View source for Bill Doolin

{{short description|American bandit and founder of the Wild Bunch gang}}
{{about|the American outlaw|the Australian rules footballer|Bill Doolan}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Bill Doolin
| image = Bill Doolin.JPG
| birth_date         = 1858
| birth_place        = [[Johnson County, Arkansas|Johnson County]], Arkansas, USA
| death_date         = August 24, 1896 (aged 37–38)
| death_place        = [[Quay, Oklahoma|Lawson]], [[Oklahoma Territory]]
| death_cause        = Gunshot wound 
| resting_place      = [[Summit View Cemetery]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|35|53|45|N|97|24|12|W|type:landmark|display=inline|name=Bill Doolin Burial Site}}
| occupation         = {{unbulleted list|Founder of the [[Wild Bunch]]|Old West Outlaw|Bank, Stagecoach, Train Robbery}}
| spouse             = Edith Ellsworth Doolin
| children           = 
| parents            = {{unbulleted list|Michael Doolin|Artemina Beller Doolin}}
}}

'''William Doolin''' (1858–August 24, 1896) was an American bandit outlaw and founder of the [[Wild Bunch]], sometimes known as the Doolin-Dalton Gang. Like the earlier [[Dalton Gang]] alone, it specialized in [[bank robbery|robbing banks]], [[train robbery|trains]], and [[stagecoach]]es in [[Arkansas]], [[Kansas]], [[Indiana]], and [[Oklahoma Territory|Oklahoma]] during the 1890s.

==Early life==
{{unsourced|section|date=July 2018}}
Doolin was born in 1858 in [[Johnson County, Arkansas]], to Michael Doolin and the former Artemina Beller. Doolin left home in 1881 to become a [[cowboy]] in [[Indian Territory]], where he worked for cattleman Oscar Halsell, a [[Texas]] native. During this time, Doolin worked with other cowboy and outlaw names of the day, including [[George Newcomb]] (known as "Bitter Creek"), [[Charley Pierce]], Bill Power, Dick Broadwell, Bill "Tulsa Jack" Blake, [[Dan Clifton|Dan "Dynamite Dick" Clifton]], Billie "Little Bill" Raidler and the better-known [[Emmett Dalton]].

Doolin's first encounter with the law came on July 4, 1891, in [[Coffeyville, Kansas|Coffeyville]] in southeastern Kansas. Doolin and some friends were drunk in public, and lawmen attempted to confiscate their alcohol. A shootout ensued, and two of the lawmen were wounded. Doolin escaped capture by fleeing. 

== Dalton Gang ==
Shortly thereafter, Doolin became a member of the Dalton Gang. On October 5, 1892, the Dalton Gang tried to rob two banks simultaneously in Coffeyville. It was an utter failure. Coffeyville residents and lawmen rallied in a shootout against the outlaws, resulting in four of the five gang members being killed. Emmett Dalton was captured and convicted at trial, and imprisoned. Historians have speculated that a sixth gang member was in town, holding the horses in an alley, and escaped. The sixth man has never been identified. Some speculate that he may have been Bill Doolin.<ref name=braun/>

== Wild Bunch ==

In late 1892, Doolin formed his own gang, the Wild Bunch. On November 1, 1892, the gang robbed a bank in [[Spearville, Kansas]]. After the robbery, the gang fled with gang member [[Oliver Yantis]] to Oklahoma Territory, where they hid out at the house of Yantis's sister. Less than a month later, the gang was tracked to that location. In a shootout, Yantis was killed, but the rest of the gang escaped.

Two teenaged girls, known as [[Little Britches (outlaw)|Little Britches]] and [[Cattle Annie]], also followed the gang as bandits. They warned the men whenever law-enforcement officers were in pursuit. Sources indicate that Doolin gave bandit Jennie Stevens her nickname of Little Britches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ranchdivaoutfitters.com/cattleannielittlebritches.html|title=Cattle Annie & Little Britches|last=Paul|first=Lee|publisher=Ranch Diva Outfitters|access-date=December 27, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117175134/http://www.ranchdivaoutfitters.com/cattleannielittlebritches.html|archive-date=January 17, 2012}}</ref>

Following the Spearville robbery, the gang embarked on a spree of successful bank and train robberies. In March 1893, Doolin married Edith Ellsworth in [[Ingalls, Oklahoma]]. Shortly thereafter, Doolin and his gang robbed a train near [[Cimarron, Kansas]]. During a shootout with lawmen, Doolin was shot and seriously wounded in the foot.<ref name=braun/> He retreated to Ingalls.

On September 1, 1893, 14 deputy [[U.S. marshal]]s entered Ingalls to apprehend the gang. The armed confrontation became known as the [[Battle of Ingalls]]. During the shootout, three marshals and two bystanders were killed, one bystander was wounded, three of the gang members were wounded, and gang member [[Roy Daugherty|"Arkansas Tom Jones"]] was wounded and captured. Doolin shot and killed Deputy Marshal Richard Speed during that shootout.<ref name=braun/>

For a time, the Wild Bunch was the most powerful outlaw group in the [[Old West]]. Because of the relentless pursuit by the deputy marshals known as the [[Three Guardsmen]] (lawmen [[Bill Tilghman]], [[Chris Madsen]], and [[Heck Thomas]]), by the end of 1894, they had either captured or killed many of the gang. In late 1894, gang member Bill Dalton was killed by U.S. marshals. Rewards were offered for the capture or death of remaining gang members, a lure that sometimes turned friends into foes to collect the money. On May 1, 1895, gang members Charlie Pierce and George "Bittercreek" Newcomb were shot and killed by [[bounty hunter]]s known as the [[Dunn Brothers (bounty hunters)|Dunn brothers]]. They were the older brothers of [[Rose Dunn]], the teenaged girlfriend of Newcomb. Allegedly, she had betrayed Newcomb, but her brothers may have trailed her to the outlaws' hideout.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Doolin fled to [[New Mexico Territory]], where he hid with outlaw Richard "Little Dick" West during the summer of 1895. In late 1895, Doolin and his wife hid out near [[Burden, Kansas]]. They went over the border to visit the resort community of [[Eureka Springs, Arkansas|Eureka Springs]] in northwestern Arkansas. There, Doolin soaked in the sulfur springs in the bathhouses; the waters relieved the [[rheumatism]] in his foot that set in after an earlier gunshot.  In early 1896, Doolin was captured in a bathhouse by deputy marshal Bill Tilghman.
[[File:Doolinbody.png|right|150px|thumb|Posthumous photograph of Bill Doolin]]

Doolin escaped from jail on July 5, and took refuge with his wife in [[Quay, Oklahoma|Lawson]] in the Oklahoma Territory. There, on August 24, Doolin was killed by a shotgun blast in a confrontation with Deputy U.S. Marshal Heck Thomas.<ref name=braun/>

Bill Doolin is buried next to  outlaw [[Elmer McCurdy]], in the Boot Hill section of Summit View Cemetery in [[Guthrie, Oklahoma]]. 

By the end of 1898, all but one of the remaining former Wild Bunch gang were dead, having been killed in various shootouts with lawmen. Heck Thomas had tracked most of them; the remainder were tracked down and eliminated by lawmen Madsen and Tilghman, or other [[posse (law enforcement)|posses]].<ref name=braun>Matt Braun, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hSgwAAAAQBAJ ''Outlaw Kingdom: Bill Tilghman Was The Man Who Tamed Dodge City''], 1995</ref>{{page needed|date=May 2020}} The only survivor of the Wild Bunch was "Little Bill" Raidler (aka Radler) who had been shot and captured by Tilghman in Osage territory near Caney Creek on September 6, 1895. Little Billie had split from the gang after the Rock Island robbery near Dover. Near death, Billie was nursed back to health and stood trial in Kingfisher, Ok. He was permanently crippled, but sent to the Ohio Penitentiary near Columbus. He was released for poor health in 1892 and returned to western Oklahoma where he married his girlfriend, Blanch Whitenack on Nov.19, 1902 in Taloga, Oklahoma. He died an early, natural death in about 1910. 
== In popular media ==
* [[Burt Lancaster]] portrayed Doolin in the film ''[[Cattle Annie and Little Britches]]'' (1981). Lancaster was 65 during the shooting of the film, but was playing Doolin in his 30s. 
* In the film ''[[Return of the Bad Men]]'' (1948), [[Robert Armstrong (actor)|Robert Armstrong]] plays Doolin as the leader of a gang more powerful than the Wild Bunch. This fictional account added the [[Sundance Kid]], [[Billy the Kid]], and two of the [[James-Younger Gang|Younger brothers]] to the known members of Doolin's gang.  [[Randolph Scott]], as Marshal Vance Cordrell, is a fictional composite of the many lawmen who pursued Doolin. 
* Randolph Scott portrayed Bill Doolin in the film ''[[The Doolins of Oklahoma]]'' (1949)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041308/|title=The Doolins of Oklahoma|date=May 27, 1949|access-date=Oct 19, 2020|via=IMDb}}</ref>
* War hero [[Audie Murphy]] played a fictionalized Bill Doolin in the film ''[[The Cimarron Kid]]'' (1952).
* [[Leo Gordon]] portrayed Doolin in a 1954 episode of [[Jim Davis (actor)|Jim Davis]]'s [[Broadcast syndication|syndicated]] television series, ''[[Stories of the Century]]''. The dramatization concludes with Doolin being shot to death after an earlier escape. Heck Thomas in ''Stories of the Century'' is referred to as Deputy Marshal Gleason, played by [[Kenneth MacDonald (American actor)|Kenneth MacDonald]].
* In the [[TV movie]] ''[[You Know My Name (film)|You Know My Name]]'', Marshal Bill Tilghman, played by [[Sam Elliott]], tells his sons how he arrested Doolin, who is played by James Baker.
* The [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]] album ''[[Desperado (Eagles album)|Desperado]]'' contains two tracks titled "Doolin-Dalton" and one named "Bitter Creek".<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Desperado|others=[[Eagles (band)|Eagles]]|year=1973|type =Liner notes|publisher=[[EMI Records]]|location=[[London]]}}</ref> The album is loosely themed around the Dalton Gang.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uncut.co.uk/features/eagles-on-desperado-we-were-quite-taken-with-the-idea-of-being-outlaws-8613/2 |title=The Eagles on Desperado: 'We were quite taken with the idea of being outlaws...' |author= Graeme Thomson |date=May 21, 2014 |work=Uncut }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090102005714/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/D/DO007.html Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Doolin, Bill]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0041308/ The Doolins of Oklahoma]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0710966/ The Doolin Gang]
* {{Find a Grave|1215|Bill Doolin|work=Old West Outlaw|date=January 1, 2001|access-date=December 29, 2012}}

{{Wild West}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doolin, Bill}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1896 deaths]]
[[Category:Cowboys]]
[[Category:American bank robbers]]
[[Category:Criminals from Arkansas]]
[[Category:Criminals from Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Dalton Gang]]
[[Category:Fugitives]]
[[Category:Gunslingers of the American Old West]]
[[Category:Outlaws of the American Old West]]
[[Category:People from Johnson County, Arkansas]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in Oklahoma]]