View source for Billion Dollar Brain

{{Short description|1967 British film by Ken Russell}}
{{For|the source novel|Billion-Dollar Brain}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = Billion Dollar Brain
| image          = Billion Dollar Brain poster.jpg

| caption        = American [[film poster]]
| director       = [[Ken Russell]]
| producer       = [[Harry Saltzman]]
| based_on       = {{based on|''[[Billion-Dollar Brain]]''|[[Len Deighton]]}}
| screenplay     = [[John McGrath (playwright)|John McGrath]]
| starring       = {{plainlist|
* [[Michael Caine]]
* [[Karl Malden]]
* [[Ed Begley]]
* [[Oscar Homolka]]
* [[Françoise Dorléac]]
}}
| music          = [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]
| cinematography = [[Billy Williams (cinematographer)|Billy Williams]]
| editing        = Alan Osbiston
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Harry Saltzman|Lowndes Productions]]
* Jovera S.A.
}}
| distributor    = [[United Artists]]
| released       = {{Film date|df=y|1967|11|16|UK}}
| country        = United Kingdom
| language       = English
| runtime        = 111 minutes
| budget         =
| gross          = $1.5 million {{small|(US/Canada)}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Big Rental Films of 1968 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Business Media]] |date=8 January 1969 |page=15 |url=https://ameblo.jp/ayumi-niwano/entry-12249286244.html |access-date=17 July 2018}} Please note this figure is a rental accruing to distributors.</ref>
}}

'''''Billion Dollar Brain''''' is a 1967 British [[spy film|espionage film]] directed by [[Ken Russell]] and based on the 1966 novel ''[[Billion-Dollar Brain]]'' by [[Len Deighton]]. The film features [[Michael Caine]] as secret agent [[Harry Palmer]], the [[anti-hero]] protagonist. The "brain" of the title is a sophisticated computer<ref>The [[system console|computer console]]s in the film are [[Honeywell 200]] mainframe consoles.</ref> with which an anti-communist organisation controls its worldwide [[anti-Soviet]] spy network.

''Billion Dollar Brain'' is the third of the Harry Palmer film series, preceded by ''[[The Ipcress File (film)|The Ipcress File]]'' (1965) and ''[[Funeral in Berlin (film)|Funeral in Berlin]]'' (1966). It is the only film in which [[Ken Russell]] worked as a mainstream 'director-for-hire', and the last film of [[Françoise Dorléac]]. A fourth film in the series, an adaptation of ''[[Horse Under Water]]'', also to be released by United Artists, was tentatively planned but never made.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=The Film Daily |volume=129 |page=90 |date=22 August 1966 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQUPAQAAIAAJ |access-date=17 July 2018 |title=Par 'Funeral' Opening Dec. 22 in New York}}</ref> Caine played Palmer in two later films, ''[[Bullet to Beijing]]'' and ''[[Midnight in Saint Petersburg]]''.

==Plot==
Harry Palmer, who has left [[MI5]] to work as a private investigator, is told by a mechanical voice on the phone to take a package to [[Helsinki]]. The package contains six virus-laden eggs that have been stolen from the [[government of the United Kingdom]]'s research facility at [[Porton Down]]. In Helsinki, he is met by Anya, who takes him to meet her handler, Harry's old friend Leo Newbigen. Leo is in love with Anya, but Harry sees that she is only pretending to reciprocate.

After determining that he cannot trust either Leo or Anya, Harry is abducted by his former MI5 superior, Colonel Ross, who coerces him into working once more for the British government in pursuing the conspiracy and getting the eggs back. Leo takes Harry to a secret room where a computer issues daily instructions to the local team, speaking in the same voice that summoned Harry to Helsinki. The computer orders Leo to kill Anya, but he doesn't. All go to meet a scientist who assesses the value of the eggs and Harry is introduced as a new operator.

Harry is ordered to [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvia]], in the [[USSR]], where he joins rebels to obtain intelligence. After being captured and left for dead, Harry is set free by Colonel Stok, an old acquaintance from the [[KGB]]. Back in Helsinki, Anya tries to kill Harry while seducing him, then confesses that the computer told her to kill him. Harry locks her in a room and waits for Leo at the computer. Leo offers to pay off Harry for his trouble, but Harry insists on half of the money Leo is getting from whatever the conspiracy is all about.

The pair go to [[Texas]], where Harry meets oil tycoon General Midwinter, who proudly displays his billion-dollar "brain", a room full of computers dispensing orders to his agents around the world. The General is planning a rebellion in [[Latvia]], which he thinks will trigger the fall of Communism worldwide. He thinks Leo has hired hundreds of Latvian agents but there are only a handful, as Leo is pocketing the money. The General plans to begin a rebellion using these agents while his private army invades to back them and simultaneously infect the Red Army with the viruses. Leo subverts Midwinter's computer orders and escapes with the eggs. Midwinter realises Harry is a double agent but Harry tells him what Leo is doing and convinces him that he can track Leo down.

Back in Helsinki, Leo and Anya board a train for Moscow with the eggs but Harry, accompanied by two of Midwinter's men, chases the train in a car, intercepts it and escorts Leo off the train with the eggs. Anya shoots Harry's bodyguards as the train pulls away from a station near the border. Leo runs after the train with the eggs. Anya takes them, but pushes him off the train. "She used me", Leo tells Harry. He then offers to help Harry stop Midwinter's insane plan, which could trigger World War III.

In personnel carriers disguised as his company's oil tanker trucks, Midwinter leads his private army across the frozen [[Gulf of Finland]] into Latvia. Harry and Leo attempt to catch up with the General but he orders their car to be fired on and Leo is killed. Stok knows all about the invasion and orders bombers to intercept the convoy. Rather than bombing it directly, they simply drop the bombs on the ice in its path. The convoy plunges through the ice into the freezing water and all the vehicles and soldiers—including General Midwinter—sink to an icy [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] grave.

Harry awakes alone on an ice floe. Stok arrives in a helicopter with Anya, introducing her as his agent. He gives the eggs to Harry, explaining, "We don't need them; we have our own ideas". Back in London, Harry delivers the eggs to Ross, who agrees to reward Harry with a promotion. When he opens the package to inspect the eggs, he finds it full of chicks.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Michael Caine]] as [[Harry Palmer]]
* [[Karl Malden]] as Leo Newbigen
* [[Ed Begley]] as General Midwinter
* [[Oscar Homolka]] as Colonel Stok
* [[Françoise Dorléac]] as Anya
* [[Guy Doleman]] as [[Colonel Ross]]
* [[Vladek Sheybal]] as Doctor Eiwort
* [[John Brandon (actor)|John Brandon]] as Jim
* [[Milo Sperber]] as Basil
* [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]] as Latvian Girl on Train
* [[Stanley Caine]] as GPO Special Delivery Boy
* [[Fred Griffiths (actor)|Fred Griffiths]] as Taxi Driver
{{div col end}}

'''Cast notes:'''
* [[Donald Sutherland]] has a very small appearance as the computer technician who asks Karl Malden, "What's going on?" Sutherland also appears as the mechanical voice on the phone at the beginning of the film.
* [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]] makes an early appearance as a young Latvian girl on a train who offers her copy of ''[[Izvestia]]'' to Michael Caine.

==Production==
===Development===
Film rights were purchased by [[Harry Saltzman]] in November 1965, prior to the novel's publication in January 1966. Saltzman paid $250,000; he had already bought the rights to ''The Ipcress File'' and ''Funeral in Berlin''.<ref>Weiler, A. H.: Shooting For 'Sixpence': More on Movies. ''The New York Times'', 14 November 1965: X9.</ref> The book became a best seller.<ref>Best Seller List. ''The New York Times'', 30 January 1966: BR5.</ref> ''The New York Times'' called it "a strikingly effective thriller".<ref>Boucher, Anthony: Criminals at Large. ''The New York Times'', 16 January 1966: BR18.</ref>

In January 1966, Caine announced he had signed with Saltzman to make 11 films in five years, with three of the films to be Harry Palmer stories by Len Deighton: ''Funeral in Berlin'', ''Billion Dollar Brain'' and a fourth, mostly likely ''Horse Under Water''.<ref>'Ipcress File' Success Surprises Caine. ''Los Angeles Times'', 4 January 1966: b6.</ref>

===Russell as director===
Ken Russell was a highly regarded television director who had made one unsuccessful feature. Caine narrated a series of Russell's films and became friendly with the director; he recommended him to Saltzman for ''Billion Dollar Brain''. Caine later said this was a mistake, although Russell was "an emotional genius. ''Billion Dollar Brain'' is a highly complicated thriller which needs a draftsman. The last thing you need is an emotional genius."<ref>Hall p 179</ref> Russell wanted to make a film about [[Nijinsky]] with [[Rudolph Nureyev]] and Saltzman was interested. He suggested Russell make ''Billion Dollar Brain'' to "keep his hand in."<ref name="time">Lennon, Peter: Russell's time. ''The Guardian'', 1 November 1969: 7.</ref> "We never quite realised we had a lunatic genius on our hands" said Caine in 1976. "He was the least ideal man to do a thriller. What he has is this passion to make thundering great messes."<ref>Champlin, Charles: Critic at Large: Cockney of the Walk. ''Los Angeles Times'', 23 January 1976: oc_b1.</ref> In January 1967, it was announced Russell would direct from a script by John McGrath, with Oscar Homolka reprising his role from ''Funeral in Berlin''.<ref>Martin, Betty: 'Gold' Will Be in Cinerama. ''Los Angeles Times'', 30 January 1967: d21.</ref>

===Shooting===
[[File:Michael-Caine-1967-Helsinki.jpg|thumb|right|[[Andre de Toth]], [[Ken Russell]] and [[Michael Caine]] in Helsinki, February 1967, when the shooting began there.]]
[[File:Making of the film "Billion Dollar Brain" 1967 (JOKAHBL3E H06-7).tif|thumb|Finnish ice hockey club [[RU-38 (ice hockey)|RU-38]] performed an [[Fighting in ice hockey|ice hockey fight]] with [[Karhu-Kissat]] for the film.]]
Principal photography took place from 30 January to the end of May 1967.<ref>http://www.varietyultimate.com/search/?page=2&startYear=1967&endYear=1967&search=Billion+Dollar+Brain&searchType=&sortBy=DATE&searchDate=&showAll= {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=July 2018}}{{failed verification|date=July 2018}}

Approximately five weeks later, on 26 June, Françoise Dorléac was killed in an automobile accident in Nice, France. It is unclear whether or not her voice was dubbed by another actress, due to her death.

Location filming for ''Billion Dollar Brain'' took place in [[Greater Helsinki|Helsinki]] and other parts of [[Finland]], including [[Turku]]. The [[Riga]] scenes were filmed in [[Porvoo]], also in Finland. Scenes involving "The Brain" were filmed in [[Honeywell]] facilities and featured a [[Honeywell 200]] business computer. The remainder of the film was shot in the [[United Kingdom]]. Scenes on the ice were filmed on a disused airfield which was covered with a layer of salt. All other scenes were shot at [[Pinewood Studios]], including the scene where Midwinter's convoy falls through the broken ice – this was done in a giant tank with slabs of polystyrene used to represent the ice itself. The large size of the tank was deemed necessary because of the decision to use real vehicles instead of miniatures.

[[Otto Heller]] – who had photographed the first two Harry Palmer films – was supposed to shoot the film but would not submit to a medical examination and so the production could not hire him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=David A.|title=Conversations with Cinematographers|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Scarecrow Press]]|location=Lanham|year=2012|page=5|isbn=978-0-8108-8126-6}}</ref>

The final battle on the ice was inspired by [[Sergei Eisenstein]]'s 1938 film ''[[Alexander Nevsky (film)|Alexander Nevsky]]''.<ref name="guard">Langley, Lee: The Eisenstein file: Lee Langley describes Ken Russell's work on the Deighton thriller, "Billion Dollar Brain." ''The Guardian'', 26 October 1967: 8.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/67824/Billion_Dollar_Brain.html/ |title=Billion Dollar Brain|work=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out London]]|publisher=Time Out Group|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705095717/http://www.timeout.com/film/reviews/67824/Billion_Dollar_Brain.html/ |author=DP |archive-date=5 July 2009|access-date=3 August 2008}}</ref>

Michael Caine's brother Stanley made his film debut as a postman in the opening sequence.<ref>Another Caine to make debut. ''The Christian Science Monitor'', 17 February 1967: 4.</ref>

Russell later said "it was a mistake" to make the film. "I was working with people I did not know. I was not enjoying them. One felt all the time they were working for the producer against me... It was a pity. But only because of the time wasted. You lose a year of your life when you could have been doing something better."<ref name="time"/> However the film was liked by [[David Picker]] at [[United Artists]] who later hired Russell for ''Women in Love''.<ref>The Making of 'Women in Love.' ''The Observer'', 2 September 1973: 25</ref>

[[Andre de Toth]] worked on the film as a producer and said Russell ultimately "did a fine job on the film."<ref>{{Cite book|page=152|first=Andre de |last=Toth|title=De Toth on de Toth|year=1996|publisher=Faber and Faber}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The score is by [[Richard Rodney Bennett]]. To create a relentless, harsh mood, he left out sweet-sounding instruments like violins and [[flutes]] and relied mainly on [[brass instruments|brass]] and percussion<ref>Interview on [[Film Score Monthly]], quoted in {{cite web|url=http://filmscoremonthly.com/board/posts.cfm?threadID=30786&forumID=1&archive=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706022713/http://filmscoremonthly.com/board/posts.cfm?threadID=30786&forumID=1&archive=1 |archive-date=6 July 2009 |access-date=17 July 2018 |title=R.R. Bennett's BILLION DOLLAR BRAIN |author=Bond 1965 |date=8 November 2005 |work=Film Score Monthly Forum}}</ref> including three pianos, which are featured prominently in the main theme, and later, together with the percussion, create sonorities similar to [[Stravinsky]]'s ''[[Les Noces]]''. The score is basically monothematic, constantly varying the main theme. For more romantic moods, it features the [[ondes Martenot]], an early electronic instrument, played by its most prominent soloist, [[Jeanne Loriod]]. Thus, even the tender moments have an eerie undertone.

Later on, Harry Palmer attends the end of a symphony concert, which is supposed to feature [[Dmitri Shostakovich]]'s [[Symphony No. 7 (Shostakovich)|"Leningrad" Symphony]], written in 1941 during the siege of [[Leningrad]]. What we hear, however, is the end of Shostakovich's [[Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich)|11th Symphony]] "The Year 1905". Yet, music from the "Leningrad" symphony is featured later on during Midwinter's speech to his soldiers in Finland and during the final battle on the ice.

==Reception==

Author and critic [[Anne Billson]] calls this "by far" the best film of the series, noting that critics and audiences did not like it on first release.<ref>{{cite book|title=My Name is Michael Caine|last=Billson|first=Anne|publisher=Frederick Muller|location=London|year=1991|page=37|isbn=0-09-175055-5}}</ref>

The ''Guardian'' called it "just terrible".<ref>Roud, Richard: New films. ''The Guardian'', 17 November 1967: 9.</ref> "What rubbish it all is," said ''The Observer''.<ref>Mortimer, Penelope: Arthurian flannel. ''The Observer'', 19 November 1967: 24.</ref>

''[[TV Guide]]'' says, "Overly plotted and almost without humour, ''The Billion Dollar Brain'' (which takes its name from the computer Midwinter uses to plan his invasion) is not nearly as entertaining as its predecessors in the Harry Palmer trilogy, ''The Ipcress File'' and ''Funeral in Berlin''.<ref>[https://www.tvguide.com/movies/billion-dollar-brain/review/2000109304/ Billion Dollar Brain at TV Guide]</ref>

Michael Caine thought the visuals were "stunning" but felt "Ken Russell lost the story somewhere and no one could care a damn about what was going on because they couldn't follow what was going on."<ref>Hall p 182</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=70 Not Out: The Biography of Sir Michael Caine|url=https://archive.org/details/70notout00will|url-access=registration|last=Hall|first= William|year=2003|publisher=John Blake|isbn=1-904-03482-9}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0061405}}
* {{TCMDb title|17451}}

{{Ken Russell}}
{{Len Deighton}}
{{Harry Saltzman|state=autocollapse}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1960s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:British sequel films]]
[[Category:British spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Cold War spy films]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Len Deighton]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ken Russell]]
[[Category:Films scored by Richard Rodney Bennett]]
[[Category:Films shot at Pinewood Studios]]
[[Category:United Artists films]]
[[Category:Films set in England]]
[[Category:Films set in Helsinki]]
[[Category:Films set in Riga]]
[[Category:Films produced by Harry Saltzman]]
[[Category:Films shot in Finland]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Films set in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Films set in Texas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Helsinki]]
[[Category:1960s English-language films]]
[[Category:1960s British films]]
[[Category:English-language spy thriller films]]