View source for Bikini

{{short description|Two-piece swimwear}}
{{About|the bathing suit|the island group|Bikini Atoll|other uses}}
{{good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}}

[[File:Young woman at the beach (2).jpg|thumb|upright|A [[woman]] wearing a purple bikini at a beach in 2009. ]]
A '''bikini''' is a women's two-piece [[swimsuit]] that features one piece on top that covers the [[breast]]s, and a second piece on the bottom: the front covering the [[pelvis]] but usually exposing the [[navel]], and the back generally covering the [[intergluteal cleft]] and some or all of the [[buttocks]]. The size of the top and bottom can vary, from bikinis that offer full coverage of the breasts, pelvis, and buttocks, to more revealing designs with a [[thong]] or [[G-string]] bottom that covers only the [[mons pubis]], but exposes the buttocks, and a top that covers only the [[areola]]e. Bikini bottoms covering about half the buttocks may be described as "Brazilian-cut".

The modern bikini swimsuit was introduced by French clothing designer [[Louis Réard]] in July 1946, and was named after the [[Bikini Atoll]], where the first public test of a [[nuclear bomb]] had taken place four days before.<ref name="weisgall">{{cite book|last=Weisgall|first=Jonathan M.|title=Operation Crossroads: The atomic tests at Bikini Atoll|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1994|pages=263–264}}</ref>

Due to its revealing design, the bikini was once considered controversial, facing opposition from a number of groups and being accepted only very slowly by the general public. In many countries, the design was banned from beaches and other public places: in 1949, France banned the bikini from being worn on its coastlines; in the 1950s and 1960s, bikinis were banned in many pools and beaches in West Germany (based on a 1932 decree that only allowed women to swim in public if they wore a swimming costume that completely covered the front of their upper body, including their breasts),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailyfinland.fi/europe/28467/After-outcry-German-swimming-pools-start-to-let-women-to-go-topless|title=After outcry, German swimming pools start to let women to go topless|date=2022-08-08|first=Mia|last=Bucher|website=Daily Finland|access-date=2025-10-22|quote=The rules telling women how to dress while bathing go back a long way in Germany. Under a 1932 decree, women were only allowed to swim in public if they wore a swimming costume that completely covered the front of their upper body, including their breasts, and was tight under the arms. In the 1950s and 60s, bikinis were banned in many pools or on beaches, restrictions that were only lifted during the 1968 movement in West Germany that saw mass protests against the establishment and sexual liberation.}}</ref> and some communist groups condemned the bikini as a "capitalist decadence".<ref name=Alac/> The bikini also faced criticism from some feminists, who reviled it as a garment designed to suit men's tastes, and not those of women. Despite this backlash, however, the bikini still sold well throughout the mid to late 20th century.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

The bikini gained increased exposure and acceptance as [[film star]]s like [[Brigitte Bardot]], [[Raquel Welch]], and [[Ursula Andress]] wore it and were photographed on public beaches and seen in film.<ref name=Alac>{{cite book |last=Alac |first=Patrik |title=Bikini Story |year=2012|publisher=Parkstone International |isbn=978-1-78042-951-9|edition=first |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIj_GBl5sAoC}}</ref> The minimalist bikini design became common in most Western countries by the mid-1960s as both swimwear and [[underwear]]. By the late 20th century, it was widely used as [[Sportswear (activewear)|sportswear]] in [[beach volleyball]] and [[bodybuilding]]. There are a number of modern [[Bikini variant|stylistic variations]] of the design used for marketing purposes and as industry classifications, including [[monokini]], [[microkini]], [[tankini]], [[trikini]], [[pubikini]], [[skirtini]], [[thong]], and [[g-string]]. A man's single-piece [[Swim briefs|brief swimsuit]] may also be called a bikini or "bikini brief", particularly if it has slimmer sides.<ref name="Bikini">{{cite dictionary|title=Bikini|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]|date=February 13, 2014|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bikini}}</ref> Similarly, a variety of men's and women's underwear types are described as bikini underwear. The bikini has gradually gained wide acceptance in [[Western world|Western society]]. By the early 2000s, bikinis had become a US$811&nbsp;million business annually, and boosted spin off services such as [[bikini waxing]] and [[sun tanning]].<ref name="AgeL">{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Lorna |date=2006-06-03 |title=You've still got it, babe |url=https://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/youve-still-got-it-babe-20060603-ge2g1g.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306024943/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2006/06/02/1148956539436.html?page=fullpage |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=The Age |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology and terminology ==
While the two-piece swimsuit as a design existed in [[classical antiquity]],<ref name=Agrawala>{{cite book|last=Agrawala|first=P.K.|title=Goddesses in Ancient India|year=1983|publisher=Humanities Press|location=Atlantic Highlands, N.J.|isbn=978-0-391-02960-6|edition=first |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BmDIbNuD0gC&pg=PA12}}</ref> the modern design first attracted public notice in Paris on July 5, 1946.<ref name="BBCW">{{Cite news |last=Westcott |first=Kathryn |date=2006-07-05 |title=The bikini: Not a brief affair |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/5130460.stm |url-status=live |access-date=2023-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721185042/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/5130460.stm |archive-date=July 21, 2008}}</ref> 

[[File:Able_crossroads.jpg|right|thumb|[[Operation Crossroads]] was a nuclear test series at the [[Bikini Atoll]], and the inspiration for the naming of two French swimsuit designs at the time, including the bikini.]]

In May 1946, Parisian fashion designer [[Jacques Heim]] released a two-piece swimsuit design that he named the {{lang|fr|Atome}} ('Atom') and advertised as "the smallest swimsuit in the world".<ref>{{cite web |first=Thomas G. II |last=Cole |url=http://www.genders.org/g53/g53_cole.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901063358/http://www.genders.org/g53/g53_cole.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-09-01 |title=(The) Bikini: EmBodying the Bomb |publisher=Genders Journal}}</ref> Like swimsuits of the era, it covered the wearer's belly button, and it failed to attract much attention. French automotive engineer [[Louis Réard]] introduced a design he named the "Bikini", adopting the name from the [[Bikini Atoll]] in the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="HistC">{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bikini-introduced |title=Bikini Introduced |access-date=September 17, 2008 |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]]}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |first=Paula |last=Cocozza |title=A little piece of history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/jun/10/sttropez.filminspiredtravel.france.culturaltrips |work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=June 10, 2006 |access-date=September 17, 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080927104351/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2006/jun/10/sttropez.filminspiredtravel.france.culturaltrips?gusrc=rss&feed=travel| archive-date= September 27, 2008| url-status= live}}</ref> which was the colonial name the Germans gave to the atoll, borrowed from the [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] name for the island, {{lang|mh|Pikinni}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.trussel2.com/MOD/LocP.htm#Pikinni|title=Marshallese-English Dictionary – Place Name Index|website=www.trussel2.com|access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref> Four days earlier, on 1 July 1946, the United States had initiated its first peacetime [[nuclear weapon design|nuclear weapons]] [[nuclear testing|test]] [[Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll|at Bikini Atoll]] as part of [[Operation Crossroads]]. Unlike the prior [[Trinity test]], or most subsequent nuclear test series, the United States allowed both international observers and the global press to observe Crossroads, creating an intense international interest in the new weapon and its testing. Réard never explained why he chose the name "Bikini" for the swimsuit.<ref name="weisgall"></ref> Various motivations have been attributed to his choosing of the name, including the idea that he hoped it would create "explosive commercial and cultural reaction" similar to the explosion at Bikini Atoll,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The History of the Bikini|url=https://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1908353_1905440,00.html|magazine=Time|access-date=August 20, 2013|date=July 3, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/002bikini.html |title=Tiny Swimsuit That Rocked the World: A History of the Bikini |publisher=Randomhistory.com |date=May 1, 2007 |access-date=December 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808002739/http://www.randomhistory.com/1-50/002bikini.html |archive-date=August 8, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> that it was meant to be associated with the "exotic allure of the tropical Pacific", from the "comparison of the effects of a scantily clad woman to the atomic bomb,"<ref name="weisgall"></ref> and the idea that Reard's design had out-done Heim's design and "split the ''atome''".<ref>{{cite book|last=Acton|first=Johnny|title=Origin of everyday things|publisher=think|year=2006|page=34}}</ref> Réard's advertising slogan was that the Bikini was "smaller than the smallest bathing suit in the world."<ref name="weisgall"></ref> The swimsuit's name was typically capitalized for several years after its coining.<ref name="weisgall"></ref>

It has been frequently cited as a major example of a "psychological link between atomic destruction and sexuality" in popular culture, which includes the stenciling of [[Rita Hayworth]] onto one of the bombs detonated at Crossroads,<ref name="weisgall"></ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Atomic Goddess Revisited|last=Geerhart|first=Bill|url=https://conelrad.blogspot.com/2013/08/atomic-goddess-revisited-rita-hayworths.html|publisher=CONELRAD Adjacent|date=19 August 2013}}</ref> and its persistence in language has been argued as having "trivialized and downplayed the reality of nuclear testing," given the contamination done by especially [[Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll|later US thermonuclear tests at Bikini]] and other [[Marshall Islands|Marshallese]] atolls.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brown|first=Steve|title=Archaeology of brutal encounter: Heritage and bomb testing on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands|journal=Archaeology in Oceania|date=April 2013|volume=48|number=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.1002/arco.5000 }}</ref>

By making an analogy with words like ''bilingual'' and ''bilateral'' containing the Latin prefix "[[bi-]]" (meaning "two" in Latin), the word ''bikini'' was first [[Back-derivation|back-derived]] as consisting of two parts, [''bi'' + ''kini''] by [[Rudi Gernreich]], who introduced the [[monokini]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gold|first=David L.|title=Studies in Etymology and Etiology|pages=100–101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l015C5vm1XkC&pg=PA100|year=2009|publisher=Universidad de Alicante|isbn=978-84-7908-517-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alac|first=Patrik|title=Bikini Story|year=2012|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-1-78042-951-9|page=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SIj_GBl5sAoC&q=Rudi%20Gernreich%201964%20monokini&pg=PA68}}</ref> Later swimsuit designs like the [[tankini]] and [[trikini]] further cemented this derivation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gurmit Singh|author2=Ishtla Singh|title=The History of English|pages=13–14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=taEnAAAAQBAJ&q=bikini%20latin%20prefix%20back%20formation&pg=PA13|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-4441-1924-4}}</ref> Over time the "''–kini'' family" (as dubbed by author [[William Safire]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Safire |first=William |publisher=Simon & Schuster |title=No Uncertain Terms: More Writing from the Popular "On Language" Column in The New York Times Magazine |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-7432-4955-3 |edition=First Simon & Schuster |location=New York |oclc=893687501}}</ref>), including the "''–ini'' sisters" (as dubbed by designer Anne Cole<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnally |first=Trish |date=1999-05-18 |title="Inis" Are In / Bikini's little sisters have their moment in the sun |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Inis-Are-In-Bikini-s-little-sisters-have-2930316.php |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=SFGATE |language=en-US}}</ref>), expanded into a variety of swimwear including the monokini (also known as a numokini or unikini), seekini, [[tankini]], camikini, {{Not a typo|hikini}} (also hipkini), minikini, [[face-kini]], [[burkini]], and [[microkini]].<ref name="barryJ">{{Cite book |last=Blake |first=Barry J. |title=Playing with words : humour in the English language |date=2007 |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=978-1-84553-577-3 |location=London |pages=59 |oclc=608111359}}</ref> The ''[[Language Report]]'', compiled by lexicographer [[Susie Dent]] and published by the [[Oxford University Press]] (OUP) in 2003, considers lexicographic inventions like bandeaukini and camkini, two variants of the tankini, important to observe.<ref>"[http://www.articlearchives.com/humanities-social-science/language-languages/644034-1.html The Language Report: The ultimate record of what we're saying and how we're saying it] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005073022/http://www.articlearchives.com/humanities-social-science/language-languages/644034-1.html |date=October 5, 2015}}", ''Science News'' (from ''Article Archive''), August 7, 2004</ref> Although "bikini" was originally a registered trademark of Réard, it has since become [[generic trademark|genericized]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Shontell |first=Alyson |date=September 17, 2010 |title=15 Words You Had No Idea Used To Be Brand Names <nowiki>|</nowiki> Bikini |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/15-words-you-had-no-idea-used-to-be-brand-names-2010-9?IR=T#bikini-2 |access-date=May 8, 2016 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref>

Variations of the term are used to describe [[Bikini variant|stylistic variations]] for promotional purposes and industry classifications, including monokini, [[microkini]], [[tankini]], [[trikini]], [[pubikini]], [[bandeaukini]] and [[skirtini]]. A man's [[Swim briefs|brief swimsuit]] may also be referred to as a bikini.<ref name="Bikini"/> Similarly, a variety of men's and women's underwear types are described as bikini underwear.

== History ==
{{Main|History of the bikini}}
{{See also|Bikini in popular culture}}

=== In antiquity ===
{{stack|[[File:Pompeii bikini girls.jpg|thumb|The ancient Roman [[Villa Romana del Casale]] (286–305&nbsp;CE) in [[Sicily]] has one of the earliest known bikini-type images.]]}}
According to archaeologist [[James Mellaart]], a mural from the [[Chalcolithic]] era (around 5600&nbsp;BCE) in [[Çatalhöyük]], [[Anatolia]] depicts a mother goddess astride two leopards wearing a costume somewhat like a bikini.<ref name=Agrawala /><ref>{{cite book |first1=Lucy |last1=Goodison |author1-link=Lucy Goodison |first2=Christine E. |last2=Morris |author2-link=Christine E. Morris |title=Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence |page=46 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |date=1998 |isbn=978-0-299-16320-4 }}</ref> The two-piece swimsuit can be traced back to the [[Greco-Roman world]], where bikini-like garments worn by women athletes are depicted on [[urns]] and paintings dating back to 1400&nbsp;BCE.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Peter J. |last1=James |first2=I. J. |last2=Thorpe |first3=Nick |last3=Thorpe |title=Ancient Inventions |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientinvention00jame/page/279 279] |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-345-40102-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientinvention00jame/page/279}}</ref>

In ''Coronation of the Winner'', a [[mosaic]] in the floor of a [[Roman villa]] in [[Sicily]] that dates from the [[Diocletianic Persecution|Diocletian period]] (286–305&nbsp;CE), young women participate in weightlifting, discus throwing, and running ball games dressed in bikini-like undergarments.<ref name=BBCW /><ref name=VilCas>{{cite web |url=http://www.valdinoto.com/english/villa_romana_del_casale.htm |title=Villa Romana del Casale|publisher=Val di Noto|access-date=2013-08-29}}</ref> The mosaic, found in the [[Sicily|Sicilian]] [[Villa Romana del Casale]], features ten maidens who have been anachronistically dubbed the "[[Villa Romana del Casale#Athletic competition|Bikini Girls]]".<ref name="Guttmann 1991 38">{{cite book |first=Allen |last=Guttmann |title=Women's Sports: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/womenssports00alle |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/womenssports00alle/page/38 38] |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1991 |isbn= 978-0-231-06957-1}}</ref><ref name="Villa Romana del Casale">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/villaromanadelcasale.html |title=Villa Romana del Casale |publisher=World Heritage Sites |access-date=2015-03-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223110444/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/villaromanadelcasale.html |archive-date=2008-12-23 }}</ref>

Other [[Roman Empire|Roman]] archaeological finds depict the goddess [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] in a similar garment. In [[Pompeii]], depictions of Venus wearing a bikini were discovered in the Casa della Venere,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stoa.org/gallery/allison|title=Pompeian Households: Image Gallery|publisher=The Stoa Consortium, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University|access-date=2015-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205075357/http://www.stoa.org/gallery/allison|archive-date=2016-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stoa.org/gallery/albums.php|title=Stoa Image Gallery|publisher=The Stoa Consortium, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University|access-date=2015-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015205200/http://www.stoa.org/gallery/albums.php|archive-date=2015-10-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Penelope M. |last=Allison |url=http://www.stoa.org/projects/ph/rooms?houseid=13|title=Pompeian Households: Information concerning the rooms in Casa della Venere in Bikini|access-date=2015-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318124125/http://www.stoa.org/projects/ph/rooms?houseid=13|archive-date=2015-03-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> in the ''[[tablinum]]'' of the [[House of Julia Felix]],<ref>{{cite book |first1= Mary |last1= Beard |first2= John |last2= Henderson |title= Classical Art |page=116 |url=https://archive.org/details/classicalartfrom00bear/page/116 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2001 |isbn= 978-0-19-284237-4 }}</ref> and in an [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] garden of [[House of Loreius Tiburtinus|Via Dell'Abbondanza]].<ref>{{cite book |first1= Elisabeth B. |last1= MacDougall |first2=Wilhelmina Mary |last2= Feemster |title= Ancient Roman Gardens |page=38 |publisher= Dumbarton Oaks |year= 1979 |isbn=978-0-88402-100-1}}</ref>

=== Precursors in the West ===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| header            = Evolution
| image1            = Bathing Beauties (cropped).jpg
| caption1          = Loose [[chemise]]s from the 1900s.
| width1            = 200
| image2            = AKellermanUnitard1909.JPG
| width2            = 200
| caption2          = [[Annette Kellermann]] started the form-fitting swimwear trend, 1909.
| image3            = Jane Wyman,1935 (cropped).jpg
| width3            = 200
| caption3          = Actress [[Jane Wyman]] in beachwear that bares legs and midriff, 1935.
| image4            = Dolores del Río publicity photo for In Caliente (1935).jpg
| width4            = 200
| caption4          = Mexican actress [[Dolores del Río]] posing in a publicity photograph for the film ''[[In Caliente]]'' (1935). Del Río was a pioneer in wearing a two-piece swimsuit.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2017/08/03/actualidad/1501752181_821825.html|title=Dolores del Río, la primera actriz hispanoamericana que conquistó Hollywood|first=Alberto|last=López|date=August 3, 2017|access-date=March 5, 2022|work=El País|language=es}}</ref>
}}

Swimming or bathing outdoors was discouraged in the [[Christian West]], so there was little demand or need for swimming or bathing costumes until the 18th century. The bathing gown of the 18th century was a loose ankle-length full-sleeve [[chemise]]-type gown made of wool or flannel that retained coverage and modesty.<ref name="claud">{{Cite book |last=Kidwell |first=Claudia |title=Women's Bathing and Swimming Costume in the United States |date=2011 |publisher=Project Gutenberg |oclc=914179577}}</ref>

In 1907, Australian swimmer and performer [[Annette Kellermann]] was arrested on a [[Boston]] beach for wearing form-fitting sleeveless one-piece knitted swimming tights that covered her from neck to toe, a costume she adopted from England,<ref name=claud /> although it became accepted swimsuit attire for women in parts of Europe by 1910.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conor |first=Liz |title=The spectacular modern woman : feminine visibility in the 1920s |date=2004 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-34391-7 |location=Bloomington |oclc=53223617}}</ref> In 1913, designer [[Carl Jantzen]] made the first functional two-piece swimwear. Inspired by the introduction of females into Olympic swimming he designed a close-fitting costume with shorts for the bottom and short sleeves for the top.<ref name=heritage>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/web/20060705-bikini-swimming-suit-louis-reard-micheline-bernardini-paris-brigitte-bardot.shtml|access-date=November 13, 2007|publisher=American Heritage Inc.|title=60 Years of Bikinis|author=Hoover, Elizabeth D.|date=July 5, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909195749/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/web/20060705-bikini-swimming-suit-louis-reard-micheline-bernardini-paris-brigitte-bardot.shtml |archive-date=September 9, 2007}}</ref>

During the 1920s and 1930s, people began to shift from "taking in the water" to "taking in the sun", at bathhouses and spas, and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features. [[Rayon]] was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight-fitting swimsuits,<ref name=sydelle>{{cite web|last=Sydelle|first=John|title=The Swimsuit Industry|url=http://smallbusiness.chron.com/swimsuit-industry-18779.html |work=The Houston Chronicle |date=August 13, 2011 |access-date=August 29, 2013}}</ref> but durability issues, especially when wet, proved problematic.<ref name="Kadolph">{{Cite book |last1=Kadolph |first1=Sara J. |title=Textiles |last2=Langford |first2=Anna |date=2001 |publisher=Prentice Hall |isbn=0-13-025443-6 |edition=9th |location=Upper Saddle River, NJ |oclc=45136560}}</ref> [[Jersey (fabric)|Jersey]] and [[silk]] were also sometimes used.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilcox |first=R. Turner |title=The mode in costume : a historical survey with 202 plates |date=2008 |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-46820-4 |location=Mineola, N.Y. |oclc=227923344}}</ref> By the 1930s, manufacturers had lowered necklines in the back, removed sleeves, and tightened the sides. With the development of new clothing materials, particularly [[latex]] and [[nylon]], swimsuits gradually began hugging the body through the 1930s, with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning.<ref>[[Bronwyn Labrum]], Fiona McKergow and Stephanie Gibson, ''Looking Flash'', page 166, Auckland University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-86940-397-3}}</ref>

Women's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of [[midriff|midriff exposure]]. The 1932 Hollywood film ''Three on a Match'' featured a midriff-baring two-piece bathing suit. Actress [[Dolores del Río]] was the first major star to wear a two-piece women's bathing suit onscreen in ''[[Flying Down to Rio]]'' (1933).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmsite.org/sexinfilms6.html|title=Sex in Cinema: 1933 Greatest and Most Influential Erotic / Sexual Films and Scenes|website=www.filmsite.org}}</ref>

Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public.<ref name="girl">{{cite book|author1=Claudia Mitchell |author2=Jacqueline Reid-Walsh |title=Girl Culture: Studying girl culture : a readers' guide Volume 1 of Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-33909-7|pages=434–435|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=arQy0v_PBx4C&pg=PA225}}</ref> Hollywood endorsed the new glamor in films like 1949's ''[[Neptune's Daughter (1949 film)|Neptune's Daughter]]'' in which [[Esther Williams]] wore provocatively named costumes such as "Double Entendre" and "Honey Child".<ref name=notting>{{cite news |first=David |last=Sandhu |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/sunandsea/728059/Nottingham-Bathed-in-nostalgia.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/sunandsea/728059/Nottingham-Bathed-in-nostalgia.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Nottingham: Bathed in nostalgia |work=The Telegraph |date=August 4, 2003 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Wartime production during World War II required vast amounts of cotton, silk, nylon, wool, leather, and rubber. In 1942, the United States [[War Production Board]] issued Regulation L-85, [[Rationing in the United States#World War II|cutting the use]] of natural fibers in clothing<ref>{{cite web|title=World War II|url=http://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/printable/section.asp?id=9&sub=3|work=The Price of Freedom: Americans at War|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=August 30, 2013}}</ref> and mandating a 10% reduction in the amount of fabric in women's beachwear.<ref name="history"/> To comply with the regulations, swimsuit manufacturers removed skirt panels and other attachments,<ref name=HistC /> while increasing production of the two-piece swimsuit with bare midriffs.<ref name=fashionencyc>{{cite web|title=Bikini|url=http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Modern-World-1946-1960/Bikini.html|publisher=Fashion Encyclopedia|access-date=August 30, 2013}}</ref> At the same time, demand for all swimwear declined as there was not much interest in going to the beach, especially in Europe.<ref name=HistC />

=== Modern bikini ===
[[File:MichelineBernardini.jpg|thumb|left|[[Micheline Bernardini]] on 5 July 1946 at the [[Piscine Molitor]] modeling Réard's bikini, which was small enough to fit into the {{convert|5|by|5|by|5|cm|adj=on|spell=us}} box she is holding.]]
In the summer of 1946, Western Europeans enjoyed their first war-free summer in many years. French designers sought to deliver fashions that matched the liberated mood of the people.<ref name=history/> Fabric was still in short supply,<ref name=Gunn>Tim Gunn, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pWG9AAAAQBAJ Tim Gunn's Fashion Bible: The Fascinating History of Everything in Your Closet]'', page 25, Simon & Schuster, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-4516-4386-2}}</ref> and in an endeavor to resurrect swimwear sales, two French designers&nbsp;– [[Jacques Heim]] and [[Louis Réard]]&nbsp;– almost simultaneously launched new two-piece swimsuit designs in 1946.<ref>Patrik Alac, ''Bikini Story'', page 31, Parkstone International, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-78042-951-9}}</ref><ref>Claudia Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh, ''Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia'' (vol. 1), page 182, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-313-08444-7}}</ref> Heim launched a two-piece swimsuit design in Paris that he called the ''atome'', after the smallest known particle of matter. He announced that it was the "world's smallest bathing suit."<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=Bikini introduced - Jul 05, 1946|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/bikini-introduced|website=HISTORY.com|date=March 3, 2010 |access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref><ref>Rod E. Keays, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NLszBcSEdLYC&pg=PA109 The Naturally Good Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125233959/https://books.google.com/books?id=NLszBcSEdLYC&pg=PA109 |date=November 25, 2022 }}'', page 109, Trafford Publishing, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-4669-1924-2}}</ref> Although briefer than the two-piece swimsuits of the 1930s, the bottom of Heim's new two-piece beach costume still covered the wearer's navel.<ref name=Gunn /><ref>James Gilbert Ryan and Leonard C. Schlup, ''Historical Dictionary of the 1940s'', page 50, M.E. Sharpe, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-7656-2107-8}}</ref><ref>Bobby Mercer, ''ManVentions'', page 194, Adams Media, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4405-1074-8}}</ref><ref>Kelly Killoren Bensimon, ''The Bikini Book'', page 18, Thames & Hudson, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-500-51316-3}}</ref>

Soon after, Louis Réard created a competing two-piece swimsuit design, which he called the ''bikini''.<ref name=TimA>Adam Sage, "[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article705414.ece Happy birthday: the 'shocking and immoral' bikini hits 60]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}", ''[[The Times]]'', April 16, 2006</ref> He noticed that women at the beach rolled up the edges of their swimsuit bottoms and tops to improve their tan.<ref name=femmes>{{cite web|title=Le Bikini souffle ses 60 bougies !|url=http://www.journaldesfemmes.com/mode/0606-bikini/anniversaire.shtml|website=www.journaldesfemmes.com|access-date=17 May 2018|language=fr}}</ref> On 5 July, Réard introduced his design at a swimsuit review held at a popular Paris public pool, [[Piscine Molitor]], four days after the first test of a US nuclear weapon at the [[Bikini Atoll]]. The newspapers were full of news about it and Réard hoped for the same with his design.<ref name=navy>{{cite web|title=Operation Crossroads: Fact Sheet|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq76-1.htm|publisher=Department of the Navy—Naval History and Heritage Command|access-date=13 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024121304/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq76-1.htm|archive-date=24 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Wiesner|first1=Maria|title=70 Jahre Bikini: Vier Dreiecke und etwas Schnur|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/stil/mode-design/der-bikini-feiert-70-jubilaeum-nach-erfindung-in-st-tropez-14323637.html|newspaper=FAZ.NET|access-date=17 May 2018|language=de|date=5 July 2016}}</ref> Réard's ''bikini'' undercut Heim's ''atome'' in its brevity. His design consisted of two side-by-side triangles of fabric forming a bra, and two front-and-back triangular pieces of fabric covering the [[mons pubis]] and the [[buttocks]], respectively, connected by string. When he was unable to find a fashion model willing to showcase his revealing design,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Alac|first1=Patrik|title=Bikini Story|date=2012|publisher=Parkstone International|location=New York|isbn=978-1-78042-951-9|page=72}}</ref> Réard hired [[Micheline Bernardini]], an 18-year old [[Striptease|nude dancer]] from the [[Casino de Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bikiniscience.com/chronology/1945-1950_SS/LR4601_S/LR4601.html |title = Michele Bernadini: The First Bikini | first = Judson | last = Rosebush | work = Bikini Science | access-date = September 19, 2007 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927084552/http://www.bikiniscience.com/chronology/1945-1950_SS/LR4601_S/LR4601.html | archive-date = September 27, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> He announced that his swimsuit, was "smaller than the world's smallest bathing suit".<ref name=Guard>Paula Cocozza, "[https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2006/jun/10/sttropez.filminspiredtravel.france.culturaltrips A little piece of history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927104351/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2006/jun/10/sttropez.filminspiredtravel.france.culturaltrips?gusrc=rss&feed=travel |date=September 27, 2008 }}", ''[[The Guardian]]'', June 10, 2006</ref><ref name=Lil>[http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/The-Bikini.html The Bikini Turns 60] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909175233/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/The-Bikini.html |date=September 9, 2016}}, 1946 to 2006: 60 Years of Bikini Bathing Beauties, ''Lilith E-Zine''</ref> Réard said that "like the [atom] bomb, the bikini is small and devastating".<ref name="The Very First Bikini">Judson Rosebush, {{cite web|url = http://www.bikiniscience.com//chronology/1945-1950_SS/1945-1950.html |title=1945–1950: The Very First Bikini |work=Bikini Science |access-date=November 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627214541/http://bikiniscience.com/chronology/1945-1950_SS/1945-1950.html|archive-date = June 27, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Fashion writer [[Diana Vreeland]] described the bikini as the "atom bomb of fashion".<ref name="The Very First Bikini" /> Bernardini received 50,000 fan letters, many of them from men.<ref name=HistC /><ref name=heritage />

Photographs of Bernardini and articles about the event were widely carried by the press. The ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' alone ran nine stories on the event.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mitchell|first1=Claudia A.|last2=Reid-Walsh|first2=Jacqueline|title=Girl Culture an Encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-08444-7|page=82}}</ref> French newspaper ''[[Le Figaro]]'' wrote, "People were craving the simple pleasures of the sea and the sun. For women, wearing a bikini signaled a kind of second liberation. There was really nothing sexual about this. It was instead a celebration of freedom and a return to the joys in life."<ref name=heritage />

Heim's ''atome'' was more in keeping with the sense of propriety of the 1940s, but Réard's design won the public's attention.<ref name=Gunn /> Although Heim's design was the first worn on the beach and initially sold more swimsuits, it was Réard's description of the two-piece swimsuit as a ''bikini'' that stuck.<ref name=BBCW /><ref>Weisgall, Jonathan (1994), ''Operation Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll'', pages 264–265, Naval Institute Press, {{ISBN|978-1-55750-919-2}}</ref> As competing designs emerged, he declared in advertisements that a swimsuit could not be a genuine bikini "unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring."<ref name=HistC /> Modern bikinis were first made of [[cotton]] and [[Jersey (fabric)|jersey]].<ref>Valerie Steele, ''Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion'', page 253, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, {{ISBN|0-684-31397-9}}</ref>

=== Social resistance ===
{{Quote box
 |quote  = As subsequent history would show, the bikini was more than a skimpy garment. It was a state of mind.
 |source = Lena Lenček<ref name="Lena Lenček page 100">Lena Lenček, ''The Beach: The History of Paradise on Earth'', page 100, Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated, 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-14-027802-6}}</ref>
 |quoted = 1
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}}
[[File:Hooters Bikini Contest.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Hooters]] bikini contest in [[Jacksonville, Florida]], 2009, featuring popular modern designs such as triangle tops and thong-style bottoms.]]
Despite the garment's initial success in France, women worldwide continued to wear traditional one-piece swimsuits. When his sales stalled, Réard went back to designing and selling orthodox knickers.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news |first=Adam |last=Sage|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article705414.ece |title=Happy birthday: the 'shocking and immoral' bikini hits 60|work=The Times|date=April 16, 2006|access-date=August 18, 2013 |location=London}}{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 1950, American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole,<ref name=heritage /> owner of mass market swimwear firm [[Cole of California]], told ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' that he had "little but scorn for France's famed Bikinis."<ref>Christine Schmidt, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 2, Bloomsbury Academic, 2012, {{ISBN|0-85785-123-3}}</ref> Réard himself would later describe it as a "two-piece bathing suit which reveals everything about a girl except for her mother's maiden name."<ref>Louise Southerden, ''Surf's Up: The Girl's Guide to Surfing'', page 14, Allen & Unwin, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-74176-831-2}}</ref> Fashion magazine ''Modern Girl Magazine'' in 1957 stated that "it is hardly necessary to waste words over the so-called bikini since it is inconceivable that any girl with tact and decency would ever wear such a thing".<ref name=BBCW /><ref name=heritage />

In 1951, [[Eric Morley]] organized the ''Festival Bikini Contest'', a beauty contest and swimwear advertising opportunity at that year's [[Festival of Britain]]. The press, welcoming the spectacle, referred to it as ''Miss World'',<ref>{{cite book |first1=Elissa |last1=Stein |first2=Lee |last2=Meriwether |title=Beauty Queen |page=[https://archive.org/details/beautyqueenheres0000stei/page/45 45] |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8118-4864-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/beautyqueenheres0000stei/page/45}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Susan|last=Dewey|title=Making Miss India Miss World|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmissindiam0000dewe/page/46 46]|publisher=Syracuse University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8156-3176-7|url=https://archive.org/details/makingmissindiam0000dewe/page/46}}</ref> a name Morley registered as a trademark.<ref name="Keith Lovegrove 1967">{{cite book|first=Keith|last=Lovegrove|title=Pageant: The Beauty Contest|page=[https://archive.org/details/pageantbeautycon0000love/page/1967 1967]|publisher=teNeues|year=2002|isbn=978-3-8238-5569-9|url=https://archive.org/details/pageantbeautycon0000love/page/1967}}</ref> The winner was [[Kiki Håkansson]] of Sweden, who was crowned in a bikini. After the crowning, Håkansson was condemned by [[Pope Pius XII]],<ref name=Alac /><ref name=magnanti>{{cite news|last=Magnanti|first=Brooke|title=Miss World bikini ban: why it's no victory for feminists|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/10105935/Miss-World-2013-bikini-ban-why-its-no-victory-for-feminists.html|work=The Telegraph |access-date=December 13, 2013 |date=June 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Selvedge: The Fabric of Your Life|page=39 |publisher=Selvedge Ltd. |year=2005}}</ref> while Spain and Ireland threatened to withdraw from the pageant.<ref>Kevin Rawlinson, "[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/three-miss-worlds-and-one-rugby-world-cup-2010996.html Three Miss Worlds and one (rugby) World Cup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221346/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/three-miss-worlds-and-one-rugby-world-cup-2010996.html |date=December 15, 2017 }}", ''The Daily Telegraph'', June 26, 2010</ref> In 1952, bikinis were banned from the pageant and replaced by [[evening gown]]s.<ref>{{cite book|first=Han |last=Shin |title=Beauty with a Purpose |page=193 |publisher=iUniverse|year=2004|isbn= 978-0-595-30926-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=1950-1955: Navel Maneuvers – The Bikini Breakout|url=http://www.bikiniscience.com/chronology/1950-1955_SS/1950-1955.html|publisher=Bikini Science|access-date=December 13, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013211809/http://www.bikiniscience.com//chronology/1950-1955_SS/1950-1955.html|archive-date=October 13, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> As a result of the controversy, the bikini was explicitly banned from many other [[beauty pageant]]s worldwide.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|last=Magnanti|first=Brooke|title=Miss World bikini ban: why it's no victory for feminists|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/sex/10105935/Miss-World-2013-bikini-ban-why-its-no-victory-for-feminists.html |work=The Telegraph|access-date=August 22, 2013|date=June 7, 2013|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Ben|last1=Marcus|first2=Jeff|last2=Divine|title=Surfing USA!: An Illustrated History of the Coolest Sport of All Time|page=60|publisher=MVP Books|year=2005|isbn= 978-0-89658-690-1}}</ref> Although some regarded the bikini and beauty contests as bringing freedom to women, they were opposed by some [[feminist]]s<ref name=Alac /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.object.org.uk/campaigns/beauty-pageants |title=Why OBJECT to Beauty Pageants? |publisher=object.org.uk |access-date=May 1, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522065802/http://www.object.org.uk/campaigns/beauty-pageants |archive-date=May 22, 2014 |df=mdy}}</ref> as well as religious and cultural groups who objected to the degree of exposure of the female body.

[[Paula Stafford]] was an Australian fashion designer credited with introducing the bikini to Australia;<ref name=hicks>Sara Hicks, "[http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2008/05/19/2249403.htm The mother of all cheeky bikinis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624071612/http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2008/05/19/2249403.htm |date=24 June 2012 }}", ABC Gold Coast, 23 May 2008</ref><ref name=stolz>Greg Stolz, "[http://www.couriermail.com.au/life/shoppingfashion/bikini-queen-paula-stafford-turns-90/story-e6frer4o-1225878133378 Bikini queen Paula Stafford turns 90 ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314033846/https://www.couriermail.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/bikini-queen-paula-stafford-turns-90/news-story/c3bbbec98714c72aff184e353db47509?nk=f46201ee4382833b39ec931a649063d2-1584157125 |date=14 March 2020 }}", Courier-Mail, 10 June 2010</ref> in a famous incident in 1952, model Ann Ferguson was asked to leave a beach in [[Surfers Paradise, Queensland|Surfers Paradise]] because her Paula Stafford bikini was too revealing.<ref name=bikinicops>"[http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1193266.htm Bikini Cops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903233545/http://www.abc.net.au/gnt/history/Transcripts/s1193266.htm |date=3 September 2012 }}" (Transcript), ABC (Australia), 6 September 2004</ref><ref name=campbell>Janet Campbell, "[http://www.brisbanemodern.com.au/issue3-article.html Paula Stafford (b 1920)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228032536/http://www.brisbanemodern.com.au/issue3-article.html |date=28 December 2011 }}", Brisbane Modern magazine, Issue 3</ref> The bikini was banned in Australia, on the French Atlantic coastline, in Spain, in Italy,<ref name=Alac /> and in Portugal, and was prohibited or discouraged in a number of US states.<ref name=timehistory>{{cite magazine|title=The History of the Bikini|url=https://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1908353,00.html |magazine=Time|access-date=August 17, 2013|date=July 3, 2009}}</ref><ref>Lena Lanček and Gideon Bosker, ''Making Waves: Swimsuits and the Undressing of America'', page 90, Chronicle Books, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0-87701-398-3}}</ref> The [[United States Motion Picture Production Code of 1930|United States Motion Picture Production Code]], also known as the Hays Code, enforced from 1934, allowed two-piece gowns but prohibited the display of navels in Hollywood films.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rachel|last=Moseley|title=Fashioning Film Stars: Dress, Culture, Identity|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781844570683/page/136 136]|publisher=BFI|year=2005|isbn=978-1-84457-067-6|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781844570683/page/136}}</ref> The [[National Legion of Decency]], a Roman Catholic body overseeing American media content, also pressured Hollywood and foreign film producers to keep bikinis from being featured in Hollywood movies.<ref>{{cite book|first=Frank A. |last=Salamone|title=Popular Culture in the Fifties|page=76|publisher=University Press of America|year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-7618-2103-8}}</ref> As late as 1959 one of the United States' largest swimsuit designers, Anne Cole of the [[Anne Cole]] brand,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singer |first=Melissa |date=2017-01-12 |title=An ode to Anne Cole, inventor of the tankini, the friendliest swimsuit to women |url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/fashion/an-ode-to-anne-cole-inventor-of-the-tankini-the-friendliest-swimsuit-to-women-20170112-gtq3md.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HUGHES">{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Aria |date=2017-01-10 |title=Anne Cole, Swimsuit Designer Who Invented the Tankini, Dies at 90 |url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/anne-cole-swimsuit-designer-dies-at-90-tankini-10744569/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=WWD |language=en-US}}</ref> said, "It's nothing more than a G-string. It's at the razor's edge of decency."<ref name="WOJSI">{{cite magazine |last=Johnson |first=William Oscar |date=February 7, 1989 |title=In The Swim |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1068171/3/index.htm |magazine=Sports Illustrated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020050948/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1068171/3/index.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> The Hays Code was abandoned by the mid-1960s, and with it the prohibition of female navel exposure, as well as other restrictions.<ref>Jeanne Nagle, ''Violence in Movies, Music, and the Media'', page 23, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-4042-1795-9}}</ref> The influence of the National Legion of Decency also waned by the 1960s.<ref>Keith M. Booker, ''Historical Dictionary of American Cinema'', page 65, Scarecrow Press, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-8108-7459-6}}</ref>

=== Rise to popularity ===
{{multiple image
| align             = left
| direction         = vertical
| header            = Evolution
| image1            = Mimi Kok (1951).jpg
| caption1          = [[Mimi Kok]], Netherlands, 1951.
| width1            = 140
| image2            = Dalida Senigallia 4.jpg
| width2            = 140
| caption2          = [[Dalida]], Italy, 1968.
| image3            = Sietedias1272-Alfano.jpg
| width3            = 140
| caption3          = [[Graciela Alfano]], Argentina, 1972.
}}

Increasingly common [[glamour photography|glamour shots]] of popular actresses and models on either side of the Atlantic played a large part in bringing the bikini into the mainstream.<ref name=MMOA>{{cite web|last=Charleston|first=Beth Duncuff|title=The Bikini|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/biki/hd_biki.htm|work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|access-date=August 15, 2013|location=New York|date=October 2004}}</ref> During the 1950s, Hollywood stars such as [[Ava Gardner]], [[Rita Hayworth]], [[Lana Turner]],<ref name=turner /><ref name=firstB>{{cite news|title=Photos: On this day–July 5, 1946–the first bikini goes on sale|url=http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2013/07/05/photos-on-this-day-july-5-1946-the-first-bikini-goes-on-sale/#4|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130823002850/http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2013/07/05/photos-on-this-day-july-5-1946-the-first-bikini-goes-on-sale/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 23, 2013|access-date=August 23, 2013|newspaper=New Haven Register|date=July 5, 2013}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Taylor]],<ref name=firstB /> [[Tina Louise]],<ref name=firstB /> [[Marilyn Monroe]],<ref name=firstB /> [[Esther Williams]], and [[Betty Grable]]<ref name=menkes>Suzy Menkes, "[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D81430F93BA25754C0A965958260 Runways: Remembrance of Thongs Past]", ''The New York Times'', July 18, 1993</ref> took advantage of the risqué publicity associated with the bikini by posing for photographs wearing them—[[Pin-up girl|pin-ups]] of Hayworth and Williams in costume were especially widely distributed in the United States.<ref name=heritage /> In 1950, [[Elvira Pagã]] walked at the [[Rio Carnival]], Brazil in a golden bikini, starting the bikini tradition of the carnival.<ref name="rio">Colin M. MacLachlan, ''A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future'', page 184, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1993, {{ISBN|978-1-4616-6547-2}}</ref>

In Europe, 17-year-old [[Brigitte Bardot]] wore scanty bikinis (by contemporary standards) in the French film ''Manina, la fille sans voiles'' ("Manina, the girl unveiled"). The promotion for the film, released in France in March 1953, drew more attention to Bardot's bikinis than to the film itself. By the time the film was released in the United States in 1958, it was re-titled ''[[Manina, the Girl in the Bikini]]''. Bardot was also photographed wearing a bikini on the beach during the 1957 [[Cannes Film Festival]]. Working with her husband and agent [[Roger Vadim]], she garnered significant attention with photographs of her wearing a bikini on every beach in the south of France.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of the Bikini|url=http://www.elle.com/fashion/g2906/the-history-of-the-bikini-654900/#slide-6|publisher=ELLE|date=April 23, 2012 | access-date=August 21, 2013}}</ref>

Similar photographs were taken of [[Anita Ekberg]] and [[Sophia Loren]], among others. According to ''The Guardian'', Bardot's photographs in particular turned [[Saint-Tropez]] into the beachwear capital of the world,<ref name=Guard /> with Bardot identified as the original Cannes bathing beauty.<ref>Cari Beauchamp & [[Henri Béhar]], '' Hollywood on the Riviera: The Inside Story of the Cannes Film Festival'', page 165, W. Morrow and Co., 1992, {{ISBN|0-688-11007-X}}</ref> Bardot's photography helped to enhance the public profile of the festival, and Cannes in turn played a crucial role in her career.<ref name="a">Vanessa R. Schwartz, '' It's So French!: Hollywood, Paris, and the Making of Cosmopolitan Film Culture'', page 79, University of Chicago Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-226-74243-1}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = horizontal
| image1            = Salgueiro-29.JPG (3028018098).jpg
| width1            = 152
| caption1          = A [[Samba (Brazilian dance)|Samba dancer]] in a bikini at the [[Rio Carnival]], 2009. The bikini tradition of Rio Carnival started in 1950.<ref name="rio"/><ref>Alexandra Wagner, [https://www.mybucketlistevents.com/history-tradition-costumes-rio-carnival/ The History and Tradition of Rio Carnival Costumes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629222501/https://www.mybucketlistevents.com/history-tradition-costumes-rio-carnival/ |date=June 29, 2020 }}, Bucketlistevent, February 7, 2017</ref>
| image2            = Nurnaningsih in bikini, c. 1955.jpg
| width2            = 130
| caption2          = Indonesian actress [[Nurnaningsih]], 1955.
}}

[[Brian Hyland]]'s novelty-song hit "[[Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini]]" became a ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' No. 1 hit during the summer of 1960: the song tells a story about a young girl who is too shy to wear her new bikini on the beach, thinking it too risqué.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Suddath|first=Claire|title=Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2081310_2080985_2080983,00.html|magazine=Time|access-date=August 15, 2013|date=July 5, 2011}}</ref> ''[[Playboy]]'' first featured a bikini on its cover in 1962; the ''[[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue]]'' debut two years later featured [[Babette March]] in a white bikini on the cover.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Gibson |first1=Megan |title=Top 10 Bikinis in Pop Culture |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2081310_2080985_2081023,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=17 June 2018 |date=5 July 2011}}</ref> This has been credited with making the bikini a legitimate piece of clothing.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.journalstar.com/articles/2006/07/28/sunday_am/doc44bec4c0d94a5233525588.txt | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706155241/http://www.journalstar.com/articles/2006/07/28/sunday_am/doc44bec4c0d94a5233525588.txt | archive-date=July 6, 2008 | title=The bikini celebrates 60 years | date=July 22, 2006 }}</ref>

[[Ursula Andress]], appearing as [[Honey Ryder]] in the 1962 British [[James Bond]] film, ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'', wore a [[White bikini of Ursula Andress|white bikini]], which became known as the "[[White bikini of Ursula Andress|Dr. No bikini]]". It became one of the most famous bikinis of all time and an iconic moment in cinematic and fashion history.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1314376/Former-Bond-girl-to-sell-Dr-No-bikini.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1314376/Former-Bond-girl-to-sell-Dr-No-bikini.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Former Bond girl to sell Dr No bikini|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=January 13, 2011|access-date=May 16, 2011|location=London|first=Will|last=Bennett}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Bensimon2006">{{cite book|last=Bensimon|first=Kelly Killoren|title=The Bikini Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__DqAAAAMAAJ|access-date=May 16, 2011|date=June 5, 2006|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-51316-3}}</ref><ref name="Lindner2009">{{cite book|last=Lindner|first=Christoph|title=The James Bond Phenomenon: A Critical Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbIrAQAAIAAJ|access-date=May 16, 2011|date=August 4, 2009|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-8095-1}}</ref> Andress said that she owed her career to that white bikini, remarking, "This bikini made me into a success. As a result of starring in ''Dr. No'' as the first [[Bond girl]], I was given the freedom to take my pick of future roles and to become financially independent."<ref name="Telegraph" /><ref name="Weekes2007">{{cite book|last=Weekes|first=Karen|title=Women know everything!: 3,241 quips, quotes, & brilliant remarks|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nTKgWEBhBeoC&pg=PA419|access-date=May 16, 2011|date=April 5, 2007|publisher=Quirk Books|isbn=978-1-59474-169-2|page=419}}</ref>

The bikini finally caught on, and in 1963, the movie ''[[Beach Party]]'', starring [[Annette Funicello]] and [[Frankie Avalon]], led a wave of films that made the bikini a pop-culture symbol, though Funicello was barred from wearing Réard's bikini unlike the other young women in the films. In 1965, a woman told ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' that it was "almost square" not to wear a bikini; the magazine wrote two years later that "65% of the young set had already gone over".<ref name="turner">{{cite web|first=Julia |last=Turner |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/fashion/2013/07/history_of_the_bikini_how_it_came_to_america.html |title=A Brief History of the Bikini |work=Slate |date=July 29, 2013|access-date= August 27, 2013}}</ref>

[[Raquel Welch]]'s [[Fur bikini of Raquel Welch|fur bikini]] in ''[[One Million Years B.C.]]'' (1966) was noted as an iconic moment in cinema and a "definitive look of the 1960s".<ref name="Mansour2005">{{cite book|last=Mansour|first=David|title=From Abba to Zoom: a pop culture encyclopedia of the late 20th century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK0rPUF85loC&pg=PA345|year=2005|publisher=[[Andrews McMeel Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-7407-5118-9|page=345|access-date=August 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=One Million Years B.C. {{!}} Cambridge Film Festival |url=http://www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk/film/one-million-years-bc |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20170113011558/http://www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk/film/one-million-years-bc |archive-date=2017-01-13 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.cambridgefilmfestival.org.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Filmfacts">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbkvAQAAIAAJ |title=Filmfacts 1967 Vol. 10 No. 4 |date=June 15, 1967 |publisher=University of Southern California Division of Cinema, American Film Institute |page=42 |access-date=November 25, 2011}}</ref> It made Welch a fashion icon<ref name="BBCW" />; a photo of her in the bikini became a best-selling pinup poster.<ref name="Mansour2005" />

In the 1960s, stretch [[nylon]] bikini briefs and bras complemented adolescent boutique fashions.<ref>Amy De La Haye, ''The Cutting Edge: 50 Years of British Fashion, 1947–1997'', page 183, Overlook Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-87951-763-8}}</ref> [[DuPont]] introduced [[lycra]] ([[spandex]]), which enabled suits to fit like a second skin with simple construction and without heavy linings.<ref>Valerie Steele, ''Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion'', page 255, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, {{ISBN|0-684-31397-9}}</ref><ref name="sydelle" /><ref name="MMOA" /> "The advent of Lycra allowed more women to wear a bikini," wrote [[Kelly Killoren Bensimon]], a former model and author of ''The Bikini Book'', "It didn't sag, it didn't bag, and it concealed and revealed. It wasn't so much like lingerie anymore."<ref name="sfgate">{{cite web|last=Rubin|first=Sylvia|title=Fashion shocker of '46: the naked belly button / But the bikini wasn't a hit until Sixties|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fashion-shocker-of-46-the-naked-belly-button-2493673.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=August 19, 2013 |date=July 2, 2006}}</ref> This fabric allowed designers to create the [[string bikini]], and allowed Rudi Gernreich to create the topless monokini.<ref name="SFC">{{cite news |first=Sylvia |last=Rubin |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fashion-shocker-of-46-the-naked-belly-button-2493673.php | title=Fashion shocker of '46: the naked belly button |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=July 2, 2006|access-date=August 28, 2013}}</ref> Alternative swimwear fabrics such as [[velvet]], [[leather]], and [[crochet]]ed squares surfaced in the early '70s.<ref name="MMOA" />

=== Mass acceptance ===
<!-- Feel free to change images below, but do not alter the order of decades -->[[File:Micro Bikini.jpg|alt=Red-haired woman wearing green bikini|thumb|194x194px|A woman wearing a modern [[microkini]] in a casual outdoor setting; this neon green swimsuit features a triangle top and thong bottoms.]]
Réard's company folded in 1988,<ref name="SFGate">{{cite news |last=Rubin |first=Sylvia |date=July 2, 2006 |title=Fashion shocker of '46: the naked belly button |work=San Francisco Chronicle |url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fashion-shocker-of-46-the-naked-belly-button-2493673.php |access-date=August 28, 2013}}</ref> four years after his death.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |last=Cornwell |first=Rupert |author2=John Lichfield |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Boom and Bust: The nuclear age and the bikini age |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/boom-and-bust-the-nuclear-age-and-the-bikini-age-404390.html |url-status=dead |access-date=September 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502130024/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/boom-and-bust-the-nuclear-age-and-the-bikini-age-404390.html |archive-date=May 2, 2008}}</ref> Meanwhile, the bikini had become the most popular beachwear around the globe. According to French fashion historian Olivier Saillard, this was due to "the power of women, and not the power of fashion".<ref name="BBCW" /> By 1988 the bikini made up nearly 20% of swimsuit sales, more than any other model in the US,<ref name="WOJSI" /> though one-piece suits made a comeback during the 1980s and early 1990s.<ref name="independent" /> In 1997, Miss Maryland Jamie Fox became the first contestant in 50 years to compete in a two-piece swimsuit at the [[Miss America Pageant]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Photos: On this day – July 5, 1946 – the first bikini goes on sale |newspaper=New Haven Register |url=http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2013/07/05/photos-on-this-day-july-5-1946-the-first-bikini-goes-on-sale/#62 |url-status=dead |access-date=August 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130823002850/http://photos.newhavenregister.com/2013/07/05/photos-on-this-day-july-5-1946-the-first-bikini-goes-on-sale/ |archive-date=August 23, 2013}}</ref> Actresses in [[action film]]s like ''[[Blue Crush]]'' (2002) and ''[[Charlie's Angels: Full Throttle]]'' (2003) made the two-piece "the millennial equivalent of the [[Power dressing|power suit]]", according to Gina Bellafonte of ''[[The New York Times]].''<ref name="heritage" />[[File:Women in bikinis at an aerobics class at Hietaniemi beach.jpg|thumb|Women in bikinis at the [[Hietaniemi Beach]] in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]], in 2014.|left|212x212px]]According to Beth Dincuff Charleston, research associate at the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, "The bikini represents a social leap involving body consciousness, moral concerns, and sexual attitudes."<ref name="heritage" /> By the early 2000s, bikinis had become a $811&nbsp;million business annually, according to the [[NPD Group]], a consumer and retail information company,<ref name="SFC" /> and had boosted spin-off services like [[bikini wax]]ing and the sun tanning industries.<ref name="AgeL" /> The first bikini [[museum]] in the world is being built in [[Bad Rappenau]] in Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kienzl |first=Philipp |date=2019-07-05 |title=Warum der Bikini das wohl skandalöseste Kleidungsstück der Geschichte ist |work=Ze.tt |url=https://ze.tt/warum-der-bikini-das-wohl-skandaloeseste-kleidungsstueck-der-geschichte-ist/ |access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref> The development of [[swimwear]] from 1880 to the present is presented on 2,000 square metres of exhibition space.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goebel |first=Anne |date=2019-12-06 |title=Ewiger Sommer |work=Süddeutsche Zeitung |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/stil/neues-museum-ewiger-sommer-1.4707131 |access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>

By 2017, the global swimwear market was valued at US$18,5 billion with a [[compound annual growth rate]] of 6.2%.<ref>Kiran Sable, [https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/swimwear-market#:~:text=Swimwear%20Market%20Overview%3A,6.2%25%20from%202018%20to%202024.Swimwear Market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928220802/https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/swimwear-market#:~:text=Swimwear%20Market%20Overview%3A,6.2%25%20from%202018%20to%202024.Swimwear|date=September 28, 2020}}, Allied Market Research, June 2018</ref> Part of the increased consumption of bikinis and swimwears can be attributed to [[influencers]] who promote and endorse various brands around the year.<ref>Kellie Ell, [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/24/swimwear-industry-on-fire-thanks-to-instagram.html Swimwear industry 'on fire' as Instagram's year-round summers fill feeds with string bikinis and exotic beach posts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627073611/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/24/swimwear-industry-on-fire-thanks-to-instagram.html|date=June 27, 2020}}, CNBC, July 12, 2018</ref> Soccer player and best selling author [[Mo Isom]] describes it as, "We're flooded with [[Instagram]] bikini pics."<ref>Mo Isom, ''Sex, Jesus, and the Conversations the Church Forgot'', page 59, Baker Books, 2018, {{ISBN|9781493412709}}</ref> It was estimated in 2016 that in 2019 the USA would be the largest swimwear market (US$10 billion), followed by Europe (US$5 billion), [[Asia–Pacific]] (US$4 billion) and Middle East and Africa (about 1 billion).<ref>[https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20160324005076/en/Global-Swimwear-Market-Exceed-USD-20-Billion Global Swimwear Market to Exceed USD 20 Billion by 2020, According to Technavio], Business Wire, March 24, 2016</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Evolution of bikinis
|width=160
|height=170
|align=center
|File: A girl in white bikini.jpg
|1970s
|File:Young woman in a yellow bikini with a drink.jpg
|1980s
|File:Tourism in Turkey, 1993.jpg
|1990s
|File:HDR Bikini on Waterfall.png
|2000s
|File:Woman posing on skateboard in bikini.jpg
|2010s}}
{{clear right}}

=== Outside the Western world ===
==== South Asia ====
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 280
| image1            = Topmodel Africa Contestant Bikini.jpg
| caption1          = ''Topmodel Africa'' contestant in [[Harare]].
| image2            = Saree bikini.jpg
| caption2          = Indian model wearing bikini with [[saree]].
}}

The 1967 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[An Evening in Paris]]'' is mostly remembered because it featured actress [[Sharmila Tagore]] as the first Indian actress to wear a bikini on film.<ref>Stuff Reporter, "[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3190174.ece Being Sharmila, all through life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903212011/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article3190174.ece |date=September 3, 2015 }}", ''The Hindu'', April 3, 2006</ref><ref>Lalit Mohan Joshi & Gulzar, Derek Malcolm, ''Bollywood'', page 20, Lucky Dissanayake, 2002, {{ISBN|0-9537032-2-3}}</ref> She also posed in a bikini for the glossy ''[[Filmfare]]'' magazine.<ref>[[B. K. Karanjia]], ''Blundering in Wonderland'', page 18, Vikas Publishing House, 1990, {{ISBN|0-7069-4961-7}}</ref><ref>[http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/sharmila-tagore-actresses-today-can-drink-smoke-and-live-in/20034 Sharmila Tagore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204052923/http://idiva.com/news-entertainment/sharmila-tagore-actresses-today-can-drink-smoke-and-live-in/20034 |date=February 4, 2014 }}, First Indian actress to wear bikini</ref> The costume shocked a conservative Indian audience,<ref>Various writers, ''Rashtriya Sahara'', page 28, Sahara India Mass Communication, 2002</ref> but it also set in motion a trend carried forward by [[Zeenat Aman]] in ''[[Heera Panna]]'' (1973) and ''[[Qurbani (1980 film)|Qurbani]]'' (1980),<ref name=avi /> [[Dimple Kapadia]] in ''[[Bobby (1973 film)|Bobby]]'' (1973),<ref name=avi /> and [[Parveen Babi]] in ''[[Yeh Nazdeekiyan]]'' (1982).<ref name=avi>{{cite news|first=Avijit |last=Ghosh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/special-report/Bollywoods-unfinished-revolution/articleshow/1696458.cms |title=Bollywood's unfinished revolution|work=The Times of India |date=July 2, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow-times/That-itsy-bitsy-thing/articleshow/1655251.cms |title=That itsy bitsy thing|work= The Times of India|date=June 16, 2006}}</ref> Indonesian actress [[Nurnaningsih]]'s bikini clad photos were widely distributed in early 1950s, though she was banned in [[Kalimantan]].<ref>Ramadhian Fadillah, [https://www.merdeka.com/artis/nurnaningsih-artis-yang-dicap-sebagai-bom-seks-pertama-indonesia.html Nurnaningsih, artis yang dicap sebagai bom seks pertama Indonesia] (language: Bahasa), Merdeka, 29 Desember 2015</ref><ref>Rindi Ayunda, [https://www.sisidunia.com/2015/12/30/nurnaningsih-artis-panas-indonesia-pertama-di-tahun-50-an/64982 Nurnaningsih, Artis Panas Indonesia Pertama Di Tahun 50-an] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629131930/https://www.sisidunia.com/2015/12/30/nurnaningsih-artis-panas-indonesia-pertama-di-tahun-50-an/64982 |date=June 29, 2020 }} (language: Bahasa), Sisidunia, 30/12/2015</ref><ref>[http://www.sooperboy.com/sooper-hot/nurnaningsih-legenda-artis-panas-pertama-di-indonesia-150512c.html Nurnaningsih, Legenda Artis Panas Pertama di Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630025329/http://www.sooperboy.com/sooper-hot/nurnaningsih-legenda-artis-panas-pertama-di-indonesia-150512c.html |date=June 30, 2020 }} (language: Bahasa), Sooperboy, 12 May 2015</ref>

Indian women generally wear bikinis when they vacation abroad or in [[Goa]] without the family. But, despite the conservative ideas prevalent in India, bikinis also become more popular in summer when women, from [[Bollywood]] stars to the middle class, take up swimming, often in a public space.<ref name=HTBikini>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20150328175814/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2617354071.html Are Indian girls bikini ready?]", ''Hindustan Times'' (New Delhi, India), March 25, 2012</ref><ref>Rachel Lopez, "[https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/who-s-afraid-of-wearing-a-bikini/story-cwIsVblXI31KKqPOHezcUJ.html From Bollywood to middle class India, no one is afraid of wearing bikini]", ''Hindustan Times'', May 15, 2016</ref> A lot of [[tankini]]s, shorts and [[maillot|single-piece swimsuits]] are sold in the summer,<ref name=HTBikini/> along with real bikinis and [[bandeaukini]]s.<ref name=ShoDhar/> The maximum sales for bikinis happen in the winter, the honeymoon season.<ref name=HTBikini/> For more coverage, designers [[Shivan Bhatiya]] and [[Narresh Kukreja]] invented the bikini-[[saree]] popularised by TV anchor [[Mandira Bedi]].<ref name=ShoDhar>Shobita Dhar, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/freedom-in-a-two-piece-indian-women-now-rock-their-bikinis/articleshow/73121755.cms Freedom in a two-piece: Indian women now rock their bikinis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/freedom-in-a-two-piece-indian-women-now-rock-their-bikinis/articleshow/73121755.cms |date=January 19, 2020 }}, ''Times of India'', Jan 7, 2020</ref>

==== East Asia ====

By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the Chinese bikini industry became a serious international threat for the Brazilian bikini industry.<ref>Justin Rowlatt, "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/9348299.stm Brazil's raw materials and the Chinese bikini problem] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819063301/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/9348299.stm |date=August 19, 2014 }}", BBC, January 8, 2011</ref> [[Huludao]], [[Liaoning]], China set the world record for the largest bikini parade in 2012, with 1,085 participants and a photo shoot involving 3,090 women.<ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/3000/largest-bikini-parade Largest Bikini Parade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203659/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/3000/largest-bikini-parade |date=October 29, 2013 }}, Official Website: Guinness Book of World Records</ref><ref>[http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2011/9/new-largest-bikini-photo-shoot-world-record-set-in-china/ Largest Bikini Photo Shoot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203656/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2011/9/new-largest-bikini-photo-shoot-world-record-set-in-china/ |date=October 29, 2013 }}, Official Website: Guinness Book of World Records</ref> "[[Beijing bikini]]" refers to the Chinese urban practice of men rolling up their shirts to expose their midriff to cool off in public in the summer.<ref>Anna Fifield, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/a-mainstay-of-the-chinese-summer-thebeijing-bikiniis-under-threat/2019/07/04/b8519ea6-9e31-11e9-a1fc-7337aeb9179e_story.html A mainstay of the Chinese summer, the 'Beijing bikini,' is under threat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629164647/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/a-mainstay-of-the-chinese-summer-thebeijing-bikiniis-under-threat/2019/07/04/b8519ea6-9e31-11e9-a1fc-7337aeb9179e_story.html |date=June 29, 2020 }}, ''Washington Post'', July 4, 2019</ref> In Japan, wearing a bikini is common on the beach and at baths or pools. But, according to a 2013 study, 94% women are not body confident enough to wear a bikini in public without resorting to [[sarong]]s, zip-up [[sweatshirt]]s, T-shirts, or shorts.<ref>Casey Baseel, [https://japantoday.com/category/features/lifestyle/94-of-japanese-women-dont-feel-confident-in-a-bikini-survey-reveals 94% of Japanese women don't feel confident in a swimsuit, survey reveals] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627065155/https://japantoday.com/category/features/lifestyle/94-of-japanese-women-dont-feel-confident-in-a-bikini-survey-reveals |date=June 27, 2020 }}, Japan Today, July 21, 2013</ref> Japanese women also often wear a "[[facekini]]" to protect their face from [[sunburn]]s.<ref>Anna Fifield, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/08/30/what-women-around-the-world-actually-wear-to-the-beach/ Burkini, meet facekini: What women around the world wear to the beach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701010622/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/08/30/what-women-around-the-world-actually-wear-to-the-beach/ |date=July 1, 2020 }}, ''Washington Post'', August 30, 2016</ref>

==== Middle East ====

In most parts of the [[Middle East]], bikinis are either banned or are highly controversial. On March 18, 1973, when [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] magazine ''Ash-Shabaka'' printed a bikini-clad woman on the cover, they had to make a second version with only the face of the model.<ref>Noha Mellor, ''The Making of Arab News'', page 39, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-7425-3819-1}}</ref> In 2011, when [[Huda Naccache]] ([[Miss Earth]] 2011) posed for the cover of ''Lilac'' (based in [[Israel]]), she became the first bikini-clad Arab model on the cover of an Arabic magazine.<ref>Amy Kaslow, "[http://fortune.com/2014/09/22/israeli-arab-women-jobs-economy/ Arab Israeli women have been hampered by a society that has accorded Arabs and women, much less Arab women, second-class status] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028185512/http://fortune.com/2014/09/22/israeli-arab-women-jobs-economy/ |date=October 28, 2014 }}", ''Fortune'', September 22, 2014</ref><ref>Shatha Yaish, "[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arab-israeli-model-huda-naccache-makes-history-with-bikini-shoot/story-e6frg6n6-1226164166847?nk=877dc7afd90db22caf5327f021337eb3 Itsy bitsy teen weeny Arab bikini revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618064718/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/arab-israeli-model-huda-naccache-makes-history-with-bikini-shoot/story-e6frg6n6-1226164166847?nk=877dc7afd90db22caf5327f021337eb3 |date=June 18, 2016 }}", ''The Australian'', October 12, 2011</ref><ref>Pierre Klochendler, "[http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/arab-magazine-challenges-attitudes-about-arab-women/ Arab Magazine Challenges Attitudes About Arab Women] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028175102/http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/arab-magazine-challenges-attitudes-about-arab-women/ |date=October 28, 2014 }}", ''IPSNews'', May 17, 2013</ref> [[Lebanese-Australian]] fashion designer [[Aheda Zanetti]] created the "[[burkini]]" as a modest option to the bikini, which has become very popular among Muslims.<ref>Hafsa Lodi, [https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/fashion/the-rise-of-the-burkini-how-the-modest-swimwear-has-gone-global-1.921794 The rise of the burkini: how the modest swimwear has gone global] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730063026/https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/fashion/the-rise-of-the-burkini-how-the-modest-swimwear-has-gone-global-1.921794 |date=July 30, 2020 }}, ''The National'', Oct 10, 2019</ref>{{Failed verification|date=June 2024|reason=Source does not mention the bikini and does not assess the burkini's degree of popularity among Muslims.}} Rehab Shaaban, an Egyptian designer, tried an even more [[abaya]]-like design, but her design was banned due to safety reasons.<ref>Youssra El-Sharkawy, [https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/egypts-extra-long-burkinis-the-latest-flashpoint-in-religious-swimwear/96664/ Will this new swimwear for conservative Muslims sink or swim?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628203712/https://www.ozy.com/the-new-and-the-next/egypts-extra-long-burkinis-the-latest-flashpoint-in-religious-swimwear/96664/ |date=June 28, 2020 }}, OZY, October 11, 2019</ref>

== Variants ==
{{Main|Bikini variants}}

{{see also|Maillot|Thong}}
While the name "bikini" was at first applied only to beachwear that revealed the wearer's navel, today the fashion industry considers any two-piece swimsuit a bikini.<ref name=patton>{{cite web|last=Patton|first=Susan Ruiz|title=A Bikini Isn't The Choice Of Miss Pa. For The First Time In 77 Years, Contestants In Miss America Pageant Can Choose Their Swimwear. Heather Busin Prefers One-piece|url=https://www.mcall.com/1997/09/11/a-bikini-isnt-the-choice-of-miss-pa-for-the-first-time-in-77-years-contestants-in-miss-america-pageant-can-choose-their-swimwear-heather-busin-prefers-one-piece/|publisher=McCalls|date=September 11, 1997|access-date=August 27, 2013|archive-date=October 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013191926/http://articles.mcall.com/1997-09-11/news/3155841_1_swimsuit-competition-bikini-pageant|url-status=live}}</ref> Modern bikini fashions are characterized by a simple, brief design: two triangles of fabric that form a bra and cover the woman's [[breast]]s and a third that forms a panty cut below the navel that covers the [[groin]] and the [[intergluteal cleft]].<ref name=MMOA />

Bikinis can and have been made out of almost every possible clothing material, and the fabrics and other materials used to make bikinis are an essential element of their design.<ref name=materials>{{cite web|last=Rosebush|first=Judson|title=Materials|url=http://bikiniscience.com/costumes/bikiniology_SS/materials_S/materials.html|publisher=Bikini Science|access-date=August 15, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005005700/http://bikiniscience.com/costumes/bikiniology_SS/materials_S/materials.html|archive-date=October 5, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Modern bikinis were first made of cotton and jersey, but in the 1960s, Lycra became the common material. Alternative swimwear fabrics such as velvet, leather, and [[Crochet bikini|crocheted]] squares surfaced in the early 1970s.<ref name=MMOA />

In a single fashion show in 1985, there were two-piece suits with [[Crop top|cropped tank tops]] instead of the usual skimpy bandeaux, suits that resembled bikinis from the front and one-pieces from the back, [[Suspenders|suspender straps]], [[Ruffle (sewing)|ruffles]], and deep navel-baring cutouts.<ref>Fashion Correspondent, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200814/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB29A230AE055D5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Swimsuits take some inspiration from the past]", ''Philadelphia Inquirer'', November 10, 1985</ref> Metal and stone jewelry pieces are now often used to dress up look and style according to tastes. To meet the fast pace of demands, some manufacturers now offer made-to-order bikinis ready in as few as seven minutes.<ref>Siobhan Morrissey, "[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF84758A18E87D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Bikinis made in teeny-weeny time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200740/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF84758A18E87D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=January 16, 2019 }}, ''The Palm Beach Post'', page 1D, August 28, 1991</ref> The world's most expensive bikini was designed in February 2006 by Susan Rosen; containing {{convert|150|carat|g}} of diamond, it was valued at £20&nbsp;million.<ref name=YorkS>Jayne Dawson, "[http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/top-stories/sexy-at-60-1-2054675 Sexy at 60] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319050234/http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/latest-news/top-stories/sexy-at-60-1-2054675 |date=March 19, 2015}}", ''Yorkshire Evening Post'', July 25, 2006</ref>
{{clear right}}

=== Major styles ===
There is a range of distinct bikini styles available — [[string bikini|string/tie-side bikini]]s, [[monokini]]s (topless or top and bottom connected), trikinis (three pieces instead of two), [[tankini]]s ([[Sleeveless shirt|tank top]], bikini bottom), camikinis ([[Camisole|camisole top]], bikini bottom), bandeaukinis ([[bandeau]] top, bikini bottom), skirtinis (bikini top, skirt bottom), microkinis, [[Sling swimsuit|sling bikinis]] (or suspender bikinis), [[thong]] and [[g-string]] bikinis, and teardrop bikinis.<ref name=barryJ />

<!-- If you are trying to change any of the images, please, use a horizontal image to keep the layout neat. -->{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Variant !! Image !! Year !! Description
|-
| '''[[Bandeaukini]]''' || [[File:Nice Woman at Beach - Playa Mamitas, Playa del Carmen - Quintana Roo, Mexico.jpg|frameless|168x168px]]|| {{center|—}} || A '''bandeaukini''' (alternatively called a '''bandini''')<ref>Kelly Killoren Bensimon, ''The Bikini Book'', Assouline, 2006, {{ISBN|2-84323-825-0}}</ref> is a [[bandeau]] top (no straps going over the shoulders) worn with any bikini bottom.<ref name=homan /><ref>Patricia Marx, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090831050538/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/08/03/090803fa_fact_marx On and Off the Avenue: Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny]", page 32, ''The New Yorker'', August 31, 2009, Volume 85, Issues 26, New Yorker Magazine Inc.</ref> It is the oldest form of bikini, with one of the earliest examples found in [[Sicily|Sicilian]] [[Villa Romana del Casale]] (dubbed the "[[Villa Romana del Casale#Athletic competition|Bikini Girls]]"), dating back to the 4th century AD.<ref name="Guttmann 1991 38"/><ref name="Villa Romana del Casale"/><ref>Whitney Friedlander, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-may-23-la-ig-0523-timeline-20100523-story.html That's why they're called 'bathing' suits], Los Angeles Times, May 23, 2010</ref><ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/832 Villa Romana del Casale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826114556/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/832/ |date=August 26, 2010 }}, UNESCO</ref> Reintroduced, its appeal grew fast among young women,<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=OSBB&d_place=OSBB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10A7874FECFF1B68&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Just chillin, This season's swimsuits boast new flirty styles, retro looks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200807/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=OSBB&d_place=OSBB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10A7874FECFF1B68&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D |date=January 16, 2019 }}", ''Ocala Star-Banner'', June 1, 2005</ref> with bandeau tops edging into the sales of the classic tankini.<ref>Rena Fulka, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200832/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=STRB&p_theme=strb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=11A1D63E08E5BD90&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Seasonal style]", ''The Star'' (Tinley Park), June 14, 2007</ref>
|-
| '''[[Microkini]]''' || [[File:Microkini - pink.jpg|frameless|149x149px]]|| 1995 || A '''microkini''', also known as a '''micro bikini''', is an exceptionally meager bikini.{{cn|date=June 2023}} The designs for both women and men typically use only enough fabric to cover the [[genitals]] and, for women, the nipples. Some variations of the microkini use adhesive or wire to hold the fabric in place over the genitals. Microkinis keep the wearer just within legal limits of decency and fill a niche between [[nudism]] and conservative swimwear. They are often accepted in Western cultures, including in Europe and the United States; however, they are considered inappropriate in more conservative nations and/or in family settings.<ref>Mistrík, Erich, ''Pseudo-Concrete Ideals Of A Good Life'', Human Affairs (2/2008), Department of Social & Biological Communication, Slovenská Akadémia Vied, Slovakia</ref>
|-
| '''[[Monokini]]''' || [[File:Kindai Mahjong Swimsuit Festival 7-2 IMG 8119.jpg|frameless|150x150px]]|| 1964 || A '''monokini''' (also called '''topless swimsuit''', '''unikini''' or '''numokini''') is a women's one-piece garment equivalent to the lower half of a bikini.<ref>The Concise Oxford Dictionary (2004 ed.)</ref> The design was originally conceived by [[Rudi Gernreich]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bikiniscience.com/costumes/soutien-gorge_SS/topless_S/topless.html |title=Bikini Science |publisher=Bikini Science |access-date=November 12, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108023628/http://www.bikiniscience.com/costumes/soutien-gorge_SS/topless_S/topless.html |archive-date=January 8, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> An extreme version of the monokini, the thong-style '''pubikini''' (which exposed the [[pubic]] region), was also designed by Gernreich in 1985.<ref>{{cite book|title=Recent acquisitions: A Selection, 1985–1986 |editor=Ellen Shultz |date=1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iELIoreqozkC&pg=PA48 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|isbn=978-0-87099-478-4|page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stewart|first1=Elizabeth Gunther|last2=Spencer|first2=Paula|title=The V book : a doctor's guide to complete vulvovaginal health|date=2002|publisher=Bantam Books|location=New York |isbn=978-0-553-38114-6|page=104|edition=Bantam trade pbk. |quote=In 1985, designer Rudi Gernreich unveiled the "pubikini," a bathing suit meant to expose pubic hair.}}</ref> Today, monokinis usually refer to swimsuits in which the top and bottom are connected but provide coverage of the breasts as to be accepted in most western cultures.
|-
| '''[[Skirtini]]''' || [[File:Kneeling woman in bikini at the beach (4537254627).jpg|frameless|160px]] || {{center|—}} || The '''skirtini''', which features a bikini top and a small, skirted bottom, is also an innovation for bikini-style clothes with more coverage.<ref>Nada Manley, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200802/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NJ&p_theme=nj&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10A3138C75E6BF71&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Beauty & the Beach: The perfect swimsuit is out there – honestly]", ''The Daytona Beach News-Journal'', March 17, 2005</ref> Two-piece swimsuits with skirt panels were popular in the US before the government ordered a 10% reduction in fabric used in woman's swimwear in 1943 as wartime rationing.<ref name="history"/> In 2011, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' identified the skirted bikini as one of the top 10 swimwear designs of that season.<ref>Justine Picardie, ''[http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8597324/The-Closet-Thinker-bathing-beauties.html The Closet Thinker: bathing beauties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220124839/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8597324/The-Closet-Thinker-bathing-beauties.html |date=December 20, 2016 }}'', ''The Daily Telegraph'', July 3, 2011</ref>
|-
| '''[[Sling bikini]]''' || [[File:Elisabetta Canalis 0380.jpg|frameless|158x158px]]|| {{center|—}} || The '''sling bikini''' (also known as '''sling-kini''', '''onepiecekini''' or '''sling swimsuit''') is an unbroken suit, technically one-piece, which resembles a bikini bottom with the side straps extending upwards to cover the breasts and go over the shoulders, or encircling the neck while a second set of straps pass around the midriff (also known as '''pretzel bikini''' or ''pretzel swimsuit'').<ref name=JenPa>Jenny Pate, [http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/History-of-Swimsuits/461234 History of the swimsuit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907051823/http://www.articledashboard.com/Article/History-of-Swimsuits/461234 |date=September 7, 2008}}, Article Dashboard</ref> Sling swimsuits emerged in the early 1990s, and were introduced into the mainstream in 1994.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120730105128/http://swimsuits.lovetoknow.com/Slingshot_Suspender_Bikini Slingshot Suspender Bikinis: A History], Love to know swimsuits, Glam Publisher Network</ref><ref>Fashion Correspondent, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200756/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4D23272FD283B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Itsy bitsy teenie weenie&nbsp;... trivia think swimsuits. If two-pieces and t-backs are all that come to mind&nbsp;... think again]", ''The Miami Herald'', page 1G, July 15, 1995</ref> When designed for or worn by a man, it is called a '''mankini''', popularized by [[Sacha Baron Cohen]] in the film ''[[Borat]]''.<ref>Steve Helling, "[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20279623,00.html Cruising Tips from New Kids on the Block] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722111330/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20279623,00.html |date=July 22, 2015 }}", ''People'', May 18, 2009</ref><ref>Staff, "[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-lancashire-29704452 Blackpool Council considers 'mankini' outfit ban]", BBC, Aug 21, 2014</ref>
|-
| '''[[String bikini]]''' || [[File:Sunrise, Florida woman in bikini v2.jpg|frameless|145x145px]]|| 1974 || A '''string bikini''' (or a '''tie-side bikini''') gets its name from its design that consists of two triangular shaped pieces connected at the [[groin]] but not at the sides, where a thin "string" wraps around the waist tied together to connect the two parts. The structure of the side tie bottom leaves the hips bare.<ref>[https://www.biqiniz.com/blogs/glossary/side-tie-bottom-bikini-set Biqiniz Bikini Glossary] {{dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} Know your bandeaus from your halters.</ref> The first formal presentation of string bikini was done by fashion model Brandi Perret-DuJon, for the opening of Le Petite Centre, a shopping area in the French Quarter of the [[New Orleans, Louisiana]] in 1974. String bikinis are one of the most popular variations of bikini.<ref>Valerie Steele, ''Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion'', page 121, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005, {{ISBN|0-684-31396-0}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Tankini]]''' || [[File:Amy at the 2010 Run to the Sun Fashion Show in Anchorage, Alaska.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1998 || The '''tankini''' is a swimsuit combining a [[Tank top (shirt)|tank top]] and a bikini bottom.<ref name=homan>Becky Homan, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200745/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB05184B3196071&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Tankini goes over the top]", ''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'', April 3, 1999</ref><ref name=Alisha>Alisha Davis, "[https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-20537767 It Rhymes With Bikini]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", ''Newsweek'', May 4, 1998</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/tankini |title=Tankini |publisher=oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com |access-date=March 14, 2013}}</ref> Tankinis can be made of [[spandex]]-and-cotton or [[Lycra]]-and-nylon.<ref>Anne D'Innocenzio, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20101111074727/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27407189_ITM Big fish rule a bigger pond]", ''Women's Wear Daily'', January 24, 2000</ref> Designer [[Anne Cole]], the US swimwear mogul, was the originator of this style in 1998.<ref name=homan /><ref>Rose Apodaca Jones, "[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10764345_ITM Five decades in the swim]", ''Women's Wear Daily'', Fairchild Publications, April 23, 2001</ref> A variation is named '''camkini''', with [[spaghetti strap]]s instead of tank-shaped straps over a bikini bottom.<ref>Kathryn Bold, "[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/16687650.html?dids=16687650:16687650&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+21%2C+1996&author=KATHRYN+BOLD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Summer+Sizzle%3B+Top+to+Bottom%3B+Talk+about+bikini+anxiety.+Designers+for+Point+Conception+scrutinize+every+detail.&pqatl=google Summer Sizzle Top to Bottom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019085313/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/16687650.html?dids=16687650:16687650&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+21,+1996&author=KATHRYN+BOLD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Summer+Sizzle%3B+Top+to+Bottom%3B+Talk+about+bikini+anxiety.+Designers+for+Point+Conception+scrutinize+every+detail.&pqatl=google |date=October 19, 2012 }}", ''Los Angeles Times'', page 1, March 21, 1996</ref>
|-
| '''[[Trikini]]''' || [[File:ValerieSilverman. 519.jpg|frameless|100px]] || 1967 || The '''trikini''' appeared briefly in 1967, defined as "a handkerchief and two small saucers."<ref name=saf>William Safire, ''No Uncertain Terms'', page 291, Simon & Schuster, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7432-5812-6}}</ref> It reappeared in the 1990s as a bikini bottom with a stringed halter of two triangular pieces covering the breasts,<ref>David L. Gold, ''Studies in Etymology and Etiology'', page 101, Universidad de Alicante, 2009, {{ISBN|9788479085179}}</ref> and in the 2000s as a costume of three separate pieces.<ref>Associated Press, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090113132429/http://www.theage.com.au/cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=%2Farticles%2F2004%2F06%2F28%2F1088392608125.html Free and easy]", ''The Age'' (Australia), 2004 -06-29</ref> The trikini top comes essentially in two separate parts.<ref>John Ayto, Ian Crofton & Ebenezer Cobham Brewer, ''Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase & Fable'', page 78, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006, {{ISBN|0-304-36809-1}}</ref> The name of this woman's bathing suit is formed from the word "bikini", replacing "bi-", meaning "two", with "tri-", meaning "three".<ref>Robert L. Chapman & Harold Wentworth, ''New Dictionary of American Slang'', page 446, Harper & Row, 1986, {{ISBN|0-06-181157-2}}.</ref> In a variation the three pieces are sold as part of one continuous garment.<ref>John Karl, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090112081550/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27747407_ITM Under cover Designers are wrapping swimsuits with stylish designs], ''Sarasota Herald Tribune'', 2000-02-08</ref>
|}

== In sport ==
Bikinis have become a major component of marketing various [[women's sports]].<ref name="Kilborn">Laura Grae Kilborn, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200751/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DP&p_theme=dp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF44E9A0508C03&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D The Marketing Of Female Athletes]", ''The Denver Post'', August 11, 1998</ref> It is an official uniform for [[beach volleyball]] and is widely worn in [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] and other sports. Sports bikinis have gained popularity since the 1990s.<ref>Gertrud Pfister and Mari Kristin Sisjord, ''Gender and Sport: Changes and Challenges'', page 142, Waxmann Verlag, 2013, {{ISBN|978-3-8309-7873-2}}</ref> However, the trend has raised significant criticism in recent years among people who view it as an attempt to sell sex.<ref name="Kilborn" /> Female swimmers do not commonly wear bikinis in competitive swimming.<ref>Harvey S. Wiener, ''Total swimming'', page 125, Simon & Schuster, 1981, {{ISBN|978-0-671-42807-5}}</ref><ref>Barry Wilner, Art Seiden, Sam Freas, and Dan Helms, ''Swimming'', page 12, Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-8114-6596-0}}</ref> The International Swimming Federation (FINA) voted to prohibit female swimmers from racing in bikinis in its meeting at Rome in 1960.<ref>David Maraniss, ''Rome 1960: The Olympics That Changed the World'', page 75, Simon & Schuster, 2008, {{ISBN|978-1-4391-0267-1}}</ref>

=== Beach volleyball ===
[[File:Brooke Sweat and Jennifer Fopma at Hermosa Beach 2012 (2) (cropped).jpg|thumb|US women's [[beach volleyball]] team has cited several advantages to bikini uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|title=Here's Why the USA Women's Volleyball Team Refuses to Stop Wearing Bikinis|date=August 11, 2016|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706191714/http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis|url-status=dead}}</ref> Photo shows US beach volleyball players [[Jennifer Fopma]] and [[Brooke Sweat]] in their uniforms.]]

In 1994, the bikini became the official uniform of [[Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics#Women's beach volleyball|women's Olympic beach volleyball]].<ref name="cover-up">{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/591787.stm |title=Aussies opt for bikini cover-up | work=[[BBC News]]| date=January 5, 2000}}</ref> In 1999, the [[Fédération Internationale de Volleyball|International Volleyball Federation]] (FIVB) standardized beach volleyball uniforms, with the bikini becoming the required uniform for women.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ |title=Bikini blues – Beach volleyball makes the swimsuit standard |publisher=[[CNN]]|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809191530/http://www.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ |archive-date=August 9, 2015}}</ref> That regulation bottom is called a "bun-hugger",<ref name=patr /> and players names are often written on the back of the bottom.<ref name=patr />

The uniform made its Olympic debut at [[Bondi Beach]], [[Sydney]] during the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] amid some criticism.<ref name=stan>Mary Zeiss Stange, Carol K. Oyster and Jane E. Sloan (ed.), ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=B50Jad7552MC&q=bikini+beach+volleyball&pg=PA134 Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World]'' (Volume 1), page 134, SAGE, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4129-7685-5}}</ref> It was the fifth-largest television audience of all the sports at the 2000 Games. Much of the interest was attributed to the [[sex appeal]] of bikini-clad players, along with their athletic ability.<ref>Stuff Writer, "[https://www.espn.com/olympics/summer04/gen/news/story?id=1860176 Beach volleyball a popular spectator sport] ", [[ESPN]], August 16, 2004</ref> Bikini-clad dancers and cheerleaders entertain the audience during match breaks in many beach volleyball tournaments, including the Olympics.<ref name=patr /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5705620/ |title=Beach volleyball's bikini cheerleaders stir up a storm |publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|date=August 17, 2004 |access-date=March 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317105526/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/5705620/ |archive-date=March 17, 2008}}</ref> [[Volleyball|Indoor volleyball]] costumes followed suit, becoming smaller and tighter.<ref name=patr />

Some sports officials criticized the FIVB uniform as exploitative and impractical in colder weather.<ref name="cover-up" /> It also drew the ire of some athletes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/olympics/sports/beach-volleyball.htm |title=Beach Volleyball |publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419043317/http://www.abc.net.au/news/olympics/sports/beach-volleyball.htm |archive-date=April 19, 2010}}</ref> At the [[2006 Asian Games]] at Doha, Qatar, only one Muslim country&nbsp;– Iraq&nbsp;– fielded a team in the beach volleyball competition because of concerns that the uniform was inappropriate. They refused to wear bikinis.<ref>Associated Press, [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3335511,00.html In Doha, beach volleyball bikinis create cultural clash] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402151805/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3335511,00.html |date=April 2, 2015 }}, Ynet News, March 12, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2008.</ref> The weather during the evening games in [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] was so cold that some players wore shirts and [[leggings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/olympics/news-london-2012/beach-volleyball-but-not-beach-weather-aussies-lose-close-match-as-cold-bites-20120729-23562.html|title=Beach volleyball but not beach weather: Aussies lose close match as cold bites | work=[[The Canberra Times]]|date=July 29, 2012 |access-date=August 1, 2012}}</ref> Earlier in 2012, FIVB had announced it would allow shorts (maximum length {{convert|3|cm|abbr=on}} above the knee) and sleeved tops at games. Richard Baker, the federation spokesperson, said that "many of these countries have religious and cultural requirements so the uniform needed to be more flexible".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/volleyball/9169429/London-2012-Olympics-female-beach-volleyball-players-permitted-to-wear-less-revealing-uniforms.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/volleyball/9169429/London-2012-Olympics-female-beach-volleyball-players-permitted-to-wear-less-revealing-uniforms.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=London 2012 Olympics: female beach volleyball players permitted to wear less revealing uniforms |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=August 1, 2012 |date=March 27, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The bikini remains preferred by most players<ref name="mcpeak_uniform">{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Sports/China/story?id=5589206&page=1 |title=Olympic Uniforms: Less Clothing Means Better Results |work=ABC News|date=2008-08-18}}</ref> and corporate sponsors.<ref name=patr>Patrice A. Oppliger, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c77ABgAAQBAJ&q=bikini+beach+volleyball&pg=PA182 Girls Gone Skank: The Sexualization of Girls in American Culture]'', page 182-4, McFarland, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-7864-8650-2}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=July 2025|reason=2008 sources}} The US women's team has cited several advantages of bikini uniforms, such as comfort while playing on sand during hot weather.<ref name="ijr">{{cite web|url=http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|website=ijr.com|title=Here's Why the USA Women's Volleyball Team Refuses to Stop Wearing Bikinis|access-date=December 15, 2017|archive-date=October 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019112323/http://ijr.com/2016/08/670528-heres-why-the-usa-womens-volleyball-team-refuses-to-stop-wearing-bikinis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Competitors [[Natalie Cook]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Jenny McAsey |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0,,24130706-5014104,00.html |title=Natalie Cook defends bikini |work=[[Herald Sun]]|date=June 5, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908051422/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/beijing_olympics/story/0%2C%2C24130706-5014104%2C00.html |archive-date=September 8, 2008 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref> and [[Holly McPeak]]<ref name="mcpeak_uniform" /> support the bikini as a practical uniform for a sport played on sand during the heat of summer. Olympic gold medal winner [[Kerry Walsh]] said, "I love our uniforms." According to fellow gold medalist [[Misty May-Treanor]] and Walsh, it does not restrict movement.<ref name=patr />

One feminist viewpoint sees the bikini uniform as objectification of women athletes.<ref name=stan /> US beach volleyball player [[Gabrielle Reece]] described the bikini bottoms as uncomfortable with constant "yanking and fiddling."<ref name=patr /><ref name=blues>Jeanne Moos, "[http://edition.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ Bikini blues – Beach volleyball makes the swimsuit standard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406091308/http://edition.cnn.com/STYLE/9901/13/vollyball.bikini/ |date=April 6, 2015 }}", CNN, Jan 13, 1999</ref> Many female beach volleyball players have sustained injuries by over-training the [[abdominal muscles]] while many others have gone through [[augmentation mammoplasty]] to look appealing in their uniforms.<ref name=stan /> Australian competitor [[Nicole Sanderson]] said about match break entertainment that "it's kind of disrespectful to the female players. I'm sure the male spectators love it, but I find it a little bit offensive."<ref>{{cite web |title=Olympic briefs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/aug/18/athensolympics2004.olympicgames20 |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=August 17, 2004 |access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref>

Sports journalism expert Kimberly Bissell conducted a study on the camera angles used during the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] beach volleyball games. Bissell found that 20% of the camera angles were focused on the women's chests, and 17% on their buttocks. Bissell theorized that the appearance of the players draws fans attention more than their actual athleticism.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bissell|first=Kimberly|author2=Andera Duke|title=Bump, Set, Spike: An Analysis of Commentary|journal=Journal of Promotion Management|year=2007|pages=35–53|doi=10.1300/J057v13n01_04|volume=13|issue=1–2|s2cid=167803591}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/02/beach-volleyball-photos-focus-on-womens-body-parts-not-athletics_n_1734372.html |title=Beach Volleyball Photos Focus On Women's Body Parts – Not Their Athletic Skills |first=Emma |last=Gray |access-date=August 17, 2013 |work=[[HuffPost|Huffington Post]]|date=August 2, 2012}}</ref> Sports commentator [[Jeanne Moos]] commented, "Beach volleyball has now joined [[Go-go dancing|go-go girl dancing]] as perhaps the only two professions where a bikini is the required uniform."<ref name=patr /><ref name=blues /><ref>JG Daddario and BJ Wigley, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_sports_media/v002/2.daddario.html Gender Marking and Racial Stereotyping at the 2004 Athens Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406002535/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_sports_media%2Fv002%2F2.daddario.html |date=April 6, 2015 }}", ''Journal of Sports Media'' (vol 2), [[University of Nebraska Press]], 2007</ref> British Olympian [[Denise Johns]] argues that the regulation uniform is intended to be "sexy" and to attract attention.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article106438.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003749/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/sport/article106438.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 5, 2015 |title=Denise Johns: There is more to beach volleyball than girls in bikinis |first=Brian |last=Schofield |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=July 20, 2008 |access-date=May 4, 2015 |location=London}}</ref> Rubén Acosta, president of the FIVB, says that it makes the game more appealing to spectators.<ref name=stan />

=== Bodybuilding ===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 300
| footer            = Bikini is the uniform for both male and female [[bodybuilding|bodybuilders]].
| image1            = Dougback2.jpg
| image2            = BodybuildingWoman.jpg
}}

From the 1950s to mid-1970s, men's [[bodybuilding]] contest formats were often supplemented with women's beauty contests or bikini shows. The winners earned titles like Miss Body Beautiful, Miss Physical Fitness and Miss Americana, and also presented trophies to the winners of the men's contest.<ref name=lowe>Maria R. Lowe, ''Women of Steel: Female Bodybuilders and the Struggle for Self-definition'', page 57, NYU Press, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-8147-5094-0}}</ref> In the 1980s, the Ms Olympia competition started in the US and in the UK the NABBA (National Amateur Body Building Association) renamed Miss Bikini International to Ms Universe. In 1986, the Ms Universe competition was divided into two sections&nbsp;– "physique" (for a more muscular physique) and "figure" (traditional feminine presentation in high heels).<ref name=grogan>Sarah Grogan, ''Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men, Women and Children'', page 63, Routledge, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-134-24567-3}}</ref> In November 2010 the IFBBF (International Federation of BodyBuilding & Fitness) introduced a women's bikini contest for women who do not wish to build their muscles to figure competition levels.<ref>Tanya Bunsell, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fEYPodrZJEUC&q=bodybuilding+bikini&pg=PT41 Strong and hard women: an ethnography of female body building]'', Routledge, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1-136-25085-9}}</ref>

Costumes are regulation "posing trunks" (bikini briefs) for both men and women.<ref>Francois Fortin, ''Sports: The Complete Visual Reference'', page 360, Québec Amerique, 1996, {{ISBN|9782764408971}}</ref> [[Female bodybuilder]]s in America are prohibited from wearing thongs or T-back swimsuits in contests filmed for television, though they are allowed to do so by certain fitness organizations in closed events.<ref name=lowe/> For men, the dress code specifies "swim trunks only (no shorts, cut-off pants, or Speedos)."

=== Sports ===
Women in [[Sport of athletics|athletics]] often wear bikinis of similar size as those worn in [[beach volleyball]]. [[Amy Acuff]], a US high-jumper, wore a black leather bikini instead of a track suit at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].<ref>Staff Correspondent, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200827/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ST&s_site=dfw&p_multi=ST&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF9290227B1DAA&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D Hype Hopes Today's Olympians need more than athletic prowess to win gold]", ''Fort Worth Star-Telegram'', August 6, 2000</ref> Runner [[Florence Griffith-Joyner]] mixed bikini bottoms with one-legged [[tights]] at the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], earning her more attention than her record-breaking performance in the women's 200 meters event.<ref>Anne Marie Balsamo, ''Technologies of the gendered body'', page 46, Duke University Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-8223-1698-6}}</ref> In the 2007 [[South Pacific Games]], the rules were adjusted to allow players to wear less revealing shorts and cropped sports tops instead of bikinis.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22339200-23109,00.html |title=No bikinis for beach volleyball players |work=News.com.au |date=August 31, 2007 |access-date=March 12, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228044658/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C23599%2C22339200-23109%2C00.html |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> At the [[2006 Asian Games]], organizers banned bikini-bottoms for female athletes and asked them to wear long shorts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/661034.cms |title=Unveiling the spirit of the sporting women |work=The Economic Times |date=December 1, 2006}}</ref>

String bikinis and other revealing clothes are common in [[surfing]], though most surfing bikinis are more robust with more coverage than sunning bikinis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesurfchannel.com/slide/top-10-summer-bikinis/ |title=Top 10 Best Summer Bikinis |publisher=thesurfchannel.com |access-date=March 29, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317192943/http://www.thesurfchannel.com/slide/top-10-summer-bikinis/ |archive-date=March 17, 2015 |df=mdy}}</ref><ref>Andrea McCloud, The Girl's Guide to Surfing, page 52, Chronicle Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4521-0898-8}}</ref> ''[[Surfing Magazine]]'' printed a pictorial of [[Kymberly Herrin]], [[Playboy Playmate|''Playboy'' Playmate]] March 1981, surfing in a revealing bikini, and eventually started an annual bikini issue.<ref>Matt Warshaw, ''The History of Surfing'', page 417, Chronicle Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-1-4521-0094-4}}</ref> The [[Association of Surfing Professionals]] often pairs female surf meets with [[bikini contests]], an issue that divides the female pro-surfing community into two parts.<ref>Douglas Booth, ''Australian Beach Cultures: The History of Sun, Sand and Surf'', page 139, Routledge, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-136-33847-2}}</ref> It has often been more profitable to win the bikini contest than the female surfing event.<ref>Mark Stranger, ''Surfing Life: Surface, Substructure and the Commodification of the Sublime'', page 40, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-7443-6}}</ref>

In 2021, the [[Norway women's national beach handball team]] was fined €1500 for being improperly dressed after the women wore [[Cycling shorts|bike shorts]] instead of bikini bottoms at a European championship match in Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/norway-s-beach-handball-team-fined-for-wearing-shorts-instead-of-bikini-bottoms |title=Norway's beach handball team fined for wearing shorts instead of bikini bottoms |work=[[SBS News]] |date=2021-07-21}}</ref> Critics derided the fine and the underlying rule. Norway's minister for culture and sport [[Abid Raja]] described the fine as being "completely ridiculous". Former tennis champion [[Billie Jean King]] supported the team tweeting "The sexualisation of women athletes must stop".<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-57967486 | title=Pink offers to pay bikini bottoms fine for Norway women's handball team | work=BBC News | date=26 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/norway-womens-beach-handball-bikini-shorts-b1887065.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/others/norway-womens-beach-handball-bikini-shorts-b1887065.html |archive-date=2022-06-21 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title = Norwegian women's beach handball team fined for not wearing bikini bottoms|website = [[Independent.co.uk]]|date = 22 July 2021}}</ref> Although the [[Norwegian Handball Federation]] announced they would pay the fines, pop singer [[Pink (singer)|Pink]] offered to pay for them.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-57940896 |title=Beach handball: 'It's shocking to have to pay to not play in our pants' |author1=Daniel Rosney |author2=Manish Pandey |date=2021-07-27 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Later, in November 2021, the [[International Handball Federation]] changed their dress rules to allow female players to wear some kinds of shorts, specifying "Female athletes must wear short tight pants with a close fit".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2021/1102/1257272-beach-handball/|title=Beach handball relents on rule women must wear bikinis|website=[[RTÉ.ie]]|date=2 November 2021}}</ref>

== Body ideals ==
{{See also|Body image|Bikini contest}}
[[File:Elle Macpherson Intimates Gentle Jade.jpg|thumb|right|A model poses in garments from [[Elle Macpherson]]'s underwear line. Nicknamed "The Body" by ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'',<ref name="kugelmacpherson">{{cite news |last=Kugel |first=Allison |author-link=Allison Kugel |date=December 20, 2011 |title=Elle Macpherson: Unabashed Passion, Ageless Beauty & Creating the Next Fashion Star |url=http://www.pr.com/article/1195 |access-date=March 12, 2012 |publisher=PR.com}}</ref> Macpherson  epitomized the bikini body ideal<ref>Christine Schmidt, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', pages 19, 49–51, Bloomsbury Academic, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-85785-123-9}}</ref><ref>Nicola Yelland, ''Gender in Early Childhood'', page 67, Routledge, 2002, {{ISBN|978-1-134-73518-1}}</ref> as a six-time [[Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue|''Sports Illustrated'' Swimsuit Issue]] cover model.<ref name=AgeL />]]

In 1950, American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole, owner of Cole of California, told ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' that bikinis were designed for "diminutive Gallic women", as because "French girls have short legs... swimsuits have to be hiked up at the sides to make their legs look longer."<ref name=heritage /> In 1961, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported the opinion that the bikini is permissible for people who are not "too fat or too thin".<ref>Claudia Mitchell, Jacqueline Reid-Walsh, ''Girl Culture: Studying girl culture : a readers' guide'', page 183, ABC-CLIO, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-313-33909-7}}</ref> In the 1960s etiquette writer [[Emily Post]] decreed that "[A bikini] is for perfect figures only, and for the very young."<ref name=Slate>{{cite web|last=Turner|first=Julia|title=A Brief History of the Bikini: How the tiny swimsuit conquered America|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/fashion/2006/07/a_brief_history_of_the_bikini.html|work=Slate|access-date=August 15, 2013|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> In ''The Bikini Book'' by [[Kelly Killoren Bensimon]], swimwear designer [[Norma Kamali]] says, "Anyone with a tummy" should not wear a bikini.<ref name=Slate /> Since then, a number of bikini designers including Malia Mills have encouraged women of all ages and body types to take up the style.<ref>Charlotte Williamson and Maggie Davis, ''101 Things to Buy Before You Die'', page 14, New Holland Publishers, 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-84537-885-1}}</ref> The 1970s saw the rise of the [[The Thin Ideal|lean ideal]] of female body and figures like [[Cheryl Tiegs]]. Her figure remained in vogue in the 21st century.<ref>Don Johnson, ''Body: Recovering Our Sensual Wisdom'', page 102, North Atlantic Books, 1992, {{ISBN|978-1-55643-144-9}}</ref>

The fitness boom of the 1980s led to one of the biggest leaps in the evolution of the bikini. According to Mills, "The leg line became superhigh, the front was superlow, and the straps were superthin."<ref>[http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/The-Bikini.html The Bikini turns 60! from the Lilith Gallery of Toronto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909175233/http://www.lilith-ezine.com/articles/2006/The-Bikini.html |date=September 9, 2016}}. Retrieved February 9, 2009.</ref> Women's magazines used terms like "Bikini Belly",<ref>Alex Kuczynski, "[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CEEDB1E3EF937A15755C0A9679C8B63 Looking for Health News? A Bikini Belly? There's More to Read]", ''The New York Times'', June 21, 2001</ref> and workout programs were launched to develop a "bikini-worthy body".<ref>Jennifer Nicole Lee, "[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/get-a-bikini-worthy-body-12-02-2007/ Get A Bikini-Worthy Body] ", CBS News, Feb 1, February 1, 2007</ref> The tiny "fitness-bikinis" made of [[lycra]] were launched to cater to this hardbodied ideal.<ref>Stuart B. Chirls, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023042306/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-7827637.html Americans head for the water – in, on and under]", ''Daily News Record'', July 31, 1989</ref> Movies like ''[[Blue Crush]]'' and TV [[reality show]]s like ''[[Surf Girls]]'' merged the concepts of bikini models and athletes together, further accentuating the toned body ideal.<ref name=GCulture>Claudia Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9PRoPX3DIwgC&q=Jacques+Heim+bikini+july&pg=PA182 Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia]'' (Vol. 1), page 183, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-313-08444-7}}</ref> Motivated by yearly [[Spring Break]] festivities that mark the start of the bikini season in North America,<ref>Jacklyn Zeman, ''Jackie Zeman's Beauty on the Go'', page 70, Simon & Schuster, 1986, {{ISBN|978-0-671-54326-6}}</ref> many women diet in an attempt to achieve the ideal bikini body; some take this to extremes including self-starvation, leading to [[eating disorders]].<ref name=GCulture />

In 1993, [[Suzy Menkes]], then Fashion Editor of the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'', suggested that women had begun to "revolt" against the "body ideal" and bikini "exposure." She wrote, "Significantly, on the beaches as on the streets, some of the youngest and prettiest women (who were once the only ones who dared to bare) seem to have decided that exposure is over."<ref name="menkes" /> Nevertheless, former professional beach volleyball player [[Gabrielle Reece]], who competed in a bikini, claimed that "confidence" alone can make a bikini sexy.<ref name=Slate /> One survey commissioned by Diet Chef, a UK home delivery service, reported by ''The [[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today Show]]'' and ridiculed by ''[[More (magazine)|More]]'' magazine, showed that women should stop wearing bikinis by the age of 47.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stop wearing bikinis after 47? Survey finds age a factor in fashion|url=http://discuss.today.com/_news/2011/05/13/6636106-stop-wearing-bikinis-after-47-survey-finds-age-a-factor-in-fashion|publisher=Today.com|access-date=August 15, 2013|date=May 13, 2011|archive-date=November 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102114023/http://discuss.today.com/_news/2011/05/13/6636106-stop-wearing-bikinis-after-47-survey-finds-age-a-factor-in-fashion|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Lesley Kennedy, "[http://www.more.com/fashion-age-limit-survey Are You Too Old to Rock a Bikini?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222195121/http://www.more.com/fashion-age-limit-survey |date=February 22, 2014}}", ''More'', March 13, 2011</ref>

== Bikini underwear ==
{{See also|Briefs#Design|Underwear as outerwear}}

Certain types of underwear are described as bikini underwear and are designed for men and women. For women, bikini or bikini-style underwear is underwear that is similar in size and form to a regular bikini. It can refer to virtually any undergarment that provides less coverage to the [[midriff]] than [[lingerie]], [[panties]] or knickers,<ref>Alison J. Carter, ''Underwear: The Fashion History'', page 111, Batsford, 1992, {{ISBN|978-0-7134-6222-7}}</ref> especially suited to clothing such as [[crop top]]s. For men, [[Briefs#Design|bikini briefs]] are [[underpants]] that resemble women's bikini bottoms, being smaller and more revealing than men's classic [[briefs]]. Men's bikini briefs can be low- or high-side that are usually lower than the true waist, often at hips, and usually have no access pouch or flap, nor leg bands at tops of thighs.<ref>Shaun Cole, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEmuePeDX4C&q=bikini+underwear&pg=PA90 The Story of Men's Underwear]'', pages 90–93, Parkstone International, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-78042-882-6}}</ref> String bikini briefs have front and rear sections that meet in the crotch but not at the waistband, with no fabric on the side of the legs.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Underwear |url=http://www.boxerbriefs.com/history_of_underwear.htm |publisher=Boxerbriefs.com |access-date=August 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818070455/http://boxerbriefs.com/history_of_underwear.htm |archive-date=August 18, 2013 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Swimwear and underwear have similar design considerations, both being [[form-fitting garment]]s. The main difference is that, unlike underwear, swimwear is open to public view.<ref>Jennifer Craik, ''The Face of Fashion: Cultural Studies in Fashion'', page 133, Routledge, 1993, {{ISBN|978-1-134-94056-1}}</ref> The swimsuit was, and is, following underwear styles,<ref>Christine Schmid, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 6, A&C Black, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-85785-124-6}}</ref> and at about the same time that attitudes towards the bikini began to change, underwear underwent a redesign towards a minimal, unboned design that emphasized comfort first.<ref>Dan Parker, ''The Bathing Suit: Christian Liberty Or Secular Idolatry'', page 170, Xulon Press, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-59160-753-3}}</ref>

=== History ===
{{multiple image
| header            = Women's underwear
| align             = right
| image1            = Barcley custom corsets15.jpg
| width1            = 120
| caption1          = 1927
| image2            = Female model A 03.JPG
| width2            = 130
| caption2          = 2008
}}

As the swimsuit was evolving, underwear also started to change. Between 1900 and 1940, swimsuit lengths followed the changes in underwear designs.<ref>Muriel Barbier, Shazia Boucher, ''The Story of Lingerie'', page 139, Parkstone International, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-78042-970-0}}</ref> In the 1920s women started discarding the [[corset]], while the Cadole company of Paris started developing something they called the "breast girdle".<ref name=napol>Anthony Napoleon, ''Awakening Beauty'', page 130, Virtualbookworm Publishing, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-58939-378-3}}</ref> During the Great Depression, panties and bras became softly constructed and were made of various elasticized yarns making underwear fit like a second skin. By the 1930s underwear styles for both women and men were influenced by the new brief models of swimwear from Europe. Although the waistband was still above the navel, the leg openings of the panty brief were cut in an arc to rise from the crotch to the hip joint. The brief served as a template for most variations of panties for the rest of the century.<ref name=ddhills>Daniel Delis Hill, '' As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising'', page 158, Texas Tech University Press, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-89672-616-1}}</ref> Warner standardized the concept of [[Cup size]] in 1935. The first underwire bra was developed in 1938.<ref name=napol /> Beginning in the late thirties, {{Not a typo|skants}}, a type of {{Not a typo|skanty}} men's briefs, were introduced, featuring very high-cut leg openings and a lower rise to the waistband.<ref name=ddhills /> [[Howard Hughes]] designed a push-up bra to be worn by [[Jane Russell]] in ''[[The Outlaw]]'' in 1943, although Russell stated in interviews that she never wore the 'contraption'. In 1950 [[Maidenform]] introduced the first official bust enhancing bra.<ref name=napol />

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Bikini brief.jpg|Male bikini briefs.
File:BikiniBottom-red-20030625.jpg|Female bikini briefs. 
</gallery>

By the 1960s, the bikini swimsuit influenced panty styles and coincided with the cut of the new lower rise jeans and pants.<ref name=ddhills /> In the seventies, with the emergence of skintight jeans, thong versions of the panty became mainstream, since the open, stringed back eliminated any tell-tale panty lines across the rear and hips. By the 1980s the design of the French-cut panty pushed the waistband back up to the natural waistline and the rise of the leg openings was nearly as high (French Cut panties come up to the waist, has a high cut leg, and usually are full in the rear<ref>Lisa Cole, '' Lingerie, the Foundation of a Woman's Life'', page 45, Choice Publications, 2005, {{ISBN|978-0-9711803-4-5}}</ref>). As with the bra and other type of lingerie, manufacturers of the last quarter of the century marketed panty styles that were designed primarily for their sexual allure.<ref name=ddhills /> From this decade sexualization and eroticization of the male body was on the rise. The male body was celebrated through advertising campaigns for brands such as [[Calvin Klein]], particularly by photographers [[Bruce Weber (photographer)|Bruce Weber]] and [[Herb Ritts]].<ref name=schmidt>Christine Schmidt, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 19, Bloomsbury Academic, 2012, {{ISBN|0-85785-123-3}}</ref> Male bodies and men's undergarments were commodified and packaged for mass consumption, and swimwear and sportswear were influenced by sports photography and fitness.<ref name=schmidt /> Over time, swimwear evolved from weighty wool to high-tech [[skin-tight garment]]s, eventually cross-breeding with sportswear, underwear and exercise wear, resulting in the interchangeable fashions of the 1990s.<ref>Christine Schmid, ''The Swimsuit: Fashion from Poolside to Catwalk'', page 102, A&C Black, 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-85785-124-6}}</ref>

== Bikini waxing ==
{{Main|Bikini waxing}}

{{multiple image
| header            = Bikini waxing styles{{efn|''Sources:''<ref name=milady/><ref name=essort/><ref name=BrBi/><ref name=landingstrip>{{cite web|last1=Grey|first1=Maggie|title=Basic Pubic Hairstyles|url=http://www.landingstrip.org/basic-pubic-hairstyles/|website=The Landing Strip|access-date=June 13, 2014|date=2012-06-30}}</ref><ref name=SalE>{{cite book | author = Salinger, Eve | year = 2005 | title = The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pleasing Your Woman | publisher = Alpha Books/Penguin Group | location = New York | page = 196 | isbn = 978-1-59257-464-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YISte-SRZEC&pg=PA196}}</ref><ref name=Boston>{{cite book | author = Boston Women's Health Book Collective, The | year = 2005 |title = Our Bodies, Ourselves: A New Edition for a New Era | publisher = Touchstone/Simon & Schuster | location = New York | page= [https://archive.org/details/ourbodiesoursel00bost/page/4 4] | isbn = 978-0-7432-5611-7 | edition = 35th anniversary | title-link = Our Bodies, Ourselves}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hiscock |first=Jane |author2=Frances Lovett |title=Beauty Therapy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLHeHGFlQiYC&pg=PA325 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |year=2004 |edition=2nd |publisher=Heinemann Educational Publishers |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-435-45102-8 |page=325}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Latour|first=Stephanie |title=Erotic Review's Bedside Companion: An ABC of Delightful Depravity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLHeHGFlQiYC&pg=PA325 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |year=2002 |publisher=Anova Books|isbn=978-1-84411-002-5|page=25|quote=Salons offer a choice of waxing styles for women, including the widely renowned Brazilian or Mohican for those concerned not to reveal a single stray pube in the inciest, winciest beachwear, while The Hollywood denotes the full monty.}}</ref>}}
| align             = right
| image1            = Bikini lines.jpg
| width1            = 100
| caption1          = American waxing (also: triangle, regular).
| image2            = Landing strip.svg
| width2            = 100
| caption2          = French waxing (also: Mohican, landing strip).
| image3            = Brazilian hollywood.svg
| width3            = 100
| caption3          = Brazilian waxing (also: Hollywood, full monty).
}}

Bikini waxing is the [[hair removal|epilation]] of [[pubic hair]] beyond the bikini line by use of [[waxing]]. The bikini line delineates the part of a woman's pubic area to be covered by the bottom part of a bikini, which means any pubic hair visible beyond the boundaries of a swimsuit.<ref name=Embod1>Heinz Tschachler, Maureen Devine, Michael Draxlbauer; ''The EmBodyment of American Culture''; pp 61–62; LIT Verlag, Berlin-Hamburg-Münster; 2003; {{ISBN|3-8258-6762-5}}.</ref> Visible pubic hair is widely culturally disapproved, considered to be [[Embarrassment|embarrassing]], and often removed.<ref name=Embod1/>

As popularity of bikinis grew, the acceptability of pubic hair diminished.<ref name=Han>David L. Hanlon, Geoffrey Miles White, ''Voyaging Through the Contemporary Pacific'', page 99, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, {{ISBN|0742500454}}</ref> But, with certain styles of women's swimwear, pubic hair may become visible around the [[crotch]] area of a [[swimsuit]].<ref name=Embod1/> With the reduction in the size of swimsuits, especially since the advent of the bikini after 1945, the practice of bikini waxing has also become popular.<ref name=Embod1/> The Brazilian style which became popular with the rise of thong bottoms.<ref name=heinz/>

Depending on the style of bikini-bottom and the amount of skin visible outside the bikini,<ref name=heinz>Heinz Tschachler, Maureen Devine and Michael Draxlbauer (ed.), ''The EmBodyment of American Culture'', page 62, LIT Verlag Münster, 2003, {{ISBN|978-3-8258-6762-1}}</ref> pubic hair may be styled into several styles:<ref name=milady>Helen Bickmore; ''Milady's Hair Removal Techniques: A Comprehensive Manual''; Thomson Delmar Learning; 2003; {{ISBN|1-4018-1555-3}}</ref><ref name=essort>{{cite web |url=http://www.essortment.com/different-types-bikini-wax-application-techniques-59434.html |title=Different Types of Bikini Wax and Application Techniques |publisher=Essortment |access-date=May 9, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225003346/http://www.essortment.com/different-types-bikini-wax-application-techniques-59434.html |archive-date=December 25, 2013 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=BrBi>{{cite web |url=http://www.brazilian-bikinis.org/brazilianbikiniwax.html |title=Brazilian bikini wax |publisher=Brazilian Bikinis |access-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117052055/http://www.brazilian-bikinis.org/brazilianbikiniwax.html |archive-date=November 17, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> American waxing (removal of pubic hair from the sides, top of the thighs, and under the navel), French waxing (leaving only a vertical strip in front), or Brazilian waxing (removal of all hair in the pelvic area, particularly suitable for [[thong]] bottoms).<ref>Milady, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_DKKtUx5uo4C&q=%22bikini+waxing%22+evolution&pg=PA688 Milady Standard Cosmetology 2012]'', page 22, Cengage Learning, 2011, {{ISBN|1439059306}}</ref>

== Bikini tan ==
[[File:Tan lines on human female chest.jpg|thumb|upright|Tan lines created by the wearing of a bikini.]]
{{See also|Sun tanning|Tan line}}

The tan lines created by the wearing of a bikini while tanning are known as a bikini tan. These tan lines separate pale breasts, crotch, and buttocks from otherwise tanned skin.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |title=Tan-Through Fabric Lets Sun Shine In |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/10/17/archives/tanthrough-fabric-lets-sun-shine-in.html |last=Taylor |first=Angela |date=October 17, 1969 |page=55 |access-date=November 30, 2014}}</ref> Prominent bikini tan lines were popular in the 1990s,<ref>Stephanie Mitchell, "[https://www.stuff.co.nz/taranaki-daily-news/opinion/109806464/tan-lines-belong-in-the-90s-with-boob-tubes-and-flared-jeans Tan lines belong in the 90s with boob tubes and flared jeans]", ''Stuff'', January 17, 2019</ref> and a spa in Brazil started offering perfect bikini tan lines using [[masking tape]]s in 2016.<ref>Talia Lakritz, "[https://www.insider.com/masking-tape-bikinis-brazil-perfect-tan-line-2016-11 Women in Brazil are using masking tape to get the perfect tan lines]", ''Insider'', November 29, 2016</ref>

As bikini-style swimsuits leave most of the body exposed to potentially dangerous [[ultraviolet|UV]] radiation, overexposure can cause [[sunburn]], [[skin cancer]], as well as other acute and chronic [[Health effects of sun exposure|health effects]] on the skin, eyes, and [[immune system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Health effects of UV radiation|url=https://www.who.int/uv/health/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031127035028/http://www.who.int/uv/health/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 27, 2003 |publisher=WHO|access-date=March 7, 2015}}</ref> As a result, medical organizations recommend that bikini wearers protect themselves from UV radiation by using broad-spectrum [[sunscreen]], which has been shown to protect against sunburn, skin cancer,<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Kanavy HE |author2=Gerstenblith MR |title=Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma |journal=Semin Cutan Med Surg |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=222–228 |date=December 2011 |pmid=22123420 |doi=10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003|doi-broken-date=July 6, 2025 }}</ref> wrinkling and sagging skin.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1691732 |title=Sunscreen and Prevention of Skin Aging |journal=Annals of Internal Medicine |date=June 4, 2013 |author1=M.C.B. Hughes|author2=G.M. Williams|author3=P. Baker|author4=A.C. Green |volume=158 |issue=11 |pages=781–790 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00002|pmid=23732711|s2cid=12250745 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A 1969 innovation of tan-through swimwear uses fabric which is perforated with thousands of micro holes that are nearly invisible to the naked eye, but which let enough sunlight through to produce a line-free tan.<ref name=nyt /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1082764/3/ |title=Scorecard: No nudes is good news |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |date=September 1, 1969 |access-date=April 15, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012014005/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1082764/3/ |archive-date=October 12, 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Fashion}}
* [[Cultural views on the navel]]
*[[Bikini in popular culture]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{notelist}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons}}

<!-- Do not add links to shops or other commercial sites here, they will just be removed. Wikipedia is not a marketing channel, advertising service or web directory. -->
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/biki/hd_biki.htm Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition—The Bikini]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041124201914/http://www.cmp.ucr.edu/exhibitions/ocean-view/essays/lothrop/ The California Swimsuit]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140113031238/http://life.time.com/culture/the-bikini-photos-of-a-summer-fashion-staple/ Two-Piece Be With You: LIFE Celebrates the Bikini]

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