View source for Bignoniaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Distinguish|Begoniaceae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Amphitecna macrophylla5.jpg
|image_caption = Bigleaf black calabash (''[[Amphitecna macrophylla]]'')
|fossil_range = {{fossil range|53.5|Recent|[[Ypresian]]-[[Holocene|Recent]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wilf |first1=Peter |title=Late Paleocene-early Eocene climate changes in southwestern Wyoming: Paleobotanical analysis |journal=Geological Society of America Bulletin |date=February 2000 |volume=112 |issue=2 |pages=292–307 |doi=10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<0292:LPEECC>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode=2000GSAB..112..292W |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249526906 |access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref>}}
|taxon = Bignoniaceae
|authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name="apgiii">{{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|type_genus = ''[[Bignonia]]''
|type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Monophyletic groups
|subdivision =
{{unbulleted list
|[[Jacarandeae]]
|[[Tourrettieae]]
|[[Tecomeae]]
|[[Delostoma]]
|[[Bignonieae]]
|[[Oroxyleae]]
|[[Crescentiina]] (''Tabebuia'' alliance, [[Paleotropical clade]])
|[[incertae sedis]]: ''[[Astianthus]]''
}}
|synonyms = {{center|Crescentiaceae <small>[[Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier|Dumortier]]</small>}}
}}

'''Bignoniaceae''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɪ|ɡ|ˌ|n|oʊ|n|i|ˈ|eɪ|s|i|iː}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Bignoniaceae|access-date=2023-06-11}}</ref> is a [[Family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Lamiales]] commonly known as the '''bignonias''' or '''trumpet vines'''.<ref name="fpfw2007">Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). {{ISBN|978-1-55407-206-4}}.</ref> It is not known to which of the other families in the order it is most closely related.<ref name="apweb">Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Bignoniaceae" At: [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]. At: Botanical Databases At: [[Missouri Botanical Garden]] Website. (see ''External links'' below)</ref>

Nearly all of the Bignoniaceae are [[woody plant]]s, but a few are subwoody, either as [[vine]]s or [[subshrub]]s. A few more are [[herbaceous plant]]s of high-[[elevation]] [[Montane ecology|montane]] [[habitat]]s, in three exclusively herbaceous [[genera]]: ''[[Tourrettia]]'', ''[[Argylia]]'', and ''[[Incarvillea]]''.<ref name="olmstead2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Olmstead | first1 = Richard G. | last2 = Zjhra | first2 = Michelle L. | last3 = Lohmann | first3 = Lúcia G. | last4 = Grose | first4 = Susan O. | last5 = Eckert | first5 = Andrew J. | year = 2009 | title = A molecular phylogeny and classification of Bignoniaceae | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 96 | issue = 9| pages = 1731–1743 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0900004 | pmid = 21622359 | doi-access =  }}</ref> The family includes many [[liana]]s, climbing by [[tendril]]s, by twining, or rarely, by [[aerial root]]s. The largest [[Tribe (biology)|tribe]] in the family, called Bignonieae, consists mostly of lianas and is noted for its unique [[Plant anatomy|wood anatomy]].<ref name="fischer2004">Eberhard Fischer, Inge Theisen, and Lúcia G. Lohmann. 2004. "Bignoniaceae". pages 9-38. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-540-40593-1}}</ref>

The family has a nearly [[cosmopolitan distribution]], but is mostly [[tropical]], with a few [[species]] [[Indigenous (ecology)|native]] to the [[Temperateness|temperate zones]]. Its greatest [[Biodiversity|diversity]] is in northern South America.<ref name="fischer2004"/> The family has been covered in some major [[Floristics|floristic]] projects, such as [[Flora of China (series)|Flora of China]], [[Flora Malesiana]], and [[Flora Neotropica]]. It has not yet been covered in some others, such as [[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]], and [[Flora of North America]].

Bignoniaceae are most noted for [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]], such as ''[[Jacaranda]]'', ''[[Tabebuia]]'' and ''[[Spathodea]]'', grown for their conspicuous, tubular flowers.<ref name="staples2005">George W. Staples and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. "A Tropical Garden Flora" Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu, HI, USA. {{ISBN|978-1-58178-039-0}}</ref> A great many species are known in [[Gardening|cultivation]].<ref name="rhs">[[Anthony Huxley]], Mark Griffiths, and Margot Levy (1992). ''The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening''. The Macmillan Press, Limited: London. The Stockton Press: New York. {{ISBN|978-0-333-47494-5}} (set).</ref> Various other uses have been made of members of this family.<ref name="gentry1980">{{cite journal | last1 = Gentry | first1 = Alwyn H. | year = 1980 | title = "''Bignoniaceae: Part I (Crescentieae and Tourrettieae)". ''Flora Neotropica | journal = Monograph | volume = 25 | issue = 1| pages = 1–130 | jstor = 4393736 }}</ref> Several species were of great importance to the [[indigenous peoples]] of the [[Neotropical realm|American tropics]].<ref name="gentry1992ambg">{{cite journal | last1 = Gentry | first1 = Alwyn H. | year = 1992 | title = A Synopsis of Bignoniaceae Ethnobotany and Economic Botany | doi = 10.2307/2399809 | journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 79 | issue = 1| pages = 53–64 | jstor = 2399809 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/26740 }}</ref> ''[[Fridericia elegans]]'', ''[[Tanaecium bilabiata]]'', and ''[[Tanaecium excitosum]]'' are [[poisonous]] to [[livestock]] and have caused severe [[Pure economic loss|losses]].<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/>

According to different accounts, the number of species in the family is about 810<ref name="mabberley2008">David J. Mabberley. 2008. ''Mabberley's Plant-Book'' third edition (2008). Cambridge University Press: UK. {{ISBN|978-0-521-82071-4}}</ref> or about 860.<ref name="fischer2004"/> The last [[monograph]] of the entire family was published in 2004.<ref name="fischer2004"/> In that [[Treatise|work]], 104 genera were recognized. Since that time, [[molecular phylogenetic]] [[Research|studies]] have greatly clarified relationships within the family, and the number of accepted genera is now between 80 and 85.<ref name="iplants">Lúcia G. Lohmann and Carmen U. Ulloa. 2007 onward. Bignoniaceae in iPlants prototype Checklist. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>

[[File:Bignoniaceae Bagh-e-Jinnah.jpg|thumb|Bignoniaceae in [[Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore]]]]

== Description ==
[[File:Tecomaria capensis W IMG 1601.jpg|thumb|190px|left|''[[Tecomaria capensis]]'']]

Members of this family are mostly [[tree]]s or [[liana]]s, sometimes [[shrub]]s, and rarely [[subshrub]]s or [[Herbaceous plant|herbs]].

Lianas of the tribe Bignonieae have a unique [[Vascular tissue|vascular]] [[Morphology (biology)|structure]], in which [[phloem]] arms extend downward into the [[xylem]] because certain segments of the [[Cambium (botany)|cambium]] cease the production of xylem at an early stage of [[Evolutionary developmental biology|development]]. The number of these arms is four or a multiple thereof, up to 32.<ref name="lohmann2006"/> When four, the phloem arms appear as a cross, hence, the [[common name]] "cross vine". The phloem in the arms has wider [[Sieve tube element|sieve tubes]] and less [[parenchyma]] than the ordinary phloem.<ref name="pace2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Pace | first1 = Marcelo R. | last2 = Lohmann | first2 = Lúcia G. | last3 = Angyalossy | first3 = Veronica | year = 2011 | title = Evolution of disparity between the regular and variant phloem in Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 98 | issue = 4| pages = 602–618 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.1000269 | pmid = 21613161 }}</ref>

The [[Leaf|leaves]] are [[Petiole (botany)|petiolate]]. Leaf arrangement usually is [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|opposite]], or rarely [[Phyllotaxis|alternate]] or [[Glossary of botanical terms#verticillate|verticillate]] (in [[Whorl (botany)|whorls]]). Leaves are usually [[compound leaf|compound]], [[Glossary of botanical terms#bifoliate|bifoliate]], [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|trifoliate]], [[pinnate]], or [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|palmate]], or rarely [[Leaf#Divisions of the blade|simple]]. [[Stipule]]s are absent, but persistent; enlarged [[axil]]lary [[bud]] [[Trichome|scales]] ([[Glossary of botanical terms#pseudostipule|pseudostipules]]) are often present. [[Domatia]] occur in some genera.

[[File:Dolichandrone falcata W2 IMG 9458.jpg|thumb|left|190px|''[[Dolichandrone falcata]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]]]]

[[Flower]]s are solitary or in [[inflorescence]]s in a [[raceme]] or a [[Inflorescence#Determinate or Cymose|helicoid]] or [[Inflorescence#Determinate or Cymose|dichasial]] [[Cyme (botany)|cyme]]. Inflorescences bear persistent or [[deciduous]] [[bract]]s or bractlets.
The flowers are [[Ovary (plants)|hypogynous]], [[Floral symmetry|zygomorphic]], [[Plant sexuality|bisexual]], and usually conspicuous. The [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]] and [[Corolla (flower)|corolla]] are distinct. The calyx is [[synsepalous]], with five [[sepal]]s. The corolla is [[sympetalous]], with five [[petal]]s, often [[Glossary of botanical terms#bilabiate|bilabiate]]. Corolla lobes are [[Aestivation (botany)|imbricate]] in bud, or rarely [[Aestivation (botany)|valvate]], and usually much shorter than the corolla tube. [[Stamen]]s are inserted on the corolla tube, alternating with corolla lobes. The four stamens are [[Stamen#Descriptive terms|didynamous]], members of each pair often [[Connation|connivent]], the [[Glossary of plant morphology#General plant terms|adaxial]] stamen is usually [[staminode|staminodial]] or absent; rarely with five fertile stamens or with two fertile and three staminodial stamens. The [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] is bilobed, and usually [[Glossary of botanical terms#sensitive|sensitive]]; a [[Style (botany)|style]] is present. The [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] is [[superior ovary|superior]], usually surrounded by a [[nectary]] disk, composed of two [[carpel]]s, [[Locule|bilocular]] and with a septum, except unilocular in ''Tourrettia'' and quadrilocular in ''Eccremocarpus''. [[Placentation#Placentation in plants|Placentation]] is axile, except parietal in ''Tourrettia''. [[Ovule]]s are numerous.

[[File:Bignoniáceas en Trenque Lauquen - planta 01 foto 01.JPG|thumb|right|Bignoniaceae flower, upper lip removed. Notice the [[Stamen#Descriptive terms|didynamous]] 4 stamens and the style-stigma, all in dorsal position.]]

The [[fruit]] is usually a [[Glossary of botanical terms#valve|bivalved]] [[Capsule (fruit)|capsule]], often with a [[replum]]. [[Dehiscence (botany)|Dehiscence]] is [[Dehiscence (botany)#Septicidal and loculicidal dehiscence|septicidal]] or loculicidal. The three exceptions are the genera ''[[Kigelia]]'', ''[[Crescentia]]'' and their close relatives, and ''[[Colea]]'' and its close relatives. In these, the fruit is indehiscent, not a capsule, and the seeds are not [[Glossary of botanical terms#W|winged]]. The fruit is a [[berry (botany)|berry]] in these genera. [[Seed]]s are usually flat and winged. [[Aril]] is absent. [[Endosperm]] usually absent, and sometimes sparse.<ref name="fischer2004"/>

[[Lapachol]], a yellow, skin-irritating naphthoquinone, is often found in the [[wood]]. Other naphthoquinones, as well as [[natural anthraquinone|anthraquinone]]s, are also present in various parts of the plant. [[Jacaranone]] is a [[Quinonoid zwitterion|quinonoid]] from ''Jacaranda''. True [[tannin]]s are not present. [[Pigment]]s are mostly [[flavones]], [[anthocyanin]]s, and [[carotenoid]]s.<ref name="hegnauer1989">Robert Hegnauer. 1989. ''Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen'' 8:128–138. Birkhäuser Verlag: Basel, Switzerland; Boston MA, USA; Berlin, Germany. {{ISBN|978-3-7643-1895-6}}</ref> [[Iridoids]] are usually present.<ref name="vonposer2000">{{cite journal | last1 = von Poser | first1 = Gilsane Lino | last2 = Schripsema | first2 = Jan | last3 = Henriques | first3 = Amélia T. | last4 = Rosendal Jensen | first4 = Soren | year = 2000 | title = The distribution of iridoids in Bignoniaceae | doi = 10.1016/s0305-1978(99)00076-9 | pmid = 10725592 | journal = Biochemical Systematics and Ecology | volume = 28 | issue = 4| pages = 351–366 | bibcode = 2000BioSE..28..351L }}</ref> Other [[chemical compound|compounds]] detected in Bignoniaceae include [[verbascoside]]s, [[cornoside]], [[quercetin]], [[ursolic acid]], [[saponin]]s, and [[catalpic acid]].

The [[chromosome number]] does not vary much in Bignoniaceae. The [[haploid]] ([[base chromosome number]]) is 20 for nearly every species sampled, but some species have very small [[chromosome]]s, making an accurate count difficult.<ref name="goldblatt1979">{{cite journal | last1 = Goldblatt | first1 = Peter | last2 = Gentry | first2 = Alwyn H. | year = 1979 | title = Cytology of Bignoniaceae | journal = Botaniska Notiser | volume = 132 | issue = 4| pages = 475–482 }}</ref> [[B chromosome]]s are common in Bignoniaceae.

[[Pollination]] is either [[Entomophily|entomophilous]] (via [[insect]]s), [[List of plant morphology terms#Ornithophilous|ornithophilous]] (via [[bird]]s), or [[Pollination syndrome#Bat pollination (chiropterophily)|chiropterophilous]] (via [[bat]]s).

== Taxonomy ==
The family Bignoniaceae was first [[valid publication|validly published]] in the botanical literature (as Bignonieae) by [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]] in 1789 in his [[classic]] work, [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu#Work|''Genera Plantarum'']].<ref name="reveal">James L. Reveal. 2008on. "Bignoniaceae" In: A checklist of suprageneric names for extant vascular plants At: Home page of James L. Reveal & C. Rose Broome. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> The [[Type (biology)|type]] genus for this family is ''Bignonia'', which was validated by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.<ref name="ipnibignonia">''Bignonia'' In: International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below).</ref> The name originated with [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]], who named it for his benefactor, [[Jean-Paul Bignon]], in 1694, in his influential ''Eléments de botanique ou méthode pour connaître les plantes''.<ref name="quattrocchiI">Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names'' volume I. CRC Press: Boca Raton; New York; Washington, DC;, USA. London, UK. {{ISBN|978-0-8493-2675-2}} (vol. I).</ref>

Important groundwork for future study of the family was laid down from 1789 to 1837, mostly by Jussieu, [[Karl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]], [[Wenceslas Bojer|Bojer]] and G.Don ([[George Don]] (1798–1856) not [[George Don the elder]] (1764–1814).<ref name="gentry1980"/> [[George Bentham|Bentham]] and [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hooker]] surveyed the family in their ''Genera Plantarum'' in 1876.<ref name="b&h1876">George Bentham and Joseph D. Hooker. 1876. ''Genera plantarum :ad exemplaria imprimis in Herberiis Kewensibus servata definita'' vol. 2 part 2:1026-1053. Reeve & Co. London, England. (See ''External links'' below).</ref> [[Karl Moritz Schumann]] wrote a [[monograph]] on Bignoniaceae in 1894 for [[Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler|Engler]] and [[Karl Anton Eugen Prantl|Prantl]]'s ''[[Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien]]''. After Schumann's monograph, no taxonomic treatment of the entire family was published until 2004.<ref name="fischer2004"/>

As the number of known species gradually increased, a great deal of confusion developed over the delimitation of genera. New genera were frequently erected for species that did not clearly belong to any of the previously described genera. This resulted in a proliferation of monotypic genera. [[Alwyn Howard Gentry|Gentry]] reduced the number of genera in 1973, 1976, and 1979.<ref name="lohmann2006"/> Nevertheless, the revision of 2004 described 104 genera, 38 of them monotypic.<ref name="fischer2004"/>

This problem was especially acute in the tribe Bignonieae. In that tribe, many species of uncertain affinity were assigned to a vaguely defined ''Arrabidaea'', turning that genus into a [[Wastebasket taxon|"wastebasket"]] of about 100 species.<ref name="lohmann2006"/>

Since 2004, molecular phylogenetic studies have shown a substantial revision of the genera is necessary. Much work toward this goal can be viewed online,<ref name="iplants"/> but little of it has yet been published in scientific papers.

A detailed [[History of plant systematics|taxonomic history]] of Bignoniaceae was published in 1980.<ref name="gentry1980"/> A summary of this history was published in 1999.<ref name="spangler1999">Russell E. Spangler and Richard G. Olmstead. 1999. "Phylogenetic Analysis of Bignoniaceae Based on the cpDNA Gene Sequences of rbcL and ndhF". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' '''86'''(1):33-46. (See ''External links'' below).</ref>

=== Classification ===
In the [[APG IV system]] of [[Biological classification|classification]] for flowering plants, Bignoniaceae is one of the 24 families in the order Lamiales. (Lamiales has 25 families if Rehmanniaceae are accepted). Within the order, Bignoniaceae is in a [[Clade|group]] of eight families consisting of [[Thomandersiaceae]], [[Pedaliaceae]], [[Martyniaceae]], [[Schlegeliaceae]], Bignoniaceae, [[Verbenaceae]], [[Acanthaceae]], and [[Lentibulariaceae]].<ref name="schaferhoff2010">{{cite journal | last1 = Schäferhoff | first1 = Bastian | last2 = Fleischmann | first2 = Andreas | last3 = Fischer | first3 = Eberhard | last4 = Albach | first4 = Dirk C. | last5 = Borsch | first5 = Thomas | last6 = Heubl | first6 = Günther | last7 = Müller | first7 = Kai F. | year = 2010 | title = Towards resolving Lamiales relationships: insights from rapidly evolving chloroplast sequences | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | page = 352 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-10-352 | pmid = 21073690 | pmc = 2992528 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2010BMCEE..10..352S }}</ref> This group is described as a [[polytomy]], meaning no two of its members are known to be more closely related to each other than to any of the others.<ref name="apweb"/> [[Resampling (statistics)|Statistical support]] for this group remains weak, indicating insufficient [[data]] have been applied, or the group is an artifact of some [[Mathematical optimization|phylogenetic method]].

The [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|composition]] of Bignoniaceae has been relatively stable and has not varied at all in the 21st century.<ref name="reveal2011">{{cite journal | last1 = Reveal | first1 = James L. | year = 2011 | title = Summary of recent systems of angiosperm classification | journal = Kew Bulletin | volume = 66 | issue = 1| pages = 5–48 | doi=10.1007/s12225-011-9259-y| bibcode = 2011KewBu..66....5R | s2cid = 44982192 }}</ref> In the 20th century, the only issues of circumscription were whether [[Paulowniaceae]] and [[Schlegeliaceae]] should be merged into Bignoniaceae, or accepted as separate families.<ref name="olmstead2009"/> The Paulowniaceae consist of one to four genera: ''[[Paulownia]]'', ''Shiuyinghua'', ''[[Wightia (plant)|Wightia]]'', and ''[[Brandisia]]''.<ref name="mabberley2008"/> Whatever their circumscription, Paulowniaceae are now known to be close to [[Phrymaceae]] and [[Orobanchaceae]], rather than to Bignoniaceae. The family Schlegeliaceae has been included in Bignoniaceae, as tribe Schlegelieae, as recently as 1980.<ref name="gentry1980"/> It is now accepted as a distinct family, but its relationships with several other families remain unresolved.<ref name="fpfw2007"/>

In molecular phylogenetic analyses, Bignoniaceae has surprisingly weak bootstrap support, given its morphological coherence. The tribe Jacarandeae (''Digomphia'' and ''Jacaranda'') is [[Sister group|sister]] to the rest of the family, which is known as the Core Bignoniaceae. The Core Bignoniaceae is strongly supported in all molecular phylogenetic analyses, but has no known morphological [[synapomorphy]].<ref name="olmstead2009"/>

No subfamilies have been proposed for Bignoniaceae in recent [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]], but in 2004, Fischer ''et al.'' divided the family into seven tribes: Tourrettieae, Eccremocarpeae, Tecomeae (''sensu lato''), Bignonieae, Oroxyleae, Crescentieae, and Coleeae.<ref name="fischer2004"/> Since that time, Tourrettieae and Eccremocarpeae have been merged under the name Tourrettieae.<ref name="olmstead2009"/> Tecomeae'' sensu lato'' has been shown to be [[polyphyletic]], consisting of the following groups: ''Astianthus'', Jacarandeae, ''Argylia'', ''Delostoma'', ''Perianthomega'', Catalpeae, Tecomeae ''sensu stricto'', and all of Crescentiina except those genera placed in Crescentieae or Coleeae. All of these groups are monophyletic except Crescentiina ''pro parte''. The whole Crescentiina is monophyletic. Crescentiina is one of a type of name with no definite [[taxonomic rank]].<ref name="kron1997">{{cite journal | last1 = Kron | first1 = Kathleen A. | year = 1997 | title = Exploring alternative systems of classification | journal = Aliso | volume = 15 | issue = 2| pages = 105–112 | doi = 10.5642/aliso.19961502.05 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Crescentiina is composed of two strongly supported clades, [[Common name|informally named]] the ''Tabebuia'' alliance and the Paleotropical clade. The tribe Crescentieae is [[Paraphyly|embedded]] in the ''Tabebuia'' alliance and might be expanded to include ''Spirotecoma''.<ref name="grose2007phylogeny"/> Coleeae ''[[sensu]]'' Fischer ''et al.'' (2004) is polyphyletic because of the inclusion of ''Kigelia'', and it is nested within the Paleotropical clade.<ref name="zjhra2004">{{cite journal | last1 = Zjhra | first1 = Michelle L. | last2 = Sytsma | first2 = Kenneth J. | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = Richard G. | year = 2004 | title = Delimitation of Malagasy tribe Coleeae and implications for fruit evolution in Bignoniaceae inferred from a chloroplast DNA phylogeny | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 245 | issue = 1–2| pages = 55–67 | doi = 10.1007/s00606-003-0025-y | s2cid = 13203053 }}</ref> ''Perianthomega'' has been transferred from Tecomeae ''sensu stricto'' to Bignonieae, where it is sister to the remainder of the tribe.<ref name="lohmann2006"/> Thus, Bignoniaceae can be [[Bignoniaceae#Genera|divided into 10 monophyletic groups]].

=== Phylogeny ===
The [[phylogenetic tree]] shown below is based on the results of four phylogenetic studies.<ref name="olmstead2009"/><ref name="lohmann2006"/><ref name="grose2007phylogeny"/><ref name="zjhra2004"/> For all clades, [[posterior probability]] is at least 0.95 and bootstrap support is at least 70%, except where indicated otherwise.

{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:120%
|label1='''Bignoniaceae'''
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Jacarandeae]]
   |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Jacaranda]]''
      }}
   |label2=Core Bignoniaceae
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Tourrettieae]]
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Tourrettia]]''
         |2=''[[Eccremocarpus]]''
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Argylia]]''
         |label2=[[Tecomeae]]
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Campsis]]''
            |2=''[[Tecoma]]''
            |3={{clade
               |1=''[[Incarvillea]]''
               |2=''[[Podranea]]''
               |3={{clade
                  |1=''[[Lamiodendron]]''
                  |2=''[[Deplanchea]]''
                  }}
               |4={{clade
                  |1=''[[Campsidium]]''
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Tecomanthe]]''
                     |2=''[[Pandorea]]''
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         |label3=63
         |3={{clade
            |1=''[[Delostoma]]''
            |label2=[[Bignonieae]]
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Perianthomega]]''
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=''[[Neojobertia]]''
                     |2=''[[Adenocalymma]]''
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Stizophyllum]]''
                     |2=''[[Manaosella]]''
                     |3=''[[Pachyptera]]''
                     |4=''[[Callichlamys (plant)|Callichlamys]]''
                     |5={{clade
                        |1=''[[Tanaecium]]''
                        |2=''[[Lundia (plant)|Lundia]]''
                        |3={{clade
                           |1={{clade
                              |1=''[[Xylophragma]]''
                              |2=''[[Fridericia (plant)|Fridericia]]''
                              }}
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=''[[Tynanthus]]''
                              |2=''[[Cuspidaria (plant)|Cuspidaria]]''
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     |6=''[[Dolichandra]]''
                     |7={{clade
                        |1=''[[Martinella (plant)|Martinella]]''
                        |2=''[[Pleonotoma]]''
                        }}
                     |8={{clade
                        |1=''[[Bignonia]]''
                        |2={{clade
                           |1={{clade
                              |1=''[[Amphilophium]]'' (syn. ''Distictella'')
                              }}
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=''[[Mansoa (plant)|Mansoa]]''
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=''[[Pyrostegia]]''
                                 |2=''[[Anemopaegma]]''
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            |label3=[[Oroxyleae]]
            |3={{clade
               |1=''[[Oroxylum]]''
               |2=''[[Hieris]]''
               |3=''[[Millingtonia]]''
               |4=''[[Nyctocalos]]''
               }}
            |label4=[[Catalpeae]]
            |4={{clade
               |1=''[[Chilopsis]]''
               |2=''[[Catalpa]]''
               }}
            |label5=Crescentiina
            |5={{clade
               |label1=''Tabebuia'' alliance
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Sparattosperma]]''
                  |2={{clade
                     |1={{clade
                        |1=''[[Ekmanianthe]]''
                        |2=''[[Tabebuia]]''
                        }}
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Cybistax]]''
                        |2=''[[Godmania]]''
                        |3=''[[Zeyheria]]''
                        }}
                     |3=''[[Roseodendron]]''
                     |4={{clade
                        |1=''[[Handroanthus]]''
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=''[[Spirotecoma]]''
                           |2=''[[Parmentiera]]''
                           |3={{clade
                              |1=''[[Crescentia]]''
                              |2=''[[Amphitecna]]''
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               |label2=Paleotropical clade
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=''[[Rhigozum]]''
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Catophractes]]''
                        |2=''[[Spathodea]]''
                        }}
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Tecomella]]''
                     |2=''[[Radermachera]]''
                     }}
                  |3={{clade
                     |1={{clade
                        |1=''[[Kigelia]]''
                        |2=''[[Stereospermum]]''
                        }}
                     |2={{clade
                        |1=''[[Newbouldia]]''
                        |2=''[[Heterophragma]]''
                        |3=''[[Fernandoa]]''
                        }}
                     |3={{clade
                        |1=''[[Dolichandrone]]''
                        |2=''[[Markhamia]]''
                        }}
                     |4={{clade
                        |1=''[[Rhodocolea]]''
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=''[[Phylloctenium]]''
                           |2=''[[Phyllarthron]]''
                           }}
                        |3={{clade
                           |1=''[[Colea]]''
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

=== Genera ===
[[File:Tab 5 Vol 1 Annales Musei Botanici Lugduno-Batavi.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a species in the genera ''[[Pandorea]]''.]]
In the last [[Plant taxonomy|taxonomic]] revision of Bignoniaceae, 104 genera were described in [[Kubitzki system|''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'']]. Twenty-five of these genera, all in the tribe Bignonieae, were later [[Synonym (biology)|synonymized]] under other genera, based on a [[cladistic]] analysis of [[DNA sequence]]s, published in 2006.<ref name="lohmann2006">{{cite journal | last1 = Lohmann | first1 = Lúcia G. | year = 2006 | title = Untangling the phylogeny of neotropical lianas (Bignonieae, Bignoniaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 93 | issue = 2| pages = 304–318 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.93.2.304 | pmid=21646191}}</ref> ''Roseodendron'' and ''Handroanthus'' were [[Resurrection (taxonomy)|resurrected]] from ''Tabebuia'' in 2007.<ref name="grose2007phylogeny">{{citation |author1=Susan O. Grose |author2=Richard G. Olmstead |year=2007 |title=Evolution of a Charismatic Neotropical Clade: Molecular Phylogeny of ''Tabebuia s.l.'', Crescentieae, and Allied Genera (Bignoniaceae) |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=650–659 |jstor=25064274 |doi=10.1600/036364407782250553|s2cid=8824926 }}</ref><ref name="grose2007revisions">{{citation |author1=Susan O. Grose |author2=Richard G. Olmstead |year=2007 |title=Taxonomic Revisions in the Polyphyletic Genus ''Tabebuia s.l.'' (Bignoniaceae) |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=660–670 |doi=10.1600/036364407782250652|s2cid=86256518 }}</ref> ''Mayodendron'' and ''Pachyptera'' have been resurrected.<ref name="iplants"/>

In 2009, {{citation needed span|a [[phylogenetic]] study divided Bignoniaceae into 10 [[monophyletic]] [[Taxon|groups]], as shown in the genus list below.|date=December 2021}} Six of these groups have been recognized as tribes at one time or another, and are represented by their tribal names. Two of the groups are [[Monotypic taxon|monogeneric]] and are designated by their constituent genera, ''Argylia'' and ''Delostoma''. The other two groups are given informal names, pending a formal revision of the infrafamilial [[Biological classification|classification]].

''Astianthus'' has never been [[Sample (material)|sampled]] for [[DNA]] and its [[Plant systematics|systematic position]] within the family remains obscure. Likewise, the placement of ''Romeroa'' in the ''Tabebuia'' alliance and the placement of ''Sphingiphila'' in Bignonieae are in doubt.

''Tecomaria'' is not included in the list below, and its recognition is controversial. It is [[monotypic taxon|monotypic]] (''Tecomaria capensis''), and had been long accepted, but was returned to ''Tecoma'' in 1980.<ref name="gentry1980"/> A molecular phylogenetic study resolved it as [[sister taxon|sister]] to another [[South Africa]]n genus, ''Podranea'', but with only weak [[Bootstrapping (statistics)|bootstrap]] support.<ref name="olmstead2009"/> ''Tecomaria'' has not yet been resurrected or transferred to another genus.<ref name="iplants"/>

The tribe Bignonieae has been the subject of considerable revision since 2006. Fischer ''et al.'' placed 46 genera in this tribe.<ref name="fischer2004"/> Afterward, ''Perianthomega'' was transferred to it from Tecomeae ''[[sensu lato]]''<ref name="lohmann2006"/> and ''Pachyptera'' was resurrected from ''Mansoa''. Twenty-five of the genera of Fischer have been subsumed into other genera as follows: ''Gardnerodoxa'' into ''Neojobertia''; ''Memora'' into ''Adenocalymma''; ''Leucocalantha'' into ''Pachyptera''; ''Pseudocatalpa, Paragonia, Periarrabidaea, Spathicalyx,'' and ''Ceratophytum'' into ''Tanaecium''; ''Arrabidaea'' and ''Piriadacus'' into ''Fridericia''; ''Clytostoma, Cydista, Macranthisiphon, Mussatia, Phryganocydia, Potamoganos, Roentgenia'' and ''Saritaea'' into ''Bignonia''; also ''Distictis, Glaziovia, Haplolophium,'' and ''Pithecoctenium'' into ''Amphilophium''. Thus, 23 genera are now recognized in Bignonieae.<ref name="iplants"/>

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
;[[Incertae sedis]]
* ''[[Astianthus]]''
;Tribe [[Jacarandeae]]
* ''[[Jacaranda]]'' (synonym ''Digomphia'')
;Tribe [[Tourrettieae]]
* ''[[Eccremocarpus]]''
* ''[[Tourrettia]]''
;Genus ''[[Argylia]]''
;Tribe [[Tecomeae]]
* ''[[Campsidium]]''
* ''[[Campsis]]''
* ''[[Deplanchea]]''
* ''[[Dinklageodoxa]]''
* ''[[Incarvillea]]''
* ''[[Lamiodendron]]''
* ''[[Neosepicaea]]''
* ''[[Pandorea]]''
* ''[[Podranea]]''
* ''[[Tecoma]]''
* ''[[Tecomanthe]]''
;Genus ''[[Delostoma]]''
{{div col end}}

===Tribe [[Bignonieae]]===
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* ''[[Adenocalymma]]''
* ''[[Amphilophium]]'' (synonym  ''Distictella'')
* ''[[Anemopaegma]]''
* ''[[Bignonia]]''
* ''[[Callichlamys (plant)|Callichlamys]]''
* ''[[Cuspidaria (plant)|Cuspidaria]]''
* ''[[Dolichandra]]''
* ''[[Fridericia (plant)|Fridericia]]''
* ''[[Lundia (plant)|Lundia]]''
* ''[[Manaosella]]''
* ''[[Mansoa (plant)|Mansoa]]''
* ''[[Martinella (plant)|Martinella]]''
* ''[[Neojobertia]]''
* ''[[Pachyptera]]''
* ''[[Perianthomega]]''
* ''[[Pleonotoma]]''
* ''[[Pyrostegia]]''
* ''[[Stizophyllum]]''
* ''[[Tanaecium]]'' (synonym ''Sphingiphila'')
* ''[[Tynanthus]]''
* ''[[Xylophragma]]''
{{div col end}}
;Tribe [[Oroxyleae]]
* ''[[Hieris]]''
* ''[[Millingtonia]]''
* ''[[Nyctocalos]]''
* ''[[Oroxylum]]''
;Tribe [[Catalpeae]]
* ''[[Chilopsis]]''
* ''[[Catalpa]]''

===[[Crescentiina]] group===
====[[Tabebuia alliance|''Tabebuia'' alliance]]====
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* ''[[Amphitecna]]''
* ''[[Crescentia]]''
* ''[[Cybistax]]''
* ''[[Ekmanianthe]]''
* ''[[Godmania]]''
* ''[[Handroanthus]]''
* ''[[Paratecoma]]''
* ''[[Parmentiera]]''
* ''[[Romeroa]]''
* ''[[Roseodendron]]''
* ''[[Sparattosperma]]''
* ''[[Spirotecoma]]''
* ''[[Tabebuia]]''
* ''[[Zeyheria]]''
{{div col end}}

====Paleotropical clade====
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* ''[[Catophractes]]''
* ''[[Colea]]'' (synonym ''Ophiocolea'')
* ''[[Dolichandrone]]''
* ''[[Fernandoa]]'' (synonym ''Haplophragma'')
* ''[[Heterophragma]]''
* ''[[Kigelia]]''
* ''[[Markhamia]]''
* ''[[Mayodendron]]''
* ''[[Newbouldia]]''
* ''[[Pajanelia]]''
* ''[[Pauldopia]]''
* ''[[Perichlaena]]''
* ''[[Phyllarthron]]''
* ''[[Phylloctenium]]''
* ''[[Radermachera]]''
* ''[[Rhigozum]]''
* ''[[Rhodocolea]]''
* ''[[Tecomella]]''
* ''[[Santisukia]]''
* ''[[Spathodea]]''
* ''[[Stereospermum]]''
{{div col end}}

===Obsolete genera===
{{div col|colwidth=16em}}
* ''Arrabidaea''
* ''Ceratophytum''
* ''Clytostoma''
* ''Cydista''
* ''Distictis''
* ''Gardnerodoxa''
* ''Glaziovia''
* ''Haplolophium''
* ''Leucocalantha''
* ''Macfadyena''
* ''Macranthisiphon''
* ''Melloa''
* ''Memora''
* ''Mussatia''
* ''Parabignonia''
* ''Paragonia''
* ''Periarrabidaea''
* ''Phryganocydia''
* ''Piriadacus''
* ''[[Pithecoctenium]]''
* ''Potamoganos''
* ''Pseudocatalpa''
* ''Roentgenia''
* ''Saritaea''
* ''Spathicalyx''
{{div col end}}

== Uses ==
<!--The reader is referred to some [[Scientific paper|papers]] on the [[Economic botany|uses]] and [[ethnobotany]] of Bignoniaceae.<ref name="gentry1980"/><ref name="gentry1992ambg"/>-->

Many species of Bignoniaceae have some use, either [[Commerce|commercially]] or ethnobotanically, but the most important, by far, are those [[Sowing|planted]] as [[Ornamental plant|ornamentals]], especially the flowering trees. ''Jacaranda, Campsis, Pyrostegia, Tabebuia, Catalpa, Roseodendron, Handroanthus'' and ''Crescentia'' all have species of [[Horticulture|horticultural]] significance, at least in warm climates.<ref name="fischer2004"/><ref name="grose2007phylogeny"/> Several others, including ''Tecoma, Podranea, Pandorea, Bignonia'' and ''Mansoa'' are frequently [[Plant propagation|grown]] as ornamentals, at least in certain areas of the tropics.<ref name="staples2005"/> A great many species are known in cultivation, if only rarely.<ref name="rhs"/>

''[[Jacaranda mimosifolia]]'' is common as an avenue tree. The winged petiole and [[trifoliate]] leaf of ''[[Crescentia alata]]'' resembles a [[crucifixion]] cross, so is sometimes planted in the [[Philippines]] as a [[religious symbol]].

''[[Handroanthus]]'' and the unrelated ''[[Guaiacum]]'' ([[Zygophyllaceae]]) have the hardest, heaviest, and most durable wood of the American tropics. Important timber trees in ''Handroanthus'' include ''H. heptaphyllus'', ''H. serratifolius'', ''H. guayacan'', ''H. chrysanthus'', and ''H. billbergii''.<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/>  ''[[Tabebuia rosea]]'' (including ''Tabebuia pentaphylla'') is harvested for [[lumber]] throughout the [[New World]] tropics.<ref name="record1940">{{cite journal | last1 = Record | first1 = Samuel J. | last2 = Hess | first2 = Robert W. | year = 1940 | title = American timbers of the family Bignoniaceae | journal = Tropical Woods | volume = 63 | pages = 9–38 }}</ref> ''[[Tabebuia heterophylla]]'', and ''[[Tabebuia angustata]]'' are important sources of lumber for some of the [[Caribbean islands]]. Several species of ''Catalpa'' are also important [[timber]] trees.

''[[Paratecoma]]'' was once the most important timber tree of the [[Rio de Janeiro]] area, but relentless exploitation has brought it to the verge of extinction.<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/> Several of the rare species of Bignoniaceae produce excellent wood, but are often not recognized by [[lumberjack]]s.<ref name="record1940"/>

Several uses of plants in Bignoniaceae are known locally. ''[[Parmentiera aculeata]]'' is grown for its edible fruit in [[Central America]] and southern Mexico. The powdered seeds and sometimes the fruit pulp of ''[[Crescentia cujete]]'' and ''[[Crescentia alata]]'' are used in [[Nicaragua]] to make a refresco called ''[[semilla de jicaro]]''. [[Onion]]-scented species of ''Mansoa'' and [[clove]]-scented species of ''Tynanthus'' are used as [[condiment]]s.<ref name="fischer2004"/>

In northern [[Colombia]], shavings of the stems of ''[[Dolichandra quadrivalvis]]'' are added to bait which is left overnight near the burrows of [[crab]]s. The crabs are [[Paralysis|paralyzed]] for a few hours after eating the bait and are picked up by crabbers in the morning. The crabs recover before they reach market, and no harm from eating them has been reported.<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/>

''[[Tanaecium nocturnum]]'' is the source of a [[hallucinogenic]] [[drug]].<ref name="ratsch2005">Christian Rätsch. 2005. ''The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants'' (translated by John R. Baker). Park Street Press: Rochester VT, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-89281-978-2}}.</ref> Its crushed leaves and stems are used to enervate [[bees]] while gathering [[honey]].

''[[Fridericia chica]]'' is the source of a red [[pigment]] used in the [[Amazon Basin]] for body paint and for [[dye]] in basketry.<ref name="fischer2004"/> ''[[Cybistax antisyphilitica]]'' is the source of a blue dye commonly used in [[Peru]]. The bark of ''[[Sparattosperma leucantha]]'' is used in [[Bolivia]] to produce a brown dye for staining [[cotton]] thread.<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/>

Medical claims are innumerable and usually spurious. Gentry describes an especially ludicrous example.<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/>

[[Identification (biology)|Misidentification]] of plants, even by [[botanist]]s, continues to be a big problem for ethnobotany, and it is especially severe for Bignoniaceae. [[Voucher]] [[Biological specimen|specimen]]s are often [[Infertility|sterile]] and fragmentary, making them nearly impossible to identify. False medical claims are often based on mistaken identification.<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/>

The bark of several species of ''Handroanthus'' is sold in South American markets. Similar-looking bark is often fraudulently passed off as ''Handroanthus''. It is used in various ways to relieve certain [[symptom]]s of certain [[cancer]]s.<ref name="gentry1992ambg"/> No evidence shows it prevents the disease or slows its progression, as is often claimed.

''[[Adenocalymma flavida]]'' has been used to relieve the aching of joints and muscles. A root [[extract]] from ''[[Martinella (plant)|Martinella]]'' is useful in the treatment of [[conjunctivitis]] and possibly other conditions of the eye.<ref name="gentry1984">{{cite journal | last1 = Gentry | first1 = Alwyn H. | last2 = Cook | first2 = Kathleen | year = 1984 | title = ''Martinella'' (Bignoniaceae): a widely used eye medicine if South America | doi = 10.1016/0378-8741(84)90079-5 | pmid = 6482483 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 11 | issue = 3| pages = 337–343 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Alwyn H. Gentry. 1992. "Bignoniaceae: Part II (Tecomeae)". ''Flora Neotropica'' Monograph '''25'''(2):1-150. (See ''External links'' below).

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bignoniaceae}}
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/bignonia.htm Bignoniaceae] in L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213041459/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ ''The families of flowering plants''.]
* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/maps/bignoniaceae.gif Distribution Map]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{color|green|And}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/genera/bignoniaceaegen.html Genus List] {{color|green|At:}}   [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lamialesweb.htm#Lamiales Lamiales] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/top/trees.gif Trees]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html APweb] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/alldb.shtml botanical databases] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx About Science & Conservation] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
* [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4393736?uid=3739632&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101515689401 Crescentieae and Tourrettieae] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [https://www.jstor.org/stable/i400020 Flora Neotropica 25(1)]<span style="color:green;"> At: </span>[https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=florneot Flora Neotropica] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ofn Organization for Flora Neotropica]
* [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4393739?uid=3739632&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101515689401 tribe Tecomeae] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [https://www.jstor.org/stable/i400045 Flora Neotropica 25(2)] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublication?journalCode=florneot Flora Neotropica] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [https://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ofn Organization for Flora Neotropica]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399809 Bignoniaceae economic botany]
* [http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?BIGNONIACEAE List of genera in family Bignoniaceae] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html#D Dicotyledons] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/genlist.html List Genera within a Family] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/vascplnt.html Vascular Plant Families and Genera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915220115/http://data.kew.org/vpfg1992/vascplnt.html |date=2012-09-15 }} <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/about.do About the Checklist] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do World Checklist of Selected Plant Families] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm Data Sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910162710/http://epic.kew.org/datasources.htm |date=2012-09-10 }} <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://epic.kew.org/index.htm ePIC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910161005/http://epic.kew.org/index.htm |date=2012-09-10 }} <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.kew.org/data/ Scientific Databases] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.kew.org/ Kew Gardens]
* [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/advsearch.do Bignoniaceae] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/advanced.do Advanced Search] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/prepareChecklist.do;jsessionid=DDBA5456114CA28530C469EF181730E1?checklist=iplants%40%40327221120120516622 Search Tool] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [http://www.iplants.org/ iplants]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130827073527/http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgfileB.html section B] <span style="color:green;"> In: </span> [http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgnames.html A checklist of suprageneric names (Alphabetical Listing by Genera)] <span style="color:green;"> At: </span> [https://web.archive.org/web/20131030002020/http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ Home page of James L. Reveal & C. Rose Broome]
* [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advPlantNameSearch.do;jsessionid=4D5C243B1722512CAC5B970C264D464C?find_family=&find_genus=Bignonia&find_species=&find_infrafamily=&find_infragenus=&find_infraspecies=&find_authorAbbrev=&find_includePublicationAuthors=on&find_includePublicationAuthors=off&find_includeBasionymAuthors=on&find_includeBasionymAuthors=off&find_publicationTitle=&find_isAPNIRecord=on&find_isAPNIRecord=false&find_isGCIRecord=on&find_isGCIRecord=false&find_isIKRecord=on&find_isIKRecord=false&find_rankToReturn=all&output_format=normal&find_sortByFamily=on&find_sortByFamily=off&query_type=by_query&back_page=plantsearch ''Bignonia''] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ipni/plantnamesearchpage.do Plant Names] {{color|green|At:}} [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI]
* [http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780849326752 CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: A-C] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF02A Botany & Plant Science] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ecommerce_product/browse_book_categories.jsf?category=LIF Life Science] <span style="color:green;">At:</span> [http://www.crcpress.com/ CRC Press]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/658188 Bignoniaceae] {{color|green|In:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/657688 ''Genera Plantarum'' vol. 2 part 2 (Bentham & Hooker)] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747 View Record] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles/G Titles beginning with "G"] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/browse/titles Titles] {{color|green|At:}} [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/ Biodiversity Heritage Library]
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2666216 Spangler & Olmstead (1999)]

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q213453}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bignoniaceae| ]]
[[Category:Lamiales families]]