[[Posts, California|William B. Post]] arrived in California in 1848 and was the foreman of the Soberanes Ranch when he built a single-room cabin in 1867. His son added to it in 1877, when the family moved there full-time.  The Post House is a historic landmark and is on the grounds of the Ventana Inn resort.

[[Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park|Michael Pfeiffer]], wife Barbara Laquet, and four children arrived in Big Sur in 1869 to settle on the south coast. After reaching Sycamore Canyon, they found it to their liking and decided to stay.<ref name="henson" />{{rp|326}} He filed a [[land patent]]  on January 20, 1883, claiming two sections of land he already resided on near and immediately north of the mouth of Sycamore Canyon.<ref>{{cite web |title= Micheal Pfeiffer, Patent #CACAAA-090364 |url= https://thelandpatents.com/patents/cacaaa-090364 |publisher= The Land Patents |access-date= 25 August 2016 |archive-date= April 18, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230418095002/https://thelandpatents.com/patents/cacaaa-090364 |url-status= live }}</ref> They had six more children later on.

Another important pioneer-era historic resource is the Swetnam / Trotter House, a late 19th-century dwelling located at the mouth of [[Palo Colorado Canyon, California|Palo Colorado Canyon]].

[[File:Cabana Cooper.JPG|alt=A shingled log cabin alongside a split rail fence is the oldest structure on the Big Sur coast.|left|thumb|The Cooper Cabin is the oldest structure on the Big Sur coast, built in 1861 for Captain J.B.R. Cooper.]]

After the passage of the federal [[Homestead Acts|Homestead Act]] in 1862, a few hardy settlers were drawn by the promise of free 160-acre (65&nbsp; ha) parcels. After the claimant filed for the land, they had gained full ownership after five years of residence or by paying $1.50 per acre within six months.<ref>Blakley, E.R. "Jim" and Karen Barnette [https://lpfw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/19850700_Blakley_HistoricalOverviewLPNF.pdf Historical Overview of the Los Padres National Forest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821214959/http://lpfw.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/19850700_Blakley_HistoricalOverviewLPNF.pdf |date=August 21, 2020 }} July 1985</ref> Each claim was for 160 acres, a quarter section of free government land.<ref name="blakely" />

Other settlers included William F. Notley, who homesteaded at the mouth of Palo Colorado Canyon in 1891. He began harvesting [[Notholithocarpus|tanoak]] bark from the canyon, a lucrative source of income at the time. Notley's Landing is named after him. Isaac Swetnam worked for Notley and built a house at the mouth of Palo Colorado Canyon, which {{as of|2018|lc=yes}} is still a residence. Sam Trotter, who also worked for Notley, later bought Swetnam's house. He married Adelaide Pfeiffer, the daughter of [[Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park|Micheal Pfeiffer]], and they raised a family there from 1906 to 1923.

William and Sarah (Barnes) Plaskett and their family settled in Pacific Valley in 1869. They built several homes and a saw mill.<ref name=usfseis>{{cite web|title=Los Padres National Forest (N.F.), Big Sur Coastal Unit Plan: Environmental Impact Statement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KEA3AQAAMAAJ|publisher=United States. Forest Service|access-date=9 March 2018|language=en|date=1977}}</ref>{{rp|38}} Homesteader John Junge built a one-room redwood cabin in 1920.<ref name="caltrans">{{cite web|url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/projects/bigsur/inventory_reports/historic_qualities_summary.pdf|title=Big Sur Highway Management Plan|last=JRP Historical Consulting Services|date=November 2001|work=Corridor Intrinsic Qualities Inventory Historic Qualities Summary Report|publisher=Caltrans|page=38|access-date=November 14, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905005258/http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/projects/bigsur/inventory_reports/historic_qualities_summary.pdf|archive-date=September 5, 2008}}</ref> The [[John Little State Natural Reserve]] straddling the mouth of Lime Creek preserves the original 1917 cabin of conservationist Elizabeth K. Livermore.<ref>{{cite web|author=California State Parks|title=John Little State Natural Reserve|url=https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=568|website=California State Parks|access-date=22 January 2018|language=en|archive-date=January 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123190401/https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=568|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many other local sites retain names from settlers during this period: [[Bottchers Gap|Bottcher]], [[Juan B. R. Cooper|Cooper's Point]], Gamboa, [[Anderson Canyon|Anderson]], Partington, Dani, Harlans, McQuades, Ross, and [[McWay Falls|McWay]] are a few of the place names.<ref name="caltrans"/> Wilber Harlan, a native of Indiana, homesteaded near [[Lucia (California)|Lucia]] in 1885. His family descendants are {{as of|2017|lc=on}} still operating the Lucia Lodge.<ref name="caltrans"/><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.harlanfamily.org/record/record41.pdf|journal=The Harlan Record; Harlan Family in America|title=Big Sur Pioneer Harlans|editor=C. J. King|date=Fall 2012|volume=41|page=5|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=December 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201122949/http://www.harlanfamily.org/record/record41.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Industrial era and gold rush ===

[[File:Tanbark Oak harvesting in Big Sur c1900.tif|thumb|A major forest product of the Big Sur coast was the bark of [[Lithocarpus densiflorus|Tanbark Oak]].]]
[[File:Bixby landing2.jpg|thumb|right|Bixby Landing in 1911 was used to transport products to and from ships offshore.]]

The local industries provided more work and supported a larger population than it does today. Jobs included harvesting lumber and tanoak bark, [[gold]] mining, and [[limestone]] processing.

From the 1860s through the start of the twentieth century, lumbermen cut down most of the readily accessible [[Sequoia sempervirens|coast redwood]]s. Redwood harvesting further inland was always limited by the rugged terrain and difficulty in transporting the lumber to market. Redwood was cut in large amounts for use onsite in limestone kilns. Two companies operated large-scale limestone extraction and processing. The Monterey Lime Company operated near Long Ridge, east of Bixby Creek, and the Rockland Lime and Lumber Company operated a kiln at what later became known Limekiln Creek in the south.<ref name="field">Field, Jason. ''[https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/pr76f415f?locale=pt-BR Big Sur Doghole Ports: A Frontier Maritime Cultural Landscape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502201413/https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/pr76f415f?locale=pt-BR |date=May 2, 2023 }}''. Sonoma State University. 2017</ref>

William F. Notley was one of the first to harvest the bark of the Tanbark Oak from the [[Little Sur River]] canyon.<ref name=lehmann /> Tanbark was used to manufacture [[tannic acid]], necessary to the growing [[Tanning (leather)|leather tanning]] industry located in Santa Cruz, and to preserve fish nets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bigsurgazette.com/issues/009_April_16-May_14_1979.pdf|title=Partington Landing|last=Harrington|first=Mary|date=May 14, 1979|website=Big Sur Gazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207190137/http://bigsurgazette.com/issues/009_April_16-May_14_1979.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-07|page=13}}</ref> The tanbark was harvested from the isolated trees inland, left to dry, [[Firewood#Measurement of firewood|corded]], and brought out on mules or hauled out on "go-devils". The go-devil was a wagon with two wheels on the front, while the rear had rails for pulling. A point on the Palo Colorado road is still nicknamed "The Hoist" because of the very steep road which required wagon-loads of tanbark and lumber to be hoisted by block and tackle hitched to oxen.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210022848/http://www.mprpd.org/parks/millcreek.htm|archive-date=February 10, 2007|title= Mill Creek Redwood Preserve|year=2009|publisher=Monterey Peninsula Regional Park District |access-date=October 27, 2009|url=http://www.mprpd.org/parks/millcreek.htm}}</ref> The old block and tackle on a beam is still mounted between mailboxes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adventuresportsjournal.com/content/?p=522|title=Five Great Winter Hikes in Big Sur|last=Fischer|first=Meade|date=2 January 2007|access-date=November 14, 2009|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710210718/http://adventuresportsjournal.com/content/?p=522|url-status=live}}</ref>

The {{convert|30|mi|0|adj=on|abbr=on}} trip from Monterey to the Pfeiffer Ranch usually took all day by wagon. If the road was in bad shape, the stage driver only took a lightweight spring wagon. The rough road ended at the Pfeiffer Resort on the [[Big Sur River]]. It could be impassible in winter. Notley constructed a [[dog-hole ports|dog-hole port]] at the mouth of the Palo Colorado River, and a small village grew up from 1898 to 1907 around at what is known today as [[Notley's Landing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jrabold.net/bigsur/roadpt0210.htm|title=A Guide to California's Big Sur|access-date=November 14, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611233844/http://jrabold.net/bigsur/roadpt0210.htm|archive-date=June 11, 2010}}</ref><ref name="lucia">{{cite web|url=http://www.beachcalifornia.com/lucia.html|publisher=California Travel News|location=Sunset Beach, California|title=Lucia in Big Sur, California|access-date=September 1, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104175016/http://beachcalifornia.com/lucia.html|archive-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> Bixby built a sawmill on his property, and to get the lumber and lime to market, built a similar doghole port at the mouth of what was then known as Mill's Creek, today as Bixby Creek.<ref name="field"/>  The tanbark was loaded by cable and a chute onto waiting vessels anchored offshore. In 1889, as much as 50,000 cords of tanbark were hauled out from the Little Sur River and Big Sur River watersheds.<ref name="henson" />{{rp|330}}  A cable hoist and chute were used to move goods to and from schooners anchored just offshore.<ref name="Wall, Rosalind Sharpe 1989, pages 126"/> Near the start of the 20th century, the tan oak trees were becoming seriously depleted, which slowly led to the demise of the industries they had created.<ref name=lehmann>{{cite web|last=Lehmann|first=Susan|title=Santa Cruz County History – Making a Living|url=http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/articles/22/|publisher=Santa Cruz Count Library|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331181542/http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/articles/22/|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> Only the foundations of the doghole ports remain today.<ref name=weekly0720/>

In the 1880s, gold was found in the Los Burros District at Alder Creek in the mountains east of present-day Gorda. The [[gold rush]] town of [[Manchester, California|Manchester]] at {{coord|35.880|-121.392|display=inline}} existed for a few short years.<ref name="bigsurlup">{{cite web|url=http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/docs/plans/Big_Sur_LUP_complete.PDF|title=Big Sur Coast Land Use Plan|date=February 11, 1981|publisher=Monterey County Planning Department|access-date=November 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606055838/http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/planning/docs/plans/Big_Sur_LUP_complete.PDF|archive-date=June 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/hobbitmine/lost-cabins-of-the-los-burros/manchester-of-the-los-burros|title=Manchester of the Los Burros – Hobbit Mine|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715022034/https://sites.google.com/site/hobbitmine/lost-cabins-of-the-los-burros/manchester-of-the-los-burros|archive-date=2015-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HM1AT8_manchester_Big-Sur-CA.html|title=Manchester – Big Sur – CA – US – Historical Marker Project|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715095023/http://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HM1AT8_manchester_Big-Sur-CA.html|archive-date=2015-07-15}}</ref>  The town boasted a population of 200, four stores, a restaurant, five saloons, a dance hall, and a hotel, but it was abandoned soon after the start of the twentieth century and burned to the ground in 1909.<ref name="woolfenden">{{cite book |last1=Woolfenden |first1= John |title=Big Sur: A Battle for the Wilderness 1869–1981 |year=1981 |publisher= The Boxwood Press |location= Pacific Grove, California|page=72}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/a-dirty-journey-to-the-lost-city-of-the-santa/article_5ff3137f-0c6a-5847-ae0c-b8ea5e5fee66.html|title=A Dirty Journey to the Lost City of the Santa Lucias|first1=Stuart|last1=Thornton|date=February 2001|access-date=July 14, 2015|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120043222/http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/a-dirty-journey-to-the-lost-city-of-the-santa/article_5ff3137f-0c6a-5847-ae0c-b8ea5e5fee66.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Miners extracted about $150,000 in gold (about ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|150,000|1900}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US}}) during the mine's existence.<ref name=usfseis/>{{rp|30}}

Residents also received supplies by steamship that would make a trip once a year in the fall from San Francisco to Big Sur to drop off supplies that could not be transported by wagon.<ref name=weekly0720/> In 1894, ranch owners Post, Pfeiffer, and Castro hired the Pacific Coast Steamship Company's {{convert|180|ft}} steamer ''Bonita'' to bring lumber and seed oats to the mouth of the Big Sur River and Big Creek, north of Lucia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.islapedia.com/index.php?title=Bonita |title=Bonita |access-date=May 21, 2023 |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004231346/https://www.islapedia.com/index.php?title=Bonita |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lightering]] was used to transport freight to and from the beach. A large crowd gathered to receive supplies from and to load butter, honey, beans, wool, hides, and other products onto the ship.<ref>[https://newspapers.com/image/621911203/ ''Coast Whisperings''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114113157/https://newspapers.com/image/621911203/ |date=January 14, 2021 }} Monterey Cypress. October 20, 1894. Vol 6, No. 43. Page 1.</ref>

In the late 1800s, the Ventana Power Company operated a sawmill near present-day Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park. They began planning to build a dam on the Big Sur River just downstream of the confluence of Ventana Creek and the Big Sur River. They hoped to sell the electricity to the City of Monterey. They built a diversion channel along the Big Sur River, but the 1906 San Francisco earthquake bankrupted the company and they abandoned the project. The stonework from the diversion channel is still visible.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Williamson|first1=Phil|title=DCQ Summer Solstice 2002 - PAST TIMES|url=http://www.ventanawild.org/news/ss02/pasttimes.html|website=Ventanawild.org|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-date=May 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531175316/http://www.ventanawild.org/news/ss02/pasttimes.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Few other signs of this brief industrial period are visible. The rugged, isolated terrain kept out all but the sturdiest and most self-sufficient settlers. Travelers who ventured south of the Post Ranch rode horseback along trails that connected the various homesteaders along the coast.<ref name="pavlik">{{cite web|last=Pavlik|first=Robert C.|title=Historical Overview of the Carmel to San Simeon Highway|url=http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/projects/bigsur/pdfs/chmp_hist.pdf|work=Historic Resource Evaluation Report on the Rock Retaining Walls, Parapets, Culvert Headwalls and Drinking Fountains along the Carmel to San Simeon Highway|publisher=California Department of Transportation|access-date=17 December 2011|date=November 1996|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711011720/http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/projects/bigsur/pdfs/chmp_hist.pdf|archive-date=11 July 2012}}</ref>

The 1900 Monterey County voting register indicates 61 male voters in the Big Sur area. The majority (47) were either farmers or ranchers. Other trades included a gardener, apiarist, fruit grower, woodsman, laborer, lighthouse keeper, blacksmith, surveyor, miner, and teamster. Lumber-related occupations include bark peelers, woodchoppers, and wood overseers.<ref name=field/>

== Geography ==
=== Geology ===
{{main|Santa Lucia Range}}
The Santa Lucia Mountain Range, which dominates the Big Sur region, is {{convert|140|mile}} long, extending from Carmel in the north to the [[Cuyama River]] in San Luis Obispo County. The range is never more than {{convert|11|mile}} from the coast.<ref name=norman/>{{rp|11}}

The Santa Lucia Mountains are characterized by extremely steep slopes, all associated with watersheds flowing directly or indirectly into the Pacific Ocean. The range forms the steepest coastal slope in the contiguous United States.<ref name=norman/>{{rp|12}} The mountains are of recent [[tectonic]] origin, and its rugged, steep, and dissected deep stream canyons. The general trend of the range is northwest–southeast, paralleling the numerous [[Fault (geology)|fault]]s that transect the area.<ref name=usfsbar/>

The topography is complex, however, reflecting active uplift and deformation, a variety of lithological types, rapidly incising stream networks, and highly unstable slopes. Stream channels and hill slopes are very steep, with average hill slope gradients exceeding 60% in some interior watersheds. The coastal side of the range rises directly from the shoreline, with oceanfront ridges rising directly {{convert|4000|to|5000|feet}} to the crest of the coastal range. Big Sur's Cone Peak, at an elevation of {{convert|5,155|ft|m}}, is only {{convert|3|mi|km}} from the ocean and is the tallest coastal mountain in the contiguous United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seecalifornia.com/california-cities/big-sur.html|title=Big Sur California Travel Guide SeeCalifornia.com|website=Seecalifornia.com|access-date=2018-01-10|archive-date=January 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111110306/http://www.seecalifornia.com/california-cities/big-sur.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="henson" /> Cone Peak is sometimes referred to as the "Yosemite of the Coast" because its steep rise from the ocean resembles the dramatic granite walls of Yosemite Valley.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cone Peak – Los Padres National Forest |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/lpnf/recreation/hiking/recarea/?recid=11056&actid=64 |website=United States Forest Service |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |access-date=October 3, 2025}}</ref>

The basement rocks of the Santa Lucia Range contain [[Franciscan Assemblage|Mesozoic Franciscan]] and [[Salinian Block]] rocks.<ref name=usfsbar/> The Franciscan complex is composed of [[greywacke]] sandstone and [[Greenschist|greenstone]], with [[serpentinite]] bodies and other [[Ultramafic rock]]s present. Small areas of marble and limestone lenses form resistant outcrops that are prominent landscape features, often white to light gray. The Salinian block is made up of highly fractured, and deeply weathered meta-sediments, especially [[biotite]] schist and [[gneiss]], intruded by plutonic (granitic) rocks such as quartz diorite and granodiorite. Both formations have been disrupted and tectonically slivered by motion on the [[San Andreas Fault|San Andreas]] and associated fault systems. The Palo Colorado and Church Creek faults are prominent features influencing the linear northwest–southeast alignment of primary drainages.<ref name=usfsbar>{{Cite web|url=https://www.co.monterey.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=14136|title=DRAFT SOBERANES 2 BURNED AREA REPORT FS-2500-8|date=October 20, 2016|publisher=USDA-FOREST SERVICE|access-date=January 10, 2018|archive-date=January 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174340/https://www.co.monterey.ca.us/home/showdocument?id=14136|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Marine influence ===
Along with much of the central and northern California coast, Big Sur frequently has dense [[fog]] in summer. Fog and lack of precipitation during the summer both result from the [[North Pacific High]]'s presence offshore during that season. The high-pressure cell inhibits rainfall and generates northwesterly airflow. These prevailing summer winds from the northwest drive the ocean surface water slightly offshore (through the [[Ekman spiral|Ekman effect]]) which generates an upwelling of colder subsurface water. Warm surface air blowing over cold upwelling ocean water close to the coast is cooled to create a surface-based inversion.<ref name="henson" />{{rp|33–35}} Summer fog is common below about {{convert|2000|ft}} elevation. During 2014 and 2015, researchers recorded summer seasonal totals of {{convert|125|cm}} and {{convert|31|cm}} of fog water drip under open shrub canopies. They concluded that precipitation from fog dripping into the soils under coastal shrub canopies can be as much as 50% of annual average rainfall rates.<ref name="potter">{{cite journal |last1=Potter |first1=Christopher |title=Differing ecosystem responses of vegetation cover to extreme drought on the Big Sur coast of California |journal=Journal of Applied Remote Sensing |doi=10.1117/1.JRS.12.026031 |date=2018|volume=12 |issue=2 |article-number=026031 |bibcode=2018JARS...12b6031P |s2cid=126122750 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The fog usually moves out to sea during the day and closes in at night, but sometimes heavy fog blankets the coast all day.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== Wildfires ==

=== Historic fires ===
Fire plays a key role in the ecology of the upper slopes of the Big Sur region's mountains where [[California montane chaparral and woodlands|chaparral]] dominates the landscape.<ref>{{cite web|title=Concepts of Biology: Introduction to the Chaparral|url=http://www.biosbcc.net/b100plant/htm/fire.htm|access-date=22 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824221151/http://www.biosbcc.net/b100plant/htm/fire.htm|archive-date=24 August 2016}}</ref> It is known that Native Americans burned chaparral to increase food production and promote grasslands for textiles, but little is known about the natural frequency of fire in the Santa Lucia Mountains.<ref name="henson" />{{rp| 269–270}}<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Vale|editor-first1=Thomas R.|title=Fire, Native Peoples, and the Natural Landscape|date=2002|publisher=Island Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1-55963-889-0}}</ref>  A study of fire scars on sugar pines on Junipero Serra Peak found that at least six fires had burned the region between 1790 and 1901.<ref name=griffin/>  During the Spanish and Mexican era the Native Americans set fires regularly in coastal and valley grasslands to control brush growth and reduce fire risk.<ref name=griffin>{{cite journal |last1=Griffin |first1=James R. |year=1978 |title=The Marble-Cone Fire Ten Months Later |url=https://xasauantoday.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/fremontia.pdf |journal=Fremontia |publisher=California Native Plant Society |volume=6 |pages=8–14 |access-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-date=February 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209064154/https://xasauantoday.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/fremontia.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The European homesteaders followed that tradition and set controlled burns every winter when conditions were right.<ref name="schmalz">{{cite web |last1=Schmalz |first1=David |title=Stan Harlan |url=https://www.montereycountyweekly.com/people/face_to_face/stan-harlan/article_ee810966-fe64-11e8-8f76-47f88de029b5.html |website=Monterey County Weekly |date=December 13, 2018 |access-date=1 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301204318/https://www.montereycountyweekly.com/people/face_to_face/stan-harlan/article_ee810966-fe64-11e8-8f76-47f88de029b5.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:FEMA - 37387 - FEMA PDA Team assesses Wildfire Damage in California.jpg|thumb|[[Federal Emergency Management Agency|FEMA]] team assesses wildfire damage after the Basin Fire, 2008]]
Following the depopulation of the Native Americans from the region in the late 1800s, there have been several very large fires in the Big Sur area. In 1894, a fire burned for weeks through the upper watersheds of all of the major streams in the Big Sur region. Another large fire in 1898 burned without any effort by the few residents to put it out, except to save their buildings.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rogers|first1=David|title=History of the Monterey Ranger District Part I|url=https://www.ventanawild.org/news/ss02/mrd.html|publisher=Ventana Wilderness Association|access-date=22 August 2016|date=2002|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529151250/http://www.ventanawild.org/news/ss02/mrd.html|archive-date=29 May 2016}}</ref> In 1903, a fire started by an untended campfire near [[Chews Ridge Lookout|Chews Ridge]] burned a path {{convert|6|mi}} wide to the coast over three months. In 1906, a fire that began in Palo Colorado Canyon from the embers of a campfire burned {{cvt|230|mi2}} over 5 weeks and was finally extinguished by the first rainfall of the season.<ref name="rogers">{{cite web|last1=Rogers|first1=David|title=The Big Sur Fire of 1906|url=https://www.ventanawild.org/news/se04/pasttime.html|publisher=Double Cone Quarterly|access-date=22 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628064947/http://www.ventanawild.org/news/se04/pasttime.html|archive-date=28 June 2016}}</ref> The number of fires declined when the U.S. Forest Service began managing the land in 1907.<ref name=griffin/>

=== Modern wildfires ===

In recent history, the area was struck by the Molera Fire in 1972, which resulted in flooding and mud flows in the Big Sur River valley that buried portions of several buildings the following winter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.montereyherald.com/events/20171126/looking-back-big-sur-mudslide-1972|title=Looking back: Big Sur mudslide, 1972|access-date=2018-01-09|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109200344/http://www.montereyherald.com/events/20171126/looking-back-big-sur-mudslide-1972|archive-date=2018-01-09}}</ref> The area was burned by [[Marble Cone Fire]] in 1977, the Rat Creek Gorda Complex Fire in 1985, the Kirk Complex Fire in 1999, the [[Basin Complex Fire]] in 2008, the Pfeiffer Fire in December 2013, and the Soberanes Fire in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rowntree |first1=Lester |author1-link=Lester Gertrude Ellen Rowntree |title=Forged by Fire Lightning and Landscape at Big Sur |url=http://baynature.org/article/forged-by-fire/ |access-date=August 18, 2016 |date=October 1, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826182059/http://baynature.org/article/forged-by-fire/ |archive-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Soberanes fire Big Sur July 2016.jpg|thumb|left|The 2016 Soberanes fire tops a ridge covered in fire retardant adjacent to the Pacific Ocean.]]
The Basin Complex Fire forced an eight-day evacuation of Big Sur and the closure of Highway 1, beginning just before the July 4, 2008 [[Independence Day (United States)|holiday weekend]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/state/20080703-1034-ca-californiawildfires.html |title=Big Sur evacuated as massive wildfire spreads |work=SignOnSanDiego.com |agency=Associated Press |author=Fehd, Amanda |date=July 3, 2008 |access-date=2008-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125053546/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/state/20080703-1034-ca-californiawildfires.html |archive-date=January 25, 2009 }}</ref> The fire, which burned over {{cvt|200|mi2}}, represented the largest of many lightning-caused wildfires that had broken out throughout California during the same period.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/09/BAQE11LK78.DTL |title=Threat to Big Sur eases by Steve Rubenstein, John Coté, and Jill Tucker |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=July 9, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125072323/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F07%2F09%2FBAQE11LK78.DTL |archive-date=January 25, 2009 }}</ref> Although the fire caused no loss of life, it destroyed 27 homes, and the tourist-dependent economy lost about a third of its expected summer revenue.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/19/us/19fires.html?ex=1374206400&en=29ee4d1352a07e6b&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | title=Progress Reported in California Fires | work=New York Times | agency=Associated Press | author=Uncredited | date=July 19, 2008 | access-date=2008-07-19 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124223405/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/19/us/19fires.html?ex=1374206400&en=29ee4d1352a07e6b&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | archive-date=January 24, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/us/01sur.html?ex=1375329600&en=cd772eca58a8306c&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | title=Fire Damage Takes a Toll on the Economy in Big Sur | work=New York Times | author=Cathcart, Rebecca | date=August 1, 2008 | access-date=2008-08-02 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124234235/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/us/01sur.html?ex=1375329600&en=cd772eca58a8306c&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | archive-date=January 24, 2009 }}</ref> The Pfeiffer Fire from December 17 to 20, 2013 burned {{cvt|1.4|mi2}} and destroyed 34 homes in an area near Pfeiffer Ridge Road and Sycamore Canyon Road.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pfeiffer Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/3761/|website=inciweb.nwcg.gov|access-date=11 March 2018|archive-date=March 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311141650/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/3761/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The July 2016 [[Soberanes Fire]] was caused by unknown individuals who started and lost control of an illegal campfire in the Garrapata Creek watershed. After it burned 57 homes in the Garrapata and Palo Colorado Canyon areas, firefighters were able to build lines around parts of the Big Sur community. A bulldozer operator was killed when his equipment overturned during night operations in Palo Colorado Canyon.

Coast residents east of Highway 1 were required to evacuate for short periods, and Highway 1 was shut down at intervals over several days to allow firefighters to conduct backfire operations. Visitors avoided the area and tourism revenue was impacted for several weeks.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Murphy|first1=Mike|title=Wildfire cripples tourism in California's scenic Big Sur|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/wildfire-cripples-tourism-in-californias-scenic-big-sur-2016-07-31|website=MarketWatch|access-date=August 22, 2016|date=August 1, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829112604/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/wildfire-cripples-tourism-in-californias-scenic-big-sur-2016-07-31|archive-date=August 29, 2016}}</ref>

In April, 2022, Ivan Gomez was convicted of 16 felony counts including arson for purposefully starting a fire near Lime Creek on August 18, 2020. The [[Dolan Fire]] killed a dozen [[Critically Endangered]] [[California Condor]]s when it burned through the {{convert|80|acre}} [[Ventana Wildlife Society#Big Sur Condor Sanctuary|Big Sur Condor Sanctuary]] operated by the Ventana Wildlife Society of Monterey. The 195-square-mile (510-square-kilometer) fire was not fully contained until December 31, more than four months after it started.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man convicted of setting Big Sur wildfire that killed 12 endangered condors |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-04-08/dolan-fire-arson |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=20 July 2023 |date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Effect on Redwoods===

In the lower elevations and canyons, the [[Sequoia sempervirens|California Redwood]] is often found. Its thick bark, along with foliage that starts high above the ground, protect the species from both [[wildfire|fire]] and [[insect]] damage, contributing to the coast redwood's longevity.<ref name="Ssempervirens2011">{{cite web|last=Earle|first=CJ|title=Sequoia sempervirens|work=The Gymnosperm Database|publisher=self-published|location=Olympia, Washington|year=2011|url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/se/index.htm|access-date=2011-08-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906072159/http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php|archive-date=2011-09-06}}</ref> Fire appears to benefit redwoods by removing competitive species. A 2010 study compared post-wildfire survival and regeneration of redwood and associated species. It concluded that fires of all severity increase the relative abundance of redwood and higher-severity fires provide the greatest benefit.<ref name="Ramage2010">{{cite journal|author1=Ramage, B.S. |author2=OʼHara, K.L. |author3=Caldwell, B.T. |year= 2010 |title= The role of fire in the competitive dynamics of coast redwood forests|journal=Ecosphere |volume=1 |issue=6|article-number=20 |doi=10.1890/ES10-00134.1|doi-access=free |bibcode=2010Ecosp...1...20R }}</ref>

== Climate ==
[[File:Bigsurseasons2.jpg|thumb|Upper image from March and lower image from October, showing a typical fog bank nearly <span style="white-space:nowrap">1,000&nbsp;feet&nbsp;(300&nbsp;m)</span> thick. Also illustrating the difference in vegetation between the winter rainy season and dry early fall.]]
Big Sur typically enjoys a mild [[Mediterranean climate]], with a sunny, dry summer and fall, and cool, wet winter.  Coastal temperatures range from the 50s at night to the 70s by day (Fahrenheit) from June through October, and in the 40s to 60s from November through May.  Further inland, away from the ocean's moderating influence, temperatures are much more variable. The weather varies widely due to the influence of the jagged [[topography]], creating many [[microclimate]]s.

[[File:Big Sur Coast, Apr 1969.jpg|thumb|left|Big Sur Coast in April 1969 after a wet winter]]
The record maximum temperature was {{convert|111|°F|1}} on September 7, 2020, and the record low was {{convert|26|°F|1}}, recorded on February 9, 2009.

During the winter, Big Sur experiences some of the heaviest rainfall in California.<ref name=bigsurlcp>{{Cite news|url=https://bigsurlcp.com/what-is-the-local-coastal-program/|title=Big Sur Coast Land Use Plan|date=2015-04-04|work=Big Sur LCP|access-date=2017-12-30|language=en-US|publisher=Monterey County Planning Department|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230115431/https://bigsurlcp.com/what-is-the-local-coastal-program/|archive-date=2017-12-30}}</ref> More than 70 percent of the rain falls from December through March. The summer is generally dry. The Santa Lucia range rises to more than 5,800&nbsp; ft (1760 m), and the amount of rainfall greatly increases as the elevation rises and cools the air, but rainfall amounts decrease sharply in the rain shadow of the coastal mountains. Scientists estimate that about 90 in. (230&nbsp; cm) falls on average near the ridge tops. But actual totals vary considerably.<ref name="henson" /> Snowfall is rare on the coast, but is common in the winter months on the higher ridges of the Santa Lucia Range.<ref name="ReferenceA">Western Regional Climate Center</ref>

Monterey County maintains a remote rain gauge for flood prediction on Mining Ridge at 4,000&nbsp;ft (1200 m) about {{convert|4|mi}} north-east of Cone Peak. The gauge frequently receives more rain than any gauge in the Monterey and San Francisco Bay Areas. The wettest winter season was 1982–1983, when it rained more than 178 in. (452&nbsp;cm) but the total is unknown because the rain gauge failed at that point. The wettest calendar year on record was 1982–83, when it rained {{convert|88.85|in|mm}}.<ref name="henson" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Mining Ridge: Rainiest Spot in Central California|url=https://xasauantoday.com/2012/12/03/mining-ridge/|website=xasauantoday.com|access-date=18 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013234435/https://xasauantoday.com/2012/12/03/mining-ridge/|archive-date=13 October 2016|date=2012-12-03}}</ref>

The month with the greatest rain fall total was December 1955 when it rained a record {{convert|27.21|in|mm}}. At Pfeiffer–Big Sur State Park on the coast, rainfall averaged about 43 in. (109&nbsp;cm) annually from 1914 to 1987. In 1975–1976, it rained only 15 in. (39&nbsp;cm) at the park, compared to 85 in. (216&nbsp;cm) in 1982–1983.<ref name="henson" />
{{Clear}}

{{Weather box
| location = Big Sur, California (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1993–present)
| single line = Y
| collapsed  = yes
| Jan record high F = 81
| Feb record high F = 85
| Mar record high F = 88
| Apr record high F = 98
| May record high F = 96
| Jun record high F = 102
| Jul record high F = 103
| Aug record high F = 101
| Sep record high F = 111
| Oct record high F = 102
| Nov record high F = 90
| Dec record high F = 78
| year record high F = 111
| Jan avg record high F = 73.1
| Feb avg record high F = 74.1
| Mar avg record high F = 78.2
| Apr avg record high F = 83.9
| May avg record high F = 85.9
| Jun avg record high F = 90.0
| Jul avg record high F = 90.5
| Aug avg record high F = 92.1
| Sep avg record high F = 93.3
| Oct avg record high F = 90.1
| Nov avg record high F = 79.6
| Dec avg record high F = 69.8
|year avg record high F = 98.4
| Jan high F = 60.5
| Feb high F = 61.1
| Mar high F = 64.2
| Apr high F = 67.3
| May high F = 70.5
| Jun high F = 74.2
| Jul high F = 75.4
| Aug high F = 77.4
| Sep high F = 76.8
| Oct high F = 73.5
| Nov high F = 65.3
| Dec high F = 59.3
| year high F =68.8
|Jan mean F = 51.4
|Feb mean F = 51.9
|Mar mean F = 53.7
|Apr mean F = 55.4
|May mean F = 58.0
|Jun mean F = 61.1
|Jul mean F = 63.0
|Aug mean F = 63.8
|Sep mean F = 63.5
|Oct mean F = 61.0
|Nov mean F = 55.3
|Dec mean F = 50.9
|year mean F =57.4
| Jan low F = 42.4
| Feb low F = 42.8
| Mar low F = 43.3
| Apr low F = 43.5
| May low F = 45.5
| Jun low F = 48.0
| Jul low F = 50.5
| Aug low F = 50.1
| Sep low F = 50.1
| Oct low F = 48.5
| Nov low F = 45.4
| Dec low F = 42.5
| year low F =46.1
| Jan avg record low F = 33.8
| Feb avg record low F = 34.0
| Mar avg record low F = 34.8
| Apr avg record low F = 35.3
| May avg record low F = 39.0
| Jun avg record low F = 41.1
| Jul avg record low F = 43.7
| Aug avg record low F = 43.9
| Sep avg record low F = 42.5
| Oct avg record low F = 39.8
| Nov avg record low F = 36.7
| Dec avg record low F = 33.8
|year avg record low F = 30.1
| Jan record low F = 27
| Feb record low F = 26
| Mar record low F = 27
| Apr record low F = 28
| May record low F = 35
| Jun record low F = 37
| Jul record low F = 41
| Aug record low F = 40
| Sep record low F = 39
| Oct record low F = 31
| Nov record low F = 28
| Dec record low F = 27
| year record low F = 26
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 9.48
| Feb precipitation inch = 8.59
| Mar precipitation inch = 6.72
| Apr precipitation inch = 2.94
| May precipitation inch = 1.15
| Jun precipitation inch = 0.20
| Jul precipitation inch = 0.06
| Aug precipitation inch = 0.05
| Sep precipitation inch = 0.13
| Oct precipitation inch = 1.88
| Nov precipitation inch = 4.16
| Dec precipitation inch = 9.18
| year precipitation inch = 44.54
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 10.7
| Feb precipitation days = 11.2
| Mar precipitation days = 10.2
| Apr precipitation days = 6.3
| May precipitation days = 3.7
| Jun precipitation days = 0.8
| Jul precipitation days = 0.3
| Aug precipitation days = 0.4
| Sep precipitation days = 0.7
| Oct precipitation days = 3.0
| Nov precipitation days = 6.9
| Dec precipitation days = 10.6
| source 1 = NOAA<ref name=NCDC>{{cite web| url = https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mtr| title = NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| access-date = April 14, 2012| archive-date = April 18, 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418234102/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mtr| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00040790&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Big Sur STN, CA
|access-date = February 11, 2023
|archive-date = February 11, 2023
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230211200318/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00040790&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

== Flora and fauna ==
{{see also|California montane chaparral and woodlands}}
[[File:Big Sur Coast California.JPG|thumb|Big Sur coast looking south near [[Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park]]]]
The many climates of Big Sur result in great biodiversity, including many [[rare species|rare]] and [[endangered species]] such as the wild [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] ''[[Piperia yadonii]]'', which is found only on the Monterey Peninsula and on Rocky Ridge in the Los Padres forest. Arid, dusty [[chaparral]]-covered hills exist within easy walking distance of lush [[Riparian zone|riparian]] woodland. Fort Hunter-Liggett is host to about one-fourth of all [[Tule elk]] found in California and provides roosting places for bald eagles and endangered condors. It also is home to some of the healthiest stands of the live valley and blue oaks.<ref name="Weiss">{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-09-me-hearst9-story.html |title=Forest Vision Extends Into Hearst Tract |last=Weiss |first=Kenneth R. |author-link=Kenneth R. Weiss |date=2004-04-09 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=2017-10-27 |language=en-US |issn=0458-3035 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114213929/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/apr/09/local/me-hearst9|archive-date=2013-11-14}}</ref>

=== Southern limit of redwood trees ===
{{main|Sequoia sempervirens}}
The high coastal mountains trap moisture from the clouds: fog in summer, rain, and snow in winter creating a favorable environment for the [[Sequoia sempervirens|coast redwood]] (''Sequoia sempervirens'') trees found in the Big Sur region. They are found near the ocean in canyon bottoms or inland canyons alongside creeks and in other areas that meet its requirements for cooler temperatures and moisture. Due to drier conditions, trees in the Big Sur region only grow about {{convert|200|ft}} tall, smaller than specimens found to the north.<ref name=ipfw>{{cite web|title=Coast Redwood: Los Padres ForestWatch|url=http://www.lpfw.org/archive/about/critters/coastredwood.htm|website=Lpfw.org|publisher=Los Padres Forestwatch|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529200853/http://www.lpfw.org/archive/about/critters/coastredwood.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The redwood trees in Big Sur are the remnant of much larger groves. Many old-growth trees were cut by the Ventana Power Company which operated a sawmill near present-day Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park from the late 1800s through 1906 when its operations were bankrupted by the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]]. When John and Florence Pfeiffer opened Pfeiffer's Ranch Resort in 1910, they built guest cabins from lumber cut using the mill. The mill was resurrected when Highway 1 was constructed during the 1920s. It supplied lumber for housing built for workers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heid|first1=Analise Elliot|title=Hiking & backpacking Big Sur: a complete guide to the trails of Big Sur, Ventana Wilderness, and Silver Peak Wilderness|date=2013|isbn=978-0-89997-727-0|page=99|publisher=Wilderness Press |edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfgrDgAAQBAJ|access-date=6 February 2018|ref=heid}}</ref><ref name="pelican_lodge">{{cite web|title=Welcome to Big Sur Lodge|url=http://www.pelicannetwork.net/inroom1.htm|website=Pelicannetwork.net|access-date=6 February 2018|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070517/http://www.pelicannetwork.net/inroom1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

While many trees were harvested, several inaccessible locations were never logged. A large grove of trees is found along the north fork of the Little Sur River. [[William Randolph Hearst]] was interested in preserving the uncut redwood forest, and on November 18, 1921, he purchased about {{convert|1445|acres}} from the Eberhard and Kron Tanning Company of Santa Cruz for about $50,000. He later donated the land to the Monterey Bay Area Council of the Boy Scouts of America, who completed the construction of [[Camp Pico Blanco]] in 1954.<ref name=emc>{{cite web|title=Conservation Plan Camp Pico Blanco Scout Reservation|url=http://www.emcplanning.com/enewsletter/2014/Conservation_Plan_Report_091813.pdf|publisher=EMC Planning Group Inc.|access-date=November 7, 2014|date=September 18, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831121004/http://emcplanning.com/enewsletter/2014/Conservation_Plan_Report_091813.pdf|archive-date=August 31, 2014}}</ref>

In 2008, scientist [[J. Michael Fay]] published a map of the old growth redwoods based on his [[transect]] of the entire redwood range.<ref name = "RedwoodTransect">{{cite web |last=Fay | first=J. Michael |author-link=J. Michael Fay |title=Redwood Transect-Big Sur Redwoods 2.0 |date=September 30, 2008 |url=http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/1240564/page/0/vc/1 |access-date=January 1, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090125021444/http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/1240564/page/0/vc/1| archive-date=25 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> The southernmost naturally occurring grove of redwoods is found within the Big Sur region in the [[Southern Redwood Botanical Area]], a {{convert|17|acre}} reserve located in the Little Redwood Gulch watershed adjacent to the Silver Peak Wilderness. It is just north of the Salmon Creek trailhead.<ref name=ipfw/><ref name="Redwoodhikes">{{cite web|url=http://www.redwoodhikes.com/Big%20Sur/Los%20Padres.html|title=Los Padres National Forest|publisher=Redwoodhikes.com|access-date=2012-08-07|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928002104/http://www.redwoodhikes.com/Big%20Sur/Los%20Padres.html|archive-date=2012-09-28}}</ref> The southernmost tree is about {{convert|15|ft}} from Highway 1 at the approximate coordinates {{coord|35|49|42|N|121|23|14|W|region:US-CA|display=inline}}

=== Plant species ===
The rare Santa Lucia fir (''[[Abies bracteata]]'') is found only in the Santa Lucia mountains.  A common "foreign" species is the Monterey pine (''[[Pinus radiata]]''), which was uncommon in Big Sur until the late nineteenth century, though its major native habitat is only a few miles upwind on the Monterey Peninsula when many homeowners began to plant the quick-growing tree as a windbreak. There are many [[Flowering plant|broadleaved]] trees as well, such as the tanoak (''[[Notholithocarpus|Lithocarpus densiflorus]]''), coast live oak (''[[Quercus agrifolia]]''), and California bay laurel (''[[Umbellularia|Umbellularia californica]]'').  In the [[rain shadow]], the forests disappear and the vegetation becomes open oak woodland, then transitions into the more familiar fire-tolerant [[California chaparral and woodlands|California chaparral scrub]].

=== Wildlife ===
{{See also|Fauna of California#Big Sur}}
[[File:Big sur (6706320465).jpg|thumb|A [[harbor seal]] on a Big Sur beach]]
The Big Sur River watershed provides habitat for [[North American cougar|mountain lion]], deer, fox, coyotes, and non-native [[wild boar]]s. The boars, of Russian stock, were introduced in the 1920s by George Gordon Moore, the owner of [[Santa Lucia Preserve|Rancho San Carlos]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mchsmuseum.com/boar.html|title=The Origin of Wild Boar in Monterey County|first1=George Gordon|last1=Moore|website=mchsmuseum.com|access-date=2017-10-31|quote=a letter from George Gordon Moore to Stuyvesant Fish|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018151856/http://mchsmuseum.com/boar.html|archive-date=2016-10-18}}</ref> Because most of the upper reaches of the Big Sur River watershed are within the Los Padres National Forest and the [[Ventana Wilderness]], much of the river is in pristine condition.

; Former Grizzly bear range

{{main|California grizzly bear}}
The region was historically populated by [[California grizzly bear]]s. During the Spanish period of California history, the Spaniards rarely entered the area, except to capture runaway Mission Indians or to hunt grizzly bears that ate their livestock. The Mexican settlers captured bears for Monterey's [[bear and bull fights]] and they also sold their skins for 6 to 10 pesos to trading ships that visited Monterey. Bear Trap Canyon near Bixby Creek was one of their favorite sites for trapping grizzly bears.<ref>Williams,  Honey ''Redwood Sanctuary'' Mid -Coast Investments</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stories {{!}} California History - Juan becomes a Rancher|url=http://thisweekincaliforniahistory.com/stories/|website=thisweekincaliforniahistory.com|date=4 September 2013|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-date=March 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329173043/http://thisweekincaliforniahistory.com/stories/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The California grizzly bear (Ursus arctos californicus) was heavier and larger than [[grizzly bear]]s found elsewhere in the continental United States. Malcolm Margolin in ''The Ohlone Way'' wrote that "These enormous bears were everywhere, feeding on berries, lumbering along the beaches, congregating beneath oak trees during acorn season, and stationed along nearly every stream and creek during the annual runs of salmon and steelhead." Grizzly bears presented a serious threat to human beings armed with only a bow and arrows and the Native Americans used to avoid them whenever possible.<ref name="miller">{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Adam |title=The Folklore of Big Sur {{!}} Adam Miller - Folksinger and Storyteller |url=https://www.folksinging.org/traces-of-the-storyteller/ |access-date=17 February 2022 |date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217055300/https://www.folksinging.org/traces-of-the-storyteller/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''The Monterey Herald'' noted on July 4, 1874:

{{blockquote|Last Monday, Captain A. Smith, who resides about ten miles from town, in the Carmel Valley, succeeded in poisoning a large grizzly bear. Bruin had been annoying the neighborhood by destroying cattle, etc., for several years past, and all efforts to exterminate him seem futile. In some manner, however, he was induced to partake of that "cold pizen" the captain had prepared for his special benefit. He is not likely to repeat his experiment.<ref name="miller"/>}}

There are remnants of a grizzly bear trap within Palo Corona Regional Park east of Point Lobos in a grove of redwood trees next to a creek.<ref name=grizzly/>

European settlers paid bounties on the bears who regularly preyed on livestock until the early 20th century.<ref name="woolfenden" />{{rp|4}} Absolom (Rocky) Beasley hunted grizzly bears throughout the Santa Lucia Range and claimed to have killed 139 bears in his lifetime.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ventanawild.org/news/ss99/grizzlies.html|title=DCQ Summer Solstice 1999 -- Times Past|website=Ventanawild.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612122601/http://www.ventanawild.org/news/ss99/grizzlies.html|archive-date=2009-06-12}}</ref> The Pfeiffer family would fill a bait ball of swine entrails with [[strychnine]] and hang it from a tree. They wrote that the last grizzly bear was seen in Monterey County in 1941 on the Cooper Ranch near the mouth of the Little Sur River.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cross|first1=Robert|title=Big Sur Tales|date=2010|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-1-4567-1149-8}}</ref> {{rp|21}} Other sources report that last California grizzly was seen in 1924.<ref name=grizzly>{{Cite web|url=https://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/cover/the-california-grizzly-has-been-extinct-for-a-generation-now-researchers-are-considering-whether-to/article_3e229a40-4b4d-11e9-bbe1-87d7b51bf82d.html|title=The California grizzly has been extinct for a generation. Now researchers are considering whether to try and bring it back.|first=Sara|last=Rubin|website=Monterey County Weekly|date=March 21, 2019|access-date=March 17, 2022|archive-date=February 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203205005/https://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/cover/the-california-grizzly-has-been-extinct-for-a-generation-now-researchers-are-considering-whether-to/article_3e229a40-4b4d-11e9-bbe1-87d7b51bf82d.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vchistory.org/exhibits/grizzly-bear/|title=Grizzly Bear|website=Vchistory.org|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=October 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019035311/https://www.vchistory.org/exhibits/grizzly-bear/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since about 1980, [[American black bear]]s have been sighted in the area, likely expanding their range from southern California and filling in the ecological niche left when the grizzly bear was exterminated.<ref name="henson" />{{rp|261}}

; Steelhead

{{Main|Rainbow trout}}
The California Department of Fish and Game says the Little Sur River is the "most important spawning stream for [[Rainbow trout|Steelhead]]" [[distinct population segment]] on the Central Coast, where the fish is listed as [[Threatened species|threatened]].<ref name="waterway">{{cite web|title=Camp Pico Blanco Fish Ladder and Dam Retrofit|url=http://www.watways.com/camp-pico-blanco-fish-passage-improvement|publisher=WaterWays Consulting|access-date=3 July 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206070431/http://www.watways.com/camp-pico-blanco-fish-passage-improvement|archive-date=6 December 2013}}</ref> and that it "is one of the best steelhead streams in the county."<ref name="becker">{{cite web|url=http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=10495|title=Steelhead/Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Resources South of the Golden Gate, California|date=October 2008|first1=Gordon S.|last1=Becker|first2=Isabelle J.|last2=Reining|publisher=Center for Ecosystem Management and Restoration|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721033248/http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=10495|archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref>{{rp|166}} The Big Sur River is also a key habitat for the steelhead.<ref name="cccdps">{{cite web |url=http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/steelhead/2011_status_review_central_california_coastal_steelhead_northern_california_steelhead.pdf |title=North-Central California Coast Recovery Domain 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation of Central California Coastal Steelhead DPS Northern California Steelhead DPS |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |year=2011 |access-date=2013-12-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221115152/http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/status_reviews/salmon_steelhead/steelhead/2011_status_review_central_california_coastal_steelhead_northern_california_steelhead.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ventanawild.org/projects/rivers/littlesur.html|title=Ventana Wild Rivers Campaign Little Sur River|access-date=September 1, 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605093621/http://www.ventanawild.org/projects/rivers/littlesur.html|archive-date=June 5, 2009}}</ref>

A US fisheries service report estimates that the number of trout in the entire south-central coast area—including the [[Pajaro River]], [[Salinas River (California)|Salinas River]], [[Carmel River (California)|Carmel River]], Big Sur River, and Little Sur River—have dwindled from about 4,750 fish in 1965 to about 800 in 2005.<ref name="Busby NOAA-NWFSC Tech Memo-27: Status Review of West Coast Steelhead">{{cite web|url=http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/publications/techmemos/tm27/tables1.htm|title=Status Review of West Coast Steelhead from Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and California|last1=Busby|first1=Peggy J.|first2=Thomas C.|last2=Wainwright, Gregory J. Bryant*, Lisa J. Lierheimer, Robin S. Waples, F. William Waknitz, and Irma V. Lagomarsino|date=August 1996|work=Table 21. Summary of recent and historical abundance estimates for the South-Central California Coast evolutionarily significant unit. Excludes estimates from CDFG (1965) presented in Table 17.|publisher=U.S. Dept Commerce/NOAA/NMFS/NWFSC/|pages=NOAA–NWFSC Tech Memo–27: Status Review of West Coast Steelhead|access-date=November 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513030316/http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/publications/techmemos/tm27/tables1.htm|archive-date=May 13, 2009}}</ref>

Numerous fauna are found in the Big Sur region. Among [[amphibian]]s the [[California giant salamander]] (''Dicamptodon ensatus'')  is found here, which point marks the southern extent of its range.<ref>{{cite web|first1=C. Michael |last1=Hogan |year=2008 |url=http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=42744 |title=California Giant Salamander: Dicamptodon ensatus |publisher=GlobalTwitcher |editor-first=Nicklas |editor-last=Stromberg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130123737/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=42744 |archive-date=2009-01-30 }}</ref>

; California condor

{{Main|California condor}}
The [[California condor]] (''Gymnogyps californianus'') is a critically endangered species that was near extinction when the remaining wild birds were captured. A captive breeding program was begun in 1987. The Ventana Wildlife Society acquired 80 acres near Anderson Canyon that it used for a captive breeding program.<ref>[http://www.ventanaws.org/wildlife_sanctuaries/ Wildlife Sanctuaries] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109200344/http://www.ventanaws.org/wildlife_sanctuaries/ |date=2018-01-09 }}, Ventana Wildlife Society</ref> After some success, a few birds were released in 1991 and 1992 in Big Sur, and again in 1996 in Arizona near the Grand Canyon.<ref name="BirdLife">{{cite web |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2007 |title=Species factsheet: California Condor ''Gymnogyps californianus'' |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3821 |access-date=August 22, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013193532/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3821 |archive-date=October 13, 2016 }}</ref>

In 1997, the [[Ventana Wildlife Society]] began releasing captive-bred California Condors in Big Sur. The birds take six years to mature before they can produce offspring, and a nest was discovered in a redwood tree in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ventanaws.org/species_condors/ |title=Condors End 100-Year Absence In Norcal Woods |date=2006-03-29 |work=Ventana Wildlife Society |access-date=5 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019135151/http://www.ventanaws.org/species_condors/ |archive-date=2016-10-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2016/10/11/california-condors-chick-born-in-wild-flies-from-nest-at-pinnacles-national-park-for-first-time-in-more-than-100-years/ |title=California condors: Chick born in wild flies from nest at Pinnacles National Park for first time in a century |newspaper=[[The Mercury News]] |first=Paul |last=Rogers |date=October 11, 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013134059/https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/10/11/california-condors-chick-born-in-wild-flies-from-nest-at-pinnacles-national-park-for-first-time-in-more-than-100-years/ |archive-date=13 October 2016 }}</ref> This was the first time in more than 100 years in which a pair of California condors had been seen nesting in Northern California.<ref>{{cite news|title = Fresh Hope For Condors|date = March 30, 2006|work=Sky News| url = http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30200-13516474,00.html| archive-url = https://archive.today/20081209095733/http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30200-13516474,00.html| archive-date = December 9, 2008| access-date = August 14, 2007}}</ref> The repopulation effort has been successful in part because a significant portion of the birds' diet includes carcasses of large sea creatures that have washed ashore, which are unlikely to be contaminated with [[lead]], the principal cause of the bird's mortality.<ref name="ConWhale">{{cite web| last=Thornton| first=Stuart| title=Condors make a meal of a beached gray whale| date=May 25, 2006| url=http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/condors-make-a-meal-of-a-beached-gray-whale/article_aabcf553-a462-502d-8809-93225ba069f1.html| publisher=Monterey County Weekly| access-date=3 September 2014| archive-date=November 22, 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122001917/http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/condors-make-a-meal-of-a-beached-gray-whale/article_aabcf553-a462-502d-8809-93225ba069f1.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|July 2014}}, the Ventana Wildlife Society managed 34 free-flying condors.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.montereyherald.com/general-news/20160901/soberanes-fire-could-be-beneficial-for-condors |title=Soberanes Fire could be beneficial for condors |first=Tommy |last=Wright |newspaper=[[The Monterey County Herald]] |date=September 1, 2016 |access-date=4 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903181256/http://www.montereyherald.com/general-news/20160901/soberanes-fire-could-be-beneficial-for-condors |archive-date=3 September 2016 }}</ref> There were part of a total population of 437 condors spread over California, Baja California and Arizona, of which 232 are wild birds and 205 are in captivity.<ref name="CCRP_July2014">{{cite web| title=California Condor Recovery Program (monthly status report)| date=31 July 2014| url=http://www.fws.gov/cno/es/CalCondor/PDF_files/2014/Condor%20Program%20Monthly%20Status%20Report%202014-7-31.pdf| publisher=National Park Service| access-date=31 August 2014| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905132127/http://www.fws.gov/cno/es/CalCondor/PDF_files/2014/Condor%20Program%20Monthly%20Status%20Report%202014-7-31.pdf| archive-date=5 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Marine protected areas ===
[[File:Big Sur portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|Coast view of the Big Creek State Marine Reserve]]
The off-shore region of the Big Sur Coast is protected by the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Within that sanctuary are other conservation areas and parks. The onshore topography that drops abruptly into the Pacific continues offshore where a narrow continental shelf drops to the continental slope in only a few miles. The ocean reaches a depth of more than {{convert|12000|ft}} just {{convert|50|mi|abbr=on}} offshore. Two deep submarine canyons cut into the shelf near the Big Sur coast: the Sur Submarine Canyon, reaching a depth of {{convert|3000|ft|sigfig=2|abbr=on}} just {{convert|8|mi|abbr=on}} south of Point Sur, and Partington Submarine Canyon, which reaches a similar depth of {{convert|6.8|mi|abbr=on}} offshore of Grimes Canyon.<ref name="henson" />

Like underwater parks, these [[marine protected area]]s help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.
* [[Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary]]
* [[Point Lobos|Point Lobos State Marine Reserve]]
* [[Point Sur State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area]]
* [[Big Creek State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area]]
* [[Salmon Creek State ASBS|Salmon Creek State Area of Special Biological Significance]]
* [[California Sea Otter Game Refuge]]
* [[Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park|Julia Pfeiffer Burns Underwater Park]]

== Demographics ==
[[File:BasinFireArea-JPBurnsParkDSC 2015-w.jpg|thumb|left|Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park after fire]]
Big Sur is sparsely populated. There are about 1,800 to 2,000 year-round residents, only a few hundred more residents than found there in 1900.<ref name="jensen" /> Big Sur residents include descendants of the original ranching families, artists, writers, service staff, along with homeowners. The mountainous terrain, restrictions imposed by the Big Sur Coastal Use Plan,<ref name="211cal">{{caselaw source | case=''National Advertising Co. v. County of Monterey'', 211 Cal.App.2d 375 (1962) | findlaw=http://login.findlaw.com/scripts/callaw?dest=ca/cal3d/1/875.html | justia=http://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/2d/211/375.html}}</ref> limited availability of property that can be developed, and the expense required to build on available land has kept Big Sur relatively undeveloped. According to the Big Sur Chamber of Commerce, about half the businesses derive their income from the hospitality industry, and they in turn produce about 90 percent of the local economy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/us/01sur.html|title=Fire Damage Takes a Toll on the Economy in Big Sur|last=Cathcart|first=Rebecca|date=2008-08-01|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106023915/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/01/us/01sur.html|archive-date=2018-01-06}}</ref>

=== Population data ===
The United States does not define a [[census-designated place]] called Big Sur, but it does define a [[census tract]] (115) that includes almost all of the Big Sur coast, beginning in the north at Malpaso Creek and ending south of Lucia. It does not include New Camoldi Hermitage, Gorda, and Ragged Point where a few dozen people live, and it does not include the isolated private inholdings within the Los Padres National Forest. It includes much of the interior coast as far west as the Tassajara Zen Center.

In 1977, there were 1,813 residents and 846 dwelling units.<ref>[http://www.bigsurgazette.com/issues/005_December_1978.pdf Big Sur: Love It and Leave It] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207212633/http://bigsurgazette.com/issues/005_December_1978.pdf |date=February 7, 2016 }} Big Sur Gazette December, 1978  page 10</ref> In 2018, the Census Bureau estimated there were 1,728 residents, (1,125 white, 525 Latino or Hispanic), 892 housing units, 639 households,  253 vacant or rental housing units; the median value of owner-occupied housing units was $877,100. Per capita income was $34,845; median income $63,843; mean income $81,766.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusreporter.org/profiles/14000US06053011502-census-tract-11502-monterey-ca/|title=Census profile: Census Tract 115.02, Monterey, CA|website=Census Reporter|access-date=March 17, 2022|archive-date=July 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707143723/https://censusreporter.org/profiles/14000US06053011502-census-tract-11502-monterey-ca/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|racial makeup]] of this area was 87.6% White, 1.1% African American, 1.3% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 5.5% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 9.6% of the population. In the 93920 ZCTA, the population age was widely distributed, with 20.2% under the age of 20, 4.5% from 20 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 37.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 43.2 years. The median income in 2000 for a household in 93920 ZCTA was $41,304, and the median income for a family was $65,083.<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=93920|url=https://www.census.gov/|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=December 27, 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961227012639/http://www.census.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Fire protection==

Two local volunteer fire departments provide emergency services in the region. CalFire's nearest station is located in Carmel {{convert|33|mi}} north of Big Sur Village. The United States Forest Service's Nacimiento Ranger Station is located on Nacimiento-Fergusson Road {{convert|7|mi}} from the coast highway.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gabbert |first1=Bill |title=Federal government to spend $18 million to rebuild fire station destroyed by Dolan Fire |url=https://wildfiretoday.com/2022/03/08/federal-government-to-spend-18-million-to-rebuild-fire-station-destroyed-by-dolan-fire/ |website=Wildfire Today |access-date=20 July 2023 |date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=guide/> It was destroyed by the arson-set Dolan Fire on September 8, 2020, and is to be rebuilt.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rep. Panetta Announces $12.6 Million Investment to Repair Nacimiento-Fergusson Road |url=https://panetta.house.gov/media/press-releases/rep-panetta-announces-126-million-investment-repair-nacimiento-fergusson-road |website=Congressman Jimmy Panetta |access-date=20 July 2023 |language=en |date=10 January 2022}}</ref>

During winter storms following the 2020 [[Dolan Fire]], entire sections of the Nacimiento-Fergusson Road were washed away, and it has remained closed since then. In January 2022, U.S. Representative [[Jimmy Panetta]] announced that he had obtained $126 million in Federal Highway Administration funds to repair the road and rebuild the USFS Nacimiento Ranger Station destroyed in the blaze. This includes replacing the fire station, barracks, engine garage and pumphouse, along with some site utilities, such as a water well, solar connections and access roads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Remote Calif. fire station destroyed by Dolan Fire to be rebuilt |url=https://www.firerescue1.com/legislation-funding/articles/remote-calif-fire-station-destroyed-by-dolan-fire-to-be-rebuilt-he4aar8VqrGrj9gQ/ |website=FireRescue1 |date=March 8, 2022 |access-date=21 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Due to the remoteness of the region, it may take first responders more than one hour to respond to an emergency event. Following initial response and depending on the location, the nearest hospital is up to an hour away. In critical cases, patients can be flown out by air ambulance depending on their injuries and weather conditions.<ref name=guide>{{cite web |title=Big Sur Emergencies Fire Medical Law Enforcement Crime Accident |url=http://www.bigsurvisitorguide.com/emergencies |website=Big Sur Visitor Guide |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620074002/http://www.bigsurvisitorguide.com/emergencies |url-status=live }}</ref>

The volunteer Mid Coast Fire Brigade located on Palo Colorado Road was organized in June, 1979. Residents raised $300,000 to build a firehouse.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Howe|first1=Kevin|title=Palo Colorado Canyon, California Station To Go Up|url=http://www.firehouse.com/news/10515277/palo-colorado-canyon-california-station-to-go-up|website=Firehouse.com|date=August 9, 2004 |access-date=7 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012140306/http://www.firehouse.com/news/10515277/palo-colorado-canyon-california-station-to-go-up|archive-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> Members receive training in CPR, defibrillation, rope rescue, vehicle extrication, water rescue as well as structural, vehicle and wildland firefighting skills.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mid Coast Fire Brigade {{!}} Home |url=https://www.midcoastfirebrigade.org/ |website=midcoastfire |access-date=20 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620065257/https://www.midcoastfirebrigade.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2004}}, there were about 300 households in the Palo Colorado Canyon area.

The volunteer Big Sur Fire Brigade was founded by Gary Koeppel on August 1, 1974. He persuaded Walter Trotter, a member of a pioneer Big Sur family, to become the first fire chief. Trotter was enormously well-known and influential, and he very quickly appointed a number of volunteers. The brigade provides emergency response from mile marker 58.3 north of the Little Sur River bridge on Highway 1 to the San Luis Obispo County Line. The department has two stations. Station 1 is located south of Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park at the Post Ranch. Station 2 is located near Gorda.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gary Koeppel |title=PDF Founding the Big Sur Volunteer Fire Brigade |url=https://www.bigsurcalifornia.org/pdf/2008/BSVFB%20FOUNDING.pdf |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=November 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116164027/http://www.bigsurcalifornia.org/pdf/2008/BSVFB%20FOUNDING.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Education==

Two schools are available to students in Big Sur. To the north, the Captain Cooper School serves 52 students from grades K-5 who live in the vicinity of [[Palo Colorado Canyon, California|Palo Colorado Canyon]], [[Big Sur Village, California|Big Sur Village]], [[Posts, California|Posts]], and [[Slates Hot Springs]]. The land for the school was donated in 1962 by Frances Molera. She stipulated that it be named after her pioneer grandfather, [[Juan B. R. Cooper]], who bought [[Rancho El Sur]] in 1840. The school was built by community members without assistance from the Carmel Unified School District, who assumed management of the school once it was complete.<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=Captain Cooper School |url=http://www.captaincooper.org/ |website=cooperschool.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606095642/http://www.captaincooper.org/ |archive-date=June 6, 2004}}</ref> Older students take a bus to Carmel schools.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JGmHRZ4nQCsC News Notes of California Libraries] p. 720</ref><ref name="billpost">{{cite web |title=Bill Post |url=http://www.cpoabigsur.org/Community/Big_Sur_History/Big_Sur_Historic_Articles/Bill%20Post.html |website=cpoabigsur.org |publisher=Coast Property Owners Association |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=April 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416215451/http://www.cpoabigsur.org/Community/Big_Sur_History/Big_Sur_Historic_Articles/Bill%20Post.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

To the south, the Pacific Valley School was founded by the Plaskett family in 1880. It serves 22 students in grades K–12 in the areas near  [[Plaskett, California|Plaskett]], [[Lucia, California|Lucia]], and [[Gorda, California|Gorda]].<ref name="dist">{{cite web |title=Our District |publisher=Big Sur Unified School District |url=http://www.bigsurunified.org/Our_District |access-date=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204041544/http://www.bigsurunified.org/Our_District |url-status=live }}</ref> Closed repeatedly due to low or no enrollment, it reopened in the 1950s. Pacific Valley School is one of two schools in the [[Big Sur Unified School District]]. It has a 3:1 student/teacher ratio. They engage in collaborative learning between age groups.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pacific Valley: Pacific Valley School |url=http://www.bigsurunified.org/Pacific_Valley_School |website= |access-date=12 April 2022 |date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530015714/http://www.bigsurunified.org/Pacific_Valley_School |archive-date=30 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pacific Valley School - Pacific Valley School (Big Sur) |url=https://www.bigsurunified.org/Pacific_Valley_School |website=www.bigsurunified.org |access-date=12 April 2022 |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118030329/https://www.bigsurunified.org/Pacific_Valley_School |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Government ==
At the county level, Big Sur is represented on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors by Mary Adams.<ref>{{cite web|title=Monterey County Supervisorial District 5 Map (North District 5)|url=http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/government/board-of-supervisors/district-5-dave-potter|publisher=County of Monterey|access-date=21 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627072748/http://www.co.monterey.ca.us/government/board-of-supervisors/district-5-dave-potter|archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref> In the [[California State Assembly]], Big Sur is in {{Representative|casd|17|fmt=sdistrict}}, and in {{Representative|caad|30|fmt=adistrict}}.<ref>{{cite web | url     = http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html | title     = Statewide Database | publisher     = UC Regents | access-date     = February 2, 2015 | archive-date     = February 1, 2015 | archive-url     = https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113744/http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html | url-status     = live }}</ref> In the [[United States House of Representatives]], Big Sur is in {{Representative|cacd|19|fmt=district}}.<ref>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|19}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
=== In literature ===

In 1964, [[Ballantine Books]] published ''Dark Dominion'', a science-fiction novel by [[David Duncan (writer)|David Duncan]] describing a Magellan Project to build a [[Spacecraft|spaceship]] called the Black Planet. Construction is located at Big Sur. The narrator and others take various trips around the region and the novel describes the area in some detail, including caves.

In 1962, famous [[Beat Generation|Beat]] author [[Jack Kerouac]] released the novel [[Big Sur (novel)|''Big Sur'']], which prominently features the location throughout the narrative. It became one of Kerouac's most prolific{{clarification needed|date=November 2024}} works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Sur Summary |url=https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/big-sur-kerouac/summary |access-date=May 30, 2023 |website=Shmoop |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530040502/https://www.shmoop.com/study-guides/literature/big-sur-kerouac/summary }}</ref>

In 1995, prominent environmentalist [[David Brower]] published ''Not Man Apart: Photographs of the Big Sur Coast'', featuring [[Robinson Jeffers]]' poetry and photography of the Big Sur coast. In the posthumously published 2002 book ''Stones of the Sur'', Carmel landscape photographer [[Morley Baer]] combined his classical black-and-white photographs of Big Sur with some of Jeffers's poetry.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=1244 |title=Stones of the Sur: Poetry by Robinson Jeffers, Photographs by Morley Baer {{!}} Selected and Introduced by James Karman |website=Sup.org |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8047-3942-9 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-date=February 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212005046/http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=1244 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Timberg |first1=Scott |author-link=Scott Timberg |date=6 September 2009 |title=Following Robinson Jeffers' poetic path in Big Sur |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-sep-06-tr-jeffers6-story.html |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-date=September 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916184245/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/sep/06/travel/tr-jeffers6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== In film ===
A number of well-known films are set in Big Sur, including ''[[The Sandpiper]]'' (1965), starring [[Elizabeth Taylor]], [[Richard Burton]], [[Eva Marie Saint]] and [[Charles Bronson]]. The [[1974 in film|1974]] film ''[[Zandy's Bride]]'', starring [[Gene Hackman]] and [[Liv Ullmann]], was also based in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmmonterey.org/films_z.htm|title=Movies Made in Monterey – Z|work=filmmonterey.org|access-date=2016-09-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510063957/http://www.filmmonterey.org/films_z.htm|archive-date=2016-05-10}}</ref> In 2013, Jack Kerouac's novel ''Big Sur'' was adapted into a [[Big Sur (film)|film of the same name]], starring [[Kate Bosworth]] and directed by the actress' husband, [[Michael Polish]]. {{As of|2017}}, 19 movies had been filmed in the Big Sur region, beginning with ''[[Suspicion (1941 film)|Suspicion]]'' in 1941.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://filmmonterey.org/history/films-by-location/?filter_3=big+sur&mode=any|title=Monterey Film History by Location {{!}} Films Made in Monterey|work=Monterey County Film Commission Blog|access-date=2017-11-01|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013113/http://filmmonterey.org/history/films-by-location/?filter_3=big+sur&mode=any|archive-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>

=== In music ===
"[[California Saga: California]]" and "California Saga: Big Sur"(1973), songs on [[The Beach Boys]]' album ''[[Holland (album)|Holland]]'', depicts the rugged wilderness in the area and the culture of its inhabitants.<ref name="richardandmimi">{{cite web |url=http://www.richardandmimi.com/bigsur.html |title=The Big Sur Folk Festival, 1964–1971 |first1=Douglas |last1=Cooke |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331142139/http://www.richardandmimi.com/bigsur.html |archive-date=2008-03-31 }}</ref>

"Going Back to Big Sur" was written by [[Johnny Rivers]], who sang it on his 1968 album "Realization."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Er_SKx3o5cI | title=Johnny Rivers - Going Back to Big Sur | website=[[YouTube]] | date=October 16, 2010 | access-date=January 24, 2023 | archive-date=January 24, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124035646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Er_SKx3o5cI | url-status=live }}</ref> The closing stanzas: "Guess I'll drive up Highway One / Did the ocean kiss the setting sun? / The stars dancing in the sky / Sort of puts you on a natural high
Going back to Big Sur / This time, I might just stay /I'm going back and straighten out my head /Just south of Monterey / And that girl."

The song "Big Sur Moon" from [[Buckethead|Buckethead's]] album [[Colma (album)|Colma]] is named after the area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Buckethead – Big Sur Moon |url=https://genius.com/Buckethead-big-sur-moon-lyrics |access-date=2022-04-18 |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418044516/https://genius.com/Buckethead-big-sur-moon-lyrics |url-status=live }}</ref>

The song "Bixby Canyon Bridge" from [[Death Cab for Cutie|Death Cab for Cutie's]] album ''[[Narrow Stairs]]'' explores the narrator's visit to Big Sur, waiting for an epiphany that never comes.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ben Gibbard on the Meaning of Life, 10 Years Later |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/ben-gibbard/ben-gibbard-on-the-meaning-of-life-10-years-later |access-date=2022-04-26 |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626020540/https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/ben-gibbard/ben-gibbard-on-the-meaning-of-life-10-years-later/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Jazz saxophonist [[Charles Lloyd (jazz musician)|Charles Lloyd]] has released albums entitled ''[[Notes from Big Sur]]'' (1992) and ''Big Sur Tapestry'' (1979).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-last=Larkin |editor1-first=Colin |title=Lloyd, Charles |encyclopedia=The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz |date=2004 |publisher=Virgin |location=London |isbn=978-1-85227-183-1 |page=540}}</ref>

''[[The Dharma at Big Sur]]'', by [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]], for electric violin and orchestra, was composed in 2003 for the opening of Disney Hall in Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earbox.com/dharma-at-big-sur/|title=The Dharma at Big Sur|first=John|last=Adams|website=Earbox.com|date=25 January 2015|access-date=11 June 2022|archive-date=June 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619065427/https://www.earbox.com/dharma-at-big-sur/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Alanis Morissette]] released the song ''Big Sur'' as her "ode to Big Sur with all its majesty" as exclusive bonus track on the Target edition of her 2012 [[Havoc and Bright Lights]] album.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://genius.com/Alanis-morissette-big-sur-lyrics | title=Alanis Morissette – Big Sur | access-date=May 8, 2023 | archive-date=May 8, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508134911/https://genius.com/Alanis-morissette-big-sur-lyrics | url-status=live }}</ref>  The song was released as single in 2014.

''[[Big Sur (The Thrills song)|Big Sur]]'' is the third single released by Irish band [[the Thrills]], taken from their debut album, ''[[So Much for the City]]'' (2003).

''[[Road Trippin']]'', from the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]]' 1999 album ''[[Californication (album)|Californication]]'', evokes the experience of a road trip through Big Sur.

The [[Big Sur Folk Festival]] was held annually in the region from 1964 to 1971. A documentary film of the 1969 concert was produced titled [[Celebration at Big Sur]].

=== In computing ===
[[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] desktop operating system, [[macOS Big Sur]], announced on June 22, 2020, during [[WWDC]], is named after this region.<ref name="TechCrunch">{{cite web |last1=Heater |first1=Brian |title=Apple unveils macOS 11.0 Big Sur |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/22/apple-unveils-macos-10-16-big-sur/ |website=TechCrunch |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622183548/https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/22/apple-unveils-macos-10-16-big-sur/ |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Big Sur Land Trust]]
* [[Big Sur River]]
* [[Bixby Bridge]]
* [[McWay Falls]]
* [[Monterey County]]
* [[California State Route 1|Pacific Coast Highway]]
* [[Yosemite National Park]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* ''[[Big Sur (novel)|Big Sur]]'', Jack Kerouac, Penguin Books, Reprint edition (1962, reprinted 1992), 256 pages, {{ISBN|0-14-016812-5}}
* ''Big Sur: A Battle for the Wilderness 1869 – 1981'', John Woolfenden, The Boxwood Press (1981), 143 pages, {{ISBN|0-910286-87-6}}
* ''Big Sur: Images of America'', Jeff Norman, Big Sur Historical Society, Arcadia Publishing (2004), 128 pages, {{ISBN|0-7385-2913-3}}
* ''Big Sur and the Oranges of Hieronymus Bosch'', Henry Miller, New Directions Publishing Corp (1957), 404 pages, {{ISBN|0-8112-0107-4}}
* ''Hiking & Backpacking Big Sur'', Analise Elliott, Wilderness Press (2005), 322 pages, {{ISBN|0-89997-326-4}}
* ''The Natural History of Big Sur'', Paul Henson and Donald J. Usner, University of California Press (1993), 416 pages, {{ISBN|0-520-20510-3}}
* ''A Wild Coast and Lonely: Big Sur Pioneers'', Rosalind Sharpe Wall, Wide World Publishing, (1989, reprinted April 1992), 264 pages, {{ISBN|0-933174-83-7}}
* ''Big Sur: The Making of a Prized California landscape'', Shelley Alden Brooks, University of California Press (1979), 280 pages, {{ISBN|978-0520294417}}
* [https://www.rcdmonterey.org/images/docs/publications/big-sur-watershed-management-plan.pdf Big Sur River Watershed Management Plan] (2014) Resource Conservation District of Monterey County
* "[http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist05/projects/bigsur/pdfs/chmp_hist.pdf Historical Overview of the Carmel to San Simeon Highway]" Caltrans (November 1996) Excerpted from ''Historic Resource Evaluation Report on the Rock Retaining Walls, Parapets, Culvert Headwalls and Drinking Fountains along with the Carmel to San Simeon Highway.'' Robert C. Pavlik
* ''[https://archive.org/details/guidetogeologyof11oake Guide to the Geology of Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park]''   Gordon B Oakeshott. (1951) State of Calif., Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Mines

== External links ==
{{commons category|Big Sur}}
{{Wikivoyage|Big Sur}}
* [http://jrabold.net/bigsur/ A Guide to California's Big Sur]: A comprehensive visitor's guide to the Big Sur region
* [http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=23082 "The Big Sur cabin"]: Dating the earliest cabin in Big Sur, 1861
* "[http://www.hikinginbigsur.com/ Hiking In Big Sur]" – Hiking at Big Sur
* {{YouTube|id=xyNUeVkzKYU|title=Big Sur – Alanis Morissette}}
* [https://vimeo.com/285597026 (not) Big (enough) Sur] Video documenting overuse by visitors

{{Monterey County tourist attractions|state=collapsed}}
{{Monterey County, California}}
{{Big Sur|state=collapsed}}
{{California Central Coast}}
{{California}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Big Sur| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Monterey County, California]]
[[Category:Geography of San Luis Obispo County, California]]
[[Category:Santa Lucia Range]]
[[Category:Monterey Ranger District, Los Padres National Forest]]
[[Category:California State Route 1]]
[[Category:Cliffs of California]]
[[Category:Northern California]]
[[Category:Regions of California]]
[[Category:Regions of the West Coast of the United States]]