View source for Blackball, New Zealand

{{Short description|Town in the South Island of New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name              = Blackball
|image_skyline     = Blackball Miners Strike Memorial.JPG
|image_caption     = Blackball Miners Strike Memorial
|area_total_km2    = 1.94
|area_footnotes    = <ref name="Area"/>
|population_footnotes = {{NZ population data 2018||||y}}
|population_as_of  = {{NZ population data 2018|||y}}
|population_total  = {{NZ population data 2018|Blackball|y}}
|population_density_km2 = auto
|subdivision_type  = Country
|subdivision_name  = New Zealand
|subdivision_type1 = Region
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Coast Region|West Coast]]
|subdivision_type2 = District
|subdivision_name2 = [[Grey District]]
|subdivision_type3 = Ward
|subdivision_name3 = Eastern
|seat_type         = Electorates
|seat              = {{ubl|[[West Coast-Tasman]]|[[Te Tai Tonga]]}}
|leader_title      = Territorial authority
|leader_name       = [[Grey District Council]]
|leader_title1     = Regional council
|leader_name1      = [[West Coast Regional Council]]
|leader_title2     = [[Mayor of Grey]]
|leader_name2      = {{NZ officeholder data|Grey District Mayor|y}}
|leader_title3     = {{nowrap|[[West Coast-Tasman|West Coast-Tasman MP]]}}
|leader_name3      = {{NZ officeholder data|West Coast-Tasman MP|y}}
|leader_title4     = [[Te Tai Tonga|Te Tai Tonga MP]]
|leader_name4      = {{NZ officeholder data|Te Tai Tonga MP|y}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
|pushpin_map       = 
|coordinates       = {{coord|42|22|0|S|171|24|46|E|region:NZ|display=inline,title}}
|blank_name        = Local [[iwi]]
|blank_info        = [[Ngāi Tahu]]
}}
[[Image:Blackball Hilton.jpg|thumb|The hotel known as "Formerly the Blackball Hilton"]]
'''Blackball''' is a small [[town]] on the [[West Coast Region|West Coast]] of the [[South Island]] of New Zealand, approximately 29&nbsp;km from [[Greymouth]]. Elevation is approximately 100 metres.

Blackball was a centre of New Zealand radicalism and workers' militancy. It is credited as the birthplace of (the predecessors of) the [[New Zealand Labour Party]], which followed the [[The 1908 Blackball miners' strike|1908 miners 'cribtime' strike]], at ten weeks the longest in New Zealand history.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 April 2016|title=Returning to Labour's Roots|url=http://www.labour.org.nz/returning_to_labours_roots|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403123839/https://www.labour.org.nz/returning_to_labours_roots|archive-date=3 April 2019|access-date=19 June 2017|website=www.labour.org.nz|publisher=New Zealand Labour Party|language=en}}</ref> In the [[1913 Great Strike]], Blackball miners were the last to return to work, in 1914. During the strike they had picketed miners in nearby [[Brunner, New Zealand|Brunner]] and had burnt down the secretary of the 'arbitration' ([[strikebreaker]]) union's home. In 1925 the headquarters of the [[Communist Party of New Zealand]] moved to Blackball from [[Wellington]]. The pit closed in 1964.

==History==
The gold rush in the Moonlight district in 1864–65 heralded the birth of Blackball. In November 1865, a gold nugget was found in what was later called Blackball Creek but it was not until 1866 that gold in payable quantities was found in upper Blackball Creek. At the time, this area was known as Garden Gully but as gold continued to be found, it became known as Croesus.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Blackball Centennial 1866-1966 official souvenir booklet|publisher=[[Greymouth Evening Star]] |year=1966|editor-last=Bowkett|editor-first=A.|location=Grey District Library, West Coast Collection}}</ref>

Blackball was founded in 1893 following the establishment of a nearby mine. The town was named after the [[Black Ball Line (trans-Atlantic packet)|Black Ball Shipping Line]], which leased land in the area to mine for [[coal]].<ref name="coalface">{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Heritage New Zealand]] |last1=Dunlop |first1=Anna |editor1-last=Dunlop |editor1-first=Anna |title=At the coalface|date=Spring 2024 |issue=174 |pages=22–27 |publisher=[[Heritage New Zealand]] |issn=1175-9615}}</ref>

As the number of gold miners continued to increase, the difficulties of supplying them with food multiplied. The Plateau (later to be known as Blackball) was used as an over-night stop in the two-day journey from [[Greymouth]]. Huts and small store sheds gradually formed a small township which became known as Blackball.<ref name=":0" />

Blackball Workingmen's Club is one of the few old community organisations left in the town. Both the Oddfellows Lodge and the Buffaloes Lodge closed long ago. In its heyday Blackball had a Lodge of the [[Oddfellows|Oddfellows Order]]. The Oddfellows Lodge played a major role in community life offering financial aid and self-improvement in the age before TV and State Social Security. The Oddfellows Hall was a major centre of community activity and social life.

The Blackball lodge of the [[Ancient Order of Druids|United Ancient Order of Druids]] was formed originally in 1906 and like most other organisations of its day has ceased to exist in Blackball.<ref>{{cite web|title=Friendly Societies Registered Files United Ancient Order of Druids Blackball Lodge Miscellaneous (R20160903) 1906 - 1956|url=http://www.archway.archives.govt.nz/ViewFullItem.do?code=20160903|publisher=Archives New Zealand|access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref>

On 7 June 1941 the Blackball Lodge No 80 of the [[Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes]] was opened In the Oddfellows Lodge Hall by the Provincial Grand Primo of the West Coast Bro. T.J.Preston KoM. The founders of the lodge were Bro. T.Durkin C.P. and Bro. T Nicolson C.P.  both of whom would cycle 35 miles every fortnight just to attend lodge meetings of Blackball Lodge and thus fulfill their duties as Founders.  The first officers of the Blackball Lodge No 80 were Bro. Durkin C.P.(Worthy Primo) Bro. Nicholson C.P. (Alderman of Benevolence) Bro. R. Cooke (City Chamberlain) Bro. J Moore (City Marshall) Bro. Reid (City Tyler) Bro. R Duggan (City Registrar) Bro. R Mountford (City Constable) Bro. A Ross (City Waiter) Bro. Johnston (City Minstrel) Bro. J Barry (City Treasurer) and Bro. M O'Flaherty (City Secretary)

By 1964 the mine had closed.<ref name="coalface"/>

Since 2018 a community-led programme has been restoring Blackball's heritage.The programme has received $1.9 million from the [[Department of Internal Affairs]] to help carry out this work. This involved the restoration of a coal mine chimney and a {{cvt|5.5|km}} aerial ropeway used to transport coal.<ref name="coalface"/>

==Demographics==
Blackball is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement and covers {{Convert|1.94|km2||abbr=on}}.<ref name="Area">{{Cite web|title=ArcGIS Web Application|url=https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787|access-date=4 August 2023|website=statsnz.maps.arcgis.com}}</ref> It had an estimated population of {{NZ population data 2018|Blackball|y}} as of {{NZ population data 2018|||y|y||,}} with a population density of {{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2018|Blackball|y}}|R}}/1.94|0}} people per km<sup>2</sup>. Blackball is part of the larger [[Barrytown]] statistical area.

{{Historical populations|2006|315|2013|276|2018|273|percentages=pagr|align=left|source=<ref name="Census 2018"/>}}
Blackball had a population of 273 at the [[2018 New Zealand census]], a decrease of 3 people (−1.1%) since the [[2013 New Zealand census|2013 census]], and a decrease of 42 people (−13.3%) since the [[2006 New Zealand census|2006 census]]. There were 138 households, comprising 153 males and 126 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.21 males per female, with 33 people (12.1%) aged under 15 years, 45 (16.5%) aged 15 to 29, 153 (56.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 51 (18.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 94.5% European/[[Pākehā]], 12.1% [[Māori people|Māori]], 1.1% [[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pasifika]], 2.2% [[Asian New Zealanders|Asian]], and 2.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 64.8% had no religion, 18.7% were [[Christianity in New Zealand|Christian]] and 5.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 12 (5.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 72 (30.0%) people had no formal qualifications. 18 people (7.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 99 (41.2%) people were employed full-time, 39 (16.2%) were part-time, and 21 (8.8%) were unemployed.<ref name="Census 2018">{{NZ census 2018|7023659 and 7023660}}</ref>

== Railway ==

Blackball was the terminus of the [[New Zealand Railways Department]]'s [[Blackball Branch]], a [[branch line]] from the [[Stillwater–Westport Line]].  The line was approved in 1901, construction began in 1902 under the auspices of the [[New Zealand Ministry of Works|Public Works Department]], trains first ran in 1909, and it was officially opened on 1 August 1910.  Private interests constructed a steep extension from Blackball into the [[Paparoa Ranges]] that employed the [[Fell mountain railway system]] to aid braking.  This extension was later taken over by the State Mines Department and was known as the Roa Incline.

Passenger services operated to Blackball until 1940, primarily for the benefit of miners.  Coal was the mainstay of the railway, and when tonnages dropped to an unsustainable level the Roa Incline closed on 25 July 1960.  Trains to Blackball became increasingly infrequent, and when a flood destroyed two spans of the line's bridge over the [[Grey River, New Zealand|Grey River]] on 21 February 1966, the Railways Department viewed repairs as unjustifiably expensive and closed the line.  Blackball's station building had been destroyed by fire in 1955.

==Notable places==
Blackball is home to five historic places registered with [[Heritage New Zealand]]: The [[Blackball coal mine chimneys]], registered as category 1; the Blackball mine return air vent and fan chamber, registered as category 1; Formerly The Blackball Hilton, a hotel which changed its name from The Blackbill Hilton following threats of legal action from the [[Hilton Hotels & Resorts]] company, registered as category 2; the Blackball Community Centre, registered as category 2; and the Miners Bath House, registered as category 2.<ref name="coalface"/>

The [[Blackball Museum of Working Class History]] opened in the town on 1 May 2010, in order to "celebrate the role working people have played in creating the infrastructure and wealth of a nation, [and] the part working people have played in creating society".<ref>[http://www.blackballmuseum.org.nz/ Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

== Literature ==
{{Original research section|date=January 2022}}
Blackball has a unique literary inheritance: for a small town, it has managed to attract more than its share of literary representations. [[Bill Pearson (New Zealand writer)|Bill Pearson]]'s ''Coal Flat'' (1963) is a major New Zealand novel in the dated [[social realist]] tradition. Pearson had taught in the town as a probationary teacher in 1942, and had formed a friendship with the publican's family. His book caused some consternation amongst the local people, as they tried to "spot the character" and identify who Pearson had based his characters on. Pearson died in 2002.

[[Image:Coal Flat cover.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cover of Bill Pearson's 1963 novel, Coal Flat.]]

Eric Beardsley's ''Blackball '08'' is an historical novel published in 1984. Beardsley used the historic 1908 Crib Time strike<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/west-coast-region/7 7. – West Coast region – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> as the basis for a story that fleshed out the drama of what was a key moment in New Zealand trade union history. He published his biography ''Sliding down the Hypotenuse'' in 2011.<ref name="Canterbury university review">{{Cite web |date=13 September 2011 |title=Octogenarian's witty memoir will 'cause eyes to pop' |url=http://www.cup.canterbury.ac.nz/releases/2011/110913a.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235700if_/http://www.cup.canterbury.ac.nz/releases/2011/110913a.shtml |archive-date=3 March 2016 |website=University of Canterbury}}</ref>

[[Jeffrey Paparoa Holman]] wrote ''The Late Great Blackball Bridge Sonnets'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holman |first=Jeffrey  Paparoa |date=28 September 2002 |title=The late great Blackball Bridge sonnets |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/21465007?search%5Bi%5D%5Bis_catalog_record%5D=true&search%5Bil%5D%5Bsubject%5D=Poetry&search%5Bpath%5D=items&search%5Btext%5D=blackball |url-status=live|journal=New Zealand Listener |volume=185 |issue=3255 |pages=60–61 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221208064731/https://natlib.govt.nz/records/21465007?search%5Bi%5D%5Bis_catalog_record%5D=true&amp;search%5Bil%5D%5Bsubject%5D=Poetry&amp;search%5Bpath%5D=items&amp;search%5Btext%5D=blackball |archive-date=8 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |via=National Library of New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.steeleroberts.co.nz/books/isbn/1-877338-08-7 |title=The late great Blackball Bridge Sonnets by Jeffrey Paparoa Holman (Steele Roberts) |access-date=2010-04-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524003523/http://steeleroberts.co.nz/books/isbn/1-877338-08-7 |archive-date=2010-05-24 }}</ref> a collection of poetry published in 2004, which contains poems based around the railway bridge that linked the community with the outside world. The poems also mention people and features of the town, which Holman recalls from his childhood in Blackball during the 1950s and 1960s.

[[Paul Maunder]], who lives in the town, is a playwright who has written and staged a number of plays about the town and working-class history.

[[Stevan Eldred-Grigg]], who spent the first six years of his life in the town and now lives there once more, is a novelist and historian who has recently published a memoir about family life in 1950s Blackball.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-nz/news/national/changing-south-blackball-the-west-coast-town-that-refused-to-die/ar-AAL9JdO|title=Changing South: Blackball, the West Coast town that refused to die|website=[[MSN]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{ReedPlacenames2002}}
*{{cite book | editor-first=Melanie| editor-last=Nolan | title=Revolution - The 1913 Great Strike in New Zealand  | publisher=Canterbury University Press (in association with The Trades Union History Project)| location=Canterbury | year=2005 | isbn=1-877257-40-0}}
*{{cite book | first=E. T. | last=Beardsley | title=Blackball 08  | publisher=Collins | location=Auckland | year=1984 | isbn=0-00-222317-1}} Historical Novel
*{{cite book | first=Stevan | last=Eldred-Grigg | title=Green Grey Rain | publisher=Piwaiwaka Press | location=Wellington and Christchurch | year=2021 | isbn=978-0-473-57151-1}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.blackballhilton.co.nz/history.htm Formerly The Blackball Hilton Hotel]
*[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10690074 Recollections of visiting Blackball in the early 1960s by Jim Hopkins]

{{Grey District|state=expanded}}
{{Grey river|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Grey District]]
[[Category:Populated places in the West Coast Region]]