View source for Blacklisting

{{Short description|Practice of prohibiting people or entities}}
{{Other uses|Blacklist (disambiguation)}}
'''Blacklisting''' is the action of a group or authority compiling a '''blacklist''' of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the [[list]]; if people are on a blacklist, then they are considered to have done something wrong, or they are considered to be untrustworthy. As a [[verb]], blacklist can mean to put an individual or entity on such a list.<ref name="Collins English Dictionary 2017">{{cite web | title=Blacklist definition and meaning | website=Collins English Dictionary | date=7 March 2017 | url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/blacklist | access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> A blacklist is synonymous with a list of banned persons or organizations, and is the opposite of a [[whitelist]].

== Origins of the term ==
The English dramatist [[Philip Massinger]] used the phrase "black list" in his 1639 tragedy ''[[The Unnatural Combat]]''.<ref name="Chadjtlington2005">{{cite book|author=Peter Chadlington|title=The Real McCoy: Understanding Peculiar English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzEjAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Icon|isbn=978-1-84046-684-3|page=43}}<br>{{cite book|author=Philip Massinger|title=Dramatic Works: A new way to pay old debts. The great Duke of Florence. The unnatural combat. The bashful lover|year=1761|url=https://archive.org/details/dramaticworksofp03massuoft/page/194/mode/2up|publisher=T. Davies|page=[https://archive.org/details/dramaticworksofp02massiala/page/194 194]|quotation=Might write me down in the black List of those That have nor Fire, nor Spirit of their own}}</ref>

After the [[Stuart Restoration|restoration of the English monarchy]] brought [[Charles II of England]] to the throne in 1660, a [[List of regicides of Charles I|list of regicides]] named those to be punished for the [[Execution of Charles I|execution of his father]].<ref name="McFedries2008">{{cite book|author=Paul McFedries|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Weird Word Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-macyDTIfaMC&pg=PA14|date=August 5, 2008|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-101-21718-4|page=14}}</ref> The state papers of Charles II say "If any innocent soul be found in this black list, let him not be offended at me, but consider whether some mistaken principle or interest may not have misled him to vote".<ref name="Office1968">{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Public Record Office|title=Calendar of state papers, domestic series, of the reign of Charles II: preserved in the state paper department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPNVAAAAYAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts}}</ref> In a 1676 history of the events leading up to the Restoration, [[James Heath (historian)|James Heath]] (a supporter of Charles II) alleged that [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] had passed an Act requiring the sale of estates, "And into this black list the [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby|Earl of Derby]] was now put, and other unfortunate [[Cavalier|Royalists]]".<ref name="HeathPhillips1676">{{cite book|author1=James Heath|author2=John Phillips|title=A Chronicle of the Late Intestine War in the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland: With the Intervening Affairs of Treaties, and Other Occurrences Relating Thereunto. As Also the Several Usurpations, Forreign Wars, Differences and Interests Depending Upon It, to the Happy Restitution of Our Sacred Soveraign K. Charles II. In Four Parts, Viz. The Commons War, Democracie, Protectorate, Restitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrTDBmQ0at4C|year=1676|publisher=J. C.}}</ref>

[[Edward Gibbon]] wrote in ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'' (1776) of [[Andronikos I Komnenos|Andronicus]] that "His memory was stored with a black list of the enemies and rivals, who had traduced his merit, opposed his greatness, or insulted his misfortunes".<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireTable of Contents with links in the HTML file to the two Project Gutenberg editions (12 volumes) |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |last2=Milman |first2=Henry Hart |date=2008-06-07 |editor-last=Widger |editor-first=David |volume=VIII |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Undue weight section|date=September 2025|to=examples that are cherry-picked instead of using reliable sources about blacklisting}}

=== Employment ===
{{Main|Blacklist (employment)}}
The first published reference to [[Blacklist (employment)|blacklisting of an employee]] dates from 1774. This became a significant employment issue in American [[Mining community|mining towns]] and [[company town]]s, where blacklisting could mean a complete loss of livelihood for workers who went on strike.<ref name="Weir2013">{{cite book|author=Robert E. Weir|title=Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Feb0w1622soC&pg=PA71|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-718-5|pages=71–72}}</ref> The 1901 Report of the [[Industrial Commission]] stated "There was no doubt in the minds of workingmen of the existence of the blacklisting system, though it was practically impossible to obtain evidence of it." It cited a news report that in 1895 a former [[Conductor (rail)|conductor]] on the [[Atlantic and Pacific Railroad]] committed suicide, having been out of work ever since a strike: "Wherever he went, the blacklist was ahead of him".<ref name="CommissionMeyer1901">{{cite book|author1=United States Industrial Commission|author2=Balthasar Henry Meyer|author3=Roswell Cheney McCrea|title=Report of the Industrial Commission on Transportation, including testimony, review and topical digest of evidence, and special reports on railway legislation|url=https://archive.org/details/reportindustria00mccrgoog|year=1901|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref>

Though the USA [[National Labor Relations Act]] of 1935 outlawed punitive blacklists against employees who supported [[trade union]]s or criticised their employers, the practice continued in common use in the USA. The [[Labor Management Relations Act of 1947|Taft-Hartley Act]] of 1947 made amendments which sustained blacklisting by affirming the right of employers to be [[Union busting|anti-union]], and by requiring [[trade union]] leaders to make [[loyalty oath]]s which had the same effect as the [[Hollywood blacklist]]. Since then, lawsuits for [[unfair dismissal]] have led to blacklisting being covert or informal, but it remains common.<ref name="Weir2013" />

In 1981, following the [[Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)|PATCO]] workers' refusal to return to work, the Reagan administration fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order,<ref>{{cite news |last=Early |first=Steve |date=July 31, 2006 |title=An old lesson still holds for unions |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/07/31/an_old_lesson_still_holds_for_unions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512043055/https://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/07/31/an_old_lesson_still_holds_for_unions/ |archive-date=2008-05-12 |access-date=August 15, 2007 |work=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962487,00.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070903094708/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962487,00.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = September 3, 2007 |title = Unhappy Again |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date = October 6, 1986 |access-date = August 15, 2007 }}</ref> and banned them from federal service for life.

==== Hollywood blacklist ====
{{Main|Hollywood blacklist}}
The [[Hollywood blacklist]] was an entertainment industry blacklist instituted in 1947 to block [[screenwriter]]s and other Hollywood professionals who were purported to have [[Communism|Communist]] sympathies from obtaining employment. It started by listing 151 entertainment industry professionals and lasted until 1960 when it was effectively broken by the acknowledgement that blacklisted professionals had been working under assumed names for many years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilkerson |first=William |author-link=William Wilkerson |date=1946-07-29 |title=A Vote For Joe Stalin |page=1 |periodical=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref name="Baum">{{cite news |last=Baum |first=Gary |author2=Daniel Miller |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Blacklist: THR Addresses Role After 65 Years |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/blacklist-thr-addresses-role-65-391931/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121192059/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/blacklist-thr-addresses-role-65-391931 |archive-date=November 21, 2012 |access-date=20 November 2012 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

=== Spanish Civil War and communists blacklisted ===
At least one Scottish volunteer ([[George Drever]]) in the [[International Brigades]] who went to [[Spain]] to fight [[Francoist Spain|Franco]]'s fascists and who was also well known in the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|British Communist Party]] in the 1930s was informed by the police [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Branch]] that his failure to progress in military or career was due to his volunteering in this cause and his beliefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gray |first=Daniel |title=Homage to Caledonia: Scotland and the Spanish Civil War |collaboration=National Library of Scotland |date=2008 |publisher=Luath press |isbn=978-1-906307-64-6 |location=Edinburgh |pages=68, 268}}</ref>

=== World Wars I and II ===
During [[World War I]], the British government adopted a "blacklist" based on an [[Order in Council]] of 23 December 1915, prohibiting British subjects from trade with specified firms and individuals in neutral countries; the lists were published in the ''[[The London Gazette|London Gazette]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Thomas A. |date=March 1934 |title=The United States and the Blacklist during the Great War |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/236094 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=14–35 |doi=10.1086/236094 |issn=0022-2801}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=James Brown |date=1916 |title=The Black List of Great Britain and Her Allies |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2186932 |journal=The American Journal of International Law |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=832–843 |doi=10.2307/2186932 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=James Brown |date=October 1916 |title=The Black List of Great Britain and her Allies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0002930000103252/type/journal_article |journal=American Journal of International Law |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=832–843 |doi=10.2307/2186932 |issn=0002-9300}}</ref>

In the summer of 1940, the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] printed a secret list called ''[[The Black Book (list)|Sonderfahndungsliste G.B.]]'' ("Special Search List [[Great Britain]]") as part of [[Nazi Germany]]'s preparations for invasion code-named [[Operation Sea Lion]]. When this booklet was found after the war, it was commonly called the [[The Black Book (list)|Black Book]] and described as a blacklist.<ref name="GoodenLewis2014">{{cite book |author1 = Philip Gooden |author2 = Peter Lewis |title = The Word at War: World War Two in 100 Phrases |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TwlpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 |date = September 25, 2014 |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn = 978-1-4729-0490-4 |page = 22 }}</ref>

=== Medical context ===
{{See also|Patient abuse}}
In 1907, the Transvaal Medical Union in South Africa blacklisted patients if they could not pay cash in advance.<ref name="Deacon">{{cite book | title = The Cape Doctor in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History (Clio Medica, 74) | editor-first=Harriet |editor-last=Deacon | editor2-first=Howard | editor2-last= Phillips | editor3-first=Elizabeth | editor3-last=van Heyningen | publisher = Editions Rodipi B.V. | year = 2004 | isbn=9042010649 }}</ref> There was a physical list kept by the community of [[physician]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mesthrie |first=Uma Shashikant |date=1989-11-01 |title=Indian National Honour versus Trader Ideology: Three Unsuccessful Attempts at Passive Resistance in the Transvaal, 1932, 1939 and 1941 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02582478908671646 |journal=South African Historical Journal |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=39–54 |doi=10.1080/02582478908671646 |issn=0258-2473}}</ref>

=== 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum ===
{{Main|Tascón List}}
After the [[2004 Venezuelan recall referendum]], ruling party deputy [[Luis Tascón]] published on his website a database of more than 2,400,000 Venezuelans who had signed the petition to recall President [[Hugo Chávez]], together with their national identity card numbers (''cédula'').<ref>{{Citation |title=Tascón: Comenzó fotocopiado de planillas de la oposición |url=http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2004/01/31/pol_ava_31A430433.shtml |journal=El Universal |year=2004 |surname1= |given1=}}</ref><ref name="jefevendio">''El Universal'', 21 April 2005, [http://www.eluniversal.com/2005/04/21/pol_ava_21A553215.shtml Tascón: Alto jefe de Súmate vendió la lista por miles de dólares]</ref> The list "made [[sectarianism]] official", and Venezuelans who signed against Chávez were denied jobs, benefits, and documents, and often subjected to harassment.<ref name="p100">{{cite book |last1=Carroll |first1=Rory |url=https://archive.org/details/comandantemythre0000carr/page/100 |title=Comandante : myth and reality in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela |date=2013 |publisher=New York |isbn=9781594204579 |location=Penguin Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/comandantemythre0000carr/page/100 100–104] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Once the list was posted, Chávez, on a ''[[Venezolana de Televisión]]'' broadcast, encouraged use of the website to "verify illicit use of national identity cards". Roger Capella, Minister of Health declared that "those who signed against President Chávez would be fired because they are committing an act of terrorism".<ref>''El Universal'', 21 March 2004, {{in lang|es}} [http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/21/pol_art_21108A.shtml "Firmar contra Chávez es un acto de terrorismo"]</ref> There was a public outcry, in particular by the organization [[Súmate]], and because of reports that people who worked for the government were fired, denied work, or denied issuance of official documents because of their appearance on the list.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=abASlsAyXgoE&refer=latin_america-redirectoldpage Chavez's Blacklist of Venezuelan Opposition Intimidates Voters]</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Malinarich |first=Nathalie |date=27 November 2006 |title=Venezuela: A nation divided |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6179612.stm |accessdate=10 January 2010 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In July 2004, access to the database under management of [[Mission Florentino|Comando Maisanta]] was granted to members of the "Batallones Bolivarianos de Internet (BBI)" (Internet Bolivarian Battalions), which previously had to register on Tascón's website to gain access under the strict requisite that they had not signed the petition for the referendum.<ref>{{Citation |title=Diputado Tascón inició registro de Batallones Bolivarianos por Internet |url=http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=2&t=6565 |journal=Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela-Radio Nacional de Venezuela |df=dmy-all |year=2004 |url-status=dead |surname1=Morales Flores |given1=Miyeilis |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155553/http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=2&t=6565 |archivedate=30 September 2007}}</ref>

=== Zionism ===
Following the [[October 7 attacks]], singers who posted their support for Israel on social media reportedly were blacklisted at venues where they typically performed.<ref name="c998">{{cite web |last=Tress |first=Luke |date=2025-04-02 |title=US spiritual hot springs retreat discriminated against Jewish musician, lawsuit says |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-spiritual-hot-springs-retreat-discriminated-against-jewish-musician-lawsuit-says/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name="u159" /> A professional gamer was barred from a competition for similar reasons.<ref name="g819">{{cite web |last=Tress |first=Luke |date=2025-02-25 |title=High-ranking gamer banned for pro-Israel stance could forge new legal precedent for US Jews |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/high-ranking-gamer-banned-for-pro-israel-stance-could-forge-new-legal-precedent-for-us-jews/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> In Chicago, Jewish therapists who said they would treat a Zionist patient were added to a blacklist.<ref>{{cite web |last=Deutch |first=Gabby |date=2024-05-30 |title='Opposite of inclusive': A look inside the increasingly hostile environment for Jewish therapists |url=https://jewishinsider.com/2024/05/therapy-jewish-mental-health-professionals-oct-7-war-gaza-antisemitism/ |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Jewish Insider}}</ref> British sociologist [[David Hirsh]] noted that Zionist academics “have not been able to publish, people were not able to do the things that you need to do in order to build a career in academia”.<ref name="u159">{{cite web |last=Kolirin |first=Lianne |date=2025-04-01 |title=Global academics converge in London 'safe space' to dissect post-Oct. 7 antisemitism |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/global-academics-converge-in-london-safe-space-to-dissect-post-oct-7-antisemitism/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> After having a scheduled lecture canceled, historian and sociologist Izabella Tabarovsky said that "as a former Soviet citizen she was 'deeply familiar' with this kind of silencing".<ref name="u159" />

== Computing ==

{{Main|Blacklist (computing)}}
In computing, a blacklist is an [[access control]] system that denies entry to a specific list (or a defined range) of users, programs, or network addresses.

== Terminology concerns ==
In 2018, a medical journal commentary regarding [[predatory publishing]] was published, arguing that ''whitelist'', ''blacklist'', among other terms, reinforce existing racial biases and should be avoided in medical literature.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Houghton |first=Frank |last2=Houghton |first2=Sharon |date=2018-10-04 |title=“Blacklists” and “whitelists”: a salutary warning concerning the prevalence of racist language in discussions of predatory publishing |url=https://jmla.pitt.edu/ojs/jmla/article/view/490 |journal=Journal of the Medical Library Association |language=en |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=527–530 |doi=10.5195/jmla.2018.490 |issn=1558-9439 |pmc=6148600 |pmid=30271301}}</ref> The commentary gained public attention in Summer 2020 following the [[George Floyd protests]] in the United States wherein a black man died in the custody of Minneapolis police officers, sparking protests against police brutality.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-03 |title=George Floyd: Twitter drops 'master', 'slave' and 'blacklist' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53273923 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703110246/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53273923 |archive-date=July 3, 2020 |access-date=2025-10-29 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Conger |first=Kate |date=2021-04-13 |title=‘Master,’ ‘Slave’ and the Fight Over Offensive Terms in Computing (Published 2021) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/13/technology/racist-computer-engineering-terms-ietf.html |access-date=2025-10-29 |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Franceschi-Bicchierai |first=Lorenzo |date=2021-11-30 |title=We Need to Stop Saying ‘Blacklist’ and ‘Whitelist’ |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/we-need-to-stop-saying-blacklist-and-whitelist/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=VICE |language=en-US}}</ref>

The commentary cites examples of the use of ''black'' as a shorthand for disreputable sources and other negative judgements, and ''white'' for trustworthiness and safety. The article also notes the origins of ''blacklist'' as a label for censure and punishment of workers involved in labor unions, and that early use of the term coincides with the rise of [[Slavery in the United States|slavery in the Americas]], but does not claim its etymology as referring directly to skin color. However, the authors criticize the continued use of ''blacklist'' and similar language as inappropriate and harmful due to the ubiquity of ''white'' and ''black'' as descriptors of racial groups in common parlance, arguing that this association results in use of this type of language perpetuates racism, regardless of its linguistic origin.<ref name=":02" />

Conflict around this issue often emerges in computing industries where ''whitelist'' and ''blacklist'' are prevalent (e.g. "IP whitelisting"<ref>{{Cite web|title=IP Whitelisting - Documentation|url=https://help.gooddata.com/doc/en/building-on-gooddata-platform/gooddata-architecture/ip-whitelisting#:~:text=IP%20whitelisting%20is%20a%20security,users%20can%20access%20your%20domains.|access-date=2020-10-14|website=help.gooddata.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930073331/https://help.gooddata.com/doc/en/building-on-gooddata-platform/gooddata-architecture/ip-whitelisting#:~:text=IP%20whitelisting%20is%20a%20security,users%20can%20access%20your%20domains.|url-status=dead}}</ref>). Some companies, [[Open source|open-source]] communities, and software developers have chosen to deprecate use of ''whitelist'' and ''blacklist'' in favor of names which describe the purpose of those lists less ambiguously and are unlikely to come across to a reader as insensitive such as ''allow list'' and ''deny list''. An [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]] draft technical proposal<ref>{{cite news |last1=Knodel |first1=Mallory |title=Terminology, Power, and Inclusive Language in Internet-Drafts and RFCs |url=https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-knodel-terminology-10#section-3.2 |newspaper=Ietf Datatracker |publisher=Internet Engineering Task Force |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref> has been underway since 2018 presenting arguments for avoiding potentially exclusionary language in technical documentation and a standardized set of recommendations for their replacement. Before garnering wider public attention in 2020, similarly motivated changes have also been enacted in years prior to replace terminology such as [[Master/slave (technology)#Terminology concerns|''master/slave'']] with alternatives due to concerns over their potential role in workplace discrimination.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Cimpanu|first=Catalin|title=GitHub to replace "master" with alternative term to avoid slavery references|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/github-to-replace-master-with-alternative-term-to-avoid-slavery-references/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=ZDNet|language=en}}</ref>

Some critics of these terminology changes{{Who|date=November 2022}} question the interpretation of the deprecated language as racial in nature due to the linguistic root of ''blacklist'' as being most likely derived from the term ''black book'',<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=blacklist {{!}} Origin and meaning of blacklist by Online Etymology Dictionary|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/blacklist|access-date=2020-10-14|website=etymonline.com|language=en}}</ref> which originated in the 1400s as a reference to "a list of people who had committed crimes or fallen out of favor with leaders," popularized by King Henry VIII's literal use of a black book.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is Little Black Book?|url=https://writingexplained.org/idiom-dictionary/little-black-book|access-date=2020-10-17|website=Writing Explained|language=en-US}}</ref> Others note the prevalence of positive and negative connotations to ''white'' and ''black'' in some [[Bible translations into English]], taking the position that this historical usage invalidates the claim of racial connotations in modern usage<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grammarian|first=Angry|title=Is 'master bedroom' a racist term? As language evolves, consider history and usage. {{!}} The Angry Grammarian|url=https://www.inquirer.com/opinion/master-bedroom-racist-words-blacklist-whitelist-20200722.html|access-date=2020-10-14|website=inquirer.com|date=22 July 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> because it predates the emergence of "Black" as a widespread word to refer to one's race as a [[person of color]] in America during the 1960s [[Black power movement]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=Ben L.|date=1991|title=From Negro to Black to African American: The Power of Names and Naming|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2152175|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=106|issue=1|pages=83–107|doi=10.2307/2152175|jstor=2152175|issn=0032-3195}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|* [[Affaire Des Fiches]]
* {{annotated link|Black Book (gaming)}}
* {{annotated link|Blackballing}}
* {{annotated link|Blacklisting (Soviet policy)}}
* {{annotated link|Book censorship}}
* {{annotated link|Cancel culture}}
* {{annotated link|Closure (sociology)}}
* {{annotated link|Debarment}}
* {{annotated link|Deplatforming}}
* {{annotated link|Involuntary unemployment}}
* [[List of books banned by governments]]
* {{annotated link|Media transparency}}
* {{annotated link|Opt-out}}
* {{annotated link|Ostracon}}
* {{annotated link|Persona non grata}}
* {{annotated link|Redlining}}
* {{annotated link|Social exclusion}}
* {{annotated link|Social rejection}}
* {{annotated link|Social undermining}}
* {{annotated link|Whitelisting}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{Wiktionary|blacklist}}
{{Americana Poster|Blacklisting}}
* {{Cite book | first = James J. | last = Lorence | title = The Suppression of Salt of the Earth: How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America | publisher = University of New Mexico Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-8263-2027-9 }}
{{Censorship}}
{{Conformity}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Blacklisting| ]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Informal legal terminology]]
[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Social concepts]]
[[Category:Spamming]]
[[Category:Fraternity and sorority culture]]
[[Category:Metaphors]]