View source for Bram Stoker

{{Short description|Irish author (1847–1912)}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name             = Bram Stoker
| image            = Bram Stoker 1906.jpg
| caption          = Stoker in 1906
| pseudonym        = Bram Stoker
| birth_name       = Abraham Stoker
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1847|11|8|df=y}}
| birth_place      = [[Clontarf, Dublin]], Ireland
| death_date       = {{death date and age|1912|4|20|1847|11|8|df=y}}
| death_place      = [[Pimlico, London]], England
| resting_place    = [[Golders Green Crematorium]], north London
| occupation       = {{flatlist|
* Novelist
* personal assistant
* business manager}}
| language         = English
| nationality      = 
| alma_mater       = [[Trinity College Dublin]] (B.A., 1870; M.A., 1875)
| period           = [[Victorian era]], [[Edwardian era]]
| genre            = [[Gothic fiction]], [[Romance novel|romantic fiction]], [[horror fiction]], [[vampire literature]]
| movement         = [[Dark romanticism]]
| years_active     = 1879–1911
| notableworks     = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Dracula]]'' (1897) 
* ''[[The Jewel of Seven Stars]]'' (1903) 
* ''[[The Lair of the White Worm]]'' (1911) 
* ''[[The Mystery of the Sea]]'' (1902) 
* ''[[Under the Sunset]]'' (1881)
* ''[[The Lady of the Shroud]]'' (1909)
* ''[[The Fate of Fenella]]'' (1892)
}}
| spouse           = [[Florence Balcombe]] (1878–1912)
| children         = 1
| signature        = Bram Stoker signature.svg
| website          = {{official website|https://www.bramstokerestate.com|name=The Bram Stoker Estate}}
| relatives        = [[Dacre Stoker]] (great grand-nephew) <br> Sir [[Thornley Stoker|William Thornley Stoker]] (brother)
}}

'''Abraham Stoker''' (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish novelist and [[theater manager]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv5rf4b9|title=Bram Stoker|first=Andrew|last=Maunder|publisher=Liverpool University Press, Northcote House Publishers|series=Writers and Their Work|date=December 2006|location=UK|isbn=9780746309681|page=1 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv5rf4b9 |jstor=j.ctv5rf4b9 }}</ref> He is best known as the author of ''[[Dracula]]'' (1897), a [[classic book|classic]] [[epistolary novel|epistolary]] [[Gothic fiction|Gothic horror]] novel considered a landmark in [[vampire literature]], and the creator of the fictional character [[Count Dracula]], the [[vampire]] noble who serves as the main antagonist in his novel.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48687411|title=Bram Stoker (1847-1912)|first=Paul|last=Murray|publisher=Swan River Press|journal=The Green Book: Writings on Irish Gothic, Supernatural and Fantastic Literature|date=November 2022|issue=20 |location=Dublin|isbn=9780224044622|pages=42–59 |jstor=48687411 }}</ref>

Stoker was the third of seven children and was bedridden for the first seven years of his life with an undiagnosed illness. He received his initial education at home, before enrolling at [[Trinity College Dublin]] in 1864. He excelled as a rugby athlete and was a prominent member of both the university's philosophical society and student union. It was also during this period that Stoker was introduced to literature, becoming the auditor of the society and writing his first paper. 

During the early part of his career, Stoker spent ten years in the civil service at [[Dublin Castle]], during which time he was also a drama critic for the ''[[Dublin Evening Mail]]''. Following this, he was employed as a theatre critic for several newspapers, including the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'', and occasionally wrote short stories and theatre commentaries. During his life, he was better known as the personal assistant of actor [[Henry Irving|Sir Henry Irving]] and the business manager of the [[West End theatre|West End]]'s [[Lyceum Theatre, London|Lyceum Theatre]], which Irving owned. During his time as a theatre critic, Stoker founded the "Dublin Sketching Club" in 1879, which dealt mostly with art collections. He regularly travelled during his free time, particularly to [[Cruden Bay]] in Scotland, which was the setting for two of his novels and also served as the inspiration for writing ''Dracula''. He was friends with both [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] and [[Oscar Wilde]], and had collaborated with other authors for experimental novels such as ''[[The Fate of Fenella]]'' (1892).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arthur-conan-doyle.com/index.php/Bram_Stoker|title=Bram Stoker and Arthur Conan Doyle|publisher=The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia|year=2021}}</ref>

Stoker wrote a dozen horror and mystery novels and [[novella]]s,<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=List of novels and novellas by Bram Stoker |url=https://www.bramstoker.org/novels.html |publisher=The Estate of Bram Stoker: Official Homepage |location=Dublin}}</ref> including ''[[The Jewel of Seven Stars]]'' (1903), ''[[The Lair of the White Worm]]'' (1911) and ''[[The Mystery of the Sea]]'' (1902), but his reputation as one of the most influential writers of Gothic horror fiction lies solely with ''Dracula''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Clougherty, Jr. |first=R. J. |date=April 2000 |title=Voiceless Outsiders: Count Dracula as Bram Stoker |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557638 |publisher=University of St. Thomas (Center for Irish Studies) |pages=138–151 |journal=New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua |volume=4 |issue=1 |location=Dublin |jstor=20557638 |issn=1092-3977}}</ref> Since the early 20th century, the novel has become one of the best-selling works of vampire fiction and Count Dracula is one of the best-known fictional figures of the [[Victorian era]].<ref name="Miller January 2001 121–171">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Elizabeth Russell |date=January 2001 |title=Dracula |url=https://archive.org/details/dracula0000mill |publisher=Parkstone Press |pages=121–171 |location=USA: New York |isbn=1859957854}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Duffy |first=Oscar |date=November 2019 |title=Bram Stoker: An Irish literary great? |work=Palatinate |url=https://www.palatinate.org.uk/bram-stoker-an-irish-literary-great |publisher=Palatinate Newspaper, Durham University Press |location=UK}}</ref><ref name="Dracula in Visual Media">{{cite book |last1=Browning |first1=John Edgar |url=https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/dracula-in-visual-media/?srsltid=AfmBOooN2dZy4cdMd4IXgdVSGM_dOoiKPXeAXYTb5LBuroMrIO3CwvIu |title=Dracula in Visual Media |last2=Picart |first2=Caroline Joan (Kay) |publisher=McFarland & Company |date=February 2011 |isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0 |location=USA, North Carolina |pages=3–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=21 April 2014 |title=The 100 best novels: No 31 – Dracula by Bram Stoker (1897) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/21/100-best-novels-dracula-bram-stoker |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |location=London}}</ref> The work deeply influenced future representations of [[List of vampires|vampiric characters]] and Stoker came to be regarded by many as "the father of vampire fiction."<ref name="Legacy Journal">{{cite web | url=https://www.legacy.com/news/culture-and-history/bram-stoker-father-of-vampire-fiction|title=Culture & History: Bram Stoker, Father of Vampire Fiction|publisher=Legacy Journal|date=8 November 2010|location=Chicago, USA|first1=Natalie|last1=Pompilio}}</ref><ref name="The Father of the Modern Vampire">{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/happy-birthday-to-the-father-of-the-modern-vampire-114844797|title=The Father of the Modern Vampire|first1=Rachel|last1=Nuwer|publisher=Smithsonian Magazine|date=8 November 2012|location=Washington DC, USA}}</ref>

==Early life==
Stoker was born on 8 November 1847 at 15 [[Marino Crescent]], [[Clontarf, Dublin|Clontarf]], in Dublin, Ireland.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bram Stoker and the Man Who Was Dracula |last=Belford |first=Barbara |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-306-81098-5 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |page=17}}</ref><!-- Note, as location has led to multiple edits: The location was, and is, in the Civil Parish of Clontarf. Clontarf extends to the east side of Malahide Road and borders Marino. Fairview is further west commencing just after Marino Mart.--> The park adjacent to the house is now known as Bram Stoker Park.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/new-to-market/the-dark-attraction-of-a-literary-landmark-1.451829|title=The dark attraction of a literary landmark|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] }}</ref> His parents were Abraham Stoker (1799–1876), an [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irishman]] from Dublin, and [[Charlotte Stoker|Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley]] (1818–1901), of [[English people|English]] and [[Irish people|Irish]] descent, who was raised in [[County Sligo]].<ref>{{cite book |title=From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker |last=Murray |first=Paul |publisher=Random House |year=2004 |isbn=978-0224044622 |page=11}}</ref> Stoker was the third of seven children, the eldest of whom was [[Thornley Stoker|Sir Thornley Stoker]], 1st [[Baronet]].<ref>His siblings were: Sir (William) Thornley Stoker, born in 1845; Mathilda, born 1846; Thomas, born 1850; Richard, born 1852; Margaret, born 1854; and George, born 1855</ref> Abraham and Charlotte were members of the [[Church of Ireland Parish of Clontarf]] and attended the parish church with their children, who were baptised there.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eneclann.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Stoker-family-tree.pdf |title=Stoker Family Tree |year=2012 |access-date=18 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000532/http://www.eneclann.ie/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Stoker-family-tree.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Abraham was a senior civil servant.

Stoker was bedridden with an unknown illness until he started school at the age of seven when he made a complete recovery. Of this time, Stoker wrote, "I was naturally thoughtful, and the leisure of long illness gave opportunity for many thoughts which were fruitful according to their kind in later years." He was privately educated at Bective House school run by the Reverend William Woods.<ref name="obit">Obituary, Irish Times, 23 April 1912</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bloomsbury Collections – Bram Stoker's Dracula – A Reader's Guide |url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/bram-stokers-dracula-a-readers-guide/ch1-contexts |website=www.bloomsburycollections.com |access-date=19 January 2023 }}</ref>

After his recovery, he grew up without further serious illnesses, even excelling as an athlete at [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College, Dublin]], which he attended from 1864 to 1870. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in 1870 and paid to receive his [[Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)|MA]] in 1875. Though he later in life recalled graduating "with honours in mathematics", this appears to have been a mistake.<ref>[https://www.tcd.ie/trinitywriters/writers/bram-stoker/ Bram Stoker (1847–1912)] Trinity College Dublin Writers by Jarlath Killeen</ref> He was named University Athlete, participating in multiple sports, including playing rugby for [[Dublin University Football Club|Dublin University]]. He was auditor of the [[College Historical Society]] (''the Hist'') and president of the [[University Philosophical Society]] (he remains the only student in Trinity's history to hold both positions), where his first paper was on ''[[Sensationalism]] in Fiction and Society''.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==Early career==
[[File:Bram Stoker's Home.jpg|thumb|Bram Stoker's former home featuring a commemorative plaque, [[Kildare Street]], Dublin]]
Stoker became interested in the theatre while a student through his friend Dr. Maunsell. While working for the [[Irish Civil Service]], he became the theatre critic for the ''[[Dublin Evening Mail]]'',<ref>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307215646/https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dracula-creator-bram-stoker-born |title=Dracula creator Bram Stoker born |year=2010 |website=www.history.com |publisher=A&E Television Networks |access-date=21 October 2022 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/dracula-creator-bram-stoker-born |archive-date=7 March 2010 |quote=He then worked for the Irish Civil Service while writing theatre reviews for a Dublin newspaper on the side.}}</ref> which was co-owned by [[Sheridan Le Fanu]], an author of Gothic tales. Theatre critics were held in low esteem at the time, but Stoker attracted notice by the quality of his reviews. In December 1876, he gave a favourable review of Henry Irving's ''[[Hamlet]]'' at the [[Theatre Royal, Dublin|Theatre Royal]] in Dublin. Irving invited Stoker for dinner at the [[Shelbourne Hotel]] where he was staying, and they became friends. Stoker also wrote stories, and "Crystal Cup" was published by the [[London Society]] in 1872, followed by "The Chain of Destiny" in four parts in ''The Shamrock''. In 1876, while a civil servant in Dublin, Stoker wrote the non-fiction book ''The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland'' (published 1879), which remained a standard work.<ref name="obit" /> Furthermore, he possessed an interest in art and was a founder of the Dublin Sketching Club in 1879.

==Lyceum Theatre==
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 175
| image1            = Bram Stoker - 18 St Leonard's Terrace, Chelsea, London SW3 4QG.JPG
| image2            = BRAM STOKER 1847-1912 Author of DRACULA lived here.JPG
| caption1          = Stoker's residence at 18 St Leonard's Terrace, [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], London
| caption2          = [[Blue plaque]] at the address
| align             = 
| total_width       = 
}}
In 1878, Stoker married [[Florence Balcombe]], daughter of [[Lieutenant-colonel (British Army)|Lieutenant-Colonel]] James Balcombe of 1 Marino Crescent. She was a celebrated beauty whose former suitor had been [[Oscar Wilde]].<ref>''Irish Times'', 8 March 1882, p. 5</ref> Stoker had known Wilde from his student days, having proposed him for membership of the university's Philosophical Society while he was president. Wilde was upset at Florence's decision, but Stoker later resumed the acquaintanceship, and, after Wilde's fall, visited him on the Continent.<ref name="irtimes">{{cite web |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2009/0328/1224243595688.html |title=Why Dracula never loses his bite |date=28 March 2009 |website=Irish Times |access-date=1 April 2009 |archive-date=13 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013082249/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2009/0328/1224243595688.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Stokers moved to London, where Stoker became acting manager and then business manager of Irving's [[Lyceum Theatre, London|Lyceum Theatre]] in the [[West End theatre|West End]], a post he held for 27 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Resurrected: Dracula author Bram Stoker's first attempts at Gothic horror |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/dec/16/bram-stoker-dracula-lost-stories |access-date=4 May 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> On 31 December 1879, Bram and Florence's only child was born, a son whom they christened Irving Noel Thornley Stoker. The collaboration with Henry Irving was important for Stoker and through him, he became involved in London's high society, where he met [[James Abbott McNeill Whistler]] and [[Arthur Conan Doyle|Sir Arthur Conan Doyle]]. Working for Irving, the most famous actor of his time, and managing one of the most successful theatres in London made Stoker a notable if busy man. He was dedicated to Irving and his memoirs show he idolised him. In London, Stoker also met [[Hall Caine]], who became one of his closest friends – he dedicated ''Dracula'' to him.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

In the course of Irving's tours, Stoker travelled the world, although he never visited [[Eastern Europe]], a setting for his most famous novel. Stoker enjoyed the United States, where Irving was popular. With Irving, he was invited twice to the [[White House]] and knew [[William McKinley]] and [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. Stoker set two of his novels in America and used Americans as characters, the most notable being [[Quincey Morris]]. He also met one of his literary idols, [[Walt Whitman]], having written to him in 1872 an extraordinary letter<ref>[[David J. Skal]], ''Something In The Blood: The True Story Of Bram Stoker'', Liveright, 2016, pp. 92–97.</ref> that some have interpreted as the expression of a deeply-suppressed homosexuality.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/queertheory/the-sexuality-of-bram-stoker-8aacd96cc74d|title=The queer life of Bram Stoker|first=Jonathan|last=Poletti|date=4 September 2022|website=medium.com|accessdate=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2873274|title="A Wilde Desire Took Me": The Homoerotic History of Dracula|last=Schaffer |first=Talia|year=1994|journal=ELH|volume=61|issue=2|pages=381–425|doi=10.1353/elh.1994.0019 |jstor=2873274 |s2cid=161888586 |accessdate=19 October 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Bram Stoker in Cruden Bay==
[[File:SlainsCastleCrudenBay.jpg|thumb|[[New Slains Castle|Slains Castle]], [[Cruden Bay]]. The early chapters of ''Dracula'' were written in Cruden Bay, and Slains Castle possibly provided visual inspiration for Bram Stoker during the writing phase.]]

Stoker was a regular visitor to [[Cruden Bay]] in Scotland between 1892 and 1910. His month-long holidays to the Aberdeenshire coastal village provided a large portion of available time for writing his books. Two novels were set in Cruden Bay: ''[[The Watter's Mou']] ''(1895) and ''[[The Mystery of the Sea]]'' (1902). He started writing ''Dracula'' there in 1895 while in residence at the Kilmarnock Arms Hotel. The guest book with his signatures from 1894 and 1895 still survives. The nearby Slains Castle (also known as [[New Slains Castle]]) is linked with Bram Stoker and plausibly provided the visual palette for the descriptions of Castle Dracula during the writing phase. A distinctive room in Slains Castle, the octagonal hall, matches the description of the octagonal room in Castle Dracula.<ref>{{cite book |title=When Brave Men Shudder; the Scottish origins of Dracula. |last=Shepherd |first=Mike |publisher=Wild Wolf Publishing |year=2018}}</ref>

==Writings==
[[File:Bram Stoker Plaque Whitby England.jpg|left|thumb|Commemorative plaque in [[Whitby]], North Yorkshire, the English coastal town frequented by Stoker, and where [[Count Dracula]] comes ashore in ''Dracula'']]
Stoker visited the English coastal town of [[Whitby]] in 1890, and that visit was said to be part of the inspiration for ''Dracula'', staying at a guesthouse in West Cliff at 6 Royal Crescent, doing his research at the public library at 7 Pier Road (now ''[[Fish and chip shop|Quayside Fish and Chips]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vamped.org/2016/07/24/travels-to-whitby-my-search-for-count-draculas-birth-certificate/|title=Travels to Whitby: My Search for Count Dracula's Birth Certificate|work=vamped.org|last=Lee|first=Leonard|date=24 July 2016|access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecravetraveler.com/dracula-tour-whitby/|title=The Ultimate Dracula Tour Of Whitby In England|date=2 July 2021 |access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.visitwhitby.com/quayside|title=Quayside – Whitby|access-date=26 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=How Dracula Came to Whitby |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/whitby-abbey/history-and-stories/dracula/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> Count Dracula comes ashore at Whitby, and in the shape of a black dog runs up the [[Whitby 199 steps|199 steps]] to the graveyard of [[St Mary's Church, Whitby|St Mary's Church]] in the shadow of the [[Whitby Abbey]] ruins.<ref>{{cite news |title=Whitby Abbey to be illuminated with bats to mark 125 years of Dracula|url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/heritage-and-retro/heritage/whitby-abbey-to-be-illuminated-with-bats-to-mark-125-years-of-dracula-3891994 |access-date=4 May 2023 |work=Yorkshire Post}}</ref> Stoker began writing novels while working as manager for Irving and secretary and director of London's Lyceum Theatre, beginning with ''[[The Snake's Pass]]'' in 1890 and ''Dracula'' in 1897. During this period, he was part of the literary staff of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' in London, and he wrote other fiction, including the horror novels ''[[The Lady of the Shroud]]'' (1909) and ''[[The Lair of the White Worm]]'' (1911).<ref name=WorldBio/> He published his ''[[Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving]]'' in 1906, after Irving's death, which proved successful,<ref name=obit /> and managed productions at the [[Prince of Wales Theatre]].

Before writing ''Dracula'', Stoker met [[Ármin Vámbéry]], a Hungarian-Jewish writer and traveller (born in Szent-György, [[Kingdom of Hungary]] now [[Svätý Jur]], [[Slovakia]]). Dracula likely emerged from Vámbéry's dark stories of the [[Carpathian Mountains]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1916160_1916151_1916132,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817122122/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1916160_1916151_1916132,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 August 2009 |title=Vampires – Top 10 Famous Mysterious Monsters |date=14 August 2009 |website=Tone.com}}</ref> However this claim has been challenged by many including [[Elizabeth Miller (academic)|Elizabeth Miller]], a professor who, since 1990, has had as her major field of research and writing ''Dracula'', and its author, sources, and influences. She has stated, "The only comment about the subject matter of the talk was that Vambery 'spoke loudly against Russian aggression.'" There had been nothing in their conversations about the "tales of the terrible Dracula" that are supposed to have "inspired Stoker to equate his vampire-protagonist with the long-dead tyrant." At any rate, by this time, Stoker's novel was well under way, and he was already using the name Dracula for his vampire.<ref>{{cite web|title="MY FRIEND ARMINIUS"|url=http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~emiller/AVambery.htm|access-date=9 October 2021|website=www.ucs.mun.ca}}</ref> Stoker then spent several years researching Central and East European folklore and mythological stories of [[vampire]]s.

The 1972 book ''In Search of Dracula'' by [[Radu Florescu]] and [[Raymond McNally]] claimed that the Count in Stoker's novel was based on [[Vlad III Dracula]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/radu-florescu-dead-legacy-of-the-romanian-dracula-professor-remembered-9401744.html |title=Radu Florescu dead: Legacy of the Romanian 'Dracula professor' remembered |last=Dearden |first=Lizzie |date=20 May 2014 |work=The Independent |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref> However, according to [[Elizabeth Miller (academic)|Elizabeth Miller]], Stoker borrowed only the name and "scraps of miscellaneous information" about Romanian history; further, there are no comments about Vlad III in the author's working notes.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VomtVOkkPDwC&q=Dracula+bram+stoker+vlad+the+impaler&pg=PA182 |title=Bram Stoker and Russophobia: Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in Dracula and the Lady of the Shroud |last=Cain, Jr |first=Jimmie E. |year=2006 |isbn=978-0786424078 |page=182|publisher=McFarland }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMRfXDFrBuUC&q=Bram+Stoker+Vlad+III |title=A Dracula Handbook |last=Miller |first=Elizabeth |year=2005 |isbn=978-1465334008 |pages=112–113|publisher=Xlibris Corporation }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-3OCwAAQBAJ&q=Elizabeth+Miller+stoker%27s+working+notes+No+mention+of+Vlad&pg=PT73 |title=The Dracula Dilemma: Tourism, Identity and the State in Romania |last=Light |first=Duncan |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317035312}}</ref>

[[File:Dracula-First-Edition-1897.jpg|thumb|upright|The first-edition cover of ''Dracula'']]
''Dracula'' is an [[epistolary novel]], written as a collection of realistic but completely fictional diary entries, telegrams, letters, ship's logs, and newspaper clippings, all of which added a level of detailed realism to the story, a skill which Stoker had developed as a newspaper writer. At the time of its publication, ''Dracula'' was considered a "straightforward horror novel" based on imaginary creations of [[supernatural]] life.<ref name=WorldBio/> "It gave form to a universal fantasy ... and became a part of popular culture."<ref name=WorldBio/> It is one of the most famous works in English literature, and the titular character of Count Dracula has been adapted more times than any other fictional figure.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dracula in Visual Media|last1=Browning|first1=John Edgar|last2=Picart|first2=Caroline Joan (Kay)|publisher=McFarland & Company|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7864-3365-0|location=USA, North Carolina|url=https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/dracula-in-visual-media/?srsltid=AfmBOooN2dZy4cdMd4IXgdVSGM_dOoiKPXeAXYTb5LBuroMrIO3CwvIu}}</ref> The book also established Stoker's reputation as one of the most acclaimed writers of Gothic horror fiction.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20557638|title=Voiceless Outsiders: Count Dracula as Bram Stoker|first1=R. J. |last1= Clougherty, Jr. |publisher=University of St. Thomas (Center for Irish Studies)|journal=New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua|date=April 2000|pages=138–151|volume=4|issue=1 |location=Dublin|jstor=20557638 |issn=1092-3977}}</ref>

According to the ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'', Stoker's stories are today included in the categories of horror fiction, romanticized Gothic stories, and melodrama.<ref name="WorldBio">''Encyclopedia of World Biography'', Gale Research (1998) vol 8. pp. 461–464</ref> They are classified alongside other works of popular fiction, such as [[Mary Shelley]]'s ''[[Frankenstein]]'', which also used the myth-making and story-telling method of having [[multiperspectivity|multiple narrators]] telling the same tale from different perspectives. According to historian Jules Zanger, this leads the reader to the assumption that "they can't all be lying".<ref name="Zanger">Zanger, Jules (1997). ''Blood Read: The Vampire as Metaphor in Contemporary Culture'' ed. Joan Gordon. Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 17–24</ref>

The original 541-page typescript of ''Dracula'' was believed to have been lost until it was found in a barn in northwestern Pennsylvania in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122514491757273633 |title=What a Tax Lawyer Dug Up on 'Dracula' |last=Miller |first=John J. |date=28 October 2008 |website=WSJ}}</ref> It consisted of typed sheets with many emendations, and handwritten on the title page was "THE UN-DEAD." The author's name was shown at the bottom as Bram Stoker. Author Robert Latham remarked: "the most famous horror novel ever published, its title changed at the last minute".<ref name="Latham">Latham, Robert. ''Science Fiction & Fantasy Book Review Annual'', Greenwood Publishing (1988) p. 67</ref> The typescript was purchased by [[Microsoft]] co-founder [[Paul Allen]].

Stoker's inspirations for the story, in addition to Whitby, may have included a visit to [[New Slains Castle|Slains Castle]] in [[Aberdeenshire]], a visit to the crypts of [[St. Michan's Church]] in Dublin, and the novella ''[[Carmilla]]'' by [[Sheridan Le Fanu]].<ref name="boy">{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Irish Biography, 3rd Edition |last=Boylan |first=Henry |publisher=Gill and Macmillan |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7171-2945-4 |location=Dublin |page=412}}</ref> Stoker's original research notes for the novel are kept by the [[Rosenbach Museum & Library|Rosenbach Museum and Library]] in [[Philadelphia]]. A facsimile edition of the notes was created by [[Elizabeth Miller (academic)|Elizabeth Miller]] and [[Robert Eighteen-Bisang]] in 1998.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==Stoker at the London Library==
Stoker was a member of the [[London Library]] and conducted much of the research for ''Dracula'' there. In 2018, the Library discovered some of the books that Stoker used for his research, complete with notes and marginalia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.londonlibrary.co.uk/dracula |title=The Books That Made Dracula |publisher=The London Library |access-date=14 February 2019}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Golders Green crematorium (pictures) 002.jpg|thumb|Shared urn which contains Stoker's and his son's ashes in [[Golders Green Crematorium]]]]
After suffering a number of strokes, Stoker died at No. 26 [[St George's Square]], London on 20 April 1912.<ref name="mc">{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/stoker/bio.html |title=Bram Stoker |date=30 April 2008 |publisher=Victorian Web |access-date=12 December 2008}}</ref> Some biographers attribute the cause of death to overwork,<ref name="The Discussion">{{cite book |title=The Discussion |publisher=Oberon Books (for The London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art) |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84002-431-9 |edition=3rd |location=Grade Eight – Bram Stoker |page=97}}</ref> others to [[tertiary syphilis]].<ref name="Gibson">{{cite book |title=The Capital Companion |last=Gibson |first=Peter |publisher=Webb & Bower |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-86350-042-8 |pages=365–366}}</ref> His [[death certificate]] listed the cause of death as "[[Locomotor ataxia]] 6 months", presumed to be a reference to syphilis.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIAsN6I0xUQC&q=Bram+Stoker%5D%5D's+%5B%5Bdeath+certificate+syphilis&pg=PA415|title=Bram Stoker's Dracula: Sucking Through the Century, 1897–1997|first=Carol Margaret|last=Davison|date=1 November 1997|publisher=Dundurn|via=Google Books|isbn=9781554881055}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.oup.com/2012/04/bram-stoker-death-centenary-dracula/|title=100 years ago today: the death of Bram Stoker|date=20 April 2012|website=OUPblog}}</ref> He was cremated, and his ashes are contained in a display urn at [[Golders Green Crematorium]] in north London. The ashes of Irving Noel Stoker, the author's son, were added to his father's urn following his death in 1961. The original plan had been to keep his parents' ashes together, but after Florence Stoker's death, her ashes were scattered at the Gardens of Rest.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

==Beliefs and philosophy==
Stoker was raised a Protestant in the [[Church of Ireland]]. He was a strong supporter of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] and took a keen interest in Irish affairs.<ref name=obit /> As a "philosophical home ruler", he supported [[Irish Home Rule bills|Home Rule]] for Ireland brought about by peaceful means. He remained an ardent monarchist who believed that Ireland should remain within the British Empire. He was an admirer of Prime Minister [[William Ewart Gladstone]], whom he knew personally, and supported his plans for Ireland.<ref>Murray, Paul. ''From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker''. 2004.</ref>

Stoker believed in progress and took a keen interest in science and science-based medicine. Some of Stoker's novels represent early examples of science fiction, such as ''[[The Lady of the Shroud]]'' (1909). He had a writer's interest in the occult, notably [[mesmerism]], but despised fraud and believed in the superiority of the [[scientific method]] over superstition. Stoker counted among his friends [[J. W. Brodie-Innis]], a member of the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]], and hired member [[Pamela Colman Smith]] as an artist for the Lyceum Theatre, but no evidence suggests that Stoker ever joined the Order himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shadowplayzine.com/Articles/hermetic_horrors.htm |title=Shadowplay Pagan and Magick webzine – Hermetic Horrors |date=16 September 1904 |publisher=Shadowplayzine.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109074626/http://shadowplayzine.com/Articles/hermetic_horrors.htm |archive-date=9 November 2009 |access-date=18 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/spearofdestinyoc0000rave/page/165 |title=The occult power behind the spear which pierced the side of Christ |last=Ravenscroft |first=Trevor |publisher=Red Wheel |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-87728-547-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/spearofdestinyoc0000rave/page/165 165] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Templar Revelation: Secret Guardians of the True Identity of Christ |last=Picknett |first=Lynn |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7432-7325-1 |page=201}}</ref>

Like Irving, who was an active [[Freemason]], Stoker also became a member of the order, "initiated into Freemasonry in Buckingham and Chandos Lodge No. 1150 in February 1883, passed in April of that same year, and raised to the degree of Master Mason on 20 June 1883."<ref name="The Story of Freemason Bram Stoker">{{cite web |title=The Story of Freemason Bram Stoker |url=https://scottishritenmj.org/blog/stoker-dracula-freemasonry |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Scottish Rite, NMJ }}</ref> Stoker however was not a particularly active Freemason, spent only six years as an active member,<ref name="The Story of Freemason Bram Stoker"/> and did not take part in any Masonic activities during his time in London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theirvingsociety.org.uk/the-ripper-and-the-lyceum-the-significance-of-irvings-freemasonry/ |title=The Ripper and The Lyceum: The Significance of Irving's Freemasonry |work=The Irving Society |date=24 November 2002 |access-date=4 June 2019}} John Pickamp; Robert Protheroug 'The Ripper and The Lyceum: The Significance of Irving's Freemasonry' The Irving Society website</ref>

==Posthumous==
His novel ''Dracula'' has become one of the most influential and well-known works of both vampire fiction and [[English literature]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48687411|title=Bram Stoker (1847-1912)|first=Paul|last=Murray|publisher=Swan River Press|journal=The Green Book: Writings on Irish Gothic, Supernatural and Fantastic Literature|date=November 2022|issue=20 |location=Dublin|isbn=9780224044622|pages=42–59 |jstor=48687411 }}</ref> Count Dracula is also ranked among the most depicted fictional characters of the Victorian era,<ref name="Miller January 2001 121–171"/> with over 700 adaptations.<ref name="Dracula in Visual Media"/> The significance of the novel and its direct impact on subsequent vampire-themed works led to Stoker being popularly regarded as "the father of vampire fiction."<ref name="Legacy Journal"/><ref name="The Father of the Modern Vampire"/> The short story collection ''[[Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories]]'' was published in 1914 by Stoker's widow, [[Florence Stoker]], who was also his [[literary executrix]]. The first film adaptation of ''Dracula'' was [[F. W. Murnau]]'s ''[[Nosferatu]]'', released in 1922, with [[Max Schreck]] starring as Count Orlok. Florence Stoker eventually sued the filmmakers and was represented by the attorneys of the British Incorporated Society of Authors. Her chief legal complaint was that she had neither been asked for permission for the adaptation nor paid any royalty. The case dragged on for some years, with Mrs. Stoker demanding the destruction of the negative and all prints of the film. The suit was finally resolved in the widow's favour in July 1925. A single print of the film survived, however, and it has become well known. The first authorised film version of ''Dracula'' did not come about until almost a decade later when [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]] released [[Tod Browning]]'s ''[[Dracula (1931 English-language film)|Dracula]]'' starring [[Bela Lugosi]].{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

===Dacre Stoker===
Canadian writer [[Dacre Stoker]], a great-grandnephew of Bram Stoker, decided to write "a sequel that bore the Stoker name" to "reestablish creative control over" the original novel, with encouragement from screenwriter Ian Holt, because of the Stokers' frustrating history with ''Dracula's'' copyright. ''[[Dracula the Un-dead|Dracula: The Un-Dead]]'' was released in 2009, written by Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt. Both writers "based [their work] on Bram Stoker's own handwritten notes for characters and plot threads excised from the original edition" along with their own research for the sequel. This also marked Dacre Stoker's writing debut.<ref>''Dracula: The Un-Dead'' by Dacre Stoker and Ian Holt</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://draculatheundead.com/stoker-book-overview.htm |title=Overview |website=www.DraculaTheUnDead.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103131805/http://www.draculatheundead.com/stoker-book-overview.htm |archive-date=3 January 2010}}</ref>

In spring 2012, Dacre Stoker in collaboration with Elizabeth Miller presented the "lost" Dublin Journal written by Bram Stoker, which had been kept by his great-grandson Noel Dobbs. Stoker's diary entries shed a light on the issues that concerned him before his London years. A remark about a boy who caught flies in a bottle might be a clue for the later development of the [[Renfield]] character in ''Dracula''.<ref>Stoker, Bram. ''Bram Stoker's Lost Dublin Journal'', ed. by Stoker, Dacre and Miller, Elizabeth. London: Biteback Press, 2012</ref>

==Commemorations==
A monument to Stoker has been erected at the Borgo Pass, 45 kilometres from Bistritz (Romania) at an altitude of 1,200 metres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transsylvanien, Rumänien: Warum Dracula in Wirklichkeit Deutsch sprach - WELT |url=https://www.welt.de/reise/article255788590/Transsylvanien-Rumaenien-Warum-Dracula-in-Wirklichkeit-Deutsch-sprach.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=DIE WELT |language=de}}</ref>

On 8 November 2012, Stoker was honoured with a [[Google Doodle]] on Google's homepage commemorating the 165th anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/bram-stokers-165th-birthday/|title=Bram Stoker's 165th Birthday|website=www.google.com|access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/digital-life/item/30113-bram-stoker-books-gothic/ |title=Bram Stoker books: gothic Google Doodle honours Dracula author |last=Doyle |first=Carmel |date=8 November 2012 |work=Silicon Republic |access-date=8 November 2012}}</ref>

An annual festival takes place in Dublin, the birthplace of Bram Stoker, in honour of his literary achievements. The Dublin City Council Bram Stoker Festival encompasses spectacles, literary events, film, family-friendly activities and outdoor events, and takes place every October Bank Holiday Weekend in Dublin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bramstokerfestival.com/ |title=Bram Stoker Festival |website=Bram Stoker Festival}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitdublin.com/event/bram_stoker_festival |title=What's on in Dublin – Dublin Events, Festivals, Concerts, Theatre, family events |publisher=Visit Dublin |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019034645/http://www.visitdublin.com/event/bram_stoker_festival |archive-date=19 October 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> The festival is supported by the Bram Stoker Estate<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bramstokerestate.com/The_Bram_Stoker_Festival_in_Dublin-_2013_Events.html |title=The Bram Stoker Festival in Dublin – 2013 Events |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808090430/http://www.bramstokerestate.com/The_Bram_Stoker_Festival_in_Dublin-_2013_Events.html |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=21 July 2014}}</ref> and is funded by [[Dublin City Council]].

==Bibliography==
===Novels===
* ''[[The Primrose Path (Stoker novel)|The Primrose Path]]'' (1875)
* ''The Chain of Destiny'' (novella) (1875)
* ''[[The Snake's Pass]]'' (1890)
* ''[[The Watter's Mou']]'' (novella) (1895)
* ''[[The Shoulder of Shasta]]'' (1895)
* ''[[Dracula]]'' (1897)
* ''[[Miss Betty]]'' (1898)
* ''[[The Mystery of the Sea]]'' (1902)
* ''[[The Jewel of Seven Stars]]'' (1903, revised 1912)
* ''[[The Man (Stoker novel)|The Man]]'' (1905); issued also as ''The Gates of Life''
* ''[[Lady Athlyne]]'' (1908)
* ''[[The Lady of the Shroud]]'' (1909)
* ''[[The Lair of the White Worm]]'' (1911, posthumously abridged 1925); issued also as ''The Garden of Evil''

===Short story collections===
* ''[[Under the Sunset]]'' (1881) – eight fairy tales for children
* ''[[Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party]]'' (1908)
* ''[[Dracula's Guest and Other Weird Stories]]'' (1914)

===Uncollected stories===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Date of earliest appearance
! scope="col" | Earliest appearance
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|"The Crystal Cup"
|September 1872
|''[[London Society]]'' (London)
|
|-
|"Buried Treasures"
|13 March 1875 and 20 March 1875
|''[[The Shamrock]]'' (Dublin)
|
|-
|"The Chain of Destiny"
|1 May 1875 and 22 May 1875
|''The Shamrock'' (Dublin)
|
|-
|"Our New House"
|23 November 1885
|''The Theatre Annual'' (London)
|
|-
|"The Dualitists; or, The Death Doom of the Double Born"
|November 1886
|''The Theatre Annual'' (London)
|
|-
|"The Gombeen Man"
|1890
|''[[The Sunday People|The People]]'' (London)
|Chapter 3 of ''[[The Snake's Pass]]''
|-
|"[[Gibbet Hill (short story)|Gibbet Hill]]"<ref name="GibbetHill">{{cite web |title=Long Lost Bram Stoker Story Resurfaces |url=https://bramstokerfestival.com/en/news/long-lost-bram-stoker-story-resurfaces/ |website=Bram Stoker Festival |publisher=[[Dublin City Council]] |access-date=19 October 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241019121606/https://bramstokerfestival.com/en/news/long-lost-bram-stoker-story-resurfaces/ |archive-date=19 October 2024 |date=19 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|17 December 1890
|''[[Daily Express (Dublin)|Daily Express]]'' (Dublin)
|
|-
|"The Night of the Shifting Bog"
|January 1891
|''Current Literature: A Magazine of Record and Review'', Vol. VI, No. 1. (New York)
|Chapter 17 of ''[[The Snake's Pass]]''
|-
|"Lord Castleton Explains"
|30 January 1892
|''[[The Gentlewoman|The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen]]'' (London)
|Chapter 10 of ''[[The Fate of Fenella]]'' ([[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]], 1892)
|-
|"Old Hoggen: A Mystery"
|15 January 1893
|''Boston Herald''
|
|-
|"The Man from Shorrox"
|February 1894
|''[[The Pall Mall Magazine]]'' (London)
|
|-
|"When the Sky Rains Gold"
|26 August and 2 September 1894
|''[[Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper]]'' (London)
|
|-
|"The Red Stockade"
|September 1894
|''The Cosmopolitan: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine'' (London)
|
|-
|"At the Watter's Mou': Between Duty and Love"
|November 1895
|''Current Literature: A Magazine of Record and Review'', Vol. XVIII, No. 5. (New York)
|Part of Chapter 2 of ''[[The Watter's Mou']]''
|-
|"Bengal Roses"
|17 and 24 July 1898
|''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper''
|
|-
|"A Baby Passenger"
|9 February 1899
|''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper''
|Alternate version of "Chin Music", from ''[[Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party|Snowbound]]''
|-
|"A Young Widow"
|26 March 1899
|''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper''
|
|-
|"A Yellow Duster"
|7 May 1899
|''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper''
|
|-
|"Lucky Escapes of Sir Henry Irving"
|1 May 1900
|''The St. Paul Globe''
|
|-
|"The Seer"
|1902
|''[[The Mystery of the Sea]]'' (New York: [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]], Page & Co.)
|Chapters 1 and 2 of ''[[The Mystery of the Sea]]''
|-
|"The Bridal of Death"
|1903
|''The Jewel of the Seven Stars'' (London: [[William Heinemann]])
|Alternate ending to ''[[The Jewel of Seven Stars]]''
|-
|"A Widower's Grief"
|October 1906
|''[[Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving]]'' (London: [[William Heinemann]])
|Part of Chapter 39 of ''Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving''
|-
|"To the Rescue"
|22 April 1908
|''The Westminster Gazette''
|
|-
|"The 'Eroes of the Thames"
|October 1908
|''[[The Royal Magazine]]'' (London)
|
|-
|"What They Confessed: A Low Comedian's Story"
|27 December 1908
|''Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper''
|Alternate version of "In Fear of Death", from ''[[Snowbound: The Record of a Theatrical Touring Party|Snowbound]]''
|-
|"The Way of Peace"
|December 1909
|''Everybody's Story Magazine'' (London)
|
|-
|"Greater Love"
|October 1914
|''[[The London Magazine]]'' (London)
|
|}

===Non-fiction===
* ''The Duties of Clerks of Petty Sessions in Ireland'' (1879)
* ''A Glimpse of America'' (1886)
* ''[[Personal Reminiscences of Henry Irving]]'' (1906)
* ''[[Famous Impostors]]'' (1910)
* ''Great Ghost Stories'' (1998) (Compiled by Peter Glassman, Illustrated by [[Barry Moser]])
* ''Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition'' (2008) Bram Stoker Annotated and Transcribed by [[Robert Eighteen-Bisang]] and [[Elizabeth Miller (academic)|Elizabeth Miller]], Foreword by Michael Barsanti. Jefferson, NC & London: [[McFarland & Company|McFarland]]. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-3410-7}}

===Articles===
* "Recollections of the Late W. G. Wills", ''The Graphic'', 19 December 1891
* "The Art of Ellen Terry", ''The Playgoer'', October 1901
* [https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury63londuoft#page/734/mode/2up "The Question of a National Theatre"], ''The Nineteenth Century and After,'' Vol. LXIII, January/June 1908
* [https://archive.org/stream/worldswork01pagegoog#page/n188/mode/2up "Mr. De Morgan's Habits of Work"], ''The World's Work'', Vol. XVI, May/October 1908
* [https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury64londuoft#page/478/mode/2up "The Censorship of Fiction"], ''The Nineteenth Century and After'', Vol. LXIV, July/December 1908
* [https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury66londuoft#page/974/mode/2up "The Censorship of Stage Plays"], ''The Nineteenth Century and After'', Vol. LXVI, July/December 1909
* [https://archive.org/stream/twentiethcentury69londuoft#page/902/mode/2up "Irving and Stage Lightning"], ''The Nineteenth Century and After'', Vol. LXIX, January/June 1911

===Critical works on Stoker===
* [[William Hughes (professor)|Hughes, William]], ''Beyond Dracula: Bram Stoker's Fiction and Its Cultural Context'' (Palgrave, 2000) {{ISBN|0-312-23136-9}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fvictorian_studies%2Fv044%2F44.2glover.html |title=Project MUSE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130814/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fvictorian_studies%2Fv044%2F44.2glover.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=24 November 2018 }}</ref>
* Belford, Barbara. ''Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of Dracula''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996.
* Hopkins, Lisa. ''Bram Stoker: A Literary Life''. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
* Murray, Paul. ''From the Shadow of Dracula: A Life of Bram Stoker'' (London: Jonathan Cape, 2004)
* Senf, Carol. ''Science and Social Science in Bram Stoker's Fiction'' (Greenwood, 2002).
* Senf, Carol. ''Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism'' (Twayne, 1998).
* Senf, Carol A. ''Bram Stoker'' (University of Wales Press, 2010).
* Shepherd, Mike. ''When Brave Men Shudder: the Scottish origins of Dracula'' (Wild Wolf Publishing, 2018).
* Skal, David J. ''Something in the Blood: The Untold Story of Bram Stoker'' (Liveright, 2016)
* {{cite book |last1=Subotsky |first1=Fiona |title=Dracula for Doctors: Medical Facts and Gothic Fantasies |isbn=978-1-911623-29-8|date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages= }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Bram Stoker |b=no |n=no |q=Bram Stoker |author=Abraham Stoker |v=no |voy=no |d=no |species=no |display=Bram Stoker}}
{{Library resources box}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/bram-stoker}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=190}}
* {{Librivox author |id=138}}
* {{OL author}}
* [https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A588233 h2g2 article on Bram Stoker]
* {{ISFDB name|650}}
* Archival material at {{wikidata|qualifier|property|P485|Q24568958|P856|format=\[%q %p\]}}
* {{IMDb name|0831290}}
* {{LCAuth|n79061014|Bram Stoker|219|ue}}

{{Bram Stoker|state=expanded}}
{{Dracula}}
{{The Jewel of Seven Stars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stoker, Bram}}
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