View source for Black Eye Galaxy

{{Short description|Spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices}}
{{Infobox galaxy
 | name               = Black Eye Galaxy<ref name="tonryetal2001"/>
 | image              = [[File:NGC 4826 - HST.png|300px]]
 | caption            = Image taken by [[Hubble Space Telescope]], March 14, 2020 
 | epoch              = [[J2000]]
 | pronounce          = <!-- {{IPA-en|IPA string|}} -->
 | constellation name = [[Coma Berenices]]<ref name="sinnott1988"/>
 | ra                 = {{RA|12|56|43.696}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006/>
 | dec                = {{DEC|+21|40|57.57}}<ref name=Skrutskie2006/>
 | z                  = {{Val|0.001361|0.000013}}<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/>
 | h_radial_v         = 410<ref name=Tully2016/>
 | gal_v              = {{Val|400|4}}<ref name="ned"/>
 | dist_ly            = {{cvt|5.30|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|lk=on}}<ref name=Tully2016/>
 | group_cluster      = CVn I<ref name=Israel2009/>
 | type               = (R)SA(rs)ab,<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/> [[Seyfert galaxy|HIISy2]]
 | mass               = <!-- In solar masses {{Val|0|e=0}} -->
 | mass_light_ratio   = <!-- In solar units  -->
 | size               = {{convert|16.51|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}}<br />(diameter, [[Galaxy#Isophotal diameter|25.0 mag/arcsec<sup>2</sup> B-band isophote]])<ref name=NED>{{Cite web|url=https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=2MASX+J13250547-2014151&extend=no&hconst=67.74&omegam=0.3089&omegav=0.6911&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES|title=Your NED Search Results|website=ned.ipac.caltech.edu}}</ref>
 | stars              = 
 | appmag_v           = 8.52<ref name=Paz2007/>
 | appmag_b           = 9.36<ref name=Paz2007/>
 | absmag_v           = &minus;21.07<ref name=Gultekin>{{cite journal|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/ad67dc|doi-access=free |title=The Black Hole Mass and Photometric Components of NGC 4826 |date=2024 |last1=Gültekin |first1=Kayhan |last2=Gebhardt |first2=Karl |last3=Kormendy |first3=John |last4=Foord |first4=Adi |last5=Bender |first5=Ralf |last6=Lauer |first6=Tod R. |last7=Pinkney |first7=Jason |last8=Richstone |first8=Douglas O. |last9=Tremaine |first9=Scott |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=974 |issue=1 |page=16 |arxiv=2409.11575 |bibcode=2024ApJ...974...16G }}</ref>
 | size_v             = {{nowrap|10.71 × 5.128 [[arcminute]]}}<ref name="simbad"/>
 | half_light_radius_pc        = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
 | half_light_radius_arcminsec = <!-- apparent dimension -->
 | h1_scale_length_pc          = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
 | h1_scale_length_arcminsec   = <!-- apparent dimension -->
 | xray_radius_pc              = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
 | xray_radius_arcminsec       = <!-- apparent dimension -->
 | notes              = 
 | names              = Evil Eye Galaxy, [[Messier object|M]]64, [[New General Catalogue|NGC]]&nbsp;4826, [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]]&nbsp;44182, [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]]&nbsp;8062<ref name="simbad"/>
 | references         = 
}}

The '''Black Eye Galaxy''' (also called '''Sleeping Beauty Galaxy''' or '''Evil Eye Galaxy''' and designated '''Messier 64''', '''M64''', or '''NGC 4826''') is a relatively isolated<ref name=Israel2009/> [[spiral galaxy]] 17&nbsp;million [[light-year]]s away in the mildly northern [[constellation]] of [[Coma Berenices]]. It was discovered by [[Edward Pigott]] in March 1779, and independently by [[Johann Elert Bode]] in April of the same year, as well as by [[Charles Messier]] the next year. A dark band of [[interstellar dust|absorbing dust]] partially in front of its bright nucleus gave rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye", "Evil Eye", or "Sleeping Beauty" galaxy.<ref name="freestarcharts.com">{{Cite web|title=Messier 64 - M64 - Black Eye Galaxy (Spiral Galaxy) {{!}} freestarcharts.com|url=https://freestarcharts.com/messier-64|access-date=2020-06-07|website=freestarcharts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rubin|first=Vera C.|date=January 1994|title=Kinematics of NGC 4826: A sleeping beauty galaxy, not an evil eye|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=107|page=173|doi=10.1086/116842|bibcode=1994AJ....107..173R |issn=0004-6256}}</ref> M64 is well known among [[amateur astronomy|amateur astronomer]]s due to its form in small [[telescope]]s and visibility across inhabited latitudes.

This galaxy is inclined 60° to the [[Line-of-sight propagation|line-of-sight]] and has a [[position angle]] of 112°.<ref name=Israel2009/> At the distance of this galaxy, it has a linear scale of {{cvt|20|pc|ly|lk=out|order=flip}} per arcsecond.<ref name=Israel2009/> The [[Galaxy morphological classification|morphological classification]] in the [[Gérard de Vaucouleurs|De Vaucouleurs]] system is (R)SA(rs)ab,<ref name=vaucoulerus1991/> where the '(R)' indicates an outer ring-like structure, 'SA' denotes a non-barred spiral, '(rs)' means a transitional inner ring/spiral structure, and 'ab' says the spiral arms are fairly tightly wound.<ref name=deVaucouleurs1963/> Ann et al. (2015) gave it a class of SABa,<ref name=Ann2015/> suggesting a weakly [[barred spiral galaxy]] with tightly wound arms.

M64 is a type 2 [[Seyfert galaxy]]<ref name=Malkan2017/> with an [[H II region|HII]]/[[LINER]] nucleus. The central region is a weak source of radio emission.<ref name=Israel2009/> A soft [[X-ray astronomy|X-ray]] source has been detected at the nucleus, which is most likely coming from the circumnuclear region rather than directly from an [[active galactic nucleus]].<ref name=Grier2011/> There is an inner disk of molecular gas that is truncated at a radius of {{Cvt|700|pc|ly|order=flip}}. At present, the non-rotational motions of this disk do not significantly feed the core, but the disk does produce a vigorous rate of [[star]] formation, with also approximately 100 billion stars inside the galaxy.<ref name="freestarcharts.com"/> There is also evidence of a recent large inflow of mass.<ref name=Burillo2003/> The central [[supermassive black hole]] is calculated to have a mass of about {{solar mass|{{val|8.4e6}}|link=yes}}.<ref name=Gultekin/>

The [[interstellar medium]] of Messier 64 consists of two [[Retrograde and prograde motion|counter-rotating disks]] that are approximately equal in mass.<ref name="1992Nature360,442"/> The inner disk contains the prominent [[dust lane]]s of the galaxy. The stellar population of the galaxy exhibits no measurable counter-rotation.<ref name="1995ApJ438,155"/> Possible formation scenarios include a merger with a gas-rich satellite galaxy in a retrograde orbit, or the continued accretion of [[Interstellar cloud|gas clouds]] from the [[intergalactic medium]].<ref name="1992Nature360,442"/><ref name="1995ApJ438,155"/> It has a diameter of {{convert|16.51|kpc|ly|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}}.<ref name=NED />

Messier 64 is part of the [[Virgo Supercluster]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tully |first=R. Brent |title=Nearby galaxies catalog |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-35299-4 |edition=1. publ |location=Cambridge}}</ref>

[[File:M64 Blackeye Galaxy from the Mount Lemmon SkyCenter Schulman Telescope courtesy Adam Block.jpg|thumb|Wide field view (0.8m Schulman Telescope)]]

==See also==
* [[List of Messier objects]]
* [[NGC 4622]] – A galaxy with leading spiral arms.

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="simbad">{{cite simbad | title=M 64 | access-date=2018-12-13 }}</ref>

<ref name=Grier2011>{{citation
 | title=Discovery of Nuclear X-ray Sources in Sings Galaxies
 | last1=Grier | first1=C. J. | last2=Mathur | first2=S.
 | last3=Ghosh | first3=H. | last4=Ferrarese | first4=L.
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=731 | issue=1 | id=60 | page=13 | date=April 2011
 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/731/1/60 | postscript=.
 | bibcode=2011ApJ...731...60G | arxiv=1011.4295 | s2cid=119216874 }}</ref>

<ref name=Burillo2003>{{citation
 | title=Molecular Gas in NUclei of GAlaxies (NUGA). I. The counter-rotating LINER NGC 4826
 | last1=García-Burillo | first1=S. | last2=Combes | first2=F.
 | last3=Hunt | first3=L. K. | last4=Boone | first4=F.
 | last5=Baker | first5=A. J. | last6=Tacconi | first6=L. J.
 | last7=Eckart | first7=A. | last8=Neri | first8=R.
 | last9=Leon | first9=S. | last10=Schinnerer | first10=E.
 | last11=Englmaier | first11=P. | display-authors=1
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=407 | issue=2 | pages=485–502 | date=August 2003
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20030866 | postscript=.
 | bibcode=2003A&A...407..485G | arxiv=astro-ph/0306140 | s2cid=12970840 }}</ref>

<ref name=Israel2009>{{citation
 | title=CI and CO in nearby galaxy centers. The bright galaxies NGC 1068 (M 77), NGC 2146, NGC 3079, NGC 4826 (M 64), and NGC 7469
 | last1=Israel | first1=F. P.
 | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
 | volume=493 | issue=2 | pages=525–538 | date=January 2009
 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810655 | postscript=.
 | bibcode=2009A&A...493..525I | arxiv=0811.4058 | s2cid=15642005 }}</ref>

<ref name=Malkan2017>{{citation
 | title=Emission Line Properties of Seyfert Galaxies in the 12 μm Sample
 | last1=Malkan | first1=Matthew A. | last2=Jensen | first2=Lisbeth D.
 | last3=Rodriguez | first3=David R. | last4=Spinoglio | first4=Luigi
 | last5=Rush | first5=Brian | display-authors=1
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal
 | volume=846 | issue=2 | id=102 | page=26 | date=September 2017
 | doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aa8302 | postscript=.
 | bibcode=2017ApJ...846..102M | arxiv=1708.08563 | s2cid=119243981 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Ann2015>{{citation
 | title=A Catalog of Visually Classified Galaxies in the Local (z ~ 0.01) Universe
 | last1=Ann | first1=H. B. | last2=Seo | first2=Mira
 | last3=Ha | first3=D. K. | display-authors=1
 | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
 | volume=217 | issue=2 | pages=27–49 | date=2015
 | bibcode=2015ApJS..217...27A | doi=10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/27
 | arxiv=1502.03545 | s2cid=119253507 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=deVaucouleurs1963>{{citation
 | last=de Vaucouleurs | first=Gérard
 | title=Revised Classification of 1500 Bright Galaxies
 | journal=Astrophysical Journal Supplement
 | date=April 1963 | volume=8 | page=31 | postscript=.
 | doi=10.1086/190084 | bibcode=1963ApJS....8...31D }}</ref>

<ref name=Tully2016>{{citation
 | last1=Tully | first1=R. Brent | last2=Courtois | first2=Hélène M.
 | last3=Sorce | first3=Jenny G. | display-authors=1
 | title=Cosmicflows-3 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
 | volume=152 | issue=2 | id=50 | page=21 | date=August 2016
 | doi=10.3847/0004-6256/152/2/50 | bibcode=2016AJ....152...50T
 | arxiv=1605.01765 | s2cid=250737862 | postscript=. | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Skrutskie2006>{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/498708 |last1=Skrutskie |first1=Michael F. |last2=Cutri |first2=Roc M. |last3=Stiening |first3=Rae |last4=Weinberg |first4=Martin D. |last5=Schneider |first5=Stephen E. |last6=Carpenter |first6=John M. |last7=Beichman |first7=Charles A. |last8=Capps |first8=Richard W. |last9=Chester |first9=Thomas |last10=Elias |first10=Jonathan H. |last11=Huchra |first11=John P. |last12=Liebert |first12=James W. |last13=Lonsdale |first13=Carol J. |last14=Monet |first14=David G. |last15=Price |first15=Stephan |last16=Seitzer |first16=Patrick |last17=Jarrett |first17=Thomas H. |last18=Kirkpatrick |first18=J. Davy |last19=Gizis |first19=John E. |last20=Howard |first20=Elizabeth V. |last21=Evans |first21=Tracey E. |last22=Fowler |first22=John W. |last23=Fullmer |first23=Linda |last24=Hurt |first24=Robert L. |last25=Light |first25=Robert M. |last26=Kopan |first26=Eugene L. |last27=Marsh |first27=Kenneth A. |last28=McCallon |first28=Howard L. |last29=Tam |first29=Robert |last30=Van Dyk |first30=Schuyler D. |last31=Wheelock |first31=Sherry L. |title=The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=1 February 2006 |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=1163–1183 |bibcode=2006AJ....131.1163S |s2cid=18913331 |issn=0004-6256 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Paz2007>{{Citation | display-authors=1
 | last1=Gil de Paz | first1=Armando | last2=Boissier | first2=Samuel
 | last3=Madore | first3=Barry F. | last4=Seibert | first4=Mark
 | last5=Joe | first5=Young H. | last6=Boselli | first6=Alessandro
 | last7=Wyder | first7=Ted K. | last8=Thilker | first8=David
 | last9=Bianchi | first9=Luciana | last10=Rey | first10=Soo-Chang
 | last11=Rich | first11=R. Michael | last12=Barlow | first12=Tom A.
 | last13=Conrow | first13=Tim | last14=Forster | first14=Karl
 | last15=Friedman | first15=Peter G. | last16=Martin | first16=D. Christopher
 | last17=Morrissey | first17=Patrick | last18=Neff | first18=Susan G.
 | last19=Schiminovich | first19=David | last20=Small | first20=Todd
 | last21=Donas | first21=José | last22=Heckman | first22=Timothy M.
 | last23=Lee | first23=Young-Wook | last24=Milliard | first24=Bruno
 | last25=Szalay | first25=Alex S. | last26=Yi | first26=Sukyoung
 | title=The GALEX Ultraviolet Atlas of Nearby Galaxies
 | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]]
 | volume=173 | issue=2 | pages=185–255 | year=2007
 | arxiv=astro-ph/0606440 | doi=10.1086/516636
 | bibcode=2007ApJS..173..185G | s2cid=119085482 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name=vaucoulerus1991>{{citation | postscript=.
 | last1=de Vaucouleurs | first1=G. | last2=de Vaucouleurs | first2=A.
 | last3=Corwin | first3=H. G. Jr. | last4=Buta | first4=R. J.
 | last5=Paturel | first5=G. | last6=Fouque | first6=P.
 | title=Third reference catalogue of bright galaxies
 | version=9 | display-authors=1 | date=1991
 | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=New York }}</ref>

<ref name="tonryetal2001">{{Citation
 | first1=J. L. | last1=Tonry | first2=A. | last2=Dressler
 | first3=J. P. | last3=Blakeslee | first4=E. A. | last4=Ajhar
 | first5=A. B. | last5=Fletcher | first6=G. A. | last6=Luppino
 | first7=M. R. | last7=Metzger | first8=C. B. | last8=Moore
 | title=The SBF Survey of Galaxy Distances. IV. SBF Magnitudes, Colors, and Distances
 | display-authors=1 | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]
 | volume=546 | issue=2 | pages=681–693 | year=2001
 | bibcode=2001ApJ...546..681T | doi=10.1086/318301
 | arxiv=astro-ph/0011223 | s2cid=17628238 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name="sinnott1988">{{Citation
 | editor1-first=R. W. | editor1-last=Sinnott
 | title=The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters
 | first1=J. L. E. | last1=Dreyer | date=1988
 | publisher=[[Sky Publishing Corporation]]/[[Cambridge University Press]]
 | isbn=978-0-933346-51-2 | postscript=. }}</ref>

<ref name="1992Nature360,442">{{cite journal
 | first1=R. | last1=Brawn
 | first2=R. A. M. | last2=Walterbos
 | last3=Kennicutt | first3=Robert C. Jr.
 | title=Counter-rotating gaseous disks in the "Evil Eye" galaxy NGC4826
 | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
 | volume=360 | issue=6403
 | page=442 | date=1992
 | bibcode=1992Natur.360..442B |doi=10.1038/360442a0 | s2cid=4337110
 }}</ref>

<ref name="1995ApJ438,155">{{cite journal
 | first1=Hans-Walter R. | last1=Rix
 | first2=Robert C. Jr. | last2=Kennicutt
 | first3=Rene A. M. | last3=Walterbos
 | title=Placid stars and excited gas in NGC 4826
 | journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]]
 | volume=438 | page=155 | date=1995
 | bibcode=1995ApJ...438..155R | doi=10.1086/175061 }}</ref>

<!--<ref name=diameter>From [[trigonometry]]: diameter = {{nowrap|distance × sin( diameter_angle)}} = {{nowrap|17.3 Myr × sin(10.71′)}} = 53,896 ly.</ref>-->

<ref name="ned">{{Citation
 | title=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
 | work=Results for NGC 4826
 | url=http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=m64&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES
 | access-date=2018-12-13 | postscript=. }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://messier.seds.org/m/m064.html Messier 64, SEDS Messier pages]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185134/http://www.spacetelescope.org/bin/images.pl?searchtype=freesearch&string=m64 ESA/Hubble images of M64]
* {{APOD |date=2 August 2007 |title=M64: The Black Eye Galaxy}}
* {{WikiSky|name=The Black Eye Galaxy}}
* [http://www.petealbrecht.com/blog/M64%20April%2026-27%202008.jpg a real photo by Pete Albrecht] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715065018/http://www.petealbrecht.com/blog/M64%20April%2026-27%202008.jpg |date=2011-07-15 }}
* [http://www.constellation-guide.com/black-eye-galaxy-messier-64/ Black Eye Galaxy (M64) at Constellation Guide]

{{Messier objects}}
{{Ngc50}}
{{Coma Berenices}}
{{Portal bar|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
{{Sky|12|56|43.7|+|21|40|58|24200000}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Eye Galaxy}}
[[Category:Unbarred spiral galaxies]]
[[Category:Coma Berenices]]
[[Category:Messier objects]]
[[Category:NGC objects]]
[[Category:Virgo Supercluster]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1779]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Edward Pigott]]