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{{Short description|Prefecture and commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France}}
{{About|the city in France|the wine|Bordeaux wine|other uses|Bordeaux (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Burdigala|the ocean liner|SS Burdigala}}
{{Redirect|Bordelaise|the sauce|Bordelaise sauce}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox French commune
 |name               = Bordeaux
 |native name        = {{native name|oc|Bordèu}}
 |demonym            = Bordelais
 |commune status     = [[Prefectures of France|Prefecture]] and [[Communes of France|commune]]
 |image              = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 280
| image_style              = border:1;
| perrow                   = 1/3/3/2
 |image1 = Bordeaux Place de la Bourse de nuit.jpg{{!}}Place de la Bourse
 |image2 = Cite du vin Bordeaux 2017 (37500642606).jpg {{!}}Cité du Vin
 |image3 = France-001698 - Triumph of the Republic (South Side) (15031012263).jpg {{!}}Monument aux Girondins
 |image4 = Bordeaux (33) Cathédrale Saint-André Tour Pey Berland 01.jpg{{!}}Tour Pey-Berland
 |image5 = Puerta de Burdeos.JPG{{!}}The big bell of Bordeaux
 |image6 = Bordeaux Opera.jpg{{!}}Bordeaux Opera
 |image7 = Cathedrale St Andre, lieu de vie.jpg{{!}}Cathédrale Saint-André de Bordeaux at night
 |image8 = Bordeaux (2418988310).jpg {{!}} Pont de Pierre
}}
 |caption            = From top to bottom, left to right: [[Place de la Bourse]], [[Cité du Vin]], Monument aux Girondins, [[Tour Pey-Berland]], Grosse Cloche, [[Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux]], [[Bordeaux Cathedral|Saint-André Cathedral]] and [[Pont de pierre (Bordeaux)|Pont de pierre]] on the [[Garonne]]
 |image coat of arms = Coat of Arms of Bordeaux (Chief of France Moderne).svg
 |image flag = Flag of Bordeaux, France.gif
 |city motto         = {{force singular}}''Lilia sola regunt lunam undas castra leonem.''<br />"The [[fleur-de-lis]] alone rules over the moon, the waves, the castle, and the lion" (in French: "Les lys règnent seuls sur la lune, les ondes, la forteresse et le lion.")<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2013 |title=Bordeaux : Découvrir Bordeaux – Histoire de Bordeaux |url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=6931 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120062743/http://www.bordeaux.fr/ebx/pgPresStand8.psml?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=pgPresStand8&classofcontent=presentationStandard&id=6931 |archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref>
 |coordinates        = {{Coord|44.84|-0.58|region:FR-NAQ_type:city(1,000,000)|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
 |INSEE              = 33063
 |arrondissement     = Bordeaux
 |canton             = [[Cantons of Bordeaux|5 cantons]]
 |intercommunality   = [[Bordeaux Métropole]]
 |mayor              = [[Pierre Hurmic]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires |url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503 |publisher=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises |date=13 September 2022 |language=fr |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |party              = [[The Ecologists|The Greens]]
 |term               = 2020–2026
 |area km2           = 49.36
 |population         = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
 |population date    = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
 |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
 |population ranking = [[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants|9th in France]]
 |urban area km2     = 1,287.3
 |urban area date    = 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-33701 |title=Comparateur de territoire – Unité urbaine 2020 de Bordeaux (33701) |publisher=[[INSEE]] |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008130105/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=UU2020-33701 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |urban pop          = 994920
 |urban pop date     = Jan. 2020<ref name="UU_pop">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-220866,5695514,313581,189636&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2020&selcodgeo=33701&t=A01&view=map12 |title=Statistiques locales – Bordeaux : Unité urbaine 2020 – Population municipale 2020 |author=INSEE |author-link=INSEE |access-date=2023-01-16 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-220866,5695514,313581,189636&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2020&selcodgeo=33701&t=A01&view=map12 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |metro area km2     = 6315.6
 |metro area date    = 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-006 |title=Comparateur de territoire – Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Bordeaux (006) |publisher=[[INSEE]] |access-date=2022-04-08 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307230441/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-006 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |metro area pop     = 1376375
 |metro area pop date= Jan. 2020<ref name="AAV_pop">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-220866,5695514,313581,189636&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2020&selcodgeo=006&t=A01&view=map13 |title=Statistiques locales – Bordeaux : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 – Population municipale 2020 |author=INSEE |author-link=INSEE |access-date=2023-01-16 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-220866,5695514,313581,189636&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2020&selcodgeo=006&t=A01&view=map13 |url-status=live}}</ref>
 |website            = {{URL|www.bordeaux.fr}}
 {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
 |child         = yes
 |Official_name = [[Port de la Lune|Bordeaux, Port of the Moon]]
 |ID            = 1256
 |Criteria      = Cultural: ii, iv
 |Year          = 2007
 |Area          = 1,731 ha
 |Buffer_zone   = 11,974 ha
}}
}}

'''Bordeaux''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɔːr|ˈ|d|oʊ}} {{respell|bor|DOH}}; {{IPA|fr|bɔʁdo|lang|Fr.Bordeaux.ogg}}; [[Gascon language|Gascon]] {{langx|oc|Bordèu}} {{IPA|oc|buɾˈðɛw|}}; {{langx|eu|Bordele}}) is a city on the river [[Garonne]] in the [[Gironde]] [[Departments of France|department]], southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]] region, as well as the [[Prefectures in France|prefecture]] of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called "''Bordelais''{{-"}} (masculine) or "''Bordelaises''{{-"}} (feminine). The term "Bordelais" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region.

The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 259,809 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of {{convert|49|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |title=Historique des populations communales – Recensements de la population 1876–2020 |author=INSEE |access-date=2023-01-16 |language=fr |author-link=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221185511/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3698339 |url-status=live}}</ref> but together with its [[suburb]]s and [[exurb]]s the Bordeaux [[Functional area (France)|metropolitan area]] had a population of 1,376,375 that same year (Jan. 2020 census),<ref name="AAV_pop" /> the sixth-most populated in France after [[Paris]], [[Lyon]], [[Marseille]], [[Lille]], and [[Toulouse]].

Bordeaux and 27 suburban municipalities form the [[Bordeaux Métropole|Bordeaux Metropolis]], an [[Indirect election|indirectly elected]] [[Métropole|metropolitan authority]] now in charge of wider metropolitan issues. The Bordeaux Metropolis, with a population of 819,604 at the January 2020 census,<ref name="Metropolis">{{cite web |url=https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-206354,5677024,263644,145195&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2020&selcodgeo=243300316&t=A01&view=map4 |title=Statistiques locales – Bordeaux Métropole : Intercommunalité 2021 – Population municipale 2020 |publisher=[[INSEE]] |access-date=2023-01-16 |archive-date=29 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004346/https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#bbox=-206354,5677024,263644,145195&c=indicator&i=pop_legales.popmun&s=2020&selcodgeo=243300316&t=A01&view=map4 |url-status=live}}</ref> is the fifth most populated metropolitan council in France after those of [[Paris]], [[Marseille]], [[Lyon]] and [[Lille]].

Bordeaux is a world capital of wine:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shurvell |first=Joanne |title=Five Reasons to Visit the World's Wine Capital, Bordeaux |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanneshurvell/2019/07/31/five-reasons-to-visit-the-worlds-wine-capital-bordeaux/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106181937/https://www.forbes.com/sites/joanneshurvell/2019/07/31/five-reasons-to-visit-the-worlds-wine-capital-bordeaux/ |url-status=live}}</ref> many [[château]]x and [[Bordeaux wine|vineyards]] stand on the hillsides of the [[Gironde]], and the city is home to the world's main wine fair, [[Vinexpo]]. Bordeaux is also one of the centers of gastronomy<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20170615/bordeaux-beats-paris-and-lyon-to-first-place-on-list-of-frances-best-cities-for-restaurants |title=New survey ranks France's best cities for restaurants (and Paris is not top) |date=15 June 2017 |access-date=30 October 2020 |publisher=www.thelocal.fr |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104093507/https://www.thelocal.fr/20170615/bordeaux-beats-paris-and-lyon-to-first-place-on-list-of-frances-best-cities-for-restaurants |url-status=live}}</ref> and business tourism for the organization of international congresses. It is a central and strategic hub for the aeronautics, military and space sector, home to major companies such as [[Dassault Aviation]], [[ArianeGroup]], [[Safran]] and [[Thales Group|Thales]]. The link with aviation dates back to 1910, the year the first airplane flew over the city. A crossroads of knowledge through university research, it is home to one of the only two [[megajoule laser]]s in the world, as well as a university population of more than 130,000 students within the Bordeaux Metropolis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classement 2019 des villes étudiantes les plus importantes en France |url=https://www.investirlmnp.fr/actualites/classement-2019-des-villes-etudiantes-les-plus-importantes-en-france-146 |access-date=2022-04-08 |publisher=www.investirlmnp.fr |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404010642/https://www.investirlmnp.fr/actualites/classement-2019-des-villes-etudiantes-les-plus-importantes-en-france-146 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bordeaux is an international tourist destination for its architectural and cultural heritage with more than 362 historic [[:fr:Liste des monuments historiques de Bordeaux#:~:text=4.3 Liens externes-,Statistiques,au titre des monuments historiques.|monuments]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux Unesco {{!}} Bordeaux 2030 |url=http://www.bordeaux2030.fr/bordeaux-unesco/ |access-date=30 October 2020 |publisher=www.bordeaux2030.fr |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103104343/http://www.bordeaux2030.fr/bordeaux-unesco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> making it, after Paris, the city with the most listed or registered monuments in France. The "Pearl of Aquitaine" has been voted European Destination of the year in a 2015 online poll.<ref>{{Cite web |author=AFP Relax News |date=13 February 2015 |title=Bordeaux named European destination of the year |url=https://my.asiatatler.com/life/bordeaux-european-destination-of-the-year |access-date=30 October 2020 |website=Tatler Malaysia |language=en-MY |archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104155055/https://my.asiatatler.com/life/bordeaux-european-destination-of-the-year |url-status=live}}</ref> The metropolis has also received awards and rankings by international organizations such as in 1957, Bordeaux was awarded the [[The Europe Prize|Europe Prize]] for its efforts in transmitting the European ideal. 

In June 2007, the [[Port de la Lune|Port of the Moon]] in historic Bordeaux was inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage List]], for its outstanding architecture and urban ensemble and in recognition of Bordeaux's international importance over the last 2000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux, Port of the Moon |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1256/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=13 November 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905195247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1256/ |archive-date=5 September 2007 }}</ref> Bordeaux is also ranked as a Sufficiency city by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].

== History ==
{{For timeline}}

=== 5th century BC to 11th century AD ===
{{Multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 400
| image1 = Bordeaux - Pilliers de Tutelle.jpg
| caption1 = ''Les Piliers de Tutelle''
| image2 = Bordeaux - Palais Gallien 2.jpg
| caption2 = The Roman amphitheatre
|}}

Around 300 BC, the region was the settlement of a [[List of Celtic tribes|Celtic tribe]], the [[Bituriges Vivisci]], who named the town '''Burdigala''', probably of [[Aquitanian language|Aquitanian]] origin.

In 107 BC, the [[Battle of Burdigala]] was fought by the Romans who were defending the [[Allobroges]], a [[Gauls|Gallic tribe]] allied to Rome, and the [[Tigurini]] led by [[Divico]]. The Romans were defeated and their commander, the [[Roman consul|consul]] [[Lucius Cassius Longinus (consul 107 BC)|Lucius Cassius Longinus]], was killed in battle.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Sivan |first1=H. |first2=R. |last2=Mathisen |title=Places: 138248 (Burdigala) |url=https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/138248 |access-date=29 March 2020 |publisher=Pleiades |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918080522/https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/138248 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The city came under [[ancient Rome|Roman]] rule around 60 BC, and it became an important commercial centre for [[tin]] and [[lead]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.romanports.org/en/the-ports/116-burdigala.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330034006/https://www.romanports.org/en/the-ports/116-burdigala.html |archive-date=30 March 2020 |url-status=live |title=Burdigala (France) |access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> During this period were built the amphitheatre and the monument ''Les [[Piliers de Tutelle]]''.

In 276 AD, it was sacked by the [[Vandals]]. The Vandals attacked again in 409, followed by the [[Visigoths]] in 414, and the [[Franks]] in 498, and afterwards the city fell into a period of relative obscurity.

[[File:Bituriges Vivisci.jpg|thumb|Coins of the [[Bituriges Vivisci]], 5th–1st century BC, derived from the coin designs of [[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul]]. [[Cabinet des Médailles]].]]
[[File:Merovingian tremisses minted in Bordeaux by the Church of Saint Etienne late 6th century.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] [[Tremissis|tremisses]] minted in Bordeaux by the Church of Saint-Étienne, late sixth century. [[British Museum]].]]

In the late 6th century AD the city re-emerged as the seat of a county and an archdiocese within the [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] [[Francia|kingdom of the Franks]], but royal Frankish power was never strong. The city started to play a regional role as a major urban center on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish [[Duchy of Vasconia]]. Around 585 Gallactorius was made [[County of Bordeaux|Count of Bordeaux]] and fought the [[Basques]].

In 732, the city was plundered by the troops of [[Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi|Abd er Rahman]] who stormed the fortifications and overwhelmed the [[Aquitaine|Aquitanian]] garrison. [[Odo the Great|Duke Eudes]] mustered a force to engage the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], eventually engaging them in the [[Battle of the River Garonne]] somewhere near the river [[Dordogne (river)|Dordogne]]. The battle had a high death toll, and although Eudes was defeated he had enough troops to engage in the [[Battle of Tours|Battle of Poitiers]] and so retain his grip on Aquitaine.

In 737, following his father Eudes's death, the Aquitanian [[Hunald I|duke Hunald]] led a rebellion to which [[Charles Martel|Charles]] responded by launching an expedition that captured Bordeaux. However, it was not retained for long, during the following year the Frankish commander clashed in battle with the Aquitanians but then left to take on hostile Burgundian authorities and magnates. In 745 Aquitaine faced another expedition where Charles's sons Pepin and Carloman challenged Hunald's power and defeated him. Hunald's son [[Waiofar|Waifer]] replaced him and confirmed Bordeaux as the capital city (along with Bourges in the north).

During the last stage of the [[Pepin the Short#Expansion of the Frankish realm|war against Aquitaine]] (760–768), it was one of Waifer's last important strongholds to fall to the troops of King [[Pepin the Short]]. Charlemagne built the fortress of [[Fronsac, Gironde|Fronsac]] (''Frontiacus'', ''Franciacus'') near Bordeaux on a hill across the border with the Basques (''Wascones''), where Basque commanders came and pledged their loyalty (769).

In 778, [[Seguin I of Gascony|Seguin (or Sihimin)]] was appointed count of Bordeaux, probably undermining the power of the Duke [[Lupo II of Gascony|Lupo]], and possibly leading to the [[Battle of Roncevaux Pass]]. In 814, Seguin was made Duke of [[Duchy of Vasconia|Vasconia]], but was deposed in 816 for failing to suppress a Basque rebellion. Under the [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingians]], sometimes the [[Count of Bordeaux|Counts of Bordeaux]] held the title concomitantly with that of [[Duke of Gascony|Duke of Vasconia]]. They were to keep the Basques in check and defend the mouth of the Garonne from the [[Viking]]s when they appeared in c. 844. In Autumn 845, the Vikings were raiding Bordeaux and Saintes, count [[Seguin II of Gascony|Seguin II]] marched on them but was captured and executed.

Although the [[Port de la Lune|port of Bordeaux]] was a buzzing trade center, the stability and success of the city was threatened by [[Vikings|Viking]] and [[Normans|Norman]] incursions and political instability. The restoration of the [[Ramnulfids|Ramnulfid]] [[Duke of Aquitaine|Dukes of Aquitaine]] under [[William IV, Duke of Aquitaine|William IV]] and his successors (known as the [[House of Poitiers]]) brought continuity of government.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bordeaux |title=Bordeaux |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428135852/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bordeaux |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 12th century to 15th century, the English era ===
From the 12th to the 15th century, Bordeaux flourished once more following the marriage of [[Eleanor of Aquitaine|Eléonore]], Duchess of [[Duchy of Aquitaine|Aquitaine]] and the last of the [[House of Poitiers]], to [[Henry II of England|Henry II Plantagenêt]], [[Counts and dukes of Anjou|Count of Anjou]] and the grandson of [[Henry I of England]], who succeeded to the English crown months after their wedding, bringing into being the vast [[Angevin Empire]], which stretched from the [[Pyrenees]] to Ireland.<ref>''Le duché de Bretagne et la politique Plantagenêt aux XII et XIII siecles'', Judith Everard. ", ''in'' Marin Aurell and Noël-Yves Tonnerre éditeurs. ''Plantagenêts et Capétiens, confrontations et héritages'', Poitiers. Brepols, 2006, Turnhout. Collection ''Histoires de famille. La parenté au Moyen Âge'', p. 202</ref> After granting a tax-free trade status with England, Henry was adored by the locals as they could be even more profitable in the wine trade, their main source of income, and the city benefited from imports of cloth and wheat.<ref name="bordeaux-port.fr">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bordeaux-port.fr/en/port-bordeaux/history |title=History &#124; Port de Bordeaux |website=www.bordeaux-port.fr |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215031446/https://www.bordeaux-port.fr/en/port-bordeaux/history |url-status=live}}</ref> The belfry (Grosse Cloche) and [[Bordeaux Cathedral|city cathedral St-André]] were built, the latter in 1227, incorporating the artisan quarter of Saint-Paul.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/bordeaux/background/history/a/nar/5e51aa7a-15f6-47ad-8ad8-719613858dc0/359293 |title=History in Bordeaux, France |first=Lonely |last=Planet |website=Lonely Planet |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215031436/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/bordeaux/background/history/a/nar/5e51aa7a-15f6-47ad-8ad8-719613858dc0/359293 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the terms of the [[Treaty of Brétigny]] it became briefly the capital of an independent state (1362–1372) under [[Edward, the Black Prince]], but after the [[Battle of Castillon]] (1453) it was annexed by France.

=== 15th century to 17th century ===
In 1462, Bordeaux created a local parliament.

Bordeaux adhered to the [[Fronde]], being effectively annexed to the [[Kingdom of France]] only in 1653, when the army of [[Louis XIV]] entered the city.

=== 18th century, the golden era ===
[[File:Deuxieme vue du port de Bordeaux prise du château Trompette.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Port of the Moon]] in 1759]]

The 18th century saw another golden age of Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.commanderie.org/showRegion.action |title=Commanderie |website=www.commanderie.org |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203065355/https://www.commanderie.org/showRegion.action |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Port of the Moon]] supplied the majority of Europe with coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton and indigo, becoming France's busiest port and the second busiest port in the world after London.<ref name="bordeaux-port.fr" /> Many downtown buildings (about 5,000), including those on the quays, are from this period.

Bordeaux was also a major trading centre for slaves.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Bordeaux struggles with slave past |date=28 September 2009}}</ref> In total, the Bordeaux shipowners deported 150,000 Africans in some 500 expeditions.<ref name="trading and slavery">{{Cite book |last1=François |first1=Hubert |first2=Christian |last2=Block |first3=Jacques |last3=de Cauna |title=Bordeaux in the 18th century : trans-Atlantic trading and slavery |publisher=Le Festin |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-36062-009-8 |edition=2nd |location=Bordeaux}}</ref>

=== French Revolution: political disruption and loss of the most profitable colony ===
{{unsourced section|date=May 2025}}
At the beginning of the [[French Revolution]] (1789), many local revolutionaries were members of the [[Girondists]]. This Party represented the provincial bourgeoisie, favorable towards abolishing aristocratic privileges, but opposed to the Revolution's social dimension. The Gironde valley's economic value and significance was satiated by the city's commercial power which was in dire contrast to the emerging widespread poverty affecting its inhabitants. Trade and commerce were the driving factors in the region's economic prosperity, still this resulted in a significant number of locals struggling to survive on a daily basis due to lack of food and resources. This socioeconomic disparity served as fertile ground for discontent, sparking frequent episodes of mass unrest well before the tumultuous events of 1783.

In 1793, the [[Montagnard (French Revolution)|Montagnards]] led by [[Robespierre]] and [[Jean-Paul Marat|Marat]] came to power. Fearing a bourgeois misappropriation of the Revolution, they executed a great number of Girondists. During the purge, the local Montagnard Section renamed the city of Bordeaux "Commune-Franklin" (Franklin-municipality) in homage to [[Benjamin Franklin]].

At the same time, in 1791, a [[Haitian Revolution|slave revolt]] broke out at [[Saint-Domingue]] (current [[Haiti]]), the most profitable of the French colonies. In the lively era of the 18th century, Bordeaux emerged as a center of economic activity, particularly known at first for its successful wine trade. The city's placement along the Gironde River was very strategic, helping to facilitate the transportation of produce to markets both internationally and domestically, which led to an increase in exports and Bordeaux's economic prosperity. There was a significant transformation to the economic landscape of Bordeaux in 1785, which was spurred by the attraction of large profits, traders and merchants in Bordeaux began to turn their attention to the slave trade. This was a very important moment in the city's economic history seeing as it diversified its commercial expansion, at a serious moral cost. This introduced a new layer of difficulty to Bordeaux's economic activities. Even though it brought along significant wealth to certain segments of society, it complicated the socio-economic inconsistencies within the region. The entry into the slave trade brought even more tension within Bordeaux society. The trade exacerbated the divide between an elite with growing wealth and those living in poverty. This economic divide laid out the foundation for the mass unrest that would break out in the French Revolution.

Three years later, the Montagnard Convention abolished slavery. In 1802, Napoleon revoked the manumission law but lost the war against the army of former slaves. In 1804, Haiti became independent. The loss of this "Pearl" of the West Indies generated the collapse of Bordeaux's port economy, which was dependent on the colonial trade and trade in slaves.

Towards the end of the [[Peninsular War]] of 1814, the [[Duke of Wellington]] sent [[William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford|William Beresford]] with two divisions and seized Bordeaux, encountering little resistance. Bordeaux was largely anti-[[Bonapartist]] and the majority supported the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]]. The British troops were treated as liberators. Distinguished historian of the French revolution Suzanne Desan explains that "examining intricate local dynamics" is essential to studying the Revolution by region.

=== 19th century, rebirth of the economy ===
{{unsourced section|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Hugo d'Alesi, vue cavalière de Bordeaux, 1899, Archives de Bordeaux métropole.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Aerial view of the [[Port of the Moon]] in 1899]]

From the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], the economy of Bordeaux was rebuilt by traders and shipowners. They engaged to construct the first bridge of Bordeaux, and customs warehouses. The shipping traffic grew through the new [[French colonial empire|African colonies]].

[[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]], a longtime prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th-century large-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor [[Napoleon III]] to transform the quasi-medieval Paris into a "modern" capital that would make France proud. [[Victor Hugo]] found the town so beautiful he said: "Take [[Versailles, Yvelines|Versailles]], add [[Antwerp]], and you have Bordeaux".

In 1870, at the beginning of the [[Franco-Prussian war]] against [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], the French government temporarily relocated to Bordeaux from Paris.<ref name="britannica" /> That recurred during [[World War I]] and again very briefly during [[World War II]], when it became clear that Paris would fall into German hands.

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-074-2852-36A, Bordeaux, Platzkonzert der Wehrmacht.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Place de la Comédie during the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]]]]

During World War II, Bordeaux fell under [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]].

In May and June 1940, Bordeaux was the site of the life-saving actions of the Portuguese consul-general, [[Aristides de Sousa Mendes]], who granted thousands of Portuguese visas, which were needed to pass the Spanish border, to refugees fleeing the German occupation.

From 1941 to 1943, the [[Regia Marina|Italian Royal Navy]] established [[BETASOM]], a submarine base at Bordeaux. Italian submarines participated in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] from that base, which was also a major base for German [[U-boats]] as headquarters of [[12th U-boat Flotilla]]. The massive, reinforced concrete U-boat pens have proved impractical to demolish and are now partly used as a cultural center for exhibitions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2020 |title=World's largest digital arts centre opens in Bordeaux submarine base |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200609-world-s-largest-digital-arts-centre-opens-in-bordeaux-submarine-base |website=France 24 |language=en |access-date=9 July 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617071806/https://www.france24.com/en/20200609-world-s-largest-digital-arts-centre-opens-in-bordeaux-submarine-base |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 21st century, listed as World heritage ===
In 2007, 40% of the city surface area, located around the [[Port of the Moon]], was listed as [[World Heritage Site]]. [[UNESCO]] inscribed Bordeaux as "an inhabited historic city, an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble, created in the age of the Enlightenment, whose values continued up to the first half of the 20th century, with more protected buildings than any other French city except Paris".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1256/ |title=Bordeaux, Port of the Moon |first=UNESCO World Heritage |last=Centre |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027221056/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1256 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Bordeaux_(France)_-_50524304173.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the [[Garonne]] in Bordeaux in 2019]]

Bordeaux is located close to the European [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast, in the southwest of France and in the north of the Aquitaine region. It is around {{convert|500|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Paris. The city is built on a bend of the [[Garonne|river Garonne]], and is divided into two parts: the right bank to the east and left bank in the west. Historically the left bank is more developed because when flowing outside the bend, the water makes a furrow of the required depth to allow the passing of merchant ships, which used to offload on this side of the river. But, today, the right bank is developing, including new urban projects. In Bordeaux, the Garonne River is accessible to [[ocean liner]]s through the [[Gironde estuary]]. The right bank of the Garonne is a low-lying, often marshy plain.

=== Climate ===
Bordeaux's climate can be classified as [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb''), bordering on a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'').<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/bordeaux-merignac/valeurs/07510.html |title=Normales et records pour la période 1981–2010 [données officielles] à Bordeaux-Mérignac |access-date=8 November 2021 |publisher=Infoclimat.fr |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105035127/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/bordeaux-merignac/valeurs/07510.html |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the [[Trewartha climate classification]] system classifies the city as solely humid subtropical, due to a recent rise in temperatures related – to some degree or another – to [[climate change]] and the city's [[urban heat island]].

The city enjoys cool to mild, wet winters, due to its relatively southerly [[latitude]], and the prevalence of mild, westerly winds from the Atlantic. Its summers are warm and somewhat drier, although wet enough to avoid a [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] classification. Frosts occur annually, but snowfall is quite infrequent, occurring for no more than 3–4 days a year. The [[2003 European heat wave|summer of 2003]] set a record with an average temperature of {{convert|23.3|°C|°F|abbr=on}},<ref>GHCN climate, GISS world climate averages, 1971–2000</ref> while February 1956 was the coldest month on record with an average temperature of −2.00&nbsp;°C at Bordeaux Mérignac-Airport.<ref>GISS Station Data v4 homogenized Bordeaux Mérignac Airport</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Bordeaux ([[Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport|BOD]]), elevation: {{convert|47|m|ft|0|abbr = on}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present
|collapsed =
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 20.8
|Feb record high C = 26.2
|Mar record high C = 27.7
|Apr record high C = 31.1
|May record high C = 35.4
|Jun record high C = 40.5
|Jul record high C = 41.2
|Aug record high C = 41.6
|Sep record high C = 37.0
|Oct record high C = 32.2
|Nov record high C = 26.7
|Dec record high C = 22.5
|year record high C = 41.6
|Jan high C = 10.5
|Feb high C = 12.0
|Mar high C = 15.5
|Apr high C = 18.0
|May high C = 21.7
|Jun high C = 25.0
|Jul high C = 27.1
|Aug high C = 27.6
|Sep high C = 24.2
|Oct high C = 19.6
|Nov high C = 14.1
|Dec high C = 11.0
|year high C = 18.9
|Jan mean C = 7.1
|Feb mean C = 7.8
|Mar mean C = 10.7
|Apr mean C = 13.0
|May mean C = 16.6
|Jun mean C = 19.8
|Jul mean C = 21.7
|Aug mean C = 21.9
|Sep mean C = 18.8
|Oct mean C = 15.2
|Nov mean C = 10.4
|Dec mean C = 7.7
|year mean C = 14.2
|Jan low C = 3.7
|Feb low C = 3.6
|Mar low C = 5.8
|Apr low C = 8.0
|May low C = 11.4
|Jun low C = 14.6
|Jul low C = 16.2
|Aug low C = 16.3
|Sep low C = 13.3
|Oct low C = 10.7
|Nov low C = 6.7
|Dec low C = 4.4
|year low C = 9.6
|Jan record low C = -16.4
|Feb record low C = -14.8
|Mar record low C = -9.9
|Apr record low C = -5.3
|May record low C = -1.8
|Jun record low C = 2.5
|Jul record low C = 5.2
|Aug record low C = 4.7
|Sep record low C = -1.8
|Oct record low C = -5.3
|Nov record low C = -7.3
|Dec record low C = -13.4
|year record low C = -16.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 86.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 66.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 63.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 75.6
|May precipitation mm = 71.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 70.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 48.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 56.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 81.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 83.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 114.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 106.4
|year precipitation mm = 924.9
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 12.2
|Feb precipitation days = 10.1
|Mar precipitation days = 10.7
|Apr precipitation days = 11.2
|May precipitation days = 10.0
|Jun precipitation days = 8.3
|Jul precipitation days = 7.1
|Aug precipitation days = 7.0
|Sep precipitation days = 9.3
|Oct precipitation days = 10.7
|Nov precipitation days = 13.3
|Dec precipitation days = 12.7
|year precipitation days = 122.5
|Jan sun = 89.8
|Feb sun = 117.4
|Mar sun = 170.2
|Apr sun = 186.0
|May sun = 220.8
|Jun sun = 237.7
|Jul sun = 256.0
|Aug sun = 248.8
|Sep sun = 208.8
|Oct sun = 150.3
|Nov sun = 100.0
|Dec sun = 84.1
|year sun = 2069.8
|source 1 = [[Meteo France]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_33281001.pdf |title=BORDEAUX−MERIGNAC (33) |work=Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records |publisher=Meteo France |language=fr |access-date = 14 July 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220401020044/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_33281001.pdf |url-status = dead |archive-date = 1 April 2022}}
{{cite web |url=https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_33281001.pdf |title=BORDEAUX−MERIGNAC (33) |work=Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records |publisher=Meteo France |language=fr |access-date = 14 July 2022 |archive-date = 1 April 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220401020044/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_33281001.pdf |url-status = live}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|width = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
|collapsed = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
|open =
|metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
|single line = y
|location = Bordeaux ([[Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport]]), elevation: {{convert|47|m|abbr = on|disp = or}}, 1961–1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
|Jan mean C = 6.2
|Feb mean C = 7.5
|Mar mean C = 8.7
|Apr mean C = 11.2
|May mean C = 14.2
|Jun mean C = 17.7
|Jul mean C = 20.2
|Aug mean C = 19.6
|Sep mean C = 17.9
|Oct mean C = 14.3
|Nov mean C = 9.1
|Dec mean C = 6.6
|Jan high C = 9.9
|Feb high C = 11.1
|Mar high C = 13.4
|Apr high C = 16.1
|May high C = 19.4
|Jun high C = 23.2
|Jul high C = 25.9
|Aug high C = 25.5
|Sep high C = 24.0
|Oct high C = 19.3
|Nov high C = 13.2
|Dec high C = 10.0
|Jan avg record high C = 12.6
|Feb avg record high C = 16.3
|Mar avg record high C = 17.1
|Apr avg record high C = 19.5
|May avg record high C = 25.3
|Jun avg record high C = 29.3
|Jul avg record high C = 29.2
|Aug avg record high C = 29.4
|Sep avg record high C = 27.0
|Oct avg record high C = 21.4
|Nov avg record high C = 16.1
|Dec avg record high C = 14.4
|Jan record high C = 19.1
|Feb record high C = 25.0
|Mar record high C = 27.7
|Apr record high C = 28.6
|May record high C = 32.6
|Jun record high C = 37.0
|Jul record high C = 38.8
|Aug record high C = 38.3
|Sep record high C = 37.0
|Oct record high C = 31.5
|Nov record high C = 24.7
|Dec record high C = 22.5
|Jan low C = 2.5
|Feb low C = 3.6
|Mar low C = 4.2
|Apr low C = 6.3
|May low C = 9.1
|Jun low C = 12.4
|Jul low C = 14.3
|Aug low C = 13.9
|Sep low C = 12.2
|Oct low C = 9.2
|Nov low C = 4.7
|Dec low C = 3.2
|Jan avg record low C = -3.1
|Feb avg record low C = -1.8
|Mar avg record low C = -0.1
|Apr avg record low C = 3.7
|May avg record low C = 7.8
|Jun avg record low C = 9.4
|Jul avg record low C = 12.4
|Aug avg record low C = 12.6
|Sep avg record low C = 9.2
|Oct avg record low C = 5.3
|Nov avg record low C = 2.0
|Dec avg record low C = -0.4
|Jan record low C = -16.4
|Feb record low C = -13.2
|Mar record low C = -9.9
|Apr record low C = -3.0
|May record low C = -0.5
|Jun record low C = 4.0
|Jul record low C = 6.9
|Aug record low C = 6.0
|Sep record low C = 2.2
|Oct record low C = -1.7
|Nov record low C = -7.3
|Dec record low C = -13.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 92.4
|Feb precipitation mm = 86.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 74.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 69.4
|May precipitation mm = 67.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 51.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 41.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 45.3
|Sep precipitation mm = 72.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 67.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 96.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.7
|Jan humidity = 88
|Feb humidity = 84
|Mar humidity = 78
|Apr humidity = 76
|May humidity = 77
|Jun humidity = 76
|Jul humidity = 75
|Aug humidity = 76
|Sep humidity = 79
|Oct humidity = 85
|Nov humidity = 87
|Dec humidity = 88
|year humidity = 80.8
|Jan percentsun = 31
|Feb percentsun = 38
|Mar percentsun = 45
|Apr percentsun = 47
|May percentsun = 47
|Jun percentsun = 53
|Jul percentsun = 59
|Aug percentsun = 58
|Sep percentsun = 56
|Oct percentsun = 49
|Nov percentsun = 36
|Dec percentsun = 31
|Jan sun = 86.3
|Feb sun = 108.8
|Mar sun = 161.9
|Apr sun = 189.6
|May sun = 211.1
|Jun sun = 242.2
|Jul sun = 276.3
|Aug sun = 248.7
|Sep sun = 207.1
|Oct sun = 165.4
|Nov sun = 103.2
|Dec sun = 83.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 13.1
|Feb precipitation days = 11.5
|Mar precipitation days = 11.7
|Apr precipitation days = 11.2
|May precipitation days = 11.1
|Jun precipitation days = 8.5
|Jul precipitation days = 6.7
|Aug precipitation days = 8.3
|Sep precipitation days = 9.0
|Oct precipitation days = 10.1
|Nov precipitation days = 11.9
|Dec precipitation days = 12.3
|Jan snow days = 1.1
|Feb snow days = 1.2
|Mar snow days = 0.6
|Apr snow days = 0.0
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.2
|Dec snow days = 0.8
|source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="noaa">{{cite web |url=http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/FR/07510.TXT |title=Bordeaux (07510) – WMO Weather Station |access-date = 21 July 2019 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |archive-date = 21 July 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190721231537/http://geodata.lib.ncsu.edu/fedgov/noaa/clino/TABLES/REG_VI/FR/07510.TXT |url-status = live}}</ref>
|source 2 = Infoclimat.fr (humidity)<ref name="Infoclimat">{{cite web |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221220/http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07510-bordeaux-merignac.html |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |url=http://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie-07510-bordeaux-merignac.html |title=Normes et records 1961–1990: Bordeaux-Merignac (33) – altitude 47&nbsp;m |language=fr |publisher=Infoclimat |access-date = 30 December 2015}}</ref>
}}

== Economy ==
Bordeaux is a major centre for business in France as it has the sixth largest metropolitan population in France. It serves as a major regional center for trade, administration, services and industry.

=== Wine ===
{{Main|Bordeaux wine}}
[[File:Haut Brion exterior.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Château Haut-Brion]]]]

The vine was introduced to the Bordeaux region by the Romans, probably in the mid-first century, to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Hugh |title=World Atlas of Wine |publisher=Octopus Publishing Group Ltd |year=1994 |edition=4th |location=London |page=13}}</ref>

[[File:1 Saint-Émilion aerial pano 2016.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Saint-Émilion]] aerial view]]

Bordeaux wine growing area has about {{convert|116160|ha|acre}} of [[vineyard]]s, 57 [[appellations]], 10,000 wine-producing estates (châteaux) and 13,000 grape growers. With an annual production of approximately 960&nbsp;million bottles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux Wine Region in France: World's Most Famous Fine Wine Region |date=16 March 2007 |url=http://www.intowine.com/bordeaux.html |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=IntoWine.com |archive-date=19 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919012556/http://www.intowine.com/bordeaux.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the Bordeaux area produces large quantities of everyday wine as well as some of the most expensive wines in the world. Included among the latter are the area's five ''premier cru'' ([[First Growth]]) red wines (four from [[Médoc]] and one, [[Château Haut-Brion]], from [[Graves (wine region)|Graves]]), established by the [[Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855]]:

Both red and white wines are made in the Bordeaux region. Red Bordeaux wine is called [[claret]] in the United Kingdom. Red wines are generally made from a blend of grapes, and may be made from [[Cabernet Sauvignon]], [[Merlot]], [[Cabernet Franc]], [[Petit verdot]], [[Malbec]], and, less commonly in recent years, [[Carménère]].

White Bordeaux is made from [[Sauvignon blanc]], [[Sémillon]], and [[Muscadelle]]. [[Graves (wine region)|Sauternes]] is a sub-region of Graves known for its intensely sweet, white, [[dessert wine]]s such as [[Château d'Yquem]].

Because of a wine glut ([[wine lake]]) in the generic production, the price squeeze induced by an increasingly strong international competition, and [[vine pull schemes]], the number of growers has recently dropped from 14,000 and the area under vine has also decreased significantly. In the meantime, the global demand for first growths and the most famous labels markedly increased and their prices skyrocketed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mercer |first=Chris |date=2023-03-03 |title=Bordeaux agrees funding to pull up vineyards |url=https://www.decanter.com/wine-news/bordeaux-agrees-funding-to-pull-up-vineyards-498764/ |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Decanter |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Cité du Vin]], a museum as well as a place of exhibitions, shows, movie projections and academic seminars on the theme of wine opened its doors in June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2016 |title=Bordeaux : la Cité du vin cernée par les chantiers |url=http://www.sudouest.fr/2016/02/19/la-cite-du-vin-cernee-par-les-chantiers-2278033-2780.php |language=fr |access-date=22 February 2016 |archive-date=22 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222074509/http://www.sudouest.fr/2016/02/19/la-cite-du-vin-cernee-par-les-chantiers-2278033-2780.php |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Others ===
The [[Laser Mégajoule]] is one of the most powerful lasers in the world, allowing [[Research|fundamental research]] and development of [[laser]] and [[plasma (physics)|plasma]] technologies.

Some 15,000 people work for the aeronautic industry in Bordeaux.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onboard.thalesgroup.com/thales-building-factory-future-bordeaux-region/|title=Thales building its factory of the future in the Bordeaux region|date=5 February 2015 |publisher=Thales Aerospace Blog|access-date=24 June 2024}}</ref> The city has some of the biggest companies including [[Dassault Aviation|Dassault]], [[EADS Sogerma]], [[Snecma]], [[Thales Group|Thales]], SNPE, and others. The [[Dassault Aviation|Dassault Falcon]] private jets are built there as well as the [[military aircraft]] [[Dassault Rafale|Rafale]] and [[Dassault Mirage 2000|Mirage 2000]], the [[Airbus A380]] [[cockpit]], the [[Booster (rocketry)|boosters]] of [[Ariane 5]], and the [[M51 (missile)|M51 SLBM]] [[missile]].

Tourism, especially [[wine tourism]], is a major industry. Globelink.co.uk mentioned Bordeaux as the best tourist destination in Europe in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=3 Best Places to Retire in France |url=http://www.globelink.co.uk/articles/country-information/france/3-best-places-to-retire-in-france.html |access-date=2 August 2016 |publisher=Globelink.co.uk |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818022942/http://www.globelink.co.uk/articles/country-information/france/3-best-places-to-retire-in-france.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gourmet Touring]] is a tourism company operating in the Bordeaux wine region.

Access to the [[Port of Bordeaux|port]] from the Atlantic is via the [[Gironde estuary]]. Almost nine million tonnes of goods arrive and leave each year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Port de Bordeaux |url=https://www.bordeaux-port.fr/en/port-bordeaux/history |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=www.bordeaux-port.fr |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215031446/https://www.bordeaux-port.fr/en/port-bordeaux/history |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Major companies ===
This list includes indigenous Bordeaux-based companies and companies that have major presence in Bordeaux, but are not necessarily headquartered there.
[[File:Dassault Falcon 7X assembly line at Merignac.jpg|250px|thumb|Dassault Falcon 7X assembly line at Merignac]]
* [[Arena (swimwear)|Arena]]
* [[Groupe Bernard]]
* [[Groupe Castel]]
* [[Cdiscount]]
* [[Dassault Group|Dassault]]
* [[Jock (company)|Jock]]
* [[Marie Brizard et Roger International|Marie Brizard]]
* [[McKesson Corporation]]
* [[Oxbow (surfwear)|Oxbow]]
* [[Pernod Ricard|Ricard]]
* [[Sanofi-Aventis|Sanofi Aventis]]
* [[Smurfit Kappa]]
* [[Snecma]]
* [[Solectron]]
* [[Thales Group]]

== Population ==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Largest groups of immigrants{{efn|An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.}} living in the Bordeaux metropolitan area
|-
! Country of birth || Population (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6455264?sommaire=6455286&geo=AAV2020-006#ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS |title=Étrangers – Immigrés en 2019 : Aire d'attraction des villes 2020 de Bordeaux (006) : IMG1B – Pays de naissance détaillé – Sexe : Ensemble |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiqes (INSEE) |language=fr |access-date=2023-01-16 |url-status=live |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116222353/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6455264?sommaire=6455286&geo=AAV2020-006#ancre-IMG1B_V2_ENS}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}|| 15,551
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}|| 15,207
|-
|{{flag|Algeria}}|| 10,006
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}|| 7,756
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}|| 4,231
|-
|{{flag|Tunisia}}||2,875
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}|| 2,683
|-
|{{flag|Senegal}}|| 2,373
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}|| 2,197
|-
|{{flag|Madagascar}}|| 1,784
|-
|{{flag|Cameroon}}|| 1,759
|-
|{{flag|China}}|| 1,724
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|| 1,603
|-
|{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}|| 1,589
|}

In January 2020, there were 259,809 inhabitants in the city proper (commune) of Bordeaux.<ref name="population" /> The commune (including Caudéran which was annexed by Bordeaux in 1965)<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/jo/id/JORFCONT000000018592 Modifications aux circonscriptions territoriales de communes], ''[[Journal officiel de la République française]]'' n° 0044, 21 February 1965, pp. 1483-1485.</ref> had its largest population of 284,494 at the 1954 census.<ref name="population" /> The majority of the population is French, but there are sizable groups of Italians, [[Spanish people|Spaniards]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Germans]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/france/gironde/ |title=Gironde (France): Arrondissements & Communes – Population Statistics, Charts and Map |website=www.citypopulation.de |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125201921/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/france/gironde/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The built-up area has grown for more than a century beyond the municipal borders of Bordeaux due to the small size of the commune ({{convert|49|km2|abbr=on}}) and [[urban sprawl]]. By January 2020 there were 1,376,375 people living in the overall {{convert|6316|km2|abbr=on}} metropolitan area (''aire d'attraction'') of Bordeaux,<ref name="AAV_pop" /> only a fifth of whom lived in the city proper.
{{Historical populations
| align = none
| cols = 2
| percentages = pagr
 |title=Population of Bordeaux (commune)<br /><small>(incl. Caudéran annexed in 1965)</small>
| source = EHESS<ref name="ehess">{{Cassini-Ehess|4923|Bordeaux}}</ref> and INSEE<ref name="population" />
| graph-pos = bottom
|1793 |107198
|1800 |93570
|1806 |94214
|1821 |91161
|1831 |101965
|1836.29 |101769
|1841.29 |108176
|1846.37 |129217
|1851.37 |135308
|1856.13 |154394
|1861.2 |168422
|1866.2 |198112
|1872.2 |199174
|1876.71 |220446
|1881.87 |227736
|1886.410959 |248545
|1891.278452 |261085
|1896.241096 |267369
|1901.227397 |268186
|1906.172603 |264835
|1911.180822 |275468
|1921.180822 |283394
|1926.180822 |273840
|1931.180822 |283374
|1936.180822 |281338
|1946.180822 |279128
|1954.356164 |284494
|1962.180822 |278403
|1968.180822 |266662
|1975.139726 |223131
|1982.180822 |208159
|1990.180822 |210336
|1999.180822 |215363
|2009 |236725
|2014 |246586
|2020 |259809
}}

== Politics ==

=== Municipal administration ===

[[File:Pierre Hurmic en conseil municipal en février 2018.png|200px|thumb|The current mayor [[Pierre Hurmic]]]]

The Mayor of the city is the environmentalist [[Pierre Hurmic]].

Bordeaux is the capital of five cantons and the Prefecture of the [[Gironde]] and [[Aquitaine]].

The town is divided into three districts, the first three of Gironde. The headquarters of Urban Community of Bordeaux Mériadeck is located in the neighbourhood and the city is at the head of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry that bears his name.

The number of inhabitants of Bordeaux is greater than 250,000 and less than 299,999 so the number of municipal councilors is 65.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-elections/Dossier-elections-municipales-2014/Annexe-4-Nombre-de-conseillers-municipaux-selon-la-population-de-la-commune |title=Annexe 4 – Nombre de conseillers municipaux selon la population de la commune |first=Ministère de |last=l'Intérieur |website=www.interieur.gouv.fr |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620130239/https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Archives/Archives-elections/Dossier-elections-municipales-2014/Annexe-4-Nombre-de-conseillers-municipaux-selon-la-population-de-la-commune |url-status=live}}</ref> They are divided according to the following composition:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Party !! Political line !! President !! Seats !! Status
|-
| [[Europe Ecology – The Greens|EELV]] – [[Parti socialiste (France)|PS]] – [[Parti communiste français|PCF]] – [[Radical Party of the Left|PRG]] – [[Génération.s|G.s]] – [[New Deal (France)|ND]] – [[Place Publique|PP]] || Ecologist and left ||[[Pierre Hurmic]] ||48 ||majority
|-
| [[The Republicans (France)|LR]] – [[Radical Movement|MR]] – [[Mouvement démocrate (France)|Modem]] – [[Agir (France)|Agir]] – [[Union of Democrats and Independents|UDI]] – [[La République En Marche!|LREM]] || Right and centre-right ||[[Nicolas Florian]] ||14 ||opposition
|-
| [[New Anticapitalist Party|NPA]] – [[La France Insoumise|LFI]] – [[Left Party (France)|PG]] – [[Ensemble!|E !]] || Anticapitalist left ||[[Philippe Poutou]] ||3 ||opposition
|}

=== Mayors of Bordeaux ===

Since the [[Liberation of France|Liberation]] (1944), there have been six mayors of Bordeaux:
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]]
! Term start
! Term end
! class=unsortable|&nbsp;
! Party
|-
|[[Jean-Fernand Audeguil|Fernand Audeguil]]
|align=center|August 1944
|align=center|19 October 1947
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|French Section of the Workers' International}}" |
|[[French Section of the Workers' International|SFIO]]
|-
|[[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]]
|align=center|19 October 1947
|align=center|19 June 1995
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
|[[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
|-
|[[Alain Juppé]]
|align=center|19 June 1995
|align=center|13 December 2004
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
|[[Rally for the Republic|RPR]] / [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
|-
|[[Hugues Martin]]
|align=center|13 December 2004
|align=center|8 October 2006
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
|[[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
|-
|[[Alain Juppé]]
|align=center|8 October 2006
|align=center|7 March 2019
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
|[[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]] / [[Les Republicains|LR]]
|-
|[[Nicolas Florian]]
|align=center|7 March 2019
|align=center|3 July 2020
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
|[[Les Republicains|LR]]
|-
|[[Pierre Hurmic]]
|align=center|3 July 2020
|align=center|''Incumbent''
| style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Europe Ecology – The Greens}}" |
|[[Europe Ecology – The Greens|EELV]]
|-
|}
* [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]] was renamed to [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]] in 2002 which was later renamed to [[Les Républicains|LR]] in 2015.

=== Elections ===

==== Presidential elections of 2007 ====
At the 2007 presidential election, the Bordelais gave 31.37% of their votes to [[Ségolène Royal]] of the Socialist Party against 30.84% to [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], president of the UMP. Then came [[François Bayrou]] with 22.01%, followed by [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] who recorded 5.42%. None of the other candidates exceeded the 5% mark. Nationally, Nicolas Sarkozy led with 31.18%, then Ségolène Royal with 25.87%, followed by François Bayrou with 18.57%. After these came Jean-Marie Le Pen with 10.44%, none of the other candidates exceeded the 5% mark. In the second round, the city of Bordeaux gave Ségolène Royal 52.44% against 47.56% for Nicolas Sarkozy, the latter being elected [[President of the Republic]] with 53.06% against 46.94% for Ségolène Royal. The abstention rates for Bordeaux were 14.52% in the first round and 15.90% in the second round.

==== Parliamentary elections of 2007 ====
In the parliamentary elections of 2007, the left won eight constituencies against only three for the right. After the partial 2008 elections, the eighth district of Gironde switched to the left, bringing the count to nine. In Bordeaux, the left was for the first time in its history the majority as it held two of three constituencies following the elections. In the first division of the Gironde, the outgoing UMP MP [[Chantal Bourragué]] was well ahead with 44.81% against 25.39% for the Socialist candidate [[Béatrice Desaigues]]. In the second round, it was [[Chantal Bourragué]] who was re-elected with 54.45% against 45.55% for his socialist opponent. In the second district of Gironde the UMP mayor and all new Minister of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and the Sea [[Alain Juppé]] confronted the General Counsel PS Michèle Delaunay. In the first round, Alain Juppé was well ahead with 43.73% against 31.36% for [[Michèle Delaunay]]. In the second round, it was finally Michèle Delaunay who won the election with 50.93% of the votes against 49.07% for Alain Juppé, the margin being only 670 votes. The defeat of the so-called constituency "Mayor" showed that Bordeaux was rocking increasingly left. Finally, in the third constituency of the Gironde, Noël Mamère was well ahead with 39.82% against 28.42% for the UMP candidate Elizabeth Vine. In the second round, Noël Mamère was re-elected with 62.82% against 37.18% for his right-wing rival.

==== Municipal elections of 2008 ====
In 2008 municipal elections saw the clash between mayor of Bordeaux, Alain Juppé and the President of the Regional Council of Aquitaine Socialist [[Alain Rousset]]. The PS had put up a Socialist heavyweight in the Gironde and had put great hopes in this election after the victory of Ségolène Royal and [[Michèle Delaunay]] in 2007. However, after a rather exciting campaign it was Alain Juppé who was widely elected in the first round with 56.62 percent, far ahead of Alain Rousset who garnered 34.14 percent of the vote. At present, of the eight cantons that has Bordeaux, five are held by the PS and three by the UMP, the left eating a little each time into the right's numbers.

==== European elections of 2009 ====
In the European elections of 2009, Bordeaux voters largely voted for the UMP candidate Dominique Baudis, who won 31.54% against 15.00% for PS candidate Kader Arif. The candidate of Europe Ecology José Bové came second with 22.34%. None of the other candidates reached the 10% mark. The 2009 European elections were like the previous ones in eight constituencies. Bordeaux is located in the district "Southwest", here are the results:

UMP candidate Dominique Baudis: 26.89%. His party gained four seats. PS candidate Kader Arif: 17.79%, gaining two seats in the European Parliament. Europe Ecology candidate Bove: 15.83%, obtaining two seats. MoDem candidate Robert Rochefort: 8.61%, winning a seat. Left Front candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon: 8.16%, gaining the last seat. At regional elections in 2010, the Socialist incumbent president Alain Rousset won the first round by totaling 35.19% in Bordeaux, but this score was lower than the plan for Gironde and Aquitaine. Xavier Darcos, Minister of Labour followed with 28.40% of the votes, scoring above the regional and departmental average. Then came Monique De Marco, Green candidate with 13.40%, followed by the member of Pyrenees-Atlantiques and candidate of the MoDem Jean Lassalle who registered a low 6.78% while qualifying to the second round on the whole Aquitaine, closely followed by Jacques Colombier, candidate of the National Front, who gained 6.48%. Finally the candidate of the Left Front Gérard Boulanger with 5.64%, no other candidate above the 5% mark. In the second round, Alain Rousset had a tidal wave win as national totals rose to 55.83%. If Xavier Darcos largely lost the election, he nevertheless achieved a score above the regional and departmental average obtaining 33.40%. Jean Lassalle, who qualified for the second round, passed the 10% mark by totaling 10.77%. The ballot was marked by abstention amounting to 55.51% in the first round and 53.59% in the second round.

<small>''Only candidates obtaining more than 5% are listed''</small>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2007 Presidential Election<ref>[http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__presidentielle_2007/%28path%29/presidentielle_2007/072/033/33063.html Résultat de l'élection présidentielle de 2007 à Bordeaux] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231204712/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__presidentielle_2007/%28path%29/presidentielle_2007/072/033/33063.html |date=31 December 2015 }} sur le site du ministère de l'intérieur.</ref>
!rowspan=2|Candidate !!colspan=2|1st round !!colspan=2|2nd round
|-
!Bordeaux !! National
!Bordeaux !! National
|-
|align=left|'''[[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'''||30.84%||'''31.18%'''||47.56%||'''53.06%'''
|-
|align=left|[[Ségolène Royal]]||'''31.37%'''||25.87%||'''52.44%'''||46.94%
|-
|align=left|[[François Bayrou]]||22.01%||18.57%||||
|-
|align=left|[[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]||5.42%||10.44%||||
|-
|align=left|Total votes||85.48%||83.77%||84.10%||83.97%
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2012 Presidential Election<ref>[http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__PR2012/%28path%29/PR2012/072/033/033063.html Résultat de l'élection présidentielle de 2012 à Bordeaux] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231204712/http://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles/elecresult__PR2012/%28path%29/PR2012/072/033/033063.html |date=31 December 2015 }} sur le site du ministère de l'intérieur.</ref>
!rowspan=2|Candidate !!colspan=2|1st round !!colspan=2|2nd round
|-
!Bordeaux !! National
!Bordeaux !! National
|-
|align=left|'''[[François Hollande]]'''||'''33.05%'''||'''28.63%'''||'''57.18%'''||'''51.64%'''
|-
|align=left|[[Nicolas Sarkozy]]||28.68%||27.18%||42.82%||48.36%
|-
|align=left|[[Jean-Luc Mélenchon]]||12.16%||11.10%||||
|-
|align=left|[[François Bayrou]]||10.91%||9.13%||||
|-
|align=left|[[Marine Le Pen]]||8.22%||17.90%||||
|-
|align=left|Total votes||79.25%||79.48%||80.44%||80.35%
|}

==== 2017 elections ====
Bordeaux voted for [[Emmanuel Macron]] in the [[2017 French presidential election|presidential election]]. In the [[2017 French legislative election|2017 parliamentary election]], [[La République En Marche!]] won most of the constituencies in Bordeaux.

==== 2019 European elections ====
Bordeaux voted in the [[2019 European Parliament election in France]].

==== Municipal elections of 2020 ====

After 73 years of right-of-centre rule, the ecologist Pierre Hurmic ([[Europe Ecology – The Greens|EELV]]) came in ahead of Nicolas Florian ([[The Republicans (France)|LR]]/[[LaREM]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20200628-hidalgo-re-elected-as-paris-mayor-as-greens-claim-key-cities |title=Hidalgo re-elected as Paris mayor as greens claim key cities |date=28 June 2020 |website=RFI |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111164344/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20200628-hidalgo-re-elected-as-paris-mayor-as-greens-claim-key-cities |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Parliamentary representation ===
The city area is represented by the following [[List of constituencies of the National Assembly of France|constituencies]]: [[Gironde's 1st constituency|Gironde's 1st]], [[Gironde's 2nd constituency|Gironde's 2nd]], [[Gironde's 3rd constituency|Gironde's 3rd]], [[Gironde's 4th constituency|Gironde's 4th]], [[Gironde's 5th constituency|Gironde's 5th]], [[Gironde's 6th constituency|Gironde's 6th]], [[Gironde's 7th constituency|Gironde's 7th]].

== Education ==

=== University ===

{{Main|University of Bordeaux}}

[[File:Universite Bordeaux 2-Victoire.JPG|250px|thumb|University Bordeaux 2, former faculty of medicine, now faculty of sociology]]

During Antiquity, a first university had been created by the Romans in 286.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p7070/gallo-romains-56-4e-siecle- |title=Gallo-romains (−56 / 4e siècle) |website=Site officiel de la ville de Bordeaux |access-date=5 July 2020 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923055132/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p7070/gallo-romains-56-4e-siecle- |url-status=live}}</ref> The city was an important administrative centre and the new university had to train administrators. Only [[rhetoric]] and [[grammar]] were taught. [[Ausonius]] and [[Sulpicius Severus]] were two of the teachers.

In 1441, when Bordeaux was an English town, the [[Pope Eugene IV]] created a university by demand of the archbishop [[Pey Berland]]. In 1793, during the [[French Revolution]], the [[National Convention]] abolished the university, and replace them with the [[École centrale]] in 1796. In Bordeaux, this one was located in the former buildings of the college of Guyenne. In 1808, the university reappeared with [[Napoleon]]. Bordeaux accommodates approximately 70,000 students on one of the largest campuses of Europe (235&nbsp;ha).<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Université de Bordeaux website: [http://www.univ-bordeaux.fr/ www.univ-bordeaux.fr] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420064411/http://www.univ-bordeaux.fr/ |date=20 April 2013 }}; retrieved 7 December 2010.</ref>

=== Schools ===<!-- [[BEM]] links here (for Bordeaux école de management) -->
Bordeaux has numerous public and private schools offering undergraduate and postgraduate programs.

Engineering schools:
* [[Arts et Métiers ParisTech]], graduate school of industrial and mechanical engineering
* [[ESME-Sudria]], graduate school of engineering
* École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématique et mécanique de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB-MATMECA)
* École supérieure de technologie des biomolécules de Bordeaux
* [[École nationale supérieure des sciences agronomiques de Bordeaux Aquitaine]]
* [[École nationale supérieure de chimie et de physique de Bordeaux|École nationale supérieure de chimie et physique de Bordeaux]]
* [[École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies]]
* Institut des sciences et techniques des aliments de Bordeaux
* [[Institut de cognitique]]
* École supérieure d'informatique
* [[EPSI|École privée des sciences informatiques]]

Business and management schools:
[[File:Campus Kedge BS à Bordeaux.jpg|250px|thumb|[[KEDGE Business School]]]]
* The Bordeaux MBA (International College of Bordeaux)
* IUT Techniques de Commercialisation of Bordeaux (business school)
* [[INSEEC]] Business School ([[Institut des hautes études économiques et commerciales]])
* [[KEDGE Business School]] (former BEM – Bordeaux Management School)
* Vatel Bordeaux International Business School
* [[E-Artsup]]
* [[Institut supérieur européen de gestion group]]
* [[Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action]]

Other:
[[File:La cour intérieure de l’École nationale de la magistrature à Bordeaux.jpg|250px|thumb|[[French National School for the Judiciary|''École nationale de la magistrature'']]]]
* [[French National School for the Judiciary|''École nationale de la magistrature'']] (National school for the judiciary)
* {{lang|fr|École d'architecture et de paysage de Bordeaux}}
* {{lang|fr|École des beaux-arts de Bordeaux}}
* {{lang|fr|École française des attachés de presse et des professionnels de la communication}} (EFAP)
* {{lang|fr|Conservatoire national des arts et métiers d'Aquitaine}} (CNAM)
* {{lang|fr|École des Avocats ALIENOR de Bordeaux}} (law school)

=== Weekend education ===

The {{Nihongo|{{lang|fr|École Compleméntaire Japonaise de Bordeaux}}|ボルドー日本語補習授業校|Borudō Nihongo Hoshū Jugyō Kō}}, a [[Hoshuko|part-time Japanese supplementary school]], is held in the ''Salle de L'Athénée Municipal'' in Bordeaux.<ref name="MEXTEuropeHoshuko">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140330190146/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/004.htm 欧州の補習授業校一覧(平成25年4月15日現在)]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140330190146/http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/clarinet/002/006/001/002/004.htm Archive]). [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]] (MEXT). Retrieved on 10 May 2014. "Salle de L'Athénée Municipal Place St. Christoly, 33000 Bordeaux, FRANCE"</ref>

== Attractions and tourism ==

[[File:Bordeaux place de la bourse with tram.JPG|300px|thumb|[[Place de la Bourse]] at night with the [[Miroir d'eau]] and tram]]
In October 2021, Bordeaux was shortlisted for the [[European Commission]]'s 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with [[Copenhagen]], [[Dublin]], [[Florence]], [[Ljubljana]], [[Palma de Mallorca]], and [[Valencia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism – Competition winners 2022 |url=https://smart-tourism-capital.ec.europa.eu/cities/competition-winners-2022_en |website=European Commission |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=8 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107212251/https://smart-tourism-capital.ec.europa.eu/cities/competition-winners-2022_en |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Heritage and architecture ===
Bordeaux is classified "City of Art and History". The city is home to 362 ''[[monuments historiques]]'' (national heritage sites), with some buildings dating back to Roman times. Bordeaux's [[Port of the Moon]] has been inscribed on the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage List]] as "an outstanding urban and architectural ensemble".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabatier |first=Jérôme |title=France's World Heritage Sites |date=May 29, 2018 |isbn=9791096111800 |publication-date=May 29, 2018 |pages=183 |publisher=Jérôme Sabatier |language=English}}</ref>

Bordeaux is home to one of Europe's biggest 18th-century architectural urban areas, making it a sought-after destination for tourists and cinema production crews. It stands out as one of the first French cities, after [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], to have entered an era of [[urbanism]] and metropolitan big scale projects, with the team Gabriel father and son, architects for King [[Louis XV]], under the supervision of two intendants (Governors), first [[Nicolas-François Dupré de Saint-Maur]] then the Marquis de Tourny.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

Saint-André Cathedral, Saint-Michel Basilica and Saint-Seurin Basilica are part of the [[World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France]]. The organ in [[Saint-Louis-des-Chartrons]] is registered on the French [[monuments historiques]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orgue de tribune : partie instrumentale de l'orgue |url=https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM33001025 |access-date=26 February 2021 |website=www.pop.culture.gouv.fr |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227183606/https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM33001025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Notable historic buildings include:{{cn|date=November 2024}}
* ''[[Place de la Bourse]]'' (1735–1755), designed by the Royal architect [[Jacques Gabriel]] as landscape for an [[equestrian statue]] of Louis XV, now replaced by the ''Fountain of the Three Graces''.
* ''[[Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux|Grand Théâtre]]'' (1780), a large neoclassical theater built in the 18th century.
* ''Allées de Tourny''
* ''Cours de l'Intendance''
* ''Place du Chapelet''
* ''Place du Parlement''
* ''[[Place des Quinconces]]'', the largest square in France.
* ''Monument aux Girondins''
* ''Place Saint-Pierre''
* ''[[Pont de pierre (Bordeaux)|Pont de pierre]]'' (1822)
* ''[[Bordeaux Cathedral]] (Saint André)'', consecrated by [[Pope Urban II]] in 1096 and dedicated to the Apostle Saint Andrew. Of the original Romanesque edifice only a wall in the nave remains. The Royal Door is from the early 13th century, while the rest of the construction is mostly from the 14th and 15th centuries.
* ''[[Tour Pey-Berland]]'' (1440–1450), a massive, quadrangular Gothic tower annexed to the cathedral.
* ''[[Church of the Holy Cross, Bordeaux|Sainte-Croix church]]'': This church, dedicated to the Holy Cross, stands on the site of a seventh-century abbey destroyed by the Saracens. Rebuilt under the Carolingians, it was again destroyed by the Normans in 845 and 864. The present building was erected and was built in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. The façade is in [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque style]].
* The Gothic ''[[Basilica of St. Michael, Bordeaux|Saint Michel Basilica]]'', constructed between the end of the 14th century and the 16th century.
* [[Basilica of Saint Severinus of Bordeaux|Basilica of Saint Severinus]], the oldest church in Bordeaux, built in the early sixth century on the site of a palaeo-Christian necropolis. It has an 11th-century [[portico]], while the [[apse]] and [[transept]] are from the 12th. The 13th-century nave has chapels from the 11th and the 14th centuries. The ancient crypt houses tombs of the Merovingian family.
* ''Église Saint-Pierre'', Gothic church
* ''Église Saint-Éloi'', Gothic church
* ''Église Saint-Bruno'', baroque church decorated with frescoes
* ''Église Notre-Dame'', baroque church
* ''Église Saint-Paul-Saint-François-Xavier'', baroque church
* ''[[Palais Rohan, Bordeaux|Palais Rohan]]'', once the archbishop's residence, now city hall
* {{illm|Palais Gallien|fr|lt=''Palais Gallien''}}, the remains of a late second-century [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[amphitheatre]]
* ''Porte Cailhau'', a medieval [[gatehouse]] in the old city walls.
* ''La Grosse Cloche'' (15th century), the second remaining gate in the medieval walls. It was the [[Bell tower|belfry]] of the old Town Hall. It consists of two {{convert|40|m|ft|0|adj=mid|abbr=off|-high}} circular towers and a central [[bell tower]] housing a [[bell (instrument)|bell]] weighing {{convert|7800|kg}}. The clock is from 1759.
* ''[[Great Synagogue of Bordeaux|Grande Synagogue]]'', completed 1882
* ''[[Sainte-Catherine Street (Bordeaux)|Rue Sainte-Catherine]]'', the longest pedestrian street in France
* ''Darwin ecosystem'', alternative place into former military barracks
* The [[BETASOM]] submarine base
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Le Palais Gallien vestige gallo-romain à Bordeaux.jpg|Palais Gallien
File:Cathédrale St André Bordeaux 3.jpg|[[Bordeaux Cathedral]] (Saint André)
File:Bordeaux Porte Cailhau R02.jpg|Porte Cailhau
File:Grand Théâtre Bordeaux.jpg|Grand Théâtre
File:Bordeaux Notre-Dame R01.jpg|The Notre Dame church
File:151 - Le Pont de Pierre - Bordeaux.jpg|[[Pont de pierre (Bordeaux)|Pont de Pierre]]
File:Bordeaux - Basilique Saint-Michel - Vue générale.jpg|[[Basilica of St. Michael, Bordeaux|Basilica of Saint Michel]]
File:Puerta de Burdeos.JPG|Grosse cloche
File:026 - Hôtel de ville Place Pey-Berland - Bordeaux.jpg|[[Palais Rohan, Bordeaux|Palais Rohan]] (town hall)
File:FacadeSainteCroixBordeauxsoir.jpg|[[Church of the Holy Cross, Bordeaux|Sainte-Croix church]]
File:Bordeaux Place du Parlement R01.jpg|Place du Parlement
File:Synagogue Bx 5.jpg|The [[Great Synagogue of Bordeaux|Grand Synagogue]]
File:Façades de deux ouvrages Art Déco du Quartier Lescure (Bordeaux).jpg|Facades of the [[Art déco]] district
File:Darwin - Magasin général.jpg|Darwin district
File:Basesousmarine.JPG|Submarine Pen
</gallery>

Contemporary buildings in contemporary architectural style include:
* [[Cité Frugès de Pessac|''Cité Frugès'']], district of [[Pessac]], built by [[Le Corbusier]], 1924–1926, listed as UNESCO heritage
* Fire Station, ''la Benauge'', Claude Ferret/Adrien Courtois/Yves Salier, 1951–1954
* Mériadeck district, 1960–70's
* ''[[Tribunal d'instance|Court of first instance]]'', [[Richard Rogers]], 1998
* CTBA, wood and furniture research center, A. Loisier, 1998
* Hangar 14 on the ''Quai des Chartrons'', 1999
* The Management Science faculty on the Bastide, Anne Lacaton/Jean-Philippe Vassal, 2006
* The ''[[Jardin botanique de la Bastide]]'', Catherine Mosbach/Françoise Hélène Jourda/[[Pascal Convert]], 2007
* The Nuyens School complex on the Bastide, Yves Ballot/Nathalie Franck, 2007
* Seeko'o Hotel on the Quai de Bacalan, King Kong architects, 2007
* [[Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux|Matmut Atlantique stadium]], [[Herzog & de Meuron]], 2015
* [[Cité du Vin]], XTU architects, Anouk Legendre & Nicolas Desmazières, 2016
* [[MECA of Bordeaux|MECA]], Maison de l'Économie Créative et de la culture de la Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine, [[Bjarke Ingels]], 2019
<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:Cité Frugès, Pessac 08.jpg|[[Cité Frugès de Pessac|''Cité Frugès'']], at [[Pessac]]
File:Bordeaux Meriadeck.JPG|Mériadeck district
File:Bordeaux Palais de Justice 23.JPG|Court of first instance
File:Seeko'o Hotel, Bordeaux, July 2014 (03).JPG|Seeko'o hotel
File:Cite du vin Bordeaux 2017 (37500642606).jpg|[[Cité du Vin]]
File:RB 20200222 Bordeaux-11.jpg|[[MECA of Bordeaux|MECA]]
</gallery>

=== Museums ===
* [[Musée des beaux-arts de Bordeaux|''Musée des Beaux-Arts'']] (''Fine arts museum''), one of the finest painting galleries in France with paintings by painter such as [[Tiziano]], [[Paolo Veronese|Veronese]], [[Rubens]], [[Van Dyck]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Claude Lorrain|Claude]], [[Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin|Chardin]], [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]], [[Renoir]], [[Seurat]], [[Odilon Redon|Redon]], [[Matisse]] and [[Picasso]].
* ''[[Musée d'Aquitaine]]'' (archeological and history museum)
* ''Musée du Vin et du Négoce'' (museum of the wine trade)
* {{lang|fr|[[Musée des Arts Décoratifs et du Design]]}} (museum of decorative arts and design)
* ''Musée d'Histoire Naturelle'' (natural history museum)
* ''Musée Mer Marine'' (Sea and Navy museum)
* ''[[Cité du Vin]]''
* ''[[CAPC musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux]]'' (modern art museum)
* ''[[Musée national des douanes]]'' (history of French customs)
* ''Bordeaux Patrimoine Mondial'' (architectural and heritage interpretation centre)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bordeaux-tourism.co.uk/cultural-heritage/bordeaux-world-heritage-cultural-heritage-centre.html |title=Bordeaux World Heritage, cultural heritage centre &#124; Bordeaux Tourism & Conventions |website=www.bordeaux-tourism.co.uk |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130162033/https://www.bordeaux-tourism.co.uk/cultural-heritage/bordeaux-world-heritage-cultural-heritage-centre.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Musée d'ethnologie'' (ethnology museum)
* ''Institut culturel [[Bernard Magrez]]'', modern and streetart museum into an 18th-century mansion
* Cervantez Institute (into the house of [[Francisco Goya|Goya]])
* [[:fr:Cap Sciences|''Cap Sciences'']]
* ''Centre Jean Moulin''
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Beaux arts bordeaux.jpg|[[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux|''Musée des Beaux-Arts'']]
File:Musée Aquitaine.JPG|''[[Musée d'Aquitaine]]''
File:Hôtel de Lalande - Musée des arts décoratifs et du design de Bordeaux.jpg|{{lang|fr|[[Musée des Arts Décoratifs et du Design]]}}
File:CAPC janvier 2018.jpg|''[[CAPC musée d'art contemporain de Bordeaux]]''
File:Musée du vin et du négoce de Bordeaux (3).jpg|''Musée du vin et du négoce de Bordeaux''
</gallery>

=== Slavery memorials ===
Slavery was part of a growing drive for the city. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Bordeaux was an important [[Slave Trade|slave port]], which saw some 500 slave expeditions that cause the deportation of 150,000 Africans by Bordeaux shipowners.<ref>{{Cite book |last=François Hubert, Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna |title=Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery |publisher=Le Festin |year=2010 |isbn=978-2-36062-009-8 |location=Bordeaux}}</ref> Secondly, even though the "[[Triangular trade]]" represented only 5% of Bordeaux's wealth, the city's direct trade with the Caribbean, that accounted for the other 95%, concerns the colonial stuffs made by the slave (sugar, coffee, cocoa).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20190224-bordeaux-slavery-museum-seeks-change-narrative-slave-trade-past |title=Bordeaux museum working to change narrative on slavery past |date=24 February 2019 |website=RFI |access-date=7 January 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029161157/https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20190224-bordeaux-slavery-museum-seeks-change-narrative-slave-trade-past |url-status=live}}</ref> And thirdly, in that same period, a major migratory movement by Aquitanians took place to the Caribbean colonies, with [[Saint-Domingue]] (now [[Haiti]]) being the most popular destination. 40% of the white population of the island came from [[Aquitaine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jacques de Cauna |title=''L'Eldorado des Aquitains. Gascons, Basques et Béarnais aux Îles d'Amérique'' |publisher=Atlantica |year=1998 |isbn=978-2-84394-073-6 |location=Biarritz}}</ref> They prospered with [[Plantation economy|plantations]] incomes, until the [[Haitian Revolution|first slave revolts]] which concluded in 1848 in the final abolition of slavery in France.<ref name="musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr">{{Cite web |url=http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/en/article/bordeaux-18th-century-trans-atlantic-trading-and-slavery |title=Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery &#124; Le site officiel du musée d'Aquitaine |website=www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925080028/http://www.musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr/en/article/bordeaux-18th-century-trans-atlantic-trading-and-slavery |url-status=live}}</ref>

A statue of [[Modeste Testas]], an Ethiopian woman who was enslaved by the Bordeaux-based Testas brothers was unveiled in 2019. She was trafficked by them from West Africa, to Philadelphia (where one of the brothers coerced her to have two children by him) and was ultimately freed and lived in Haiti. The bronze sculpture was created by the Haitian artists [[Woodly Caymitte]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haiti – Memory : Bordeaux inaugurates the statue of a slave of the Haitian sculptor, C. Woodly – HaitiLibre.com : Haiti news 7/7 |url=https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-27707-haiti-memory-bordeaux-inaugurates-the-statue-of-a-slave-of-the-haitian-sculptor-c-woodly.html |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=www.haitilibre.com |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127141544/https://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-27707-haiti-memory-bordeaux-inaugurates-the-statue-of-a-slave-of-the-haitian-sculptor-c-woodly.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

A number of traces and memorial sites are visible in the city. Moreover, in May 2009, the [[Museum of Aquitaine]] opened the spaces dedicated to "Bordeaux in the 18th century, trans-Atlantic trading and slavery". This work, richly illustrated with original documents, contributes to disseminate the state of knowledge on this question, presenting above all the facts and their chronology.<ref name="musee-aquitaine-bordeaux.fr" />

The region of Bordeaux was also the land of several prominent [[abolitionism|abolitionists]], as [[Montesquieu]], [[André-Daniel Laffon de Ladebat|Laffon de Ladébat]] and [[Elisée Reclus]]. Others were members of the [[Society of the Friends of the Blacks]] as the revolutionaries [[Jean-Baptiste Boyer-Fonfrède|Boyer-Fonfrède]], [[Armand Gensonné|Gensonné]], [[Marguerite-Élie Guadet|Guadet]] and [[Jean-François Ducos|Ducos]].
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Bordeaux place de la Bourse mascaron visage africain.JPG|African face [[Mascaron (architecture)|mascaron]] on the [[place de la Bourse]]
File:Détail de la fresque du Grand-Théâtre de Bordeaux.jpg|Allegory of Bordeaux and her wealth, including two African slaves, ceiling of the [[Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux|Grand-Théâtre de Bordeaux]]
File:Salles consacrées à l'esclavage au Musée d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux.jpg|Spaces dedicated to slave trade, [[Musée d'Aquitaine]]
File:Statue-fétiche Fon-Musée d'Aquitaine (1).jpg|[[Fon people|Fon]] fetish, [[Musée d'Aquitaine]]
File:General Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803), Bordeaux, Aquitaine, France - panoramio.jpg|Bronze bust of [[Toussaint Louverture]]
File:Statue de Modeste Testas, quai des Chartrons, Bordeaux.jpg|Bronze Statue of [[Modeste Testas]], Ethiopian woman enslaved by two Bordeaux plantation owners
</gallery>

=== Parks and gardens ===
* Jardin public de Bordeaux, which contains the [[Jardin botanique de Bordeaux]]
* [[Jardin botanique de la Bastide]]
* Parc bordelais
* Parc aux Angéliques
* Jardin des Lumières
* Parc Rivière
* Parc Floral

<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:Bordeaux Jardin Public R02.jpg|Jardin public
File:Jardin botanique de Bordeaux 7.jpg|[[Jardin botanique de la Bastide|Jardin botanique]]
File:Bordeaux Quai Louis XVIII R01.jpg|Jardin des Lumières
File:Parc floral de Bordeaux 3298.jpg|Parc floral, Casablanca pavilion
</gallery>

=== Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas ===
[[File:Bordeaux - Pont Chaban Delmas sur la Garonne.jpg|thumb|[[Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas|Chaban Delmas bridge]]]]
Europe's longest-span [[vertical-lift bridge]], the [[Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas]], was opened in 2013 in Bordeaux, spanning the River Garonne.{{cn|date=November 2024}} The central lift span is {{convert|117|m|ft|0|adj=mid|abbr=off|-long}}, weighs 4,600 tons and can be lifted vertically up to {{convert|53|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} to let tall ships pass underneath. The €160&nbsp;million bridge was inaugurated by President [[François Hollande]] and Mayor Alain Juppé on 16 March 2013. The bridge was named after the late [[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]], who was a former Prime Minister and [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of Bordeaux.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pont Jacques Chaban-Delmas |url=https://www.bordeaux.fr/l31034/pont-jacques-chaban-delmas |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=Site officiel de la ville de Bordeaux |language=fr}}</ref>

=== Shopping ===
[[File:Rue Sainte Catherine - Bordeaux (FR33) - 2022-09-10 - 2.jpg|thumb|Rue Sainte-Catherine]]
Bordeaux has many shopping options. In the heart of Bordeaux is [[Sainte-Catherine Street (Bordeaux)|Rue Sainte-Catherine]].{{cn|date=November 2024}} This [[pedestrianised]] street has {{convert|1.2|km|mi|sp=us}} of shops, restaurants and cafés; it is also one of the longest shopping streets in Europe.{{cn|date=November 2024}} Rue Sainte-Catherine starts at Place de la Victoire and ends at Place de la Comédie by the Grand Théâtre. The shops become progressively more upmarket as one moves towards Place de la Comédie and the nearby Cours de l'Intendance is where there are the more exclusive shops and boutiques.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

== Culture ==
Bordeaux is the first city in France to have created, in the 1980s, an architecture exhibition and research centre, ''[[Arc en rêve]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arcenreve.eu/le-projet|title=Arc en rêve: centre d'architecture|publisher=Arc en rêve|access-date=24 June 2024|language=French|trans-title=Arc en rêve: architecture center|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624110816/https://www.arcenreve.eu/le-projet|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

The city has a large number of cinemas, theatres, and is the home of the [[Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux|Opéra national de Bordeaux]]. There are many music venues of varying capacity. The city also offers several festivals throughout the year. 

The [[Bordeaux International Festival of Women in Cinema]] (Festival international du cinéma au féminin de Bordeaux) took place in Bordeaux from 2002<ref>{{cite web |title=Bordeaux International Festival of Women in Cinema 2002 |website=MUBI |url=https://mubi.com/en/awards-and-festivals/ficf?year=2002 |access-date=6 November 2024}}</ref> until 2005.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Festival of Women In Cinema |website=Filmitalia |date=7 April 2020 |url=https://filmitalia.org/en/festival/27095/ |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bordeaux International Festival of Women in Cinema |website=NFI |url=https://nfi.hu/en/festival/bordeaux-international-festival-of-women-in-cinema |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref> The Festival international du film indépendant de Bordeaux (Fifib or FIFIB),<ref name=ff/> or Bordeaux International Independent Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web |title=13th Bordeaux International Independent Film Festival – Call for Entry 2024 |website=Asian Film Festivals |date=15 March 2024 |url=https://asianfilmfestivals.com/2024/03/15/bordeaux-international-independent-film-festival-call-for-entry-2024/ |access-date=8 November 2024}}</ref><ref name=oa2024>{{cite web |title=Bordeaux International Independent Film Festival |website=OpenAgenda |date=13 October 2024 |url=https://openagenda.com/en/bordeaux-tourisme/events/festival-international-du-film-independant-de-bordeaux-9724567 |access-date=9 November 2024}}</ref> was established in 2012.<ref name=ff>{{cite web |title=Festival International du Film Indépendant de Bordeaux (FIFIB) |website=FilmFreeway |url=https://filmfreeway.com/fifib |access-date=8 November 2024}}</ref> 
<gallery widths="200" heights="160">
File:GrandTheatreBordeaux2.jpg|''[[Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux]]''
File:Bordeaux - Théâtre Femina.jpg|''Théâtre Femina''
File:RB 20200222 Bordeaux-11.jpg|''MECA, Maison de l'Économie Créative et de la Culture en Aquitaine''
</gallery>

== Transport ==
=== Road ===
Bordeaux is an important road and [[Interchange (road)|motorway junction]]. The city is connected to Paris by the [[A10 autoroute (France)|A10]] motorway, with Lyon by the [[A89 autoroute|A89]], with Toulouse by the [[A62 autoroute|A62]], and with Spain by the [[A63 autoroute|A63]]. There is a {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Beltway|ring road]] called the "[[Rocade de Bordeaux|Rocade]]" which is often very busy. Another ring road is under consideration.

[[File:Pont d'Aquitaine, Bordeaux.JPG|200px|thumb|[[Pont d'Aquitaine]]]]

Bordeaux has five road bridges that cross the [[Garonne]], the Pont de pierre built in the 1820s and three modern bridges built after 1960: the Pont Saint Jean, just south of the Pont de pierre (both located downtown), the [[Pont d'Aquitaine]], a suspension bridge downstream from downtown, and the Pont François Mitterrand, located upstream of downtown. These two bridges are part of the ring-road around Bordeaux. A fifth bridge, the [[Pont Jacques-Chaban-Delmas]], was constructed in 2009–2012 and opened to traffic in March 2013. Located halfway between the Pont de pierre and the Pont d'Aquitaine and serving downtown rather than highway traffic, it is a [[vertical-lift bridge]] with a height in closed position comparable to that of Pont de pierre, and to the Pont d'Aquitaine when open. All five road bridges, including the two highway bridges, are open to cyclists and pedestrians as well. Another bridge, the Pont Jean-Jacques Bosc, is to be built in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2013 |title=Pont Jean-Jacques Bosc – La CUB |url=http://www.lacub.fr/grands-projets/pont-jean-jacques-bosc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024224845/http://www.lacub.fr/grands-projets/pont-jean-jacques-bosc |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref>

Lacking any steep hills, Bordeaux is relatively friendly to cyclists. Cycle paths (separate from the roadways) exist on the highway bridges, along the riverfront, on the university campuses, and incidentally elsewhere in the city. [[Bike lane|Cycle lanes]] and [[bus lane]]s that explicitly allow cyclists exist on many of the city's boulevards. A paid [[bicycle-sharing system]] with automated stations was established in 2010.

=== Rail ===
[[File:Bordeaux Gare StJean R01.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean]]]]

The main railway station, [[Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean]], near the center of the city, has 12&nbsp;million passengers a year. It is served by the French national ([[SNCF]]) railway's high speed train, the [[TGV]], that gets to Paris in two hours, with connections to major European centers such as [[Lille]], Brussels, [[Amsterdam]], [[Cologne]], Geneva and London. The TGV also serves [[Toulouse]] and [[Irun]] (Spain) from Bordeaux. A regular train service is provided to [[Nantes]], Nice, [[Marseille]] and [[Lyon]]. The Gare Saint-Jean is the major hub for regional trains ([[Transport express régional|TER]]) operated by the SNCF to [[Arcachon]], [[Limoges]], [[Agen]], [[Périgueux]], [[Langon, Gironde|Langon]], [[Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques|Pau]], Le Médoc, Angoulême and [[Bayonne]].

Historically the train line used to terminate at a station on the right bank of the river Garonne near the Pont de Pierre, and passengers crossed the bridge to get into the city. Subsequently, a double-track steel railway bridge was constructed in the 1850s, by [[Gustave Eiffel]], to bring trains across the river direct into Gare de Bordeaux Saint-Jean. The old station was later converted and in 2010 comprised a cinema and restaurants.

The two-track Eiffel bridge with a speed limit of {{convert|30|km/h|0|abbr=on}} became a bottleneck and a new bridge was built, opening in 2009. The new bridge has four tracks and allows trains to pass at {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://aquitaine.fr/politiques-regionales/transports/pont-ferroviaire-de-bordeaux.html Pont Ferroviaire de Bordeaux] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521131358/http://aquitaine.fr/politiques-regionales/transports/pont-ferroviaire-de-bordeaux.html |date=21 May 2011 }} on aquitaine.fr</ref> During the planning there was much lobbying by the Eiffel family and other supporters to preserve the old bridge as a footbridge across the Garonne, with possibly a museum to document the history of the bridge and Gustave Eiffel's contribution. The decision was taken to save the bridge, but by early 2010 no plans had been announced as to its future use. The bridge remains intact, but unused and without any means of access.

The [[LGV Sud Europe Atlantique]] became fully operational in July 2017, shortening the journey time from Bordeaux city to Paris to 2hrs 4mins.

=== Air ===
[[File:Tour Bordeaux.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport]]]]

Bordeaux is served by [[Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport]], located {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the city centre in the suburban city of [[Mérignac, Gironde|Mérignac]].

=== Trams, buses and boats ===
[[File:Bordeaux tram kruising I.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Tramway de Bordeaux]]]]

Bordeaux has an important public transport system called [[Transports Bordeaux Métropole]] (TBM). This company is run by the Keolis group. The network consists of:
* Four [[Tramway de Bordeaux|tram lines]] ([[Bordeaux Tramway Line A|A]], [[Bordeaux Tramway Line B|B]], [[Bordeaux Tramway Line C|C]] and [[Bordeaux Tramway Line D|D]])
* 75 [[Bus lines in Bordeaux|bus routes]], all connected to the tramway network (from 1 to 96)
* 13 night bus routes (from 1 to 16)
* An [[Trolleybus|electric bus]] shuttle in the city centre
* A boat shuttle on the Garonne river

This network is operated from 5&nbsp;am to 2&nbsp;am.

There had been several plans for a subway network to be set up, but they stalled for both geological and financial reasons. Work on the [[Tramway de Bordeaux]] system was started in the autumn of 2000, and services started in December 2003 connecting Bordeaux with its suburban areas. The tram system uses [[Alstom APS]] a form of [[ground-level power supply]] technology developed by French company [[Alstom]] and designed to preserve the aesthetic environment by eliminating overhead cables in the historic city. Conventional overhead cables are used outside the city. The system was controversial for its considerable cost of installation, maintenance and also for the numerous initial technical problems that paralysed the network. Many streets and squares along the tramway route became pedestrian areas, with [[Limited-access road|limited access]] for cars.

The Bordeaux Tramway system reached the Mérignac airport on April 29th 2023 with the opening of a 5-km extension of Line A.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=Bordeaux tramway reaches the airport |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/light-rail-and-tram/bordeaux-tramway-reaches-the-airport/64054.article |website=Railway Gazette |access-date=3 June 2024 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529045414/https://www.railwaygazette.com/light-rail-and-tram/bordeaux-tramway-reaches-the-airport/64054.article |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Taxis ===
There are more than 400 [[taxicab]]s in Bordeaux.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bordeaux.fr/p1247/en-taxi|title=En taxi|publisher=Ville de Bordeaux|access-date=24 June 2024|language=French|trans-title=By taxi}}</ref>

=== Public transportation statistics ===
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bordeaux, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 51 min. 12.% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 13 min, while 15.5% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}}, while 8% travel for over {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} in a single direction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux Public Transportation Statistics |url=https://www.moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_France_Bordeaux-924 |access-date=19 June 2017 |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824180730/https://www.moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_France_Bordeaux-924 |url-status=live}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref>

== Sport ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2018}}
[[File:Bordeaux Stade Lescure entrée.JPG|thumb|Entrance to the [[Stade Chaban-Delmas]]]]
[[File:Nouveau stade de Bordeaux - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux|Matmut Atlantique stadium]]]]

The 41,458-capacity [[Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux]] is the largest stadium in Bordeaux. The stadium was opened in 2015 and replaced the [[Stade Chaban-Delmas]], which was a venue for the [[FIFA World Cup]] in 1938 and 1998, as well as the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]]. In the [[1938 FIFA World Cup]], it hosted a violent quarter-final known as the [[Battle of Bordeaux (football)|Battle of Bordeaux]]. The ground was formerly known as the ''Stade du Parc Lescure'' until 2001, when it was renamed in honour of the city's long-time mayor, [[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]].

There are two major sport teams in Bordeaux, [[FC Girondins de Bordeaux|Girondins de Bordeaux]] is the [[association football|football]] team who, following administrative relegation, currently play in [[Championnat National 2]], the fourth tier of [[French football league system|French football]]. They are one of the most successful clubs in France, with six [[Ligue 1|Division 1/Ligue 1]] titles. [[Union Bordeaux Bègles]] is a [[rugby union|rugby]] team in the [[Top 14]] in the [[National Rugby League (France)|Ligue Nationale de Rugby]]. Skateboarding, rollerblading, and BMX biking are activities enjoyed by many young inhabitants of the city. Bordeaux is home to a quay which runs along the Garonne river. On the quay there is a skate-park divided into three sections. One section is for Vert tricks, one for street style tricks, and one for little action sports athletes with easier features and softer materials. The skate-park is very well maintained by the municipality.

Other sports clubs include top flight ice hockey team [[Boxers de Bordeaux]] and third-tier basketball team [[JSA Bordeaux Basket]]

Bordeaux is also the home to one of the strongest [[cricket]] teams in France and are champions of the South West League.

There is a {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on}} wooden [[velodrome]], Vélodrome du Lac, in Bordeaux which hosts international cycling competition in the form of [[UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics|UCI Track Cycling World Cup]] events.

The 2015 Trophee Eric Bompard was in Bordeaux. But the Free Skate was cancelled in all of the divisions due to the Paris {{Not a typo|bombing(s)}} and aftermath. The Short Program occurred hours before the bombing. French skaters Chafik Besseghier (68.36) in tenth place, Romain Ponsart (62.86) in 11th. Mae-Berenice-Meite (46.82) in 11th and Laurine Lecavelier (46.53) in 12th. Vanessa James/Morgan Cipres (65.75) in second.

Between 1951 and 1955, an annual Formula 1 motor race was held on a 2.5-kilometre circuit which looped around the Esplanade des Quinconces and along the waterfront, attracting drivers such as [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], [[Stirling Moss]], [[Jean Behra]] and [[Maurice Trintignant]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pike |first=Tim |title=When Bordeaux city centre became a Formula 1 racing track |url=http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2014/07/when-bordeaux-city-centre-became.html |access-date=6 September 2019 |website=invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com |archive-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906063233/http://invisiblebordeaux.blogspot.com/2014/07/when-bordeaux-city-centre-became.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights=200>
File:Ausonius.jpg|[[Ausonius]]
File:Anthony Frederick Sandys - Queen Eleanor.JPG|[[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]
File:Richard II King of England.jpg|[[Richard II of England]]
File:Montaigne-Dumonstier.jpg|[[Michel de Montaigne]]
File:Joanna de Chantal.jpg|[[Jeanne de Lestonnac|Sainte Jeanne de Lestonnac]]
File:Charles Montesquieu.jpg|[[Montesquieu]]
File:Rosa Bonheur, 1865, wearing the Legion of Honour.jpg|[[Rosa Bonheur]]
File:095 Odilon Redon Mon portrait.jpg|[[Odilon Redon]]
File:Self-Portrait Albert Marquet (1904).jpg|[[Albert Marquet]]
</gallery>

{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* [[Ausonius]] (310–395), Roman poet and teacher of rhetoric
* [[Jean Alaux]] (1786–1864), painter
* [[Bertrand Andrieu]] (1761–1822), engraver
* [[Jean Anouilh]] (1910–1987), dramatist
* [[Lucien Arman]] (1811–1873), shipbuilder and politician
* [[Yvonne Arnaud]] (1892–1958), pianist, singer and actress
* [[Xavier Arnozan]] (1852–1928), physician
* [[Floyd Ayité]] (born 1988), Togolese footballer
* [[Jonathan Ayité]] (born 1985), Togolese footballer
* [[Jean-Baptiste Barrière]] (1707–1747), cellist, composer
* [[Gérard Bayo]] (born 1936), writer and poet
* [[Jean Bertheroy]] (1858-1927), writer
* [[François Bigot]] (1703–1778), last "Intendant" of New France
* [[Arnaud Binard]] (born 1971), actor and producer
* [[Rosa Bonheur]] (1822–1899), animal painter and sculptor
* [[Grégory Bourdy]] (born 1982), golfer
* [[Samuel Boutal]] (born 1969), footballer
* [[Alice Caffarel]] (born 1961), linguist
* [[Edmond de Caillou]] (died c. February 1316), Gascon knight fighting in Scotland
* [[Gérald Caussé]], Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
* [[Leopold Chasseriau]] (1825–1891), planter
* [[René Clément]] (1913–1996), actor, director, writer
* [[Jean-René Cruchet]] (1875–1959), pathologist
* [[José Cubero Sánchez]] (1964–1985), Spanish [[bullfighter]]
* [[Boris Cyrulnik]] (born 1937), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
* [[Marie-Louise Damien|Damia]] (1899–1978), singer and actress
* [[Étienne Noël Damilaville]] (1723–1768), [[Encyclopédistes|encyclopédiste]]
* [[Lili Damita]] (1901–1994), actress
* [[Frédéric Daquin]], (born 1978), footballer
* [[Danielle Darrieux]] (1917–2017), actress
* [[Bernard Delvaille]] (1931–2006), poet, essayist
* [[David Diop]] (1927–1960), poet
* [[Jean-François Domergue]] (born 1957), footballer
* [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]] (1122–1204), duchess of Aquitaine, queen of France and queen of England
* [[Jacques Ellul]] (1912–1994), sociologist, theologian, Christian anarchist
* [[Jean Eustache]] (1938–1981), [[French New Wave|Nouvelle Vague]] director
* [[Marie Fel]] (1713–1794), opera singer
* [[Jean-Luc Fournet]] (1965), papyrologist
* [[Pierre-Jean Garat]] (1762–1823), singer
* [[Armand Gensonné]] (1758–1793), politician
* [[Sébastien Gervais]] (born 1976), professional footballer
* [[Stephen Girard]] (1750–1831), merchant, banker, and [[Philadelphia]] philanthropist
* [[Jérôme Gnako]] (born 1968), footballer
* [[Randolph Gohi]] (born 1969), former professional footballer
* [[Eugène Goossens, fils|Eugène Goossens]] (1867–1958), conductor, violinist
* [[Anna Hamilton]] (1864–1935), doctor, superintendent of the Protestant Hospital at Bordeaux (1901–1934)
* [[Adolphe Jacquies]] (c. 1798–1860), Canadian shopkeeper, printer, trade unionist, and newspaper publisher
* [[Joseph Kabris]] (1780-1822), sailor known for his tattoos
* [[Pierre Lacour]] (1745–1814), painter
* [[Léopold Lafleurance]] (1865–1953), flautist
* [[Joseph Henri Joachim Lainé]] (1767–1835), statesman
* [[Jeanne de Lestonnac|Sainte Jeanne de Lestonnac]] (1556–1640), Roman Catholic saint and foundress of the [[Sisters of the Company of Mary, Our Lady]]
* [[Christophe Lestrade]] (born 1969), former professional footballer
* [[André Lhote]] (1885–1962), cubist painter
* [[Jeanne Henriette Louis]], (1938), professor of North American civilization
* [[Jean-Baptiste Lynch]] (1749–1835), politician
* [[Lucenzo]] (born 1983), singer
* [[Jean-Jacques Magendie]] (1766–1835), officer
* [[François Magendie]] (1783–1855), physiologist
* [[Bruno Marie-Rose]] (born 1965), athlete (sprinter)
* [[Albert Marquet]], (1875–1947), painter
* [[François Mauriac]] (1885–1970), writer, Nobel laureate 1952
* [[Benjamin Millepied]] (born 1977), dancer and choreographer
* [[Édouard Molinaro]] (1928–2013), film director, screenwriter
* [[Pierre Molinier]] (1900–1976), painter, photographer
* [[Michel de Montaigne]] (1533–1592), essayist
* [[Montesquieu]] (1689–1755), man of letters and political philosopher
* [[Olivier Mony]] (1966–), writer and literary critic
* [[Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty]] (1768–1815), general
* [[Elie Okobo]], basketball player
* [[Pierre Palmade]] (born 1968), actor and comedian
* [[Paulinus of Nola|St. Paulinus of Nola]] (354–431), educator, religious figure
* [[Émile Péreire]] (1800–1875), banker and industrialist
* [[Sophie Pétronin]] (born 1945), aid worker and humanitarian
* [[Albert Pitres]] (1848–1928), neurologist
* [[Hippolyte Pradelles]] (1824–1913), naturalist painter
* [[Georges Rayet|Georges Antoine Pons Rayet]] (1839–1906), astronomer, discoverer of the Wolf-Rayet stars, & founder of the Bordeaux Observatory
* [[Odilon Redon]] (1840–1916), painter
* [[Richard II of England]] (1367–1400), king
* [[Pierre Rode]] (1774–1830), violinist
* [[Olinde Rodrigues]] (1795–1851), mathematician, banker and social reformer
* [[Marie-Sabine Roger]] (born 1957), writer
* [[Eugenie Santa Coloma Sourget]] (1827–1895), composer, pianist and singer
* [[Bernard Sarrette]] (1765–1858), conductor and music pedagogue
* [[Jean-Jacques Sempé]] (1932–2022), cartoonist
* [[Florent Serra]] (born 1981), tennis player
* [[Alfred Smith (artist)|Alfred Smith]], (1854–1932), painter
* [[Soko (singer)|Soko]] (born 1985), singer
* [[Philippe Sollers]], (born 1936), writer
* [[Wilfried Tekovi]], (born 1989), Togolese footballer
* [[Elie Vinet]] (1509–1587), historian and humanist of the Renaissance
* [[Adam Siao Him Fa]], (born 2001), professional figure skater
* [[Claude Dagens]], (born 1940), prelate
{{div col end}}

== International relationships ==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in France}}
[[File:Alain Juppé, Parc Bordeaux Ashdod, Israel.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Alain Juppé]], [[Mayor (France)|Mayor]] of Bordeaux, visiting the twin town of [[Ashdod]]]]
[[File:Parc floral de Bordeaux 3290.jpg|225px|thumb|[[Wuhan]] pavilion at the ''Parc floral de Bordeaux'']]

=== Twin towns – sister cities ===
Bordeaux is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux – Rayonnement européen et mondial |url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international |archive-date=7 February 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |website=Mairie de Bordeaux |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2">{{Cite web |title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures |url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 |archive-date=7 February 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013 |website=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 3">{{Cite web |title=National Commission for Decentralised cooperation |url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=2#tabs3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131008010503/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-region.asp?action=getRegion&id=2 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |access-date=26 December 2013 |website=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) |language=fr}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ashdod]], Israel, since 1984<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Bilbao]], Spain<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
* {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan, since 1985<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Azerbaijan twinnings">{{Cite web |title=Twin-cities of Azerbaijan |url=http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html |access-date=9 August 2013 |website=Azerbaijans.com |archive-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916221946/http://www.azerbaijans.com/content_1719_en.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Bristol]], United Kingdom, since 1947<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Bristol">{{Cite web |date=17 July 2009 |title=Bristol City – Town twinning |url=http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075325/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=15 March 2013 |publisher=Bristol City Council}}</ref><ref name="Archant twinning">{{Cite web |title=British towns twinned with French towns |url=http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705094933/http://www.completefrance.com/language-culture/twin-towns |archive-date=5 July 2013 |access-date=11 July 2013 |website=Archant Community Media Ltd}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Casablanca]], Morocco, since 1988<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka]], Japan, since 1982<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Kraków]], Poland, since 1993<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{Cite web |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |trans-title=Kraków -Partnership Cities |url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |access-date=10 August 2013 |website=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Lima]], Peru, since 1957<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], California United States, since 1968<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Los Angeles sisters">{{Cite web |title=Sister Cities of Los Angeles |url=http://sistercities.lacity.org/ |access-date=29 September 2011 |publisher=sistercities.lacity.org |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411141114/http://sistercities.lacity.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain, since 1984<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Munich]], Germany, since 1964<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Munich twinnings">{{Cite web |title=Partnerstädte |url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |access-date=3 April 2013 |website=muenchen.de |language=de |archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419121017/https://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/Stadtpolitik/Partnerstaedte.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Oran]], Algeria, since 2003<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Porto]], Portugal, since 1978<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="Porto International">{{Cite web |title=International Relations of the City of Porto |url=http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215200138/http://www.cm-porto.pt/document/449218/481584.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2010 |access-date=10 July 2009 |publisher=2006–2009 Municipal Directorateofthe PresidencyServices InternationalRelationsOffice}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Quebec City]], Quebec Canada, since 1962<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
* {{flagicon|PSE}} [[Ramallah]], Palestine<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
* {{flagicon|LVA}} [[Riga]], Latvia<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Twin cities of Riga |url=http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204021323/http://www.riga.lv/EN/Channels/Riga_Municipality/Twin_cities_of_Riga/default.htm |archive-date=4 December 2008 |access-date=15 March 2013 |publisher=[[Riga City Council]]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia, since 1993<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref name="saint_petersburg">{{Cite web |title=Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties |url=http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities |archive-date=24 February 2009 |access-date=23 March 2008 |publisher=Saint Petersburg City Government}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Wuhan]], China, since 1998<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings" /><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" />
{{Div col end}}

=== Partnerships ===
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Samsun]], Turkey, since 2010<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Samsun- Bordeaux işbirliği sözleşmesini imzalandı |url=http://www.haberexen.com/news_detail.php?id=26638 |access-date=22 November 2010 |publisher=HaberExen.com |language=tr}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Atlantic history]]
* [[Bordeaux wine regions]]
* [[Bordeaux–Paris]], a formerly professional [[road bicycle racing]] annual event
* The [[Burdigalian]] Age of the [[Miocene]] Epoch is named for Bordeaux
* [[Canelé]], a local pastry
* [[Communes of the Gironde department]]
* [[Dogue de Bordeaux]], a [[Dog breed|breed]] of dog originally bred for [[dog fighting]]
* [[French wine]]
* [[Girondins]]
* [[History of slavery]]
* [[List of mayors of Bordeaux]]
* [[Operation Frankton]], a British [[Combined Operations Headquarters|Combined Operations]] raid on shipping in the harbour at Bordeaux, in December 1942, during World War II
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bordeaux]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{See also|Timeline of Bordeaux#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Bordeaux}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chantal Callais and Thierry Jeanmonod |title=Bordeaux: a history of architecture |publisher=La Geste |year=2019 |isbn=979-1-03-530188-0 |location=La Crèche}}
* {{Cite book |last=François Hubert, Christian Block and Jacques de Cauna |title=Bordeaux in the 18th century: trans-Atlantic trading and slavery |publisher=Le Festin |year=2018 |isbn=978-2-36062-009-8 |edition=2nd |location=Bordeaux}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130306023822/http://www.france.fr/en/regions-and-cities/bordeaux-world-capital-wine Bordeaux: the world capital of wine] – Official French website (in English)
* {{Official website|1=www.bordeaux.fr|2=Bordeaux city council website}}

{{Cities in France}}
{{Gironde communes}}
{{Urban Community of Bordeaux}}
{{World Heritage Sites in France}}
{{Higher Education in Bordeaux}}
{{Prefectures of departments of France}}
{{Prefectures of regions of France}}
{{Sister bar|auto=y}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Bordeaux| ]]<!-- Leave the empty space as per [[WP:EPONYMOUS]]. -->
[[Category:Burdigalian| ]]
[[Category:Cities in France]]
[[Category:Cities in Nouvelle-Aquitaine]]
[[Category:Communes of Gironde]]
[[Category:Gallia Aquitania]]
[[Category:Gironde]]
[[Category:Guyenne]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns on the French Atlantic coast]]
[[Category:Prefectures in France]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in France]]