View source for Brač

{{short description|Island in Croatia}}
{{redirect|Brattia|the genus of spiders|Sphecozone}}
{{Infobox islands
| name               = Brač
| map                = Croatia
| map_width          = 220
| image_name         = Golden Cape.jpg
| image_caption      = [[Zlatni Rat]]
| image_size         = 
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| mapframe-stroke-width = 1
| map_caption        = Location of Brač
| native_name        = 
| native_name_link   = Croatian
| nickname           = 
| location           = [[Adriatic Sea]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|43|19|N|16|38|E|region:HR_type:isle}}
| archipelago        = Dalmatian Archipelago
| area_km2           = 396
| highest_mount      = [[Vidova gora]]
| elevation_m        = 780
| country            = Croatia
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[Counties of Croatia|County]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Split-Dalmatia County|Split-Dalmatia]]
| country_largest_city = [[Supetar]]
| country_largest_city_population = 3,326
| population         = 13,931
| population_as_of   = 2021
| density_km2        = 35
| ethnic_groups      = [[Croats]] (95.3%)<ref name="census2021" />
| additional_info    = 
}}
'''Brač''' is a [[Croatia]]n island in the [[Adriatic Sea]], with an area of {{convert|396|km2|0|abbr=out}},<ref name="Duplancic-Cala-Ujevic">
{{cite journal
| title=Coastline lengths and areas of islands in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea determined from the topographic maps at the scale of 1 : 25 000
| journal=Geoadria
| location=[[Zadar]]
| volume=9
| issue=1
| pages=5–32
|date=June 2004
| last1=Duplančić Leder 
| first1=Tea
| last2=Ujević
| first2=Tin
| last3=Čala
| first3=Mendi
| doi=10.15291/geoadria.127
| doi-access=free
}}</ref> making it the largest island in [[Dalmatia]], and the third largest in the Adriatic. It is separated from the mainland by the [[Brač Channel]], which is {{convert|5|to|13|km|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name="Brački kanal">[https://www.enciklopedija.hr/clanak/bracki-kanal Brački kanal] {{in lang|hr}}</ref> The island's tallest peak, [[Vidova gora]], stands at {{convert|780|m|ft|abbr=on}},<ref name="Yearbook">{{Croatia Yearbook 2015|page=47}}</ref> making it the highest point of the [[Adriatic islands]].<ref name="Brač {{!}} island, Croatia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brac|title=Brač {{!}} island, Croatia|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref> The island has a population of 13,931,<ref name="census2021">{{Cite Q|Q110945262}}</ref> making it also by population the largest island in Dalmatia and the third largest in the Adriatic. The island is divided in eight municipal units with twenty-two settlements, ranging from the main town [[Supetar]], with more than 3,300 inhabitants, to [[Murvica, Split-Dalmatia County|Murvica]], where less than two dozen people live. [[Brač Airport]] is the largest airport of all islands surrounding [[Split, Croatia|Split]].

Brač is known as a tourist destination, for the [[Zlatni Rat]] beach in [[Bol, Croatia|Bol]], the marina in [[Milna]], the white limestone which was used for the [[Diocletian's Palace|palace of Diocletian]], the stone mason school in [[Pučišća]], the [[Charter of Povlja]], author and first president of Croatia [[Vladimir Nazor]], its [[olive oil]] with protected designation of origin, the Kopačina cave near [[Donji Humac]] with archaeological findings dating to the 12th millennium BCE, the [[Blaca hermitage]], and other things.

== Name ==

Brač ({{IPA|hr|brâːtʃ|pron}}) is known in the [[Chakavian dialect|local Chakavian]] dialect as ''Broč'' ({{IPA|hr|broːtʃ|pron}}). In {{langx|la|Bretia}} or {{lang|la|Brattia}} and {{langx|it|Brazza}}. The Greek name of the island was {{lang|el|Ἐλαφοῦσσα}} ''(Elaphousa/Elaphussa)'', apparently derived from ''elaphos'' ("stag"). Based on this, it has been speculated that the original name of the island may have been derived from [[Messapic language|Messapic]]  ''*brentos'' ("stag"). The Messapic word is deduced from a gloss "''brendon — elaphon'' [deer]".<ref>The suggestion is due to Anton Mayer (1957), adducing [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Stephanus ''De urbibus'']]: "Brettia, insula maris Adriatici habens fluvium Brettium. Hanc Graeci Elaphusam, alii vero Bretanidem appellant", cited after Stanisław Rospond, ''Slawische Namenkunde: Die slawischen Ortsnamen'' (1992), p. 162.</ref> [[Polybius]] and [[Pliny the Elder|Plinius]] record the name of the island as ''Brattia''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dalmatia.hr/en/island-of-brac|title=Island of Brač - Split and Dalmatia County Tourist Board|website=www.dalmatia.hr|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref> Other names through history for Brač have been ''Brectia'', ''Bractia'', ''Brazia'', ''Elaphusa'', ''Bretanide'' and ''Krateiai'' (in the [[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]], identification unsure).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rendić-Miočević |first=Ante |date=2019 |title=Roots and Echoes of Pliny's Observation ...et capris laudata Brattia... in the Classical Heritage of the Island of Brač |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/348802 |journal=Prilozi Povijesti Umjetnosti U Dalmaciji |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=65–92}}</ref>

[[Stephanus of Byzantium]] writes in the 6th century in his ''Ethnica'' of Brettia: <blockquote>'''''Brettia''', Island in the Adriatic Sea, with a river called Brettios. Greeks call it Elaphussa, the inhabitants Brettanis. The ethnicon should be Brettians, given how Polybios uses the Femininum. Today it is called Brettians.''<ref>Original text: {{lang|el|'''Βρεττία''', νῆσος ἐν τῷ Ἁδρίᾳ ποταμὸν ἔχουσα Βρέττιον. ταύτην Ἐλαφοῦσσαν Ἕλληνες, οἱ δὲ Βρεττανίδα καλοῦσι. τὸ ἐθνικὸν ἔδει Βρεττιανός, ὡς Πολύβιος τὸ θηλυκόν «ἐπὶ Βρεττιανὴν τόπων”. νῦν δὲ Βρέττιοι λέγονται. εἰσὶ καὶ Βρεττανίδες νῆσοι ἐν τῷ ὠκεανῷ, ὧν τὸ ἐθνικὸν Βρεττανοί. Διονύσιος ὑφελὼν τὸ ἓν τ̅ ἔφη «ὠκεανοῦ κέχυται ψυχρὸς ῥόος, ἔνθα Βρετανοί.” καὶ ἄλλοι οὕτως διὰ π̅ Πρετανίδες νῆσοι, ὡς Μαρκιανὸς καὶ Πτολεμαῖος.}} {{Cite book |last=Margarethe|first=Billerbeck |url=https://archive.org/details/STEPHANUSBYZANTIUSETHNICAvol.AALPHAGAMMA2006ByMargaretheBillerbeck/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Stephanus of Byzantium Ethnica (vol. A) (alpha--gamma)|date=2006 |pages=379}} {{Cite book |last=Byzantii |first=Stephani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMZiAAAAMAAJ |title=Ethnicorvm quae svpersvnt |date=1849 |publisher=G. Reimeri |pages=186 |language=el}}</ref>
</blockquote>

== Geography ==
[[File:BracCroatia sentinel 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Brač island, image by [[Sentinel-2]] from 7 May 2023]]
Brač is with an area of {{convert|396|km2|0|abbr=out}} the largest island in Dalmatia, and the third largest island in the [[Adriatic Sea]] overall. The island is roughly oval-shaped, being almost {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide from east to west, and about {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} north to south. Brač has a long and folded coastline with a length of more than {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}}, with numerous smaller and larges bays. Particularly noticeable are the natural harbours of Supetar, Splitska, Pučišća, and Povlja, Sumartin, Milna and Bobovišća.

Brač is separated from the mainland to the north by the [[Brač Channel]], which is {{convert|5|to|13|km|0|abbr=on}} wide and down to 78m deep.<ref name="Brački kanal"/> To the north it faces [[Split, Croatia|Split]] and [[Omiš]]. To the east it is separated from the mainland by a continuation of the Brač channel, with distances between {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} at [[Baška voda]] up to {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} at [[Makarska]]. To the south it faces the neighbouring island of [[Hvar]], separated by the [[Hvar Channel]] with a maximal depth of 91m. The closest distance is between Murvica and the northern beaches of Hvar with less than {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}}, up to about {{convert|14|km|mi|abbr=on}} at the east and west ends of Brač. To the west, it is separated from the island of [[Šolta]] by the [[Split Gates]], which is about 800m wide. The uninhabited islet of [[Mrduja]] lies in the Split Gates. In an annual event, people from Brač and people from Šolta play a game of [[tug of war]] over the islet.

The island has been called the ''island without water'' ({{langx|hr|otok bez vode}}), but it does have a small number of sweet water springs. Most of the water needs to be brought from the mainland from the [[Cetina]] river through a pipe. An artificial tunnel has been built from the northern side of the island through the mountain to the south side, in order to allow the pipe to continue and serve not only Bol and Murvica, the two sole settlements on the southern side of the island, but also to continue to the neighbouring island Hvar.

The island is more rugged and mountainous than any of the other Dalmatian islands. The island's tallest peak, [[Vidova gora]], or Mount St. Vid, stands at {{convert|780|m|ft|abbr=on}},<ref name="Yearbook"/> making it the highest island point of the Adriatic islands.<ref name="Brač {{!}} island, Croatia"/> The south side of the island is  particularly steep, as the distance from the beach to the Vidova Gora peak in only about {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} – and {{convert|780|m|ft|sp=us}} up. The steepness of the south side makes the many natural bays hard to reach. Because of that, the south side of the island only has two settlements, [[Bol, Croatia|Bol]] and tiny [[Murvica, Split-Dalmatia County|Murvica]]. It also makes the south side particularly amenable for vineyards. The east of the island is a high plateau. Until the middle ages, most of the population lived inland.

[[File:Brac sa Smociguzice.JPG|thumb|center|800px|Southern side of Brač]]

=== Geology ===
The island is mostly made of [[limestone]], which has shaped the history and economy of the island. The limestone originated in the [[Cretaceous]] about 100 million years ago, but Brač became an island only after the last ice age, (within the last 12,000 years, in the [[Holocene]]). Due to erosion and sedimentation, the island also has [[sandstone]], [[breccia]], [[clay mineral|clay]], and [[terra rossa (soil)|terra rossa]].

=== Settlements ===
The twenty-two populated settlements of Brač are subdivided into eight municipal units (see [[#Administration|Administration]] below for more details). A number of small unincorporated settlements can be found in the Selca municipality, including Nadsela, Podsmrčevik, Osridke, Nakal, and Nagorinac. The island also has a number of abandoned settlements, such as Podhume, Smrka, Straževnik, Gradac, Dubravica i Mošuje, Podgračišće, and others. Other places of interest are the [[Blaca hermitage]] and [[Drakonjina špilja]].

{{Settlements of Brač|state=plain}}

=== Administration ===
[[File:Brač municipalities.png|thumb|Municipal borders on Brač]]

The island is administratively divided into eight units, one ''[[List of cities in Croatia|city]]'' (a type of municipal unit with a larger town) and seven [[Municipalities of Croatia|municipalities]]. These cover the twenty-two currently populated settlements of the island. Population numbers in the previous section are given per 2021 census. The island is part of the [[Split-Dalmatia County]], but is not represented there as a whole, only through its city and municipalities.

The division into seven municipalities and a city happened after the administrative reorganisation of Croatia following Croatian independence in 1991. Before that, Brač was a single municipality (''općina'') in Yugoslavia with Supetar as the seat of the municipality. Still today, many of the administrative duties for the other seven municipalities are delegated to the city of Supetar.

With the arrival of the Narentines in the seventh or eighth century, the now abandoned Gradac became the first administrative centre of Brač. Venice declared in the late tenth century that Nerežišća should become the administrative and governmental centre of Brač. In 1827 this role was given to Supetar by the Austro-Hungarian administration. The island was divided into 21 [[Cadastral community|cadastral communities]] by the Austro-Hungarian administration - corresponding to the currently existing settlements besides Ložišća, which was a part of Bobovišća. These cadastral communities were mostly preexisting administrative units and not introduced by the Austro-Hungarians.

In terms of the Roman Catholic church, the island has 23 parishes: one for each of the settlements, and an additional one for the [[hermitage Blaca]]. All parishes of Brač have been part of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hvar-Brač-Vis]], with the seat of the Bishop in [[Hvar (town)|Hvar]] since it was founded in 1145, and belonged previously to the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Split-Makarska|Diocese of Salona]].

== History ==
The Kopačina cave near Donji Humac is one of the oldest traces of human habitation in Dalmatia. And yet, Brač has been called ''island without history'' ({{lang|hr|otok bez povijest}}) by [[Vladimir Nazor]], easily the island's most well known author. Unlike all of the other larger islands, neither the Illyrians (who arrived in the 2nd millennium BCE), nor the Greek (4th century BCE), nor the Romans (1st century CE) have established a larger settlement on the island. It is only well after the Slavs settled (8th century) and the Venetians took over the administration of the island (10th century), that the island saw larger settlements and towns develop. First, Gradac was the administrative centre, which moved to Nerežišća between 937 and 1000, and finally Supetar in 1827.

The history of Brač follows mostly the [[history of Dalmatia]]. Who ruled the island changed frequently. Some, like Rome or Venice, ruled for centuries, others, like the Normans, for a single year. But independently of who ruled the island, the island had an internal autonomous administration as described in the statutes of Brač, which allowed the island to develop a certain continuity - independently of whether the island was ruled from Byzantium, Vienna, or Paris. More important were the constant attacks by pirates, particularly from the [[Narentines]] and later the [[Kačić family]] in [[Omiš]], which kept Brač in poverty and didn't allow for towns to develop along the coast well into the 15th century.

=== Prehistory (before the 3rd century BCE) ===
[[File:Illyrian walls, Skrip, Brac island, Croatia.jpg|thumb|Illyrian wall near Škrip]]

Archaeological findings in the [[Kopačina cave]] between Supetar and Donji Humac have been dated to the [[12th millennium BCE]]. These are some of the oldest traces of human habitation in Dalmatia.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968}} The findings show that the cave has been inhabited until the 3rd millennium BCE (although not continuously). Some of the artefacts have originated in the Dalmatian hinterland, showing that Brač was part of a trade network with the mainland. In the [[Stone Age]], the population seemed to have lived mostly inland.

In the second millennium BCE, the [[Illyrians]] moved in from the North and Northeast to the [[Balkans|Balkan peninsula]], including Brač. They replaced the previous population.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=38}}

In the [[Bronze Age]] and [[Iron Age]], it is assumed that numerous villages existed. Most of them seemed to have been in the eastern high plane of the island, and thus it is assumed that they lived on animal husbandry. Numerous simple fortifications, mostly built using [[dry stone]] constructions, indicate that the population was expecting to defend itself against attacks.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=38-39}}

In the 4th century BCE Greek colonisation spread over many Adriatic islands and along the coast, but none of them have been found on Brač. In Škrip, traditionally known as the oldest existing settlement on the island, old walls have been found built in the Greek style, but it would be the only Greek colony which has been built inland instead along the coast, which is why it is unlikely to be a Greek colony. It remains an open question whether Brač had any organised Greek colonies, and if it did not, why.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=43-44}} Nevertheless, Greeks visited the island and also traded with the [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] inhabitants. The toponomy of two of the southern bays still preserve the memory of such a trade: ''Farska'' (''Hvarska'' in modern Croatian, referring to the old colony of Pharos on [[Hvar]]) and ''Garška'' (''Grčka'' in modern Croatian, meaning Greek).

Brač lay on the crossroads of several trade routes from [[Salona]] (today [[Solin, Croatia|Solin]]) to [[Vis (island)|Issa]] (today Vis) and the [[Po River]].
Greek [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] were found in the bay of Vičja near [[Ložišća]] on the estate of the Rakela-Bugre brothers. Many of the objects belonging to this still unexamined site are now on display in the [[Split Archaeological Museum]].

=== Roman era (3rd century BCE-8th century CE) ===
[[File:Muzej otoka Brača 2017.jpg|thumb|Heracles relief, now in the Brač island museum in Škrip]]
Increased attacks from Illyrians on Greek colonies such as Pharos on neighbouring island Hvar and Roman trade routes lead to a time of upheaval and change that started with the [[Illyro-Roman Wars]] in 229 BCE and the establishment of a Roman protectorate covering the surrounding Greek colonies. Over the years, the area increasingly fell under [[Roman Empire|Roman rule]], with the establishment of the provinces of [[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]] and [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] 32-27 BCE, including Brač. More peaceful times finally began after 9 CE, following the end of the [[Bellum Batonianum|Great Illyrian uprising]].

[[Salona]] became the capital of the new Dalmatia province and, probably because of its proximity to Salona, Romans increased their usage of the island. Signs of Roman habitation are widespread, but they usually are limited to single [[Roman villa]]s, cisterns, and either near early quarries between [[Škrip]] and [[Splitska]] or near vineyards and olive orchards. Splitska became the most important harbour to carry stone to Salona and the whole of Dalmatia. It is likely that slaves had to work in the quarries, originally prisoners of wars, but later often from the local population. From 295 to 305 CE, [[Diocletian's Palace]] in Split was largely built with limestone that was quarried on Brač.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2007</ref> Also agriculture, especially wine and olives, began in the same era. But no larger town or municipality on Brač that was inhabited in the Roman era is known today.

Roman walls, villas, sarcophagi, cisterns, and tools for making wine, olive oil, and keeping sheep and goats have been found in or neat a number of today's coastal towns, such as Bol, Pučišća, Povlja, Supetar, Novo Selo, and the Lovrečina bay.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=47}} In the inland, particularly around Nerežišća, Škrip, Donji Humac, and Dračevica, wine, olives, and figs, as well as sheep and goats were grown. Near Škrip, inscriptions praising the god [[Liber]] have been found, near Donji Humac sarcophagi, and near Dračevica coins. [[Pliny the Elder]] mentions Brač as for its famous goats in his [[Natural History (Pliny)|''Naturalis Historia'']]. Numerous water reservoirs (''lokva'') date to that time, and are still in use.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=48}}

Some of the artefacts from the early time of Roman rule are devoted to numerous gods from a diverse set of pantheons, most frequently [[Heracles]]. Other divine beings for whom devotional objects have been found include [[Mithra]], [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Jupiter Dolichenus]] as a form of worship for [[Baal]], [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]], [[Neptune (mythology)|Neptune]], [[Silvanus (mythology)|Silvanus]], [[Pan (god)|Pan]], the [[Muses]], and [[Liber]].{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=49-50}} Christianity seemed to have arrived on the island only after [[Constantine the Great|Constantine's]] declaration of the [[Edict of Milan]]: old Christian churches from the fifth and early sixth century are known in Sutivan, the bay of Lovrečina, Saint Andrew (''Sveti Jadre'') above Splitska, and Saint Theodore (''Sveti Tudor'') near Nerežišća.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=50}} No pagan artefacts date newer than the arrival of Christianity on the island.

[[File:Ruins of St. Jadra church, Splitska - Škrip road, island of Brač 2017.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the fifth century church of ''Sv. Jadre'' (Saint Andrew) near Škrip]]

When the Roman empire split in 395 CE, Brač became a part of the Western Roman empire as part of Dalmatia. Roman rule over Brač and Dalmatia survived the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in 476 CE to the Gothic invasion, as emperor [[Julius Nepos|Nepos]] fled to Dalmatia. The Goths conquered Dalmatia after Nepos' assassination in 480 CE.

Gothic rule extended until 555, when [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman rule]] over Dalmatia and Brač was restored by [[Justinian I|Justinian]].{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=51}}

The [[Pannonian Avars]] sacked and destroyed [[Salona]] in 614{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=52}} (or 639, according to other sources) and Brač  became a refuge. The Dalmatian region and its shores were at this time settled by tribes of [[Croats]], a [[South Slavs|South Slavic]] people subservient to the Avar khagans,<ref name="jackson1887">{{Cite book |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |author=Thomas Graham Jackson |title=Dalmatia |date=1887 |chapter=Spalato |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/dalmatiaquarnero02jackuoft#page/n11/mode/2up |author-link=Thomas Graham Jackson}}</ref> but the Salonans fled to [[Split, Croatia|Split]], Brač and other islands. Tradition has it that Škrip was founded by refugee Salonans, but the town is actually older than that.

Split and other [[Dalmatian city-states]], together with Brač and other islands, became the remnants of the Roman province of Dalmatia. First, they recognised the rule of the [[Exarchate of Ravenna]], but after the end of the Exarchate due to the [[Lombards]], it became the predecessor to the [[Dalmatia (theme)|Theme of Dalmatia]], an independent unit recognising the supremacy of the Byzantine empire. Byzantine gold coins have been found near Nerežišća indicating Byzantine rule. This lasted through most of the seventh and eight century.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=53-54}}

=== Arrival of the Slavs (9th and 10th century) ===
[[File:Pagania9st.png|thumb|Pagania (Nerantia) in the 9th century]]

On the mainland, the South Slavic tribe of the [[Narentines]] had founded its own state in the seventh century. Sometime during the eighth or ninth century, the Narentines landed either in harbours near Selca on the east of Brač, or first went through Hvar and then landed on the ''Hrvaska'' bay (''Hrvatska'', Croatian bay) in the south-west of Brač. This is still noticeable in a lot of toponyms and even in the different dialects on the island, where the western part of the island retains many of the Roman elements, but the eastern part is more Slavic. By the ninth century, the Narentines had a solid rule over Brač. Brač and Hvar and surrounding islands were called the ''Narentine islands'' or ''Maronia''.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=54-56}}  The Narentines, also known as Paganians, were not Christian, bringing a pagan population back to Brač.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=57}} The Nerantines used Brač mostly for animal husbandry.

The likely administrative and political centre of Brač for the Narentines was Gradac, which is located between Gornji Humac and Selca on the Eastern plateau of Brač, and which was likely founded by Narentines shortly after their arrival. Today, only ruins are left of Gradac.

At the turn of the eighth to the ninth century, [[Charlemagne]] attacked and conquered much of Dalmatia, but not Brač or the other Narentine islands. Charlemagne returned Dalmatia to the Byzantine empire in 812 during the negotiations for the [[Pax Nicephori]].

The Narentines were frequently attacking Venetian ships. In 837, the Venetian Doge [[Pietro Tradonico]] came first to Split, and then to Brač and Hvar to find a way to stop the attacks, first with force, and then with diplomacy. In 839, Venice signed a treaty with the Narentine ''knez'' (duke) Družko (Drosaico), which was broken within a year.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=58}}

In 872, Saracene (Arab) raiders from [[Crete]] attacked Brač.<ref>''The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095'', Hilmar C. Krueger, '''A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years''', Vol.I, ed. Kenneth Meyer Setton, Marshall W. Baldwin, (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955), 49.</ref> It is unclear what exactly they attacked, as the sources speaks of a "{{lang|la|urbs Braciensem}}". Given that there still was no proper city, it may refer to the Vidova Gora as the highest point of the island, and thus to the area around today's Bol, or it might be a literal translation of Gradac.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrić |first=Nikša |date=1997 |title=The Early Mediaeval Civitates of the Central Dalmatian Islands Civitas, murorum menibus turriumque hedificiis munitus |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/137391 |journal=Starohrvatska Prosvjeta |volume=III |issue=24 |pages=149–161}}</ref>

Following the Christianisation of the Narentines in 878-880, Christianity on Brač got a new boost. Particularly the [[Benedictines]] started to become a dominant influence for the islands sacral life. Andrija Ciccarelli mentions seven monasteries on the island: St Mary (''Sv Marija'') in Postira, Mirje na Brigu near Postira, St Lawrence (''Sv Lovro'') in the Lovrečina bay, St Stephen (''Sv Stipan'') in Stipanska luka (Stephen's harbour) in today's Pučišća, St Andrew (''Sv Jadre'') near Nerežišća, and one in Povlja (likely St John the baptist, ''Sv Ivan Krstitelj'') and near Murvica (possibly the Dragon's cave, ''[[Drakonjina špilja]]'').{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=61}}A number of old Croatian churches were built during the ninth to the twelfth century: St Nicholas (''Sv Nikola'') above Selca, St Michael (''Sv Mihovil'') above Dol, St Elias (''Sv Ilija'') near Donji Humac, St George (''Sv Juraj'') near Nerežišća, St Clement (''Sv Kliment'') near Pražnica, St John and Theodore (''Sv Ivan i Teodor'') in Bol, St George (''Sv Juraj'') in Straževnik, St Cosmas and Damian (''Sv Kuzma i Damjan'') above Smrčevik, Holy Sunday (''Sv Nedija'') above Gradac, All Saints (''Svi Sveti'') near Gornji Humac belonging to the village of Mošuja and Dubravica.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=62}}

Dujam Hranković lists a number of old Croatian towns on the eastern plateau of Brač, which do not exist today anymore: Gradac, Mošuje and Dubravica, Straževnik, Pothume, and Podgračišće. The houses of that time usually had one single, rectangular room, were built with dry wall construction, with the door facing south. They often feature the tools necessary for animal husbandry, have a cistern, a fireplace, an oven, olive mills, wine presses, and wheat grinder.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=62-63}}

Around 923, [[Tomislav of Croatia]], Byzantine Emperor [[Constantine VII]] and the two church patriarchs were involved a deal that transferred the control of the Byzantine Dalmatian cities to the new [[Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)|Croatian kingdom]], which according to Vrsalović included Brač.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=59}} But following Tomislav's death, Croatia weakened, and in the 940s, the islands of Brač and Hvar seceded during [[Pribina, Ban of Croatia|Ban Pribina]]'s rebellion and rejoined the Narentine state.

=== The end of Byzantine claim (1000-1186) ===
In 1000 CE, the Venetian doge [[Pietro II Orseolo]] decided to finally pacify Dalmatia and the Narentines. Venice conquered Brač in the same year, and according to the Brač chronicler Andrea Ciccarelli, they immediately built a palace in Nerežišća to serve as a court, for administration, as an archive, and for council meetings. This moved the centre of power from the Slavic Gradac in the east of the island to the Roman Nerežišća. Nerežišća remained the administrative centre of the island for more than eight centuries, until 1823 when the Austro-Hungarian empire moved it to Supetar.

Doge Pietro II Orseolo also received [[Stephen I of Croatia|Stephen]] as a hostage, the son of the Croatian king [[Svetoslav Suronja]]. Stephen later married the daughter of the Doge, Joscella Orseolo. Their son Peter followed Stephen to become King of Croatia in 1058, as [[Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia|Peter Krešimir IV]]. Early in his reign, Peter expanded Croatia to its largest extend, also including Brač and the other islands.

An attack by [[Italo-Normans|Normans from the south of Italy]] in 1075 lead to the capture of a number of Dalmatian cities and islands, including Brač. The Normans were invited by the Dalmatian cities in order to protect them from Croatian influence. Venice attacked and conquered the Norman possessions in 1076.<ref>N. Klaić, I. Petricioli, ''Zadar u srednjem vijeku do 1409.'', Filozofski fakultet Zadar, 1976</ref>

In 1102, [[Coloman, King of Hungary]] unified the crown of Hungary with the crown of Croatia. The ''Life of St Christopher the Martyr'' says that a Hungarian fleet subjugated several Dalmatian islands, including Brač.{{sfn|Stephenson|2000|p=199}}{{sfn|Font|2001|p=66}} In 1107, [[Alexios I Komnenos|emperor Alexios I]] gave the [[Dalmatia (theme)|Dalmatian theme]], including Brač, to Coloman to administer in the name of the Byzantine empire. The fleet of Venice, commanded by Doge [[Ordelafo Faliero]], invaded Dalmatia in August 1115 and retook the islands.{{sfn|Stephenson|2000|p=203}}{{sfn|Makk|1989|p=17}} In an attack in either 1117 or 1118, during which Doge Ordelafo Faliero himself died, the Hungarians retook Dalmatia.{{sfn|Makk|1989|p=17}} The new doge, [[Domenico Michele]], invaded and reconquered Dalmatia.{{sfn|Makk|1989|p=19}} In 1124, [[Stephen II of Hungary]] invaded Dalmatia, but were reconquered by Venetia soon after.{{sfn|Makk|1989|p=20}} Either Stephen II's son [[Béla II of Hungary|Béla II]] in 1136,{{sfn|Stephenson|2000|p=227}}{{sfn|Makk|1989|p=35}} but latest his son [[Géza II of Hungary|Géza II]] in 1142,{{sfn|Makk|1989|p=36}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=175}}{{sfn|Stephenson|2000|p=226}} again regained sovereignty over Split and other parts of Dalmatia for Hungary.

In the 1140s, Split was under Hungarian control, and Brač and Hvar were under Venetian control, probably recently conquered. Venice asked the Catholic church to establish Brač and Hvar as its own diocese and take it off from Split and thus Hungarian control. Venice further arranged for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zadar|diocese of Zadar]] (which was under Venetian control) to be raised to an archdiocese, and for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Hvar-Brač-Vis|newly formed diocese of the islands]] to be subject to Zadar. In 1147, Brač and Hvar elected Marin Manzavin from Zadar to become the first Bishop of Hvar, and they chased archpriest Cernat from Split off the island.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=68}} Soon after a palace in Bol was available for the Bishop, where he could reside when he was on Brač. The leader of the church of Brač was the archpriest in Nerežišća, elected by the priests of the island's parishes and confirmed by the bishop in Hvar.

In 1145, pirates from [[Omiš]] under the [[Kačić family]] attacked Brač for the first time. This seems to be a continuation of the pirate attacks of the Narentines, who were located in the same area. The attack robbed the Benedictine abbey in Povlja, and killed the monks. In the following decades, the attacks by Omiš pirates would increase in frequency, suppressing any development of towns along the coast of Brač.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=69-70}}

In 1164, Byzantine emperor [[Manuel I Komnenos]] started a war against King [[Stephen III of Hungary]] and succeeds in gaining control over Dalmatia, letting Venice administer the area. Counterattacks by Stephen are withouts success. Only after the death of emperor Manuel I in 1180, Stephen's brother and successor as King of Hungary, [[Béla III of Hungary|Béla III]], was able to [[Byzantine–Hungarian War (1180–1185)|take control]] of Dalmatia again, seemingly without bloodshed and with support of Byzantine authorities, who seemed to now prefer Hungarian over Venetian rule.{{sfn|Fine|1991|p=289}} A peace treaty was signed in 1186 between Béla III and emperor [[Isaac II Angelos]],{{sfn|Makk|1989|p=120}} which led to the empire formally giving up its claim over Dalmatia.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=67}}

A document from 1184 survived as a copy, the [[Charter of Povlja]] written in 1250. This is one of the oldest Croatian linguistic records. It discusses some landownership of the Benedictine monaster of St John in Povlja. It mentions the roles of the ''[[Knyaz|knez]]'' (lord or prince) of Brač (a certain Brečko), the ''[[župan]]'' (administrative head, elder), a judge, and bailiffs. Vrsalović thinks it likely that this administrative structure is rooted already in Narentine times and had endured and evolved throughout the many changes and conquests of the island.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=60}} The island was never rich or strategically interesting enough to justify serious intervention. When the ruler of the island changed, the new rulers often simply confirmed the statutes of Brač and the freedoms and rights of the islanders. Sometimes they even negotiated for more rights.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=66}} The fact that the document was written in Croatian, and not in Latin or Hungarian, is also a testament to the autonomy of the island, which was developed independently and peacefully despite the wars waged by Hungary, Venice, and Byzantium.

=== Hungarian rule 1180s-1278 ===
With Béla III controlling Zadar, Split, Hvar and Brač, the Archbishop of Split intervened with the Pope for the Diocese of Hvar and Brač to be moved from Zadar to Split. The Papal legate Thebaldus ruled in 1181 in favour of Split, but Zadar didn't want to give up so lightly. After the death of the first bishop Martin Manzavin, the islands elected his nephew Nicolas as the new bishop, but the Metropolitan of Split didn't confirm Nicloas. Nicolas went to [[Verona]] to [[Pope Lucius III]], who confirmed him directly. [[Pope Celestine III]] decided with a [[papal bull]] in 1192 that the diocese of Hvar should be subject to the Archdiocese of Split. Nicolas remained Bishop of Hvar until 1198, when he assumed the vacant Archbishopry in Zadar, against the will of [[Pope Innocent III|Pope Innocence III]], for which Nicolas was suspended.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=68-69}}>

In 1217, Béla's son and, King [[Andrew II of Hungary]], landed the southern side of Brač near today's Bol on his way to the [[Fifth Crusade]]. He was greeted by the Lord of Brač (''knez''), representatives of the Brač council, and the Bishop of Hvar.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=69}}

In the meantime, the pirate attacks from the Omiš' Kačić family became worse. In 1220, Brač pleaded for help from King Andrew II. The king answered with an order to ''knez'' Malduč Kačić to cease the attacks, threatening his whole family. In 1221, [[Pope Honorius III]] sent legate Aconcius to prevent piracy, and in 1222, the pope sought help from residents of Dubrovnik against the Omiš pirates.{{sfn|Majnarić (HBL)|2005}}

In 1221, King Andrew II gifts the islands of Brač, Hvar, Korčula, and Lastovo to Henry and Servidon [[Frankopan family|Frankopan]] in recognition for their services. It is unclear in what way and for how long they enjoyed their gift, but before 1240 Brač had elected Osor Kačić as their new ''knez'' (Lord), and on neighbouring Hvar had his brother Pribislav as ''knez''. Brač and Hvar hoped that by having the sons of ''knez'' Malduč Kačić rule over the island, the pirate attacks would cease. But Osor didn't accept the statutes of Brač, but he demanded full control of the island. The people of Brač started conspiring with Garganus, the [[potestas]] of Split, and promised him that a person from Split would become the new ''knez'' if Split helped Brač against Osor Kačić. In 1240, Split starts a war against Omiš, and although the attack on Omiš is without success, they manage to capture Brač.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=70-71}} On May 19, 1240, Brač formally recognises the Split rule.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=73}}

This did not last long. The son and successor of Andrew II, King [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]], had to flee from his capital when [[Mongols]] attacked Hungary. [[Kadan]], a son of Great Khan [[Ögedei Khan|Ögödei]], chased Béla from town to town in Dalmatia.{{sfn|Tanner|2010|p=21}}{{sfn|Curta|2006|pp=409, 411}} Béla took refugee in Split, but was unhappy with his welcome in the city,{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=73}} and then left for the well-fortified [[Trogir]].{{sfn|Tanner|2010|p=21}} Before Kadan laid siege to Trogir in March, news arrived of the Great Khan's death.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=100}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=149}} [[Batu Khan]] wanted to attend at the election of Ögödei's successor with sufficient troops and ordered the withdrawal of all Mongol forces.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|pp=267–268}}{{sfn|Cartledge|2011|p=30}} Béla, who was grateful to Trogir, granted it lands near [[Split, Croatia|Split]], causing a lasting conflict between the two Dalmatian towns,{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=150–151}} and also took Brač away from Split and granted it to Hvar on May 10, 1242.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=73}}

The quarrel between Split and Trogir escalated to an armed conflict in 1244, and Brač, indebted to Split for the help against Osor Kačić, joined Split. Eventually, Trogir won that conflict, and on March 3, 1253 they signed a peace treaty and had to pay 100 lira to Trogir.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=74}}

One night in July 1277, Omiš pirates landed in the bay of St George (''Sv Juraj'') on the northern side of the island, and proceeded all the way to Nerežišća. There they laid fire to the buildings of the Brač administration. This also destroyed the archives of the island, so that most of the early documentation about the history of Brač was lost.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=74}}

=== Venetian rule 1278-1358 ===
[[File:Statutes of Brač.jpg|thumb|Statutes of Brač]]

Following this attack, and the obvious inability of the Hungarian king to stop the incessant pirate attacks, the people of Brač and Hvar sent Šimun (''Simon''), Bishop of Hvar and Brač, to Venice to negotiate that the two islands would come under the supremacy of Venice, in return for protection. On April 1, 1278, the Great council of Venice votes to accept the plea.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=74}} Venetian administration took over on July 21, 1278, with the ''knez'' being appointed by Venice, originally for four years, but that was shortened to two years after the term of the first Venetian expired in 1282.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=77}}

Venice took the task of protecting Brač more serious. In 1280 they attacked and conquered Omiš itself, in order to stop the attacks, but the pirates managed to flee from the Venetians, and continued their attacks on Brač, Hvar, and now Omiš itself as well.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=76}} In 1282, one armed ship with eighty oars was assigned to Brač and Hvar. But the attacks continued, and Venice ordered on September 22, 1292 that Nerežišća, as the administrative capital, should be fortified with a wall, but that never happened. In 1294, another devastating attack on the monastery in Povlja happened.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=77}}

Due to the 1277 attack on and fire in Nerežišća, Brač was left without a written form of its statutes (laws). On bequest of the Brač nobility, ''knez'' [[Marino Faliero|Marino Falerio]] (who later became Doge of Venice) ordered in 1305 for the statutes of Brač to be rewritten. Copies of the statutes are preserved.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=78}}

As the Venetian rule didn't lead to the peace that Brač hoped for, Brač stopped recognising ''knez'' [[Giovanni Soranzo]] (who later became Doge of Venice) in 1309, and thus Venetian supremacy. Venice orders the ''knez'' of Zadar and the ''knez'' of Dubrovnik to come to the help to the ''knez'' of Brač, which leads to a proper uprising in 1310 under the lead of the family Slavogost and with help from Omiš. Juraj Slavogost is elected as captain by the nobility of Brač, whereas Venice sends Andrea Goro as the new ''knez''. Goro and his troops manage to capture Slavogost, and send him to Venice, thus retaining the islands under Venetian control.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=77}}

In 1317, Venice gives to more ships to Brač and Hvar, one with thirty oars, the other with seventy to eighty oars. In 1334, another ship with eighty oars is given, another in 1346. The pirate attacks could not be stopped, and in the second half of the fourteenth century the monastery in Povlja was abandoned.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=78}}

Brač lived on agriculture and animal husbandry, forestry, stone quarrying, and trade with the nearby islands and coastal towns.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=115}} Wheat and lentils were scarce, and there was not enough of it to feed the population of the island. Therefore their export was prohibited. Agricultural produce included wheat, oat, olives, figs, pears, apples, walnuts, mulberries, and other fruits.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=119}} Animal husbandry focused mostly on sheep and goats, but also a few cows and bulls, mules, and donkeys.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=121}} In order to help with having enough water, artificial pools (called ''lokva'' in Croatian, ''lacus clausus'' in Latin) were created, mostly in the eastern plateau. Around the end of the 14th and early in the 15th century, beekeeping also started to develop. Fishery was not developed, mostly due to the pirate situation.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=123}}

=== Hungarian rule 1358-1420 ===

In 1356, King [[Louis I of Hungary]] marched against Dalmatia, and he quickly conquered many towns and islands. With the [[Treaty of Zadar]] on February 18, 1358, Brač returned under Hungarian rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bol.hr/discover-bol/history-of-bol-en4|title=Bol - History of Bol - Discover Bol|website=www.bol.hr|access-date=2019-09-18}}</ref>{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=82}}{{sfn|Solymosi|Körmendi|1981|p=215}}

Louis names Jakov de Cessani to be new ''knez'' of Brač and Hvar, adding Korčula to his possessions in 1362. The territories of the ''knez'' grow in the following decades, and the individual islands, including Brač, get a ''vikar'' to administer them locally. The ''knez'' is usually also a Hungarian admiral. Split immediately asked for Brač to become a part of Split, but the [[Ban of Croatia]] did not accept the request.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=82-83}}

The oldest mention of the [[plague (disease)|plague]] reaching Brač is from 1360, but on this first time it was stopped swiftly. It would return to Brač repeatedly, often doing considerable damage. In the same year, the island also suffered a large swarm of locusts, fortunately after the harvest.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=83}}

With the successors of King Louis I, Hungary weakened. King [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia]] used that weakness, attacked King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund of Hungary]] in Croatia and Dalmatia in 1389, and in 1390, together with the whole region, Brač accepted [[Kingdom of Bosnia|Bosnian rule]].<ref>Naklada Naprijed, ''The Croatian Adriatic Tourist Guide'', pg. 190, Zagreb (1999), {{ISBN|953-178-097-8}}</ref> Three members of the Brač nobility, Juraj Dujmov, Nikša Petruli, and Miajlo Baloj, traveled to the court of King Tvrtko in [[Kraljeva Sutjeska]] to ask him to confirm the rights and statutes of Brač, which he did on September 23, 1390.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=84}} Tvrtko died in the following year, in 1391, and his brother and successor, King [[Dabiša of Bosnia|Stephen Dabiša]] was forced to give up the claims over Croatia and Dalmatia back to King Sigismund of Hungary in 1393.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=84-85}}

In 1403, [[Ladislaus of Naples]] attacked and conquered [[Zadar]] and was crowned King of Hungary on August 5, 1403. His rule did not extend beyond some parts of Dalmatia. A delegation from Brač, Nikša Petruli and Mihovil Baloević, traveled to Zadar in order to get the statute of Brač confirmed, which King Ladislaus did on August 14, 1403. He gifted the island to Alviz and Guidona de Matafaris, and he returned to Naples the same year. Before he left, he raised [[Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić]] as the Duke of Split and his deputy for Dalmatia, including Brač.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=85}}

For 1405, Dujam Hranković lists in the chronicle ''"Opis otoka Brača"'' (Description of the island Brač) the following settlements: in the East, Gornji Humac, Straževnik, Podhume, Mošuljica, Dubravica, Gradac, and Podgračišće (of which only one, Gornji Humac, still survived to the seventeenth century); in the centre Pražnice and Dol, and in the West Donji Humac, Nerežišća, and Škrip (of which all settlements survived).{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=107}} Other settlements were left before 1405 mostly due to pirate attacks, which includes the abbey in Povlja, Stipanska luka and Dolac in today's Pučišća, Bol and the buildings of the bishop, and Rasohatica on the South.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=1}} The chronicle states that the island has a population of about 6,000.

In 1408, after King Sigismund managed to beat the Bosnian army, Hrvoje allies with Sigismund and so retains control over Dalmatia. Ladislaus then sells Brač and all of Dalmatia to Venice for 100,000 Ducats on September 9, 1409, but the power over Dalmatia remains with Duke Hrvoje and thus King Sigismund. On June 17, 1413, King Sigismund removes the islands, including Brač, from the control of Duke Hrvoje and gives them to the [[Republic of Ragusa|Republic of Dubrovnik]], to administer them in his name. King Sigismund informs the people of Brač on June 25, 1414 about the new, temporary arrangement. Split also wanted to get Brač, and offered King Sigismund two galleys, but the King preferred Dubrovnik's offer of 200 ducats every year.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=86-87}}

=== Venetian rule 1420-1797 ===
[[File:Treaty between Brač and the Venetian republic, 1420.jpg|thumb|Treaty between Brač and the Venetian republic, where Venice recognized the statutes of Brač (''privilegium Braçe'') and Brač the supremacy of Venice, November 22, 1420]]

Venice still aimed to make good on the sale of Dalmatia by Ladislaus of Naples. When King Sigismund of Hungary became busy with the Turkish attacks and internal Hungarian strife, Venice sent captain-general [[Pietro Loredan (admiral)|Pietro Loredan]] to conquer Dalmatia. Brač was conquered in August 1420, and on November 22, 1420, doge [[Tommaso Mocenigo]] of Venice confirmed the statutes of Brač to the supplicants.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=88}} This did not stop the ongoing attacks on Brač from Omiš, so that a representation from Brač demanded protection from doge [[Francesco Foscari]],{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=132}} but the attacks from Omiš and Makarska would not be stop until the [[Kačić family]] of Omiš sought to become vassals themselves of Venice in 1452.{{sfn|Majnarić (HBL)|2005}} Only with the end of the incessant attacks, people started settling on the coast.

[[File:Brac-Hafen.jpg|thumb|[[Supetar]] harbour]]

The [[Black Death]] hit Brač 1425-1427 and then again 1434-1436. For 1405, Hranković mentions in his chronicles that Brač has a population of 6,000 - but after the pandemic, only 2,000 people were still living on the island.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Toponomija otoka Brača|last=Šimunović|first=Petar|publisher=Skupština općine Brač, Savjet za prosvjetu i kulturu|year=1972|location=Supetar|pages=112}}</ref>{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=134}}

After the [[Ottoman Empire]] conquered Bosnia and the death of [[Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia|King Stephen II]] in 1463, the Bosnian ''vojvod'' Ivan and [[Vladislav Hercegović]] were fleeing from the Ottomans. They asked Venice for Brač, but the Venetian Senate declined and instead gave them a house in Split and an annual income of 200 [[Ducat#Gold ducat of Venice|Ducats]].{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=132}}

Over the coming decades, Brač was recognized by the Venetian doges for the military help they offered to cities such as Split and Omiš, who were under attack by the Ottomans, despite being so poor. Doge [[Leonardo Loredan]] mentions in 1511 that Brač sent 22 ships and 400 fighting men to help Split.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=133}} In 1535 though, the council of nobles in Nerežišća elected Trifo Martinić to represent the island in front of the Venetian Senate and decline their request to build ships, due to the latest bouts of the plague that lead to a large loss of life on the island.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=134}} In 1536, a campaign of [[uskoks]] led by [[Petar Kružić]] also looted on Brač.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=145}}

Fewer attacks on the island itself allowed finally for the coast of Brač to be settled.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=134}} This was sped up by the new settlements sympathising with the uskoks and further reducing attacks. Later the growth was further encouraged by the Venetian doges, who gave nobel refugees, such as the Čikarelović-Kukretić family (who later renamed Ciccarelli), money and tax relief.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zontar |first=Joze |date=5–8 August 1969 |title=Tracing Ancestry of Yugoslavs and Czechoslovakians, Part I:Research in Yugoslavia |url=http://files.lib.byu.edu/family-history-library/research-outlines/Europe/Yugoslavia.pdf |journal=World Conference on Records and Genealogical Seminar |publication-place=Salt lake City, Utah |pages=157}}</ref> The Venetian representatives reported in the 1550s, that Brač had twelve settlements, none of them fortified, and all inland. Six of them (Nerežišće as the main village, as well as Donji Humac, Dol, Pražnice, Mošulje and Gradac) had their own judge. They list 21 bays, and say that seven of them had a few houses. These become the seeds for the future settlements Bol, Sutivan, Supetar, Splitska, Postira, Pučišća, and Povlja.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=135}} A Venetian report from 1579 lists all of these as settlements (Bol with a population of more than 400 even), but neglects to list Straževnik, Mošuje, Dubravac, Gradac, and Podgračišće, which we can assume have been abandoned by then. Today, only ruins of those can be found on the eastern plateau of the island.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=136}}

On 18 April 1596, Juraj Lenković, general of the Croatian Krajina, pleaded pope [[Clement VIII]] to send him relief troops to Postira and Sutivan on Brač, in order to help them fight for Klis against the Turkish occupation. 80 uskoks from Brač joined the attack on [[Klis]] against the wishes of Venice, who were aiming to have a peace with the Turks. They couldn't hold the fortress long. A reserve of 300 uskos was kept on Brač afterwards, who in turn now were attacking Turkish positions into the early 1600s,{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=146}} before a peace between Venice and Turks has been achieved.

The peace held until the [[Cretan War (1645-1669)|War of Candia]]. Refugees from the Makarska area and from Bosnia and Hercegovina settled particularly on the Eastern part of Brač. Already in 1645, a number of families founded Vrhbrač, near the ruins of a small church of [[Martin of Tours|St. Martin]]. Vrhbrač was later called [[Sumartin]].{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=150}} Although the older families complained about the refugees, the Venetian administration protected them and gave them privileges, in the hope that they would provide soldiers in their ongoing war with the Turks. The new settlers were usually dealing directly with the Venetian administration instead of the Brač council. But Venetian mismanagement and corruption have left the island even poorer than usual. A Venetian request in 1667 for 70 soldiers could only be partially fulfilled with 40 soldiers.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=149}} The privileges of the new settlers were upheld until the French reign more than a hundred years later.{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=151}}

=== Austria-Hungary 1797-1918 ===
[[File:Franz Josef bridge on Brač.jpg|thumb|The only bridge of Brač, dedicated to emperor Franz Josef of Austria]]Venice ruled for more than four centuries, until 1797, when the [[Habsburg monarchy]] annexed most of its territory in a deal with Napoleonic France. The official language was Latin.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Brač was conquered by the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] for a short time in 1806. In 1807, Prince-Bishop [[Petar I Petrović-Njegoš|Petar I Njegoš]] of [[Montenegro]] managed to seize Brač with the help of the [[Russian Empire|Russia]]n navy, however already at the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815 the island was returned to the [[Austrian Empire]]. In 1827, the administrative center of Brač moved from Nerežišća to Supetar. Brač was incorporated into the [[Austria]]n [[crownland]] of Dalmatia from and became a part of [[Cisleithania]] of the [[Monarchy]] of [[Austria-Hungary]] from 1867. After the fall of Austria-Hungary 1918, Brač became part of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], or Yugoslavia since 1929. In 1939 an autonomous [[Croatian Banate]] was created that included the island.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Povlja Brac Croatia.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Povlja in the evening]]

=== Since 1918 ===
The population of the island drastically decreased from about 40,000 people in the beginning of the 20th century to about 13,000 at the end of the 20th century. This was due to heavy emigration, mostly to [[Latin America]], especially [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]], and to [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]]. The emigration continued during the whole century, only later generations preferring to move to European countries, especially [[Germany]]. Among others, the [[Chile]]an writer  [[Antonio Skármeta]] is descended from such immigrants, as well as, the current president of Chile, [[Gabriel Boric]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sprečić |first=Elvis |date=2021-12-22 |title=Rođakinja čileanskog predsjednika otkrila i njegove bračke korijene: 'Zbog gladi su morali u svijet' |url=https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/tena-perisin-rodakinja-je-novog-cileanskog-lidera-gabriela-pratimo-otkad-je-vodio-prosvjede-1549384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222180954/https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/tena-perisin-rodakinja-je-novog-cileanskog-lidera-gabriela-pratimo-otkad-je-vodio-prosvjede-1549384 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=[[Večernji list]]}}</ref> Most of the emigration was caused due to dwindling economic opportunities on the island, particularly due to [[phylloxera]] causing huge economic losses on the vineyards.

In 1941 [[Italy during World War II|Italian]] forces occupied the island. In the mountainous regions of the island, native rebels fought a quite effective [[guerrilla war]], but the occupiers answered harshly with arrests and executions. After the Italian capitulation in 1943, [[Wehrmacht|German troops]] occupied the island on January 12 and 13 of 1944, but in July they were defeated.<ref>[http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=7534 Operation "Morgenwind I"]</ref> Selca and six other towns on Brač were burned in August 9, which is said to have burned for three days and three nights. [[Yugoslav Partisans]] and their allies landed on Bol [[September 12]], and started an offensive. German troops barricaded themselves in [[Sumartin]] on the eastern end of the island, with the goal to keep control of the [[Brač Channel|Brač channel]]. The last large battle occurred on Mount ''Sveti Nikola'' between Selca and Sumartin on September 17. More than 700 people on Brač lost their lives.<ref>[https://web-arhiva.skole.hr/os-selca/skola/povijest.html Povijest osnovne škole Selca]</ref> The island was freed on September 18, 1944.<ref>[https://www.antifasisticki-vjesnik.org/hr/kalendar/9/18/88/ Oslobodjen Brač]</ref> The school in Selca, not far from the battlefield, was named {{lang|hr|"18. Rujna"}} (September 18), but has been renamed since.

As part of Croatia it became part of the [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], until Croatia gained its independence in 1991, receiving recognition in 1992. The [[Croatian War of Independence]] was barely fought on the island (there was a brief bombing of Milna), but the aftermath of the war, especially the loss in tourism, was disastrous for the island. Only now is the island regenerating from the decade-long drainage of its most important revenue.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

==Demographics==
As of the 2021 census, the island has a population of 13,931. Most of the population is Croatian (95.3%) and Roman Catholic (83.5%).<ref name="census2021" /> Over the last few decades, the population is increasingly concentrating in the largest city, Supetar, whereas many of the smaller settlements are getting even smaller. The birth rate was 8.8 births per 1000 in the 2010s.<ref name="census2021">{{Cite Q|Q110945262}}</ref> Women over 15 have given birth to 1.6 children on average.<ref name="census2021">{{Cite Q|Q110945262}}</ref>

{{Historical populations
| title= Population of Brač
| align = none
| direction = horizontal
| 1405 |6,000
| 1436 |2,000
| 1503 |5,000
| 1559 |2,000
| 1589 |2,500
| 1771 |10,986
| 1857 |16,022
| 1869 |17,330
| 1880 |19,969
| 1890 |22,650
| 1900 |23,708
| 1910 |22,969
| 1921 |19,339
| 1931 |17,331
| 1948 |14,664
| 1953 |14,703
| 1961 |14,227
| 1971 |12,612
| 1981 |12,008
| 1991 |12,807
| 2001 |14,031
| 2011 |13,956
| 2021 |13,931
|source = 1405-1559,{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=134-135}} 1589-2011,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Nakićen |first1=Jelena |last2=Čuka |first2=Anica |date=2016-12-30 |title=Demografski razvoj otoka Brača i sklonost otočana iseljavanju |journal=Migracijske i etničke teme |language=hr |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=319–351 |doi=10.11567/met.32.3.2 |issn=1333-2546|doi-access=free }}</ref> 2021<ref name="census2021">{{Cite Q|Q110945262}}</ref>
}}

{{Croatian population data graph|censuses=|p1405=6000 |p1436=2000 |p1503=5000 |p1559=2000 |p1589=2500 |p1771=10986 |p1857=16022 |p1869=17330 |p1880=19969 |p1890=22650 |p1900=23708 |p1910=22969 |p1921=19339 |p1931=17331 |p1948=14664 |p1953=14703 |p1961=14227 |p1971=12612 |p1981=12008 |p1991=12807 |p2001=14031 |p2011=13956 |p2021=13931 |title=Population development|entity=Island of Brač|sources=1405-1559,{{sfn|Vrsalović|1968|p=134-135}} 1589-2011,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Nakićen |first1=Jelena |last2=Čuka |first2=Anica |date=2016-12-30 |title=Demografski razvoj otoka Brača i sklonost otočana iseljavanju |journal=Migracijske i etničke teme |language=hr |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=319–351 |doi=10.11567/met.32.3.2 |issn=1333-2546|doi-access=free }}</ref> 2021<ref name="census2021">{{Cite Q|Q110945262}}</ref>}}

{{Population pyramid
|year=2021<ref name="census2021" />
|m0=2.3 |m5=2.4 |m10=2.3 |m15=2.1 |m20=2.0 |m25=2.5 |m30=2.8 |m35=3.5 |m40=3.2 |m45=3.1 |m50=3.0 |m55=3.4 |m60=4.0 |m65=4.2 |m70=3.9 |m75=2.1 |m80=1.8 |m85=1.1
|f0=2.0 |f5=2.0 |f10=2.3 |f15=1.9 |f20=2.1 |f25=2.5 |f30=3.1 |f35=3.0 |f40=2.8 |f45=2.9 |f50=3.0 |f55=3.9 |f60=4.0 |f65=4.1 |f70=4.1 |f75=2.3 |f80=2.4 |f85=1.9
|mmax=4.2
|fmax=4.2
}}

Of the population 15 or older, 2.4% did not finish elementary education (8th grade) and 16.2% finished elementary education. 59.6% finished secondary education. 21.8% finished higher education, including 0.26% (31 people) who have a doctorate of science.<ref name="census2021">{{Cite Q|Q110945262}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Island Brac (20352881533).jpg|thumb|Beach on Brač during the summer.]]
The economy of Brač is based mostly on [[tourism]], [[fishing]] and [[agriculture]], and its white limestone.

=== Primary sector: agriculture, fishing, and stone quarrying ===
In agriculture, especially [[wine]] and [[olive]]s are important. Olive oil from Brač has a [[protected designation of origin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title="Brač olive oil" receives the European label of origin |url=https://supetar.hr/news/brac-olive-oil-receives-the-european-label-of-origin/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Bračko maslinovo ulje |url=https://www.tmdn.org/giview/gi/EUGI00000017280}}</ref> ''Varenik'', a syrup made from a local grape variety, is a protected geographical indication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Brački varenik |url=https://www.tmdn.org/giview/gi/EUGI00000016632}}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] commented that Brač was famous for its goats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pliny the Elder |title=Natural Histories |volume=3 |chapter=30}}</ref>
[[File:Nepristupačna plaža Lovrečina kod Postire na Braču.JPG|thumb|Lovrečina Beach near [[Postira]]]]

The famous Brač white limestone has been quarried for millennia. It was used in building [[Diocletian's Palace]] in [[Split, Croatia|Split]], [[Banovina (Novi Sad)|Banovina Palace]] in [[Novi Sad]], and the [[Canadian National Vimy Memorial]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sppa_IWNmosC&dq=brac+stone+white+house&pg=PA127 Fabijančić, Tony; Croatia: Travels in Undiscovered Country p. 127; University of Alberta, 2003] {{ISBN|0-88864-397-7}}</ref> The limestone is also claimed to have been used in the [[White House]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaplan |first=Robert D. |title=Adriatic : a concert of civilizations at the end of the modern age |date=2022 |isbn=978-0-399-59104-4 |edition=First |location=New York |oclc=1253441227 |page=200}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Yugoslavs Claim Bit Of White House|url = http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1986-11-09/features/8603090262_1_white-house-brac-stone|website = tribunedigital-sunsentinel|access-date = 2015-12-05|archive-date = 2017-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051608/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1986-11-09/features/8603090262_1_white-house-brac-stone|url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Secondary sector: energy ===
The island consumes about 90 GWh of energy per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brač {{!}} Clean energy for EU islands |url=https://clean-energy-islands.ec.europa.eu/countries/croatia/brac |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=clean-energy-islands.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Most of the energy is provided through a power cable coming from the mainland, but recently two solar parks (SPP Pelegrin I and SPP Gornji Humac) east of Gornji Humac have started construction. Both have a nominal power of 9.9 MW. SPP Pelegrin I is expected to produce 15 GWh and SPP Gornji Humac is expected to produce 20 GWh. Their construction (together with SPP Gradac on the mainland, which also has 9.9 MW power) cost 35.3 Million Euro. They are operated by Encro d.o.o.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solis Solar Portfolio |url=https://www.ebrd.com/home/work-with-us/projects/psd/53183.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=www.ebrd.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tertiary sector: tourism ===
Brač was open to tourism already since the first half of the 20th century: in 1938, 2,850 tourists were registered. Following the second world war these numbers grew quickly: more than 30,000 tourists visited each year in the 1960s, and it found its preliminary high point just before the Croatian War of Independence, in 1989 and 1990, with more than 115,000 tourists, before it crashed down during the war to only 9,400 in 1992.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kuveždić |first=Hrvoje |date=1999 |title=Razvoj i suvremeno stanje turizma na otoku Braču |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/125977 |journal=Acta Geographica Croatica |volume=34 |pages=127–140}}</ref> Before the COVID pandemic significantly reduced the number of tourists, Brač counted 244,000 tourists in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Turizam u brojkama 2019. |trans-title=Tourism in numbers 2019 |url=https://www.htz.hr/sites/default/files/2020-07/HTZ%20TUB%20HR_%202019%20%281%29.pdf |publisher=Ministry for tourism of the Republic of Croatia}}</ref>

The first luxury hotel to open on Brač was the Grand Hotel Elaphusa, in 1971.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Žuljević |first=Đuro |title=Pedeset godina Zlatnog rata |publisher=Slobodna Dalmacija |year=1998 |edition=1st |location=Split |pages=78 |language=Croatian |trans-title=Fifty years of Zlatni Rat}}</ref>

''"The morning of June 6th has dawned, and in the afternoon, the first guests will move into the newly built hotel: 60 Swiss tourists (ESCO Reisen from Basel). The employees of the company had been eagerly awaiting this ceremonial moment, filled with anticipation. For the first time, young hotel workers—mostly sons of Brač shepherds, fishermen, farmers, and stonemasons—will be serving in a real hotel. The newly built Elaphusa Hotel is a Category A establishment."'' <ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[10645 Brač]], asteroid

== Literature ==
* {{cite book|language=hr|publisher=SIZ za kulturu općine Brač|location=Supetar|year=1984|editor-first=Ivo|editor-last=Marinković|title=Prirodne osnove otoka Brača|trans-title=Natural foundations of the island of Brač|volume=14|series=Bračni zbornik}}
* ''Povijest otoka Brača'', Dasen Vrsalović, Publisher: Skupština općine Brač, Savjet za prosvjetu i kulturu, Supetar, 1968, OCLC: 8993839 {{in lang|hr}}
* {{cite book|year=2007|first=Darko|last=Vlahović|title=Otok Brač - Jadranska arkadija|trans-title=Island Brač - Adriatic arcadia|language=hr|publisher=Netgen|location=Split|isbn=978-953-7525-00-2}}
* {{cite book|year=1997|first=Petar|last=Šimunović|title=Brač - Führer über die Insel|trans-title=Brač - Guide to the island|language=de|publisher=Golden Marketing|location=Zagreb|isbn=953-6168-32-4}}
* C. Michael Hogan, [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17691 "Diocletian's Palace", The Megalithic Portal], Andy Burnham ed., Oct. 6, 2007
* {{cite book |date=February 1959 |first=Željko |last=Poljak |chapter=Brač |page=20 |title=Kazalo za "Hrvatski planinar" i "Naše planine" 1898—1958 |issn=0354-0650 |volume=XI |issue=1–2 |url=https://www.hps.hr/hp-arhiva/195901.pdf |language=hr}}
* {{cite book|language=hr|publisher=Zaklada Otok Brač|location=Supetar|year=2022|last=Barilla|first=Robert|title=Otok Brač — Negdje između mora i zvijezda|trans-title=Island Brač — Somewhere between the sea and the stars|isbn=978-953-8395-00-0}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Cartledge |first=Bryan |year=2011|title=The Will to Survive: A History of Hungary |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |isbn=978-1-84904-112-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |year=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89452-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Engel |first=Pál |year=2001 |title=The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526 |publisher= I.B. Tauris Publishers |isbn=1-86064-061-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Érszegi |first1=Géza |last2=Solymosi |first2=László |editor-last=Solymosi |editor-first=László | title=Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig ''[Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1981 |pages=79–187 |chapter=Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 [The Monarchy of the Árpáds, 1000–1301] |isbn=963-05-2661-1|language=hu}}
* {{The Early Medieval Balkans}}
* {{The Late Medieval Balkans}}
* {{cite book |last=Font |first=Márta |year=2001  |title=Koloman the Learned, King of Hungary (Supervised by Gyula Kristó, Translated by Monika Miklán) |publisher=Márta Font (supported by the Publication Commission of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Pécs) |isbn=963-482-521-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Grousset |first=René |year=1970 |title=The Empire of the Steppes |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou |url-access=registration |publisher= Rutgers |isbn=0-8135-1304-9 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kristó |first1=Gyula |last2=Makk |first2=Ferenc |year=1996 |title=Az Árpád-ház uralkodói ''[Rulers of the House of Árpád]''|publisher=I.P.C. Könyvek | isbn=978-963-7930-97-3|language=hu}}
* {{citation |url=http://hbl.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=164 |language=hr |first=Ivan |last=Majnarić |title=Kačići |encyclopedia=[[Croatian Biographical Lexicon]] (HBL) |year=2005 |publisher=[[Miroslav Krleža Lexicographical Institute]] |access-date=11 September 2012 |ref={{harvid|Majnarić (HBL)2005}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Makk |first=Ferenc |year=1989 |title=The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century (Translated by György Novák)|publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |isbn=963-05-5268-X }}
*{{cite book |last1=Solymosi |first1=László |last2=Körmendi |first2=Adrienne |editor-last=Solymosi |editor-first=László | title=Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig ''[Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526]'' |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |year=1981 |pages=188–228 |chapter=A középkori magyar állam virágzása és bukása, 1301–1506 [The Heyday and Fall of the Medieval Hungarian State, 1301–1526] |isbn=963-05-2661-1|language=hu}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stephenson |first=Paul |year=2000 |title=Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02756-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Tanner |first=Marcus |year=2010 |title=Croatia: A Nation Forged in War |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-16394-0 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Vrsalović|first=Dasen|year=1968|title=Povijest otoka Brača|trans-title=History of the island Brač|location=Supetar|language=hr|publisher=Skupština općine Brač}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |publication-date=1950-06-15 |date=1949 |first=Milan |last=Šenoa |title=Prilog poznavanju starih naziva naših otoka |pages=75–82 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/56375 |journal=Hrvatski geografski glasnik |issn=1331-5854 |issue=11–12 |language=sh |trans-title=A Contribution to Learning the Old Names of Our Islands}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Island of Brač}}
{{EB1911 poster|Brazza}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Brač}}

{{Islands of Croatia}}
{{Inhabited Islands of Croatia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brac}}
[[Category:Brač| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Croatia]]
[[Category:Islands of the Adriatic Sea]]
[[Category:Landforms of Split-Dalmatia County]]