View source for Botrytis cinerea

{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Aardbei Lambada vruchtrot Botrytis cinerea.jpg
| image_caption = ''Botrytis cinerea'' infection on strawberry
| genus = Botrytis
| species = cinerea
| authority = [[Pers.]] (1794)
}}

'''''Botrytis cinerea''''' is a [[necrotrophic]] [[fungus]] that affects many plant species, including [[List of grape varieties|wine grapes]]. In [[viticulture]], it is commonly known as "botrytis bunch rot"; in [[horticulture]], it is usually called "grey mould" or "gray mold".

The fungus gives rise to two different kinds of infections on grapes. The first, grey rot, is the result of consistently wet or humid conditions, and typically results in the loss of the affected bunches. The second, [[noble rot]], occurs when drier conditions follow wetter, and can result in distinctive sweet [[dessert wine]]s, such as [[Sauternes (wine)|Sauternes]], the Aszú of [[Tokaji]], or [[Grasă de Cotnari]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Richards |first1=Helen |title=What is... Botrytis |url=https://jftwines.com/jf-tobias-wine-blog/botrytis/ |website=JFT Wines |date=22 December 2014 |access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref> The species name ''Botrytis cinerea'' is derived from the [[Latin]] for "grapes like ashes"; the "grapes" refers to the bunching of the fungal [[spores]] on their [[Conidium|conidiophores]], while "ashes" refers to the greyish colour of the spores ''en masse''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} The fungus is usually referred to by its [[anamorph]] (asexual form) name, because the sexual phase is rarely observed. The [[teleomorph]] (sexual form) is an [[ascomycete]], ''Botryotinia fuckeliana'', also known as ''Botryotinia cinerea'' (see taxonomy box).

==Etymology==

''Botrytis'' is derived from the [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] ''botrys ''(βότρυς) meaning "grapes",<ref>{{LSJ|bo/trus|βότρυς|ref}}</ref> combined with the [[Neo-Latin]] suffix ''-itis'' for disease. ''Botryotinia fuckeliana'' was named by mycologist [[Heinrich Anton de Bary]] in honor of another mycologist, [[Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel]]. Synonyms for the sexual stage are:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''Botrytis fuckeliana'' <small>N.F. Buchw., (1949)</small>
* ''Botrytis gemella'' <small>(Bonord.) Sacc., (1881)</small>
* ''Botrytis grisea'' <small>(Schwein.) Fr., (1832)</small>
* ''Botrytis vulgaris'' <small>(Pers.) Fr., (1832)</small>
* ''Haplaria grisea'' <small>Link, (1809)</small>
* ''fuckeliana'' <small>de Bary</small>
* ''Phymatotrichum gemellum'' <small>Bonord., (1851)</small>
* ''Polyactis vulgaris'' <small>Pers., (1809)</small>
* ''Sclerotinia fuckeliana'' <small>(de Bary) Fuckel, (1870)</small>
{{div col end}}

==Hosts and symptoms==
===Hosts===

The disease, gray mold, affects more than 200 [[dicotyledon]]ous plant species and a few [[monocotyledon]]ous plants found in temperate and subtropical regions, and potentially over a thousand species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Brian|last2=Tudzynski|first2=Bettina|last3=Tudzynski|first3=Paul|last4=Van Kan|first4=Jan a. L.|date=2007-09-01|title=Botrytis cinerea: the cause of grey mould disease|journal=Molecular Plant Pathology|language=en|volume=8|issue=5|pages=561–580|doi=10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00417.x|pmid=20507522|bibcode=2007MolPP...8..561W |issn=1364-3703}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319233703|title=Botrytis – the Fungus, the Pathogen and its Management in Agricultural Systems|date=2016|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-23370-3|editor-last=Fillinger|editor-first=Sabine|language=en|editor-last2=Elad|editor-first2=Yigal}}</ref> Serious economic losses can be a result of this disease to both field and greenhouse grown crops. The causal agent, ''Botrytis cinerea'' can infect mature or senescent tissues, plants prior to harvest, or seedlings. There is a wide variety of hosts infected by this pathogen including protein crops, fiber crops, oil crops, and horticultural crops. Horticultural crops include vegetables (examples are chickpeas, lettuce, broccoli, and beans) and small fruit crops (examples are grape, strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry<ref name="Multi-Black" />), these are most severely affected and devastated by gray mold.<ref name=":0" /> Plant organs affected include fruits, flowers, leaves, storage organs, and shoots.

===Symptoms and signs===

Symptoms vary across plant organs and tissues. ''B. cinerea'' is a soft rot that will have a collapsed and water soaked appearance on soft fruit and leaves. Brown lesions may develop slowly on undeveloped fruit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/botrytis-cinerea-botrytis-fruit-rot-and-blight-on-strawberry|title=Botrytis Fruit Rot / Gray Mold on Strawberry {{!}} NC State Extension Publications|website=content.ces.ncsu.edu|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-date=2024-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223003733/https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/botrytis-cinerea-botrytis-fruit-rot-and-blight-on-strawberry}}</ref> Twigs infected with gray mold will die back. Blossoms will cause fruit drop and injury, such as ridging on developing and mature fruit.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r107100911.html|title=UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Botrytis Diseases And Disorders on Citrus|website=ipm.ucanr.edu|language=en-us|access-date=2017-12-11}}</ref> Symptoms are visible at wound sites where the fungus begins to rot the plant. Gray masses with a velvety appearance are conidia on the plant tissues are a sign of plant pathogen.<ref name=":2" /> These conidia are asexual spores that will continue to infect the plant and surrounding hosts throughout the growing season making this a polycyclic disease.

Plants can produce localized lesions when a pathogen attacks. An oxidative burst causes hypersensitive cell death called a [[hypersensitive response]] (HR).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2000-06-01|title=The hypersensitive response facilitates plant infection by the necrotrophic pathogen ''Botrytis cinerea''|journal=Current Biology|volume=10|issue=13|pages=751–757|doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00560-1|pmid=10898976|issn=0960-9822|last1=Govrin|first1=Eri M.|last2=Levine|first2=Alex|s2cid=17294773|doi-access=free|bibcode=2000CBio...10..751G }}</ref> This soft rot can trigger HR to assist in colonization. ''Botrytis cinerea'', as a necrotrophic pathogen, exploits the dead tissue for its pathogenicity or its ability to cause disease. Susceptible plants cannot use the HR to protect against ''B. cinerea''.

==Biology==
[[Image:Botrytis conidiophore 40X.png|thumbnail|right|Conidiophore]]
[[Image:Botrytis plate.png|thumbnail|right|[[Petri dish]] with a ring of visible [[sclerotia]] (dark brown balls)]]
''Botrytis cinerea'' is characterized by abundant hyaline [[conidium|conidia]] (asexual spores) borne on grey, branching tree-like [[conidiophore]]s. The fungus also produces highly resistant [[sclerotium|sclerotia]] as survival structures in older cultures. It overwinters as sclerotia or intact [[mycelia]], both of which germinate in spring to produce conidiophores. The conidia, dispersed by wind and by rain-water, cause new infections. ''B. cinerea'' performs an asexual cycle over the summer season.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

''[[Gliocladium roseum]]'' is a fungal parasite of ''B. cinerea''.<ref name=raspberry>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/07060669709500518 |vauthors=Yu H, Sutton JC |title=Morphological development and interactions of ''Gliocladium roseum'' and ''Botrytis cinerea'' in raspberry |journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=237–246 |year=1997 |bibcode=1997CaJPP..19..237Y |url=http://www.cps-scp.ca/download/cjpp-archive/Vol19/CJPP19(3)237-246(1997).pdf }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The hypothetical protein BcKMO was shown to positively regulate growth and development. It showed a great similarity to the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase encoding gene in eukaryotes.{{cn|date=August 2022}}

[[Overexpression]] of the gene ''{{visible anchor|atrB}}'' [[mutation|produces altered versions]] of the transcription factor ''[[mrr1]]'', which in turn confer a [[multiple fungicide resistance]] phenotype known as {{visible anchor|MDR1}}.<ref name="Multi-Black" /> An even higher overexpression yields ''mrr1'' composed partly of {{visible anchor|Δ497V/L}}, yielding [[MDR1h]] phenotypes with even more [[anilinopyrimidine resistance|anilinopyrimidine-]] and [[phenylpyrrole resistance|phenylpyrrole-]] resistance.<ref name="Multi-Black" />

==Environment==
Gray mold favors moist, humid, and warm environmental conditions between {{convert|65-75|F|C|0}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/Gray_Mold.pdf|title=Disease Management: Gray Mold on Tomato and Ghost Spot on Pepper|last=Roberts|first=Pamela|work=IPM Floridia|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> Temperature, relative humidity, and wetness duration produce a conducive environment that is favorable for inoculation of [[mycelium]] or [[Conidium|conidia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ciliberti|first1=Nicola|last2=Fermaud|first2=Marc|last3=Roudet|first3=Jean|last4=Rossi|first4=Vittorio|date=August 2015|title=Environmental Conditions Affect ''Botrytis cinerea'' Infection of Mature Grape Berries More Than the Strain or Transposon Genotype|journal=Phytopathology|volume=105|issue=8|pages=1090–1096|doi=10.1094/PHYTO-10-14-0264-R|issn=0031-949X|pmid=26218433|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015PhPat.105.1090C |hdl=10807/69950|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Controlled environments, such as crop production greenhouses, provide the moisture and high temperatures that favor the spreading and development of the pathogen ''B. cinerea.''

Standing water on plant leaf surfaces provides a place for spores to germinate.<ref>Physiological Aspects of Resistance to ''Botrytis cinerea.'' Elad, Y. and Evensen, K.. Publication 3 April 1995[https://web.archive.org/web/20171212140705/http://admin.apsnet.org/publications/phytopathology/backissues/Documents/1995Articles/Phyto85n06_637.PDF]</ref> Humid conditions can result from improper irrigation practice, plants placed too close together, or the structure of the greenhouse not allowing for efficient ventilation and air flow. Ventilation at night significantly reduces the incidence of gray mold.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1984-06-01|title=The effect of night temperature and glasshouse ventilation on the incidence of ''Botrytis cinerea'' in a late-planted tomato crop|journal=Crop Protection|volume=3|issue=2|pages=243–251|doi=10.1016/0261-2194(84)90058-9|issn=0261-2194|last1=Morgan|first1=Walter M.|bibcode=1984CrPro...3..243M }}</ref>

Melanized [[sclerotium]] allows ''B. cinerea'' to survive for years in the soil. Sclerotia and the asexual conidia spores contribute to the widespread infection of the pathogen.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Amselem|first1=Joelle|last2=Cuomo|first2=Christina A.|last3=Kan|first3=Jan A. L. van|last4=Viaud|first4=Muriel|last5=Benito|first5=Ernesto P.|last6=Couloux|first6=Arnaud|last7=Coutinho|first7=Pedro M.|last8=Vries|first8=Ronald P. de|last9=Dyer|first9=Paul S.|date=2011-08-18|title=Genomic Analysis of the Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens ''Sclerotinia sclerotiorum'' and ''Botrytis cinerea''|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=7|issue=8|article-number=e1002230|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1002230|pmid=21876677|issn=1553-7404|hdl=10871/25762|pmc=3158057 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A low pH is preferred by the gray mold to perform well. ''B. cinerea'' can acidify its environment by secreting [[organic acid]]s, like oxalic acid.<ref name=":3" /> By acidifying its surroundings, cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) are enhanced, plant-protection enzymes are inhibited, [[stoma]]tal closure is deregulated, and pH signaling is mediated to facilitate its [[pathogenesis]].<ref name=":3" />

==Viticulture==
[[Image:Botrytis riesling.jpg|thumb|Manifesting as [[noble rot]] on [[Riesling]]|alt=Manifesting as [[noble rot]] on [[Riesling (variety)|Riesling grapes]]]]
In the ''Botrytis'' infection known as [[noble rot]], the fungus removes water from the grapes, leaving behind a higher percent of solids, such as sugars, fruit acids and minerals. This results in a more intense, concentrated final product. The wine is often said to have an aroma of [[honeysuckle]] and a bitter finish on the palate.

A distinct fermentation process initially caused by nature, the combination of geology, climate and specific weather led to the particular balance of beneficial fungus while leaving enough of the grape intact for harvesting. The [[Château d'Yquem|Chateau d'Yquem]] is the only [[First Growth#Bordeaux sweet wines|Premier Cru Supérieur]] Sauternes, largely due to the vineyard's susceptibility to noble rot.

''Botrytis'' complicates the [[fermentation (wine)|fermentation]] process during winemaking. ''Botrytis'' produces an anti-fungal compound that kills [[yeast (wine)|yeast]] and often results in the fermentation stopping before the wine has accumulated sufficient levels of alcohol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Kan|first=Jan A. L.|date=May 2006|title=Licensed to kill: the lifestyle of a necrotrophic plant pathogen|journal=Trends in Plant Science|volume=11|issue=5|pages=247–253|doi=10.1016/j.tplants.2006.03.005|issn=1360-1385|pmid=16616579}}</ref>

Botrytis bunch rot is another condition of grapes caused by ''B. cinerea'' that causes great losses for the wine industry. It is always present on the fruitset, however, it requires a wound to start a bunch rot infection. Wounds can come from insects, wind, accidental damage, etc. To control botrytis bunch rot there are a number of [[fungicide]]s available on the market. Generally, these should be applied at bloom, bunch closure and veraison (the most important being the bloom application). Some winemakers are known to use the German method of fermentation and prefer having a 5% bunch rot rate in their grapes and will usually hold the grapes on the vine a week longer than normal.

==Horticulture==
''Botrytis cinerea'' affects many other plants.

===Strawberries===
It is economically important on soft fruits such as [[strawberry|strawberries]] and bulb crops.<ref name=StrawberryStudy/> Unlike wine grapes, the affected strawberries are not edible and are discarded. To minimize infection in strawberry fields, good ventilation around the berries is important to prevent moisture being trapped among leaves and berries. A number of bacteria have been proven to act as natural antagonists to ''B. cinerea'' in controlled studies.<ref name=StrawberryStudy>Donmez, M. F.; Esitken, A.; Yildiz, H.; Ercisli, S. [http://www.thejaps.org.pk/docs/21-4/15.pdf Biocontrol of ''Botrytis Cinerea'' on Strawberry Fruit by Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria], ''The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences'', 21(4), 2011: pp. 758-763, ISSN 1018-7081.</ref>

===Other plants===
[[File:Botrytis-rot op appel Goudreinet (Botryotinia fuckeliana).jpg|thumb|right|''Botryotinia fuckeliana'' on a [[Belle de Boskoop|Goudreinet]] apple]]
In greenhouse horticulture, ''Botrytis cinerea'' is well known as a cause of considerable damage in [[tomato]]es.

The infection also affects [[rhubarb]], [[snowdrop]]s, [[white meadowfoam]], [[western hemlock]],<ref>Van Eerden, E. (1974, August). Growing season production of western conifers. In Proc. North American Containerized Forest Tree Seedling Symp., Denver, Colorado (pp. 93-103)</ref> [[Douglas-fir]],<ref>Brix, Holger, and H. Barker. "Rooting studies of western hemlock cuttings." (1975).</ref> [[cannabis]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Lata |editor-first1=Hemant |editor-last2=ElSohly |editor-first2=Mahmoud A. |editor-last3=Chandra |editor-first3=Suman |date=2017-05-23 |title=Cannabis Sativa L. - Botany and Biotechnology |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher= Springer International |page=275 |isbn= 978-3-319-54563-9 |quote=Cannabis is highly susceptible to diseases caused by fungal growth. Densely packed buds and flowering tops hold high content of moisture that allows for infestation by molds such as Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium species etc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=McPartland |first1=JM |last2=Clarke |first2=RC |last3=Watson |first3=DP |date=2000 |title=Hemp Diseases and Pests: Management and Biological Control: An Advanced Treatise |location=Wallingford, United Kingdom |publisher=CABI |page=95 |quote=B. cinera often colonizes senescent leaves and flowers, and from these footholds it invades the rest of the plant.}}</ref> and ''[[Lactuca sativa]]''.<ref name="Urban-et-al-2018">{{cite journal | last1=Urban | first1=L. | last2=Chabane Sari | first2=D. | last3=Orsal | first3=B. | last4=Lopes | first4=M. | last5=Miranda | first5=R. | last6=Aarrouf | first6=J. | title=UV-C light and pulsed light as alternatives to chemical and biological elicitors for stimulating plant natural defenses against fungal diseases | journal=[[Scientia Horticulturae]] | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=235 | year=2018 | issn=0304-4238 | doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2018.02.057 | pages=452–459 | bibcode=2018ScHor.235..452U | s2cid=90436989}}</ref> [[UV-C]] treatment against ''B. cinerea'' was investigated by Vàsquez ''et al.'', 2017. They find it increases [[phenylalanine ammonia-lyase]] activity and production of [[phenols|phenolics]]. This in turn decreases ''L. sativa''{{'}}s [[plant disease susceptibility|susceptibility]].<ref name="Urban-et-al-2018" /> Potassium bicarbonate-based fungicide may be used.{{cn|date=October 2021}}

==Human disease==
''Botrytis cinerea'' mold on grapes may cause "'''winegrower's lung'''", a rare form of [[hypersensitivity pneumonitis]] (a respiratory allergic reaction in predisposed individuals).

==Mycoviruses of ''Botrytis cinerea''==
[[File:Mycoviruses of Botrytis cinerea.png|thumb|Mycoviruses]]

As well as being an infective agent, ''Botrytis cinerea'' also hosts several [[mycovirus]]es itself. A range of phenotypic alterations due to the mycoviral infection have been observed from symptomless to mild impact, or more severe phenotypic changes including reduction in pathogenicity, growth/suppression of mycelia, sporulation and sclerotia production, formation of abnormal colony sectors (Wu et al., 2010<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wu M. D. |author2=Zhang L. |author3=Li G. |author4=Jiang D. |author5=Ghabrial S. A. |author-link5=Said Ghabrial | year = 2010 | title = Genome characterization of a debilitation-associated mitovirus infecting the phytopathogenic fungus ''Botrytis cinerea'' | journal = Virology | volume = 406 | issue = 1| pages = 117–126 | doi=10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.010 | pmid=20674953| doi-access=free }}</ref>) and virulence.

==Management==
''Botrytis cinerea'' can be managed through cultural, chemical, and biological practices.<ref name=McLoughlin>{{cite journal |last1=McLoughlin |first1=Austein G. |last2=Wytinck |first2=Nick |last3=Walker |first3=Philip L. |last4=Girard |first4=Ian J. |last5=Rashid |first5=Khalid Y. |last6=Kievit |first6=Teresa de |last7=Fernando |first7=W. G. Dilantha |last8=Whyard |first8=Steve |last9=Belmonte |first9=Mark F. |title=Identification and application of exogenous dsRNA confers plant protection against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea |journal=Sci Rep |date=9 May 2018 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=7320 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-25434-4 |pmid=29743510 |pmc=5943259|bibcode=2018NatSR...8.7320M }}</ref>

There are no resistant species to the gray mold rot. Gray mold can be culturally controlled by monitoring the amount and timing of fertilizer applications to reduce the amount of fruit rot. Excessive application of nitrogen will increase the incidence of disease while not improving yields.<ref name=":1" />

Not planting [[cultivar]]s that have an upright or dense growth habit can reduce disease as these limit airflow and are favorable for the pathogen. Spacing of plants so they are not touching will increase airflow allowing the area to dry out and reduce the spread of disease. [[Pruning]] or purposeful removal of diseased, dead, or overgrown limbs on a regular schedule can also help to improve air movement.<ref name=":2" />

[[Sanitation]] by removing dead or dying plant tissue in the fall will decrease inoculum levels as there is no debris for the sclerotium or mycelia to overwinter. Removing debris in the spring will remove inoculum from the site. Disposal of berries during harvest that have signs and symptoms of gray mold will reduce inoculum for the following year.

[[Biochar]], a form of charcoal, can be applied as a [[soil amendment]] to strawberry plants to reduce the severity of the fungal disease by stimulating defense pathways within the plant.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|jstor=24370313|title=Biochar mediates systemic response of strawberry to foliar fungal pathogens|first1=Yael Meller |last1=Harel|first2=Yigal|last2=Elad|first3=Dalia|last3=Rav-David|first4=Menachem|last4=Borenstein|first5=Ran|last5=Shulchani|first6=Beni|last6=Lew |first7=Ellen R. |last7=Graber|journal=Plant and Soil|volume=357|issue=1–2|pages=245–257|date=2012|doi=10.1007/s11104-012-1129-3|bibcode=2012PlSoi.357..245M |s2cid=16186999}}</ref>

Gray mold can be chemically controlled with well-timed fungicide applications starting during the first bloom. Timing can reduce the chance of resistance and will save on costs.<ref name=":1" />

Biological controls or [[microbial antagonist]]s{{cn|date=April 2024}} used for disease suppression, have been successfully used in Europe and Brazil in the form of fungi-like ''[[Trichoderma harzianum]]'' Rifai and [[Clonostachys rosea f. rosea|''Clonostachys rosea'' f. ''rosea'']] Bainier (syn. ''Gliocladium roseum'').<ref name=":4" /> ''Trichoderma'' species especially, have been shown to control gray mold.

[[Multiple fungicide resistance]] is a problem in many production areas.<ref name="Multi-Black">
   {{Unbulleted list citebundle
      |{{*}} {{cite journal | year=2021 | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | volume=179 | last1=Sare | first1=Abdoul Razack | last2=Jijakli | first2=M. Haissam | last3=Massart | first3=Sebastien | title=Microbial ecology to support integrative efficacy improvement of biocontrol agents for postharvest diseases management | journal=[[Postharvest Biology and Technology]] | issn=0925-5214 | doi=10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111572 | article-number=111572 | s2cid=236245543}}
      |{{*}} {{cite journal | date=2021 | publisher=[[MDPI]] | issue=3 | volume=9 | journal=[[Microorganisms (journal)|Microorganisms]] | issn=2076-2607 | page=502 | last1=Hu | first1=Mengjun | last2=Chen | first2=Shuning | title=Non-Target Site Mechanisms of Fungicide Resistance in Crop Pathogens: A Review | doi=10.3390/microorganisms9030502| pmid=33673517 | pmc=7997439 | doi-access=free }}<!--- Published by MDPI but cited by Schnabel & Brannen 2022. --->
      |{{*}} {{cite journal | year=2020 | pages=1–7 | volume=163 | publisher=[[Elsevier]] | last3=Hu | first1=Scott D. | first2=Guido | first3=Mengjun | last1=Cosseboom | last2=Schnabel | title=Competitive ability of multi-fungicide resistant ''Botrytis cinerea'' in a blackberry planting over three years | journal=[[Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology]] | issn=0048-3575 | doi=10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.11.008 | s2cid=209578874 | pmid=31973844| bibcode=2020PBioP.163....1C }}
   }}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[Botrydial]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/botrytis_cinerea/Home.html Genome information for ''Botrytis cinerea'']
* [http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002230 Genome analysis of ''Botrytis cinerea'']
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Choquer M, Fournier E, Kunz C |title=''Botrytis cinerea'' virulence factors: new insights into a necrotrophic and polyphageous pathogen |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Lett. |volume=277 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=December 2007 |pmid=17986079 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00930.x |display-authors=etal|doi-access=free }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090312092712/http://www.thewinedoctor.com/author/sweetnoble.shtml TheWineDoctor.com]
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00351784 |vauthors=Büttner P, Koch F, Voigt K |title=Variations in ploidy among isolates of ''Botrytis cinerea'': implications for genetic and molecular analyses |journal=Curr. Genet. |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=445–50 |date=May 1994 |pmid=8082191 |s2cid=10886741 |display-authors=etal}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Vallejo |first1=I. |last2=Santos |first2=M. |last3=Cantoral |first3=J. M. |last4=Collado |first4=I. G. |last5=Rebordinos |first5=L. |title=Chromosomal polymorphism in ''Botvytis cinerea'' strains |doi=10.1111/j.1601-5223.1996.00031.x |year=2004 |pages=31–38 |volume=124 |journal=Hereditas |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |vauthors=Staats M, van Baarlen P, van Kan JA |title=Molecular phylogeny of the plant pathogenic genus Botrytis and the evolution of host specificity |journal=Mol. Biol. Evol. |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=333–46 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15496556 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msi020 |doi-access=free }}

{{Viticulture}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1135851|from2=Q2911830}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sclerotiniaceae]]
[[Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Small fruit diseases]]
[[Category:Fungal strawberry diseases]]
[[Category:Fungal citrus diseases]]
[[Category:Fungal grape diseases]]
[[Category:Oenology]]
[[Category:Fungi described in 1794]]
[[Category:Fungus species]]