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{{short description|Land arm of the Brazilian Armed Forces}} 
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Brazilian Army
| native_name = {{lang|pt|Exército Brasileiro}}
| image = Coat of arms of the Brazilian Army.svg
| image_size = 100px
| caption = The Brazilian Army's emblem
| start_date = {{Start date|1822}} (''de facto'')<br>{{Start date|1824|12|1|df=yes}} (''de jure''){{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=394}}
| country = [[Brazil]]
| allegiance = [[Ministry of Defence (Brazil)|Ministry of Defense]]
| type = [[Army]]
| role = [[Land warfare]]
| size = 212,217 active (2024)<ref name=strength>{{cite act |author=Presidência da República |article= |title=Decreto nº 11.884, de 18 de janeiro de 2024  |trans-title=Decree No 11.884 of 18 January 2024 |index=Decree |date=18 January 2024 |url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2023-2026/2024/decreto/D11884.htm |access-date=2024-11-19|language=pt}}</ref><br>Over 1,000,000 reserve (2017){{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=75}}
| command_structure = [[Brazilian Armed Forces]]
| garrison = [[Brasília]], Brazil
| garrison_label = Command Headquarters
| nickname = EB
| patron = [[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias|The Duke of Caxias]]
| motto = {{lang|pt|Braço forte, mão amiga}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eb.mil.br/documents/10138/71334/Manual+de+Uso+da+Marca+EB/33dd029d-1af4-4bc8-b9ae-716938e3ef73?version=1.2|title=Manual de Uso da Marca – Exército Brasileiro.|publisher=Exército Brasileiro, página 21|date=4 November 2008|access-date=3 March 2021|language=pt|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627155124/http://www.eb.mil.br/documents/10138/71334/Manual+de+Uso+da+Marca+EB/33dd029d-1af4-4bc8-b9ae-716938e3ef73?version=1.2|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />({{langx|en|"Strong arm, friendly hand"|label=none}})
| colors = {{Color box|#0098DA}} [[sky blue]]<br />{{Color box|#ED3237}} [[red]] (heraldic colors)<ref>{{Cite web|website=Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército|title=Estandarte Histórico|url=https://espcex.eb.mil.br/index.php/editoria-c/estandarte-historico-da-escola|access-date=2024-01-09|archive-date=2024-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110025816/https://espcex.eb.mil.br/index.php/editoria-c/estandarte-historico-da-escola|url-status=live}}</ref>
| march = ''Canção do Exército''<br />({{langx|en|"Army Song"|label=none}}) {{Audio|"Canção do Exército", performed by the United States Navy Band.oga|Play}}
| mascot = 
| equipment = [[List of modern equipment of the Brazilian Army|See list]]
| equipment_label = 
| battles = {{Collapsible list |
*[[Brazilian War of Independence|War of Independence]] (1822–1825)
*[[Confederation of the Equator]] (1824)
*[[Invasion of Chiquitos]] (1825)
*[[Cisplatine War]] (1825–1828)
*[[Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' revolt|Mercenaries' Revolt]] (1828)
*[[Cabanada]] (1832–1835)
*[[Malê revolt]] (1835)
*[[Cabanagem]] (1835–1840)
*[[Liberal rebellions of 1842|Liberal rebellions]] (1842)
*[[Ragamuffin War]] (1835–1845)
*[[Sabinada]] (1837–1838)
*[[Balaiada]] (1838–1841)
*[[Praieira revolt]] (1848–1849)
*[[Uruguayan Civil War]] (1839–1851)
*[[Platine War]] (1851–1852)
*[[Uruguayan War]] (1864–1865)
*[[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870)
*[[Revolt of the Muckers]] (1873–1874)
*[[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]] (1889)
*[[Revolta da Armada|Naval Revolts]] (1893–1894)
*[[Federalist Revolution]] (1893–1895)
*[[French intrusion in Amapá]] (1895)
*[[War of Canudos]] (1896–1897)
*[[Acre War]] (1899–1903)
*[[Contestado War]] (1912–1916)
*[[World War I]] (1917–1918)
*[[Tenentism|Tenente revolts]] (1922–1927)
*[[Brazilian Revolution of 1930|Revolution of 1930]] (1930)
*[[Constitutionalist Revolution]] (1932)
*[[Brazilian communist uprising of 1935|Communist uprising]] (1935)
*[[World War II]] (1944–1945)
*[[Operation Powerpack]] (1965–1966)
*[[Araguaia Guerrilla War]] (1972–1974)
*[[Operation Traíra]] (1991)
*[[2006 São Paulo violence outbreak]] (2006)
*[[2010 Rio de Janeiro security crisis|Rio de Janeiro Security Crisis]] (2010)
*[[Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions|UN missions]]
**[[United Nations Emergency Force|Suez]] (1956–1967)
**[[United Nations Operation in Mozambique|Mozambique]] (1992–1994)
**[[United Nations Angola Verification Mission III|Angola]] (1995–1997)
**[[United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka|Prevlaka]] (1996–2002)
**[[1999 East Timorese crisis|East Timor]] (1999–2005)
**[[United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti|Haiti]] (2004–2017)
**[[United Nations Mission in South Sudan|South Sudan]] (2011–2018)
}}
| anniversaries = 19 April (Army Day)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eb.mil.br/documents/16541/1256579/exercito2014.pdf|title=Dia do Exército|publisher=Exército Brasileiro|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815052225/http://www.eb.mil.br/documents/16541/1256579/exercito2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| decorations = 
| battle_honours = 
| website = {{URL|www.eb.mil.br}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Presidential Standard of Brazil.svg|size=25px}} [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula da Silva]]
| commander1_label = [[President of Brazil|Commander-in-chief]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Minister of State (Brazil).svg|size=25px}} [[José Múcio]]
| commander2_label = [[Ministry of Defence (Brazil)|Minister of Defence]]
| commander3 = {{flagicon image|BANDEIRA-INSÍGNIA DO COMANDANTE DO EXÉRCITO DO BRASIL.png|size=25px}} [[Tomás Ribeiro Paiva]]
| commander3_label = Army Commander
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol_label = Coat of Arms
| identification_symbol = [[File:Coat of arms of the Brazilian Army (2).svg|center|70px]]
| identification_symbol_2_label = Flag
| identification_symbol_3_label = Standard<ref>[http://www.sgex.eb.mil.br/sg8/006_outras_publicacoes/07_publicacoes_diversas/01_comando_do_exercito/port_n_522_cmdo_eb_11jul2005.html Brasil, Portaria do Comandante do Exército Nº 522, DE 11 DE JULHO DE 2005]</ref>
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Flag of the Brazilian Army.png|150px|center|border]]
| identification_symbol_3 = [[File:Estandarte_do_Exército_Brasileiro.png|150px|center|border]]
}}
{{Brazilian Army}}

The '''Brazilian Army''' ({{langx|pt|Exército Brasileiro}}; '''EB''') is the branch of the [[Brazilian Armed Forces]] responsible, externally, for defending the country in eminently terrestrial operations and, internally, for guaranteeing law, order and the constitutional branches, subordinating itself, in the [[Federal government of Brazil|Federal Government]]'s structure, to the [[Ministry of Defence (Brazil)|Ministry of Defense]], alongside the [[Brazilian Navy]] and [[Brazilian Air Force|Air Force]]. The [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] ({{langx|pt|Polícias Militares|links=no|label=none}}; PMs) and [[Military Firefighters Corps]] ({{langx|pt|Corpos de Bombeiros Militares|links=no|label=none}}; CBMs) are legally designated as reserve and auxiliary forces to the army. Its operational arm is called Land Force. It is the largest army in South America and the largest branch of the Armed Forces of Brazil.

Emerging from the defense forces of the [[Portuguese Empire]] in [[Colonial Brazil]] as the [[Imperial Brazilian Army]], its two main [[conventional warfare]] experiences were the [[Paraguayan War]] and the [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]], and its traditional rival in planning, until the 1990s, was Argentina, but the army also has many [[United Nations peacekeeping|peacekeeping operations]] abroad and internal operations in Brazil. The Brazilian Army was directly responsible for the [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]] and gradually increased its capacity for political action, culminating in the [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]] of 1964–1985. Throughout [[History of Brazil|Brazilian history]], it safeguarded central authority against separatism and regionalism, intervened where unresolved social issues became violent and filled gaps left by other State institutions.

Changes in [[military doctrine]], personnel, organization and equipment mark the history of the army, with the current phase, since 2010, known as the Army Transformation Process. Its presence strategy extends it throughout Brazil's territory, and the institution considers itself the only guarantee of Brazilianness in the most distant regions of the country. There are specialized forces for different terrains (jungle, mountain, Pantanal, Caatinga and urban) and rapid deployment forces ([[Brazilian Army Aviation|Army Aviation]], [[Special Operations Command (Brazil)|Special Operations Command]] and [[Paratroopers Brigade (Brazil)|parachute]] and [[12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile)|airmobile]] brigades). The armored and mechanized forces, concentrated in [[South Region, Brazil|Southern Brazil]], are the most numerous on the continent, but include many vehicles nearing the end of their life cycle. The basic [[combined arms]] unit is the [[brigade]].

Conventional military organizations train [[reservist]] [[Corporal|corporals]] and [[Private (rank)|privates]] through [[Conscription|mandatory military service]]. There is a broad system of instruction, education and research, with the [[Military Academy of Agulhas Negras]] ({{langx|pt|Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras|links=no|label=none}}; AMAN) responsible for training the institution's leading elements: officers of infantry, [[Brazilian cavalry|cavalry]], engineering, artillery and communications, the Quartermaster Service and the Ordnance Board. This system and the army's own health, housing and religious assistance services, are mechanisms through which it seeks to maintain its distinction from the rest of society.

== Roles ==
The Brazilian Army is one of the three singular forces that make up the [[Brazilian Armed Forces]], alongside the [[Brazilian Navy]] and the [[Brazilian Air Force|Air Force]], all of which, according to article 142 of [[Constitution of Brazil|Brazil's constitution]], act in the defense of the homeland and in guaranteeing constitutional powers and law and order, in addition to subsidiary attributions defined by complementary laws. The army forms the nation's land force, acting primarily in its external defense, but it also has a whole series of internal missions.{{sfn|Rodrigues & Medeiros, Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=494, 496}}{{sfn|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)|p=41}} Its declared objectives include deterring external aggression, gaining prominence on the international stage and contributing to "sustainable development and social peace".{{sfn|Relatório de Gestão do Comando do Exército (2021)|p=42, 55, 63}}

Historically, [[History of the Constitution of Brazil|previous Brazilian constitutions]] defined both external and internal functions for the Armed Forces.{{sfn|Oliveira, O artigo 142 da Constituição e a tutela militar (2022)|p=648-649}} A large workload is dedicated to the doctrine, planning, preparation and execution of law and order operations.{{sfn|Aguiar & Mendonça, Dissuasão, política externa e emprego interno (2021)|p=184}} The army has a long history of internal defense and state structuring, defending political regimes and addressing threats from unresolved social issues that have resulted in internal conflicts.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=101-102}} Throughout Brazil's republican period, it is the most politically powerful of the three forces due to its past positions, its presence throughout the country's territory and its larger strength.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=300}}

Covering the incompleteness of the national State, filling gaps that should have been satisfied by other institutions, is part of the army's culture. Through its "Presence Strategy", it occupies demographic voids, acting as a "colonizing army", whether through the military colonies it established in the 19th century or through current border posts, and sees itself as the only factor of Brazilianness in these remote regions of the country. Subsidiary roles are constant. Possibly at the expense of preparing for war, the army operates in the scientific-technological and socioeconomic fields, carries out engineering works, receives refugees ([[Operação Acolhida|Operation Acolhida]]) and distributes water in [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeastern Brazil]] (Operation Pipa), among many other missions.{{sfn|Rodrigues & Medeiros, Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=496-502}}

<gallery class="center" widths="170" caption="Examples of army operations">
File:Tiro de Astros II (25389373479).jpg|Field maneuvers
File:Rocinha ocupação.2008.JPG|Occupation of [[Rocinha]] in 2008
File:Ações sociais da Ágata 5 promovem serviços médicos e odontológicos, distribuição de medicamentos e realização de benfeitorias em locais menos favorecidos na região de fronteira. (7747914246).jpg|Medical assistance
File:Operação Ágata 8 (14209485276).jpg|Road inspection at the borders
File:09 08 2019 Foto do Dia (48498016407).jpg|Highway works
</gallery>

==History==
[[File:Comemoração do Dia do Exército Brasileiro (13854771925).jpg|thumb|Soldiers carrying flags from different periods of Brazilian history|left]]

The Brazilian Army originates from the defense forces of the [[Portuguese Empire]] in [[Colonial Brazil]].{{sfn|Rodrigues & Medeiros, Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=495}} A Brazilian national army was designated by law for the first time in the [[Empire of Brazil|Brazilian Empire]]'s [[Brazilian Constitution of 1824|1824 constitution]],{{sfn|Mancuso, História e política na narrativa oficial das forças armadas (2008)|p=38}}{{sfn|Armada, A formação de um exército na Independência (2022)|p=15}} but land forces had already been fighting under the [[Flag of Brazil|Brazilian flag]] since the proclamation of [[Independence of Brazil|Independence]] in 1822.{{sfn|Armada, A formação de um exército na Independência (2022)|p=15}} Command of these forces, until then dispersed among the [[List of governors-general of Brazil|viceroys]] and captain-generals of the [[Captaincies of Brazil|captaincies]], was unified under the Secretariat of State for War Affairs (later the [[Ministry of War (Brazil)|Ministry of War]]) in 1822.{{sfn|Wehling & Wehling, Exército, milícias e ordenanças na Corte Joanina (2008)|p=29-30}}

Since 1994, the Brazilian Army has officially commemorated the [[First Battle of Guararapes]], fought on 19 April 1648, as the moment in which the "seeds" of the institution were planted. There was still no "Brazilian nation" or Brazilian Army, however, and no current military organization in the country has institutional continuity with those that fought in 1648.{{sfn|Castro, O espírito de Guararapes (2002)}} Several current units, however, trace their history back to the colonial period, such as the Old ''[[Tercio|Terço]]'' of Rio de Janeiro, from 1567, whose heir is the 1st Mechanized Infantry Battalion.<ref>{{Cite web|website=9ª Brigada de Infantaria Motorizada (Escola)|url=https://www.9bdainfmtz.eb.mil.br/editoria-d-2|title=OM Subordinadas|date=2019-08-28|access-date=2024-01-09|archive-date=2020-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726153516/http://www.9bdainfmtz.eb.mil.br/editoria-d-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

The highest authority in the army was the Adjutant General, whose body, the Adjutant General's Office, was created in 1857. The Adjutant General was always a military officer and served as an intermediary between the army and the Minister of War, whose position was a political one.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Almeida|first=Felipe Pessanha de|date=2019-07-18|title=Secretaria de Estado dos Negócios da Guerra|url=http://mapa.an.gov.br/index.php/menu-de-categorias-2/340-secretaria-de-estado-dos-negocios-da-guerra|website=Memória da Administração Pública Brasileira|access-date=2024-01-09|archive-date=2024-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109165642/http://mapa.an.gov.br/index.php/menu-de-categorias-2/340-secretaria-de-estado-dos-negocios-da-guerra|url-status=live}}</ref> When the office was abolished, the chiefs of the [[Brazilian Army General Staff|Army General Staff]] ({{langx|pt|Estado-Maior do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; EME), created in 1899, and the Ministers of War began to compete for primacy of command.{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=39-40}} The Ministry of War won the dispute.{{sfn|Rodrigues, Estado Novo, papel dos militares (2022)|p=464}} In 1967, it was renamed Ministry of the Army,{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=77}} which was later transformed into the current Army Command, subordinate to the Ministry of Defense, in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/lcp/lcp97.htm|title=Lei Complementar nº 97|date=9 June 1999|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=17 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117222500/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/LCP/Lcp97.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 19th century ===

==== First reign ====
{{See also|First reign (Empire of Brazil)|Imperial Brazilian Army}}
[[File:José Wasth Rodrigues - Batalha de Ituzaingó, Acervo do Museu Paulista da USP.jpg|thumb|Brazilian cavalry at the [[Battle of Ituzaingó]] (1827), during the Cisplatine War. Painting by [[José Wasth Rodrigues]]]]

The [[Brazilian War of Independence]] divided the military forces present in what is now Brazilian territory: some joined the Brazilian cause and others remained loyal to Portugal.{{sfn|Armada, A formação de um exército na Independência (2022)|p=20}} The Brazilian victory in the war did not break the continuity with the military organization and doctrine of the [[Portuguese Army]], whose characteristics would be visible in the Brazilian institution until the beginning of the 20th century.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=394}}{{sfn|Pedrosa, Doutrina do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=342-343}}{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=503}} Portuguese professionals, landowners, European mercenaries and ''[[ordenanças]]'' came together in a heterogeneous army.{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=503}}{{sfn|Seidl, A formação de um Exército à brasileira (2010)|p=74}}

The hierarchy had [[Feudalism|feudal]] aspects.{{sfn|Seidl, A formação de um Exército à brasileira (2010)|p=74}} Promotion criteria were poorly defined. Some officers progressed in their careers within the institution, but others, coming from the civilian elite and the aristocracy, moved between the ranks and politics. Officers did not serve far from their birthplaces, and it was only later that service rotation in the [[Provinces of Brazil|provinces]] emerged.{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=504-505}}{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=154}} Soldiers were generally obtained by [[impressment]],{{efn|Which is not to be conflated with conscription: "impressment describes coercive recruitment performed by police or press gangs. These agents most often targeted men without property, including vagrants and lawbreakers. Impressment did not rely on selecting men from an enrollment list, the act from which the term conscription derived its meaning" ({{Cite book|author=Beattie, Peter M.|year=2001|title=The Tribute of Blood: army, honor, race and nation in Brazil, 1864–1945|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham}} Author's note).}} although there were volunteers, including fugitive [[Slavery in Brazil|slaves]].{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=504-506}} Until 1830, and again in 1851–1852, foreign mercenaries served in the ranks, and even staged a [[Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' revolt|revolt of their own]].{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=396-397}} Military service, stigmatized,{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=504-506}} was known as the "[[Blood tax (Brazil)|blood tax]]".{{sfn|Mendes, O recrutamento militar no Brasil nos séculos XVIII e XIX (2004)|p=111}}

In December 1824, the nominal force numbered 30 thousand men of the 1st line (paid troops) and 40 thousand of the 2nd line (unpaid militia and some paid police, veterans and irregular troops). Lack of training and politicized recruitment limited the military capacity of the 2nd line.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=394-395, 399-400}} The 1st line was organized into regiments, battalions and some smaller units called "corps".{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=395}} In December 1824, it comprised three [[grenadier]] battalions, 28 {{langx|pt|[[caçadores]]|links=no|label=none}} (light infantry) battalions, seven cavalry regiments, five horse artillery corps and 12 field artillery corps.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=396}} Five brigades briefly existed in the Court ([[Rio de Janeiro]]), but throughout the century the army did not maintain large formations in peacetime. Provincial "commanders of arms" were subordinated to local governments, whose presidents were in turn appointed by the Emperor.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=402}} This organization would undergo numerous changes.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=399}} The structure of the Secretariat of State for War Affairs was small, and there was no general management body for the army in peacetime.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=395}}

The army was initially an instrument of emperor [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]]'s authority, closing the [[Brazilian Constituent Assembly (1823)|Constituent Assembly]] in 1823 (the [[Night of Agony]]) and suppressing a separatist movement, the [[Confederation of the Equator]]. Its greatest difficulty was in the [[Cisplatine War]], when it faced logistical obstacles and a high desertion rate.{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=503-504, 506-507}}

==== Regency period ====
{{See also|Regency period (Empire of Brazil)}}
[[File:Tropas brasileiras 1835.jpg|thumb|Brazilian Army troops in Rio de Janeiro, by [[Johann Moritz Rugendas]], 1835]]

At the beginning of the regency period (1831–1840), the [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 1831)|Liberal Party]], predominant in politics, did not accept a large-scale professional military force, associating it, since previous years, with military losses in [[Cisplatina]], mercenary revolts and the possibility of a coup.{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=507-508}} The 2nd line troops were replaced by the National Guard, which was considered civilian and was outside the jurisdiction of the Secretariat of War.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=399}} The army did not have a [[Monopoly on violence|monopoly on legitimate violence]], which was shared with the National Guard and the justices of the peace, parish priests and police chiefs, who had authority over recruitment.{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=512}} Personnel were drastically reduced: in 1837, the entire force numbered just 6,320 men.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=399-400}}

Faced with the numerous rebellions of the period, the political elite realized that territorial fragmentation of the country was the greatest danger and could not be controlled with the National Guard alone. Thus began the reconstruction of the army,{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=508-509}} which put down the [[Cabanagem]], [[Balaiada]], [[Sabinada]] and [[Ragamuffin War|Ragamuffin]] uprisings. It is for this reason that the [[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias|Duke of Caxias]], the patron of the army, is known as the "Peacemaker".{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=102}} The army's official history emphasizes its role in ensuring national integrity.{{sfn|Mancuso, História e política na narrativa oficial das forças armadas (2008)|p=87}}

==== Second reign ====
{{See also|Second reign (Empire of Brazil)}}
[[File:O Passo da Pátria (cropped).jpg|thumb|Brazilian troops landing in Paso de la Patria in 1866 during the Paraguayan War|left]]

By 1850 the political consensus was already in favor of the army.{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=509}} The force grew to 15–16 thousand men. By the 1851 organization, the army had eight rifle battalions, six ''caçadores'' battalions, four light cavalry regiments, one horse artillery regiment, and four foot artillery battalions. These would be the "mobile corps", intended for operations in any region. A series of small corps and companies were designated "garrison corps", responsible for the internal security of the provinces.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=400-401}} Officers' careers were professionalized from 1850 onwards, with the adoption of formal criteria for advancement in the hierarchy and mandatory education in military courses.{{sfn|Seidl, A formação de um Exército à brasileira (2010)|p=71-73}} The sons of the [[Brazilian nobility|civilian nobility]], who preferred to serve in the National Guard, gradually disappeared. Except in [[Rio Grande do Sul]], officers were recruited from social groups with lower incomes, especially children of military personnel.{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=17}}

With internal conflicts quelled, the Empire of Brazil used the army in external interventions in the [[Río de la Plata Basin|Río de la Plata]] region. In 1851–1852, four army divisions, the National Guard and regional Argentine allies campaigned in the [[Platine War]]. The intervention was successful, but the risk of war remained in the region, and the government did not pay adequate attention to defense. When the [[Paraguayan War]] began in 1864, the [[Paraguayan Army]] had 60 thousand men, compared to 16 thousand in Brazil, whose war effort was marked by improvisation.{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=510-512}} Technologies of the [[Second Industrial Revolution]], such as the rifle, the telegraph and the [[observation balloon]], coexisted with [[Napoleonic tactics]], such as the [[infantry square]], the "cult of the bayonet", cavalry as a shock weapon and artillery fired at close range, with grapeshot.{{sfn|Gonçalves, Tática do exército brasileiro na guerra do Paraguai (2009)|p=21, 77-78}} Lack of cartographic knowledge, good use of the terrain by the Paraguayans, logistical difficulties and epidemics delayed a decisive victory in the period before December 1868.{{sfn|Gonçalves, Tática do exército brasileiro na guerra do Paraguai (2009)|p=77}}

[[File:Pedro Américo - Batalha do Avaí.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Avay]] in 1868. Painting by [[Pedro Américo]]]]

The campaign was long and exhausting,{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=517}} on a much larger scale than the War of Independence. Ground forces were expanded to 135,000 soldiers, including 59,000 from the National Guard and 55,000 [[Voluntários da Pátria|Homeland Volunteers]]. At least initially, there was great popular enthusiasm for military service.{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=179}} Three [[Corps|army corps]] were fielded.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=405}} The army's official history recognizes Paraguay a second historical milestone after Guararapes.{{sfn|Mancuso, História e política na narrativa oficial das forças armadas (2008)|p=75}} The institution became aware of its importance for the country, but it did not benefit after the victory in 1870: the budget was drastically reduced. Officers' nonconformity with political leaders grew. The participation of slaves in the struggle brought [[Abolitionism in Brazil|abolitionism]] to fore.{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=516-518}}{{sfn|Nascimento, O Exército Brasileiro na Guerra de Canudos (2022)|p=94-95, 104-105}}{{sfn|Mancuso, História e política na narrativa oficial das forças armadas (2008)|p=102-103}}

A new military service law attempted to reform recruitment in 1874, but was not enforced due to popular resistance by the so-called "[[Rasga-listas|list rippers]]".{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=19-20}}{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=519}} In the same year, officer education was completely separated from Civil Engineering and concentrated at the Military School of Praia Vermelha.{{sfn|Castro, Um antropólogo na caserna (2004)|p=150}}

[[File:Oficiais brasileiros canhao 1886.png|thumb|Brazilian officers in 1886|left]] 

By the end of the Empire, the officers were divided between "scientists" and "''tarimbeiros''": the latter, veterans of the Paraguayan War, normally without a degree, and the former, trained at Praia Vermelha. The curriculum, unrelated to military disciplines, did not produce good troop commanders but rather intellectuals, engineers, bureaucrats and politicians, who competed with civilians with degrees.{{sfn|Nascimento, O Exército Brasileiro na Guerra de Canudos (2022)|p=94-95, 104-105}}{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=24-26}} The 1888 organization defined 27 infantry units, ten cavalry units, four field artillery units, four position artillery units and two engineering units. The distinction between mobile and garrison corps disappeared. Units were very small, but would theoretically be expanded to a "war footing" when necessary, although there was no mobilization system.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)|p=405-406}}

With no apparent external danger, the authorities used the army in public order, capturing fugitive slaves and controlling elections, which outraged the new generation of officers. New [[Positivism|positivist]] ideas were spreading. In the 1880s, a series of incidents with civilian authorities, known as the [[Military Question]], strained the army's relationship with the monarchy. The army had already become a political force, capable of making a minister resign. In the end, young officers, old leaders and civilians proclaimed the republic in a military coup that deposed emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]].{{sfn|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)|p=519-524}}

=== 20th century ===

==== First Brazilian Republic ====
{{See also|First Brazilian Republic|Brazilian Army in the First Republic}}
[[File:Revolta da Armada em 1893.png|thumb|The army in the port area of Rio de Janeiro during the Navy Revolt]]

Until 1894, a period marked by the [[Federalist Revolution]] and the [[Revolta da Armada|Navy Revolts]], the new republican regime began under the tutelage of the army (the so-called Republic of the Sword). The military were not united and lost power to the civilian oligarchies,<ref>{{harvnb|Schwarcz & Starling, Brasil: uma biografia (2015)}}, cap. 14.</ref> which were alienated from the officer class{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=34}} and transformed the [[Public Forces (Brazil)|Public Forces]] of the most powerful [[Federative units of Brazil|states]] into "small armies", a major obstacle to the expansion of the Armed Forces' power.{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=57}} The period was one of struggle to assert its relevance.{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=59}} In this context, the federal army guaranteed central power against regionalist tendencies.{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=10-11}}

By the 1890s, the army's operational capacity had fallen to a level sometimes inferior to the insurgents it faced.{{sfn|Nascimento, O Exército Brasileiro na Guerra de Canudos (2022)|p=97}} This and foreign policy fears sparked a military reform movement.{{sfn|Rodrigues, Acesso à Escola de Formação de Oficiais (2008)|p=56}}{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=102}}{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=61}} The [[World War I|First World War]] (1914–1918) favored reformism,{{sfn|Rodrigues, Acesso à Escola de Formação de Oficiais (2008)|p=64}}{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=62}} although direct Brazilian participation in land operations was limited to a mission of 26 officers to the [[French Army]].{{sfn|Araújo, Missão Militar Brasileira à França (2022)|p=11}} Seeking a successful army as a reference, groups of officers (known as the "Young Turks") were sent to intern in the [[Imperial German Army]] in 1906–1912,{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=60, 96-97}}{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=196}} and a French Military Mission was hired to advise on the [[Reorganization of the Brazilian Army in the Old Republic|reorganization of the Brazilian Army]] from 1920 to 1940.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=196}}{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=96-97}} Strategic planning had the [[Argentine Army]] as its hypothetical enemy,{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=63}} at the time more modern and supported by a railway network that was denser than the [[Rail transport in Brazil|Brazilian one]].{{sfn|Bellintani, O Exército Brasileiro e a Missão Militar Francesa (2009)|p=213, 239-242, 269}} Armament also had to be imported, as the arms industry was very limited.{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=238-241}}

[[File:UEB Infantaria leve 1920.png|thumb|Light infantry uniforms in 1920|left]]

By 1919, the training of officers at the [[Military School of Realengo]] was already very different from Praia Vermelha: a curriculum dominated by professional subjects, field exercises and strict discipline, training officers with a strong sense of distinction from civilians.{{sfn|Svartman, Generais de 1964 (2006)|p=82-86}}{{sfn|Castro, Um antropólogo na caserna (2004)|p=160}} The introduction of compulsory military service through the [[Sortition Law]], in 1916 allowed the abolition of the National Guard two years later,{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=24}} changed the army's relationship with society,{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=10}} made recruitment more judicious{{sfn|Ferreira, A introdução do sorteio militar (2014)|p=283}} and allowed a gradual and continuous expansion of personnel. In the long term, this strengthened central power at the expense of regional oligarchies.{{sfn|Ferreira, A introdução do sorteio militar (2014)|p=313}} [[Brazilian Army Aviation (1919–1941)|Military Aviation]] was introduced and remained in the army until 1941, when it was absorbed by the newly created Brazilian Air Force.{{sfn|Daróz, Aviação militar brasileira (1919-1941) (2022)|p=147-148}}

The organization of these forces in peacetime was rudimentary until 1908, when commanders began to build a modern order of battle with regiments, brigades and divisions. In 1921 there were five infantry divisions, three cavalry divisions, a mixed brigade and independent units. The actual organization differed greatly from the formal one, with many incomplete regiments. Throughout the century, each new organization was somewhat fictional.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=135-137}}{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)|p=370, 374, 386}} The force was estimated at 37 thousand men in 1919.{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=262-263}}

[[File:Bateria Krupp de 75 mm.jpg|thumb|Garrison of a 75mm Krupp artillery piece, 1924]]

The operational history of the period has two major conflicts arising from social issues in the interior of the country: the [[War of Canudos]] (1897) and the [[Contestado War]] (1912–1916).{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=102}} In Canudos the force faced peasants without military training,{{sfn|Rodrigues, Acesso à Escola de Formação de Oficiais (2008)|p=56}} but the terrain was adverse and well used by the opponent.{{sfn|Nascimento, O Exército Brasileiro na Guerra de Canudos (2022)|p=93-94}} The war concluded with the settlement of Belo Monte, in the interior of [[Bahia]], burnt and littered by the bodies of thousands of inhabitants. The army suffered immense casualties.{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=98-100}} In the 1920s the army had difficulty suppressing a mobile enemy, the [[Coluna Prestes|Prestes Column]], as its French-influenced doctrine was for a conflict in the style of the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] of the First World War.{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=272-273, 281, 321}} On the other hand, the rebels were unable to threaten Rio de Janeiro.{{sfn|Alves, As revoltas militares de 1924 (2014)|p=21}} In 1924 there was an experience of [[Urban combat in the São Paulo Revolt of 1924|urban combat]] and the [[bombing of São Paulo]] by army artillery.{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=348-351}}

Military revolts and interventions in politics marked the period, such as the proclamation of the republic itself, the Manifesto of the Thirteen Generals, [[Hermes da Fonseca|Hermism]]/Salvations Policy, the Sergeants' Revolt of 1915, ''[[tenentism]]'' and the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930|Revolution of 1930]], which ended the First Republic. Most of the revolts involved the lower ranks and did not represent the army as a whole, damaging the hierarchy. The "Pacifying Movement", a military coup that made the 1930 Revolution triumph, differed in that it was planned by high levels of the army and navy. This was made possible by organizational changes, such as the development of the Army General Staff.{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=13-15, 42-43, 48, 51, 55-56, 59}}

==== Vargas Era ====
{{See also|Vargas Era}}
[[File:Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932 - 28º Batalhão vindo do Norte.jpg|thumb|Transport of the 28th Battalion of ''Caçadores'', from [[Sergipe]], to fight in the Constitutionalist Revolution|left]]

[[Getúlio Vargas]]' first period in power (1930–1945) was one of great modernization and expansion for the Brazilian Army,{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)|p=379}} which was introduced to the center of political power. The military received investments and positions in the administration.{{sfn|Rodrigues, Estado Novo, papel dos militares (2022)|p=458}} But the army was deeply divided. Revolts by sergeants and corporals threatened the hierarchy, to the point of overthrowing the government of [[Piauí]] in 1931, and the officers also rebelled.{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=63-64, 87, 104}} A large part of the [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] garrison joined the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]] of 1932, which was defeated due to the loyalty of the rest of the Armed Forces and state governments to Vargas.<ref>{{harvnb|Schwarcz & Starling, Brasil: uma biografia (2015)}}, cap. 14.</ref> Army units rose up in the [[Brazilian communist uprising of 1935|Communist Uprising]] of 1935, which was quickly put down.{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=476-489}} In 1938 the army also participated in the repression of the [[Integralist Uprising]].<ref>{{Cite web|website=Exército Brasileiro|title=O Levante Integralista de 1938|url=https://www2.eb.mil.br/exercito-brasileiro?p_p_id=101&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_101_struts_action=/asset_publisher/view_content&_101_assetEntryId=1556563&_101_type=content&_101_urlTitle=o-levante-integralista-de-1938&_101|access-date=2024-01-08|archive-date=2024-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108170318/https://www2.eb.mil.br/exercito-brasileiro?p_p_id=101&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_101_struts_action=/asset_publisher/view_content&_101_assetEntryId=1556563&_101_type=content&_101_urlTitle=o-levante-integralista-de-1938&_101|url-status=live}}</ref>

To homogenize the institution, the government and army leaders carried out several purges of the officer ranks.{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=32-35}}{{sfn|Rodrigues, Estado Novo, papel dos militares (2022)|p=459-461}} Revolts by young officers became less and less likely for organizational and technical reasons.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=246}} General [[Pedro Aurélio de Góis Monteiro|Góis Monteiro]], considered the "first great ideologue" of the institution, wrote about the need for the "army's politics", not "politics in the army".{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=297}} The military aligned with the authoritarian and [[Developmentalism|developmentalist]] ideals of the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] dictatorship, established by Vargas with a [[1937 Brazilian coup d'état|coup in 1937]]. The army served as the strong arm of a centralized State,{{sfn|Rodrigues, Estado Novo, papel dos militares (2022)|p=463}} and the Public Forces were placed under the control of the Ministry of War, putting an end to the phenomenon of "state armies".{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=88}} Military engineers participated in the development of the steel and oil industries in the country.{{sfn|Saes, Militares e desenvolvimento no Brasil (2011)|p=314}}{{sfn|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)|p=100}} The concept of security, for the army, had been expanded, encompassing planning, energy, transport and industrialization.{{sfn|Svartman, Generais de 1964 (2006)|p=271}}

According to EME studies on the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution, the army had evolved in its doctrine and organization, but was still unprepared to face an external aggressor, as evidenced by the deficiency in the ammunition industry.{{Efn|{{harvnb|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=65}}. "Thus, on some topics, the reports of the War Ministers of the 1930s and 1940s differed little from the devastating portrait of the army's situation in 1918, drawn up by the then minister Pandiá Calógeras: failure of the military enlistment and lottery system, little or no military base industry, empty warehouses, scarce and deficient ammunition, mediocre troop instruction, officers more concerned with bureaucracy than missions and professional development". {{Cite book|last=Ferraz|first=Francisco César Alves|year=2021|chapter=O Serviço militar brasileiro na hora da verdade: a preparação para o combate em tempos de paz e a participação brasileira na Campanha da Itália|title=Fuerzas Armadas, fronteras y territorios en Sudamérica en el siglo XX: Perspectivas y experiencias desde Argentina y Brasil|url=https://www.libros.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/index.php/libros/catalog/view/178/222/1486-1|publisher=UNLP|place=La Plata}} pp. 146-147.}} The [[Chaco War]] (1932– 1935) between Bolivia and Paraguay helped the army to continue expanding its numbers, which exceeded 60 thousand men.{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=441-442}} Anti-aircraft artillery and mobile coastal artillery were implemented.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)|p=379}} Later on, [[Brazil in World War II|Brazil's entry]] into the [[World War II|Second World War]] in 1942 gave the army its "only experience [...] in a conventional war along the lines of a [[total war]]".{{sfn|Mancuso, História e política na narrativa oficial das forças armadas (2008)|p=236}} Fighting alongside the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], Brazil received weapons (via [[Lend-Lease]]) and sent officers to study in the United States. The army's strength grew from around 80,000 men to 200,000 in 1944, organized into eight infantry divisions, three cavalry divisions and a mixed brigade.{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=66-67}}

[[File:Força Expedicionária Brasileira - Força Expedicionária Brasileira na Itália (14).jpg|thumb|Brazilian expeditionaries at the [[Battle of Montese]] in 1945]]

The army's participation consisted of reinforcing the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeastern]] salient{{Efn|The northeastern salient would be the likely [[bridgehead]] of a hypothetical [[Axis powers|Axis]] invasion of South America, and the Brazilian Army expanded its strength there from 5 to 60 thousand men ({{Cite journal|title=Participação das Forças Armadas e da Marinha Mercante do Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial (1942-1945)|journal=Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro |last=Bento|first=Cláudio Moreira|url=https://ihgb.org.br/publicacoes/revista-ihgb/item/108053-revista-ihgb-volume-372.html|issue=172|year=1991}}). Before Brazil entered the war, the [[United States Armed Forces]] thought about invading the region themselves ([[Plan Rubber]]), and did not expect strong resistance from the Brazilian Army in their biggest objective, [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]] ({{Cite journal|last1=Gannon|first1=Michael|last2=Oliveira|first2=José Maria do Amaral|year=2000|title=Quosque tandem...? Quo jure? A invasão do Brasil|url=http://memoria.bn.br/docreader/008567/123121|journal=Revista Marítima Brasileira|volume=120|issue=10–12}}}} and sending the [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]] (FEB) to the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]]. The Brazilian government promised three infantry divisions for the war effort, but due to mobilization difficulties, it was only possible to send the 1st Expeditionary Infantry Division (1st DIE),{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=66-67}} subordinate to the [[IV Corps (United States)|IV Corps]] of the [[United States Army]].{{sfn|Faria & Silva, A Força Expedicionária Brasileira (2022)|p=115}} The [[Battle of Monte Castello]], which it fought in 1944–1945, was not the most important of the IV Corps, but it stood out within the experience of the FEB, which overcame its inexperience and won after several demoralizing defeats in the offensive.{{sfn|Faria & Silva, A Força Expedicionária Brasileira (2022)|p=119, 123-124}} Tactics changed from French to American: from frontal attacks to flanking enemy positions and attacking in multiple directions.{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=67}} The FEB was demobilized even before returning to Brazil, as it was considered a political threat.{{sfn|Faria & Silva, A Força Expedicionária Brasileira (2022)|p=123}} This did not prevent the [[1945 Brazilian coup d'état|ousting of Vargas]] by the Armed Forces in 1945, after which democracy was restored. The army had changed a lot, and in addition to its technical modernization, had become politically autonomous and convinced that it could form a well-trained elite.<ref>{{harvnb|Schwarcz & Starling, Brasil: uma biografia (2015)}}, cap. 15.</ref>

==== Fourth Brazilian Republic ====
{{See also|Fourth Brazilian Republic}}
[[File:Tanques cercam comício.tif|thumb|[[M41 Walker Bulldog]] light tanks in the [[Comício da Central|Central Rally]] in 1964|left]]

The Brazilian Army adopted American doctrine, organization, manuals and methods after World War II, although the absorption was partial, as older materiel of European origin and French concepts remained. New equipment was obtained through the [[Brazil–United States Treaty]].{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=67-68}}{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=104-105}} Since the war, motorized vehicles began to replace carts and mules. The use of armored vehicles, until then very limited, was consolidated.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)|p=381-382}} The training of sergeants was centralized and professionalized at the ''Escola de Sergentos das Armas'' ([[Brazilian Army Non-Commissioned Officer Academy|Combatant Sergeants' School]]). From the 1950s onwards, sergeant revolts disappeared. The movements of enlisted personnel in the rest of the Armed Forces had less repercussions on the army.{{sfn|Zimmermann, Escolas de formação e aperfeiçoamento dos sargentos (2022)|p=441-443}}

In 1960 the force comprised seven infantry divisions, four cavalry divisions, one armored division, the core of an airborne division, a mixed brigade and a School-Unit Group. These forces were grouped into four Military Zones in 1946, later called Armies in 1956, equivalent to the current Military Area Commands. The new structure was sophisticated, but the doctrine did not correspond to reality. Infantry divisions were supposed to have 15,000 men each, but averaged 5,500.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)|p=383-386}} Officials feared Brazil's military fragility.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=104}} On the other hand, the relative power of neighboring countries was declining.{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=95}} The hypothesis of war against Argentina lost relevance{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=136}} and coexisted with concerns of the [[Cold War]]: [[Nuclear warfare|nuclear war]], revolutionary war and [[United Nations peacekeeping|peace operations]],{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=95}} of which the first with Brazilian participation was the Suez battalion (1957–1967).{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=74-75}}

The institution's political participation was continuous. In 1955, Minister of War [[Henrique Teixeira Lott]] carried out a "[[Preventative Coup of November 11|preventative coup]]", opposing the Navy and Air Force, to ensure the inauguration of president [[Juscelino Kubitschek]]. In 1961, the three military ministers (army, navy and air force) tried to [[Legality Campaign|veto the inauguration]] of [[João Goulart]] as president, but a split in the army allowed the victory of the inauguration cause.{{sfn|Fico, Conceito de tutela militar (2022)|p=72-73}} Finally, the [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|1964 coup d'état]] began with the main commands of the army in loyalist hands, but officers defected ''en masse'' and the president was removed without a fight.{{sfn|Chirio, Revoltas e protestos de oficiais na ditadura militar brasileira (2012)|p=17}} Military personnel aligned with the deposed government were purged, including 22.5% of the generals serving in 1964.{{sfn|Zimmermann, Sargentos de 1964 (2013)|p=102}} The ideological basis of Goulart's opponents was [[anti-communism]],{{sfn|Chirio, Revoltas e protestos de oficiais na ditadura militar brasileira (2012)|p=18}} developed since 1935,{{sfn|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)|p=476}} and the doctrine of revolutionary war.{{sfn|Chirio, Revoltas e protestos de oficiais na ditadura militar brasileira (2012)|p=19-27}}

==== Military dictatorship ====
{{See also|Military dictatorship in Brazil}}
[[File:Manifestação estudantil contra a Ditadura Militar 571.tif|thumb|Soldiers in front of the Duke of Caxias Palace, former Army HQ, during demonstrations against the dictatorship in 1968]]

In the subsequent military dictatorship (1964–1985) the center of political power was occupied by generals, although the institutions formally remained those of a liberal democracy. Generals disputed among themselves and were challenged by junior officers.{{sfn|Chirio, Revoltas e protestos de oficiais na ditadura militar brasileira (2012)|p=232-233}} Political repression activities were centralized in the army,{{sfn|Frederici, Instituição militar e política (2003)|p=50-53}} whose [[DOI-CODI|Internal Defense Operations Centers]] ({{langx|pt|Centros de Operações de Defesa Interna|links=no|label=none}}; CODI) coordinated the Armed Forces and the police.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=96}} Military personnel were responsible for illegal detentions, [[Torture in Brazil|torture]], executions, forced disappearances and concealment of corpses,{{sfn|Relatório da Comissão Nacional da Verdade (2014)|p=964-965}} and the army played a fundamental role in the genocide of the [[Waimiri-Atroari]] indigenous people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ministério Público Federal|url=http://www.mpf.mp.br/am/sala-de-imprensa/docs/acp-waimiri-atroari-violacoes|title=Violações contra os Waimiri-Atroari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Comitê Estadual de Direito à Verdade, à Memória e à Justiça do Amazonas|url=http://www.dhnet.org.br/verdade/resistencia/a_pdf/r_cv_am_waimiri_atroari.pdf|title=1º Relatório do Comitê Estadual da Verdade: o genocídio do Povo Waimiri-Atroari|year=2012|access-date=2024-01-12|archive-date=2022-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117075312/http://dhnet.org.br/verdade/resistencia/a_pdf/r_cv_am_waimiri_atroari.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Armed struggle against the Brazilian military dictatorship|armed struggle against the dictatorship]] was faced mainly by high-ranking intelligence bodies, such as the CODI and the Army Information Center ({{langx|pt|Centro de Informações do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; CIEx). Large-scale use of conventional troops for [[counterinsurgency]] occurred rarely and was ineffective.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=96}} The [[Araguaia Guerrilla War|Araguaia Guerrilla]] (1972–1975), the most extensive rural insurgency of the period, could only be defeated by the principle of "fighting guerrilla with guerrilla": extensive intelligence work, infiltrated plainclothes patrols and the participation of the Special Forces Company.{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=277-278}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pinheiro|first=Álvaro de Souza|year=2005|title=Guerrilha na Amazônia: uma experiência no passado, o presente e o futuro (parte 3)|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/geopolitica/toa-guerrilha-na-amazonia-a-experiencia-dos-anos-70-parte-2/|website=DefesaNet|access-date=2024-01-05}}</ref>

[[File:Manifestação estudantil contra a Ditadura Militar 695.tif|thumb|[[Half-track]] of the Armored Division in 1968|left]]

The "[[Brazilian Miracle|economic miracle]]" allowed the re-equipment of the army in the period 1969–1974, with a focus on conventional warfare.{{sfn|Campos, A Guerra das Falklands/Malvinas e suas repercussões no Exército Brasileiro (2011)|p=82}} Counterinsurgency did not make the military give up external defense, in part as a way of demonstrating the state's prestige.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=160-161}} There were two hypotheses of war: a "revolutionary war in South America" and a war between the [[Western Bloc|Western]] and [[Eastern Bloc|Communist]] blocs, with Brazil contributing an expeditionary army corps to the Western bloc.{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=79-80}} Equipment inventories were rapidly nationalized thanks to the development of companies in the [[Defense industry of Brazil|national arms industry]], such as [[Engesa]].{{sfn|Brustolin, Indústria de defesa do Brasil (2022)|p=80-81}}{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=191-192}} Rifles, machine guns, artillery and armor were replaced by 1980.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=219-220}}

After a century of emulating foreign armies, the Brazilian Army sought a doctrine more suited to local needs.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)|p=391}}{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=75, 96-987}} The order of battle was reorganized, suppressing infantry and artillery regiments and creating brigades, which became the main large maneuver units,{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)|p=387-388}} a system that still remains in the 21st century.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)|p=392}} Total strength was at 170 thousand in 1970.{{sfn|Silva, O processo de transformação do Exército (2013)|p=87}} In 1980 the army fielded 13 ordinary infantry, one airborne, two jungle infantry, three armored infantry, one armored cavalry and four mechanized cavalry brigades.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=215}} But not all goals were met,{{sfn|Silva, O processo de transformação do Exército (2013)|p=96}} and there remained a technological delay in relation to the Argentine Army.{{Efn|"In April 1981, following an invitation from the commander of the Argentine Army, general Walter Pires, then Minister of the Brazilian Army, visited military installations in that country and found that the neighboring country, due to the arms race with Chile, had acquired the most modern military materiel, contrasting with the obsolescence of much of Brazilian equipment, especially in terms of artillery, armored equipment and electronic assets". ''As forças armadas no Brasil'' (1987), Espaço e Tempo, p. 8, cited in {{Cite thesis|last=Siqueira|first=Júlio César Aguiar|year=2019|title=A evolução da estrutura organizacional do Exército Brasileiro entre 1970 e 2005|url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5978/1/MO%206130%20-%20AGUIAR%20SIQUEIRA.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007143423/https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5978/1/MO%206130%20-%20AGUIAR%20SIQUEIRA.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2022|publisher=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército|access-date=12 January 2024|url-status=live}} p 38.}}

{{Clear}}

==== Redemocratization and post-Cold War ====
{{See also|Redemocratization in Brazil}}
[[File:2020 - Operação Ágata (50888111181).jpg|thumb|The new Army Aviation on the Amazon borders]]

Argentina's defeat in the [[Falklands War]] in 1982 shocked the Brazilian military. The United States did not support a South American country against an extracontinental power, and the Brazilian Armed Forces would clearly be out of date in a similar conflict.{{sfn|Silva, O processo de transformação do Exército (2013)|p=99}} Basic equipment was lacking and operational capacity was very low.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=116}} The EME began to study the hypothesis of a war with a country from the Western bloc, economically and militarily superior to Brazil, in the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]] region,{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=86}} at the same time that it planned the "army of the future", devising the ''Força Terrestre 90'' (FT 90), ''Força Terrestre 2000'' and ''Força Terrestre do Século XXI'' programs.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=114-115}}{{sfn|Campos, A Guerra das Falklands/Malvinas e suas repercussões no Exército Brasileiro (2011)|p=145}}

After the end of the military dictatorship in 1985, the army distanced itself from political-ideological confrontation and began executing the FT 90 and its successors.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=114-115}} By the end of the 1980s, the social and economic standards of officers had declined,{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=162-163}} and by the beginning of the following decade, the army's strategic priorities had become undefined.{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=134}} Traditional threats (communism and Argentina) were giving way to non-traditional ones.{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=55}} The United States Army once again became the "model to be followed" by winning the 1991 [[Gulf War]], inspiring the Brazilian "Delta Doctrine".{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=96, 112, 137}} The Brazilian arms industry collapsed.{{sfn|Brustolin, Indústria de defesa do Brasil (2022)|p=81}}{{sfn|Bastos, Nova família de blindados sobre lagartas (2017)|p=34}}

In 1991, the incursion of the [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] (FARC) into Brazilian territory and the subsequent [[Operation Traira|Operation Traíra]] redoubled attention in the Amazon.{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=108}} Army officers viewed transnational crime, Colombian guerrillas, and environmental and indigenous issues as possible pretexts for foreign intervention in the region.{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=167-168}} At the same time, public authorities often use the army for operations to guarantee law and order in places such as Rio de Janeiro,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nogueira|first=Ítalo|date=2023-11-01|title=RJ chega a 20 GLOs com histórico de tanques, ocupações, obra e até banda em favelas|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2023/11/rj-chega-a-20-glos-com-historico-de-tanques-ocupacoes-obra-e-ate-banda-em-favelas.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102023548/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2023/11/rj-chega-a-20-glos-com-historico-de-tanques-ocupacoes-obra-e-ate-banda-em-favelas.shtml|archive-date=2023-11-02|website=Folha de S. Paulo|access-date=2024-01-12|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Mathias & Guzzi, As forças armadas nas constituições nacionais (2010)|p=52}} as well as for subsidiary missions, which are, in a certain way, accommodated by the political class.{{sfn|Rodrigues & Medeiros, Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=501}} Abroad, participation in international [[United Nations|UN]] missions increased.{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=89}}

===21st century===
{{See also|Future of the Brazilian Army}}
[[File:US Navy 100316-N-9116F-001 A Brazilian U.N. peacekeeper walks with Haitian children during a patrol in Cite Soleil.jpg|thumb|A Brazilian U.N. peacekeeper during a patrol in [[Cité Soleil]], Haiti]]

Total personnel grew from 194,000 in 1985 to 238,000 in 2007,{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=146-147}} below the large quantitative expansion planned in the 1980s, due to budget restrictions.{{sfn|Silva, O processo de transformação do Exército (2013)|p=109}} The army of 2007, despite not being much larger than that of 1985, was more specialized, with new technologies. Electronic warfare capabilities were acquired and the roster of rapid action forces was expanded with the new [[Brazilian Army Aviation#Organization|Army Aviation Brigade]] (1989), [[12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile)|airmobile infantry]] (1995) and the expansion of [[Special Operations Command (Brazil)|special operations forces]] (2003).{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=159}}

The first Brazilian main battle tanks were acquired, the [[Leopard 1]] and [[M60 tank|M60]] models,{{sfn|Souza, As forças blindadas do Exército Brasileiro (2010)|p=15}} and the structure of Brazilian armored brigades was made equivalent to their Argentine counterparts, despite good [[Argentina–Brazil relations|bilateral relations]].{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=159}} An attempt was made to reduce dependence on compulsory military service, but the costs of professional soldiers limited the measures.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=148}}{{sfn|Campos, A Guerra das Falklands/Malvinas e suas repercussões no Exército Brasileiro (2011)|p=185-186}} The [[Amazon Military Command]]'s two brigades of jungle infantry were reinforced by another three.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=120}}

In 2012 some generals gave the press an overview of the army, describing its aging equipment and technological obsolescence. Since 2004, only 9 to 10% of the budget was available for funding and investments, with the remainder being spent on personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stochero|first=Tahiane|date=2012-08-13|title=Sucateado, Exército não teria como responder a guerra, dizem generais|url=http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2012/08/sucateado-exercito-nao-teria-como-responder-guerra-dizem-generais.html|website=G1|access-date=2023-12-15|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922031406/https://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2012/08/sucateado-exercito-nao-teria-como-responder-guerra-dizem-generais.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The guidelines for the Army Transformation Process had just been published, with ambitious goals for the year 2030, just like the planners of the 1980s, who had defined 2010 as the year in which the "army of the future" would exist.{{sfn|Silva, O processo de transformação do Exército (2013)|p=18-19, 175-177, 181}} The drivers of the Transformation Process are strategic projects/programs,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Peri|first=Enzo Martins|date=2011-01-11|title=O Exército Brasileiro e seu processo de transformação|url=https://www.editorajc.com.br/o-exercito-brasileiro-e-seu-processo-de-transformacao/|website=Justiça & Cidadania|access-date=2024-01-04|archive-date=2024-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303030019/https://www.editorajc.com.br/o-exercito-brasileiro-e-seu-processo-de-transformacao/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|Originally "Strategic Projects" and later "Strategic Programs", grouped into the "Army Strategic Portfolio". See ''[https://ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/VO/article/view/770/816 O Portfólio Estratégico do Exército]'', Revista Verde-Oliva, no. 237, 2017.}} such as ASTROS 2020, for the expansion of missile and rocket artillery ([[Astros II]]) and the development of a cruise missile ([[AV-TM 300]]);<ref>{{Cite web|website=Escritório de Projetos do Exército|title=ASTROS 2020|url=http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/astros-2020|access-date=2024-01-12|archive-date=2024-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102183736/http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/astros-2020|url-status=live}}</ref> [[VBTP-MR Guarani|Guarani]] armored vehicles, with a new family of wheeled armor;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bastos Jr.|first=Paulo Roberto|date=2020-10-25|title=Memória T&D: A primeira operação do VBTP-MSR 6X6 Guarani|url=https://tecnodefesa.com.br/memoria-td-a-primeira-operacao-do-vbtp-msr-6x6-guarani/|website=Tecnologia & Defesa|access-date=2024-01-12|archive-date=2020-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101131901/https://tecnodefesa.com.br/memoria-td-a-primeira-operacao-do-vbtp-msr-6x6-guarani/|url-status=live}}</ref> Anti-Air Defense, with the renewal of low-altitude anti-aircraft artillery and acquisition of medium-altitude artillery;<ref>{{Cite web|website=Escritório de Projetos do Exército|title=Defesa Antiaérea|url=http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/defesa-antiaerea|access-date=2023-12-23|archive-date=2024-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118224600/http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/defesa-antiaerea|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Integrated Border Monitoring System, [[Proactive cyber defence|Cyber Defense]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Escritório de Projetos do Exército|title=Cibernética|url=http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/defesa-cibernetica|access-date=2024-01-03|archive-date=2024-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118224540/http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/defesa-cibernetica|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|website=Escritório de Projetos do Exército|title=SISFRON|url=http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/sisfron|access-date=2024-01-03|archive-date=2024-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118224544/http://www.epex.eb.mil.br/index.php/sisfron|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Fuzileiros navais simulam desembarque no Aterro do Flamengo (28407077376).jpg|thumb|The army in the security of the [[2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Olympics]] in Rio de Janeiro|left]]

A notable peacekeeping operation during this period was the [[United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti|United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti]] (MINUSTAH) (2007–2017).{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=89}} Most of the Brazilian battalion commanders in Haiti achieved generalship.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=61}}

The [[2010 Rio de Janeiro security crisis|occupation]] of [[Complexo do Alemão]] in 2010 was the largest law and order operation since the promulgation of the [[Constitution of Brazil|1988 Constitution]], and was considered more difficult than Haiti. When confronting organized crime in Rio de Janeiro's favelas, the military had to change tactics and equipment. They recognize the difficulty of police work, in which they are not specialized and there is a risk of collateral damage. There were protests by local residents against abuses of authority, torture and excessive shooting and use of tear gas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stochero|first=Tahiane|date=2012-08-15|title=Para Exército, ocupar Alemão é mais difícil que guerra e missão no Haiti|url=https://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2012/08/para-exercito-ocupar-alemao-e-mais-dificil-que-guerra-e-missao-no-haiti.html|website=G1|access-date=2023-12-15|archive-date=2023-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216001803/https://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2012/08/para-exercito-ocupar-alemao-e-mais-dificil-que-guerra-e-missao-no-haiti.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the federal intervention in Rio de Janeiro in 2018, an army general held the position of Secretary of Security in Rio de Janeiro, and other generals held roles in that secretariat and in the federal intervention office.{{sfn|Aguiar & Mendonça, Dissuasão, política externa e emprego interno (2021)|p=181}}

Strategic projects suffered from contingencies and cuts in military spending resulting from the [[2014 Brazilian economic crisis|economic crisis]] of the mid-2010s,{{sfn|Magalhães, Execução orçamentária do Projeto Força Terrestre 2035 (2020)|p=52-59, 66-67}} and by 2019 their deadlines were already being extended, some until 2040.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Monteiro|first=Tânia|date=2019-05-13|title=Cortes de 44% no orçamento das Forças Armadas afetam mais a Marinha|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2019/05/13/cortes-na-defesa-afetam-mais-a-marinha.htm|publisher=Estadão Conteúdo (cited in UOL)|access-date=2024-01-04|archive-date=2024-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105041757/https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2019/05/13/cortes-na-defesa-afetam-mais-a-marinha.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Araújo|first1=Carla|last2=Rittner|first2=Daniel|date=2019-05-05|title=Defesa – Sem orçamento adia projeto estratégico até 2040|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/seguranca/defesa-sem-orcamento-adia-projeto-estrategico-ate-2040/|publisher=Valor (cited in DefesaNet)|access-date=2024-01-04|archive-date=2024-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105041758/https://www.defesanet.com.br/seguranca/defesa-sem-orcamento-adia-projeto-estrategico-ate-2040/|url-status=live}}</ref> When the [[Guyana–Venezuela crisis (2023–present)|Guyana-Venezuela crisis]] began in 2023, the army reinforced [[Roraima]], but still did not have cruise missiles, medium-altitude anti-aircraft defense or [[B1 Centauro|Centauro II]] tank destroyers available.<ref name="guiana">{{Cite web|last=Godoy|first=Roberto|date=2023-12-12|title=Crise entre Maduro e Guiana pega o Brasil sem caça-tanques, estoques de munições e aposentando navio|url=https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/marcelo-godoy/crise-entre-maduro-e-guiana-pega-o-brasil-sem-caca-tanques-estoques-de-municoes-e-aposentando-navio/|website=Estado de S. Paulo|access-date=2024-01-12|archive-date=2023-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211191233/https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/marcelo-godoy/crise-entre-maduro-e-guiana-pega-o-brasil-sem-caca-tanques-estoques-de-municoes-e-aposentando-navio/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personnel==

Military personnel may be on active or reserve status. If active, they may be career military personnel (with guaranteed or presumed lifetime status) or temporary personnel.<ref name="dsm2">{{Cite web|website=Diretoria de Serviço Militar|title=O Serviço Militar|date=2021-11-26|url=http://dsm.dgp.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/o-servico-militar|access-date=2023-12-01|archive-date=2023-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925064835/http://dsm.dgp.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/o-servico-militar|url-status=live}}</ref> The number established by decree for the army in 2023 was 212,217 active military personnel, of which 149 were generals, 29,220 other officers, 46,773 warrant officers and sergeants and 136,005 corporals and privates.<ref name=strength/> Out of 214 thousand in 2023, the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (IISS) quantified 112 thousand conscripts.{{sfn|IISS, The Military Balance (2023)|p=383}} There are much lower estimates of the proportion of conscripts (30%).{{sfn|Aguiar & Mendonça, Dissuasão, política externa e emprego interno (2021)|p=168}} In addition to active duty personnel, the IISS estimated the reserve at 1,340,000 military personnel in 2023, but did not distinguish between the three branches;{{sfn|IISS, The Military Balance (2023)|p=383}} Frank McCann estimated over a million Army reservists in 2017.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=75}} The Brazilian Army is historically one of the largest in the region.{{Efn|{{harvnb|Dullius, Gastos militares na América do Sul (2008)|p=12}}, noting, however, that the [[National Army of Colombia|Colombian Army]] was already larger than the Brazilian one. In 2023, however, it had a total personnel of 185,900 ({{harvnb|IISS, The Military Balance (2023)|p=390}}), smaller than the Brazilian one.}}

=== Ranks and uniforms ===
{{See also|Military ranks of Brazil}}
[[File:Brasil_(7952311794).jpg|thumb|Standard army camouflage uniform, with a third sergeant's collar chevron|left]]

Hierarchy and discipline are formally defined as the basis of the organization of the Armed Forces. In the army the hierarchy comprises 19 levels, called "''postos''" on the upper levels (officers), and "''graduações''" on the lower ones (enlisted personnel). ''Postos'' and ''graduações'' are grouped into social coexistence circles: from highest to lowest, they are the circles of general officers,{{Efn|Marshal, army general, divisional general and brigadier general, respectively identified by five, four, three and two stars ({{harvnb|Hudson, Brazil: a country study (1998)|p=386}}).}} senior officers,{{Efn|Colonel, lieutenant colonel and major.}} intermediate officers,{{Efn|Captains.}} junior officers,{{Efn|First and second lieutenant. The officer candidate, considered a "special enlisted man", is superior to the enlisted men and is part of the junior officers' circle.}} warrant officers and sergeants,{{Efn|Sub-lieutenant, first, second, and third sergeant.}} and corporals and privates. In peacetime, the highest rank is that of army general. The rank of [[Marshal (Brazil)|marshal]] may be created in wartime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lei nº .880 de 9 de dezembro de 1980|date=9 December 1980|url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l6880compilada.htm|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205000103/https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l6880compilada.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Motomura|first=Marina|date=2011-04-18|title=Qual é a hierarquia das Forças Armadas?|url=http://mundoestranho.abril.com.br/historia/qual-e-a-hierarquia-das-forcas-armadas/|publisher=Mundo Estranho|access-date=2024-01-13|archive-date=2020-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923172013/http://mundoestranho.abril.com.br/historia/qual-e-a-hierarquia-das-forcas-armadas/|url-status=live}}</ref> Enlisted personnel can be called "''graduados''", except for privates, which form the lowest level of the hierarchy and are considered "non-graduated" military personnel.{{sfn|Faria & Pedrosa, Hierarquia militar brasileira (2022)|p=30}}

The greatest separation in the career is between officers and ''praças'' (enlisted men),{{sfn|Castro, sobre o conceito de Instituição Total (2007)|p=3}} as the officers are the active leading element, trained from the beginning for command, while the enlisted men are trained to apply orders.{{sfn|Atassio, Um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças (2012)|p=13}} Aside from this, there are mechanisms for merit-based social mobility, and the army emphasizes that every general was once a [[cadet]], that is, a student at the officer academy.{{sfn|Castro, sobre o conceito de Instituição Total (2007)|p=3}} 

Respect for the hierarchy must be maintained even outside of service and even upon retirement. There are rules of coexistence between different military circles (for example, sergeants and officers do not sit at the same table), and disrespecting them is known as "hierarchical promiscuity".{{sfn|Castro, sobre o conceito de Instituição Total (2007)|p=4}} There is always a superior and a subordinate between two soldiers. Within the same position, the difference is [[seniority]]. In the case of officers from the [[Military Academy of Agulhas Negras]], seniority is defined by the date of the last promotion or, if it is the same, which is common among officers of the same class, by the classification (final grade average) at the academy.{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=66}}{{sfn|Silva, O exército como família (2016)|p=5}}

[[File:24.05.2017 - Prefeita Paula Mascarenhas e vice Idemar Barz participam da Solenidade Militar Alusiva ao "Dia da Infantaria" no 9º BI Mtz (34704589542).jpg|thumb|Different colors of infantry berets]]

Rank is indicated by insignia on the uniform, along with military organization badges and course badges and brevets. The most famous color in uniforms is olive green, which is one of the main elements of the army's visual identity. First adopted in 1931 in place of khaki, the color was also used on field uniforms until the 1990s, when the use of camouflage became widespread.{{Efn|Until then, camouflage was used among paratroopers, jungle troops and cadets. ({{harvnb|Pedrosa, Uniformes do Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=734}}).}} Olive green is the standard color for berets, but specific troops distinguish themselves by different colors: red for paratroopers, brindle for jungle troops, marine blue for aviation, gray for mountain specialists, beige for the airmobile brigade, and steel blue for officer and sergeant training schools. Some units wear traditional historical uniforms, such as the [[Presidential Guard Battalion (Brazil)|Presidential Guard Battalion]] and the [[Independence Dragoons|1st Guard Cavalry Regiment]].{{sfn|Pedrosa, Uniformes do Exército Brasileiro (2022)}}

====Commissioned officer ranks====
The rank insignia of [[commissioned officer]]s.
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/Brazil}}
|}

====Other ranks====
The rank insignia of [[non-commissioned officer]]s and [[Enlisted rank|enlisted personnel]].
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Brazil}}
|}

=== Military instruction ===
[[File:EsPCEx.JPG|thumb|Army Cadet Preparatory School|left]]

Military teaching and instruction can be defined as the army's main missions in peacetime.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=275}}{{sfn|Neves, Oficial da Reserva e a Segurança Nacional (1964)|p=13}} This system encompasses education, instruction, and research.<ref name="instituições">{{Cite web|website=Ministério da Defesa|title=Instituições de ensino e pesquisa vinculadas ao Exército Brasileiro|url=https://www.defesa.gov.br/ensino-e-pesquisa/instituicoes-de-ensino-militar/instituicoes-de-ensino-e-pesquisa-vinculadas-ao-exercito-brasileiro|access-date=2024-01-13|archive-date=2020-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217163018/https://www.defesa.gov.br/ensino-e-pesquisa/instituicoes-de-ensino-militar/instituicoes-de-ensino-e-pesquisa-vinculadas-ao-exercito-brasileiro|url-status=dead}}</ref> Privates' and corporals' activities correspond to elementary education, sergeants' to secondary, technical or higher education ([[Bachelor of Technology|technologist]]) and officers' to higher education.{{Efn|{{harvnb|Oliveira & Mathias, Profissionalização militar (2020)|p=52}}. The authors only mentioned the sergeants' secondary or technical education, but the [https://esa.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/cursos ''Escola de Sargentos das Armas''] é of higher education (technologist).}} Practically all military organizations have some responsibility for training soldiers.{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=306}} Active-duty organizations have a fixed personnel, but annually train a variable number of reservists. There are organizations exclusively focused on reservists: the Reserve Officer Training Bodies ({{langx|pt|Órgãos de Formação de Oficiais da Reserva|links=no|label=none}}; OFOR), which consist of the Preparation Centers ({{langx|pt|Centros de Preparação|links=no|label=none}}; CPOR) and the Preparation Nuclei ({{langx|pt|Núcleos de Preparação|links=no|label=none}}; NPOR), and the {{langx|pt|Tiros de Guerra|links=no|label=none}}.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=74-75}} Other organizations train career military personnel (officers and sergeants).{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=306}} By law, military education is regulated exclusively by the army itself.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo das relações pessoais dos militares do Exército Brasileiro (2012)|p=240}}

Officers in the military education line, who carry out the army's core activity (warfare), enter the institution early, in the equivalent of the first year of higher education. After the [[Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército|Army Cadet Preparatory School]] ({{langx|pt|Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; EsPCEx), in [[Campinas]], they graduate from AMAN, in [[Resende, Rio de Janeiro|Resende]].{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=61-62}} Officers' careers are organized into study cycles;{{sfn|Oliveira & Mathias, Profissionalização militar (2020)|p=51}} AMAN trains [[Officer candidate|officer candidates]],{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=76}} a degree from the Officer Improvement School ({{langx|pt|Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais|links=no|label=none}}; EsAO) is necessary for promotion to major, and a degree from the [[Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército|Army Command and General Staff School]] ({{langx|pt|Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; ECEME), to brigadier general.{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=70-71}} The AMAN degree is a bachelor's degree in Military Sciences, EsAO's degree is a master's degree in Military Operations, and ECEME's degree is a doctorate in Military Policy, Strategy and Administration; ECEME also offers a post-doctorate program.{{sfn|Oliveira & Mathias, Profissionalização militar (2020)|p=51}}

[[File:29 11 2019 Solenidade de Diplomação das Turmas do Curso de Formação de Sargentos 2019 (49144532433).jpg|thumb|Escola de Sargentos das Armas]]

Career combat sergeants graduate in two years, the first in one of the thirteen Army Technological School Units ({{langx|pt|Unidades Escolares Tecnológicas do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; UETE) spread across the country and the second in the [[Brazilian Army Non-Commissioned Officer Academy|Combatant Sergeants' School]] ({{langx|pt|Escola de Sargentos das Armas|links=no|label=none}}; ESA), Logistics Sergeants School ({{langx|pt|Escola de Sargentos de Logística|links=no|label=none}}; EsSLog) or Army Aviation Instruction Center ({{langx|pt|Centro de Instrução de Aviação do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; CIAvEx).{{sfn|Costa, A nova Escola de Formação e Graduação de Sargentos de Carreira (2021)|p=7}} EsAO's equivalent is the Sergeants' Branches Improvement School ({{langx|pt|Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Sargentos das Armas|links=no|label=none}}; EASA).{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=72-73}} The [[Instituto Militar de Engenharia|Military Institute of Engineering]] ({{langx|pt|Instituto Militar de Engenharia|links=no|label=none}}; IME), Army School of Health and Complementary Training ({{langx|pt|Escola de Saúde e Formação Complementar do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; EsFCEx) and the School of Specialized Instruction ({{langx|pt|Escola de Instrução Especializada|links=no|label=none}}; EsIE), among others, also participate in teaching sergeants and/or officers.<ref name="instituições" /><ref name="esfcex2">{{Cite web|website=Serviços e Informações do Brasil|title=Ingressar na Escola de Saúde e Formação Complementar do Exército (ESFCEx)|url=https://www.gov.br/pt-br/servicos/ingressar-na-escola-de-formacao-complementar-do-exercito|access-date=2023-11-29|archive-date=2024-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110160639/https://www.gov.br/pt-br/servicos/ingressar-na-escola-de-formacao-complementar-do-exercito|url-status=live}}</ref>

The schools are complemented by specialization courses, extension courses and internships.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=73}} In 2006, there were 66 specialization courses for officers and 76 for sergeants, eight extension courses for officers and six for sergeants, 47 internships for officers and 32 for sergeants.<ref>{{Cite magazine|magazine=Revista Verde-Oliva|place=Brasília|publisher=Centro de Comunicação Social do Exército|issue=187|year=2006|title=A carreira militar: características da profissão|url=https://www.calameo.com/exercito-brasileiro/read/001238206402bb5357736}}</ref> This even covers education that is not strictly military, such as language courses offered by the Center for Personnel Studies.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo das relações pessoais dos militares do Exército Brasileiro (2012)|p=240}} In the most difficult and coveted operational courses, such as those for commandos, jungle warriors and pathfinders, the rate of voluntary dismissal is high.{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=322}}

[[File:05 12 2020 Cerimônia de entrega de Espada e Declaração de Aspirantes da Turma “150 anos da Campanha da Tríplice Aliança” (50682667328).jpg|thumb|Military Academy of Agulhas Negras|left]]

The Brazilian Army also maintains twelve Military Schools, at primary and secondary level, but their students do not necessarily pursue a military career.{{sfn|Oliveira & Mathias, Profissionalização militar (2020)|p=52}} These schools offer the possibility of keeping officers' children in military education from a very early age.{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=71}} The Military Instruction Schools ({{langx|pt|Escolas de Instrução Militar|links=no|label=none}}; EsIM) are also secondary education, designed to allow students to carry out military service without interrupting their studies.<ref>{{Cite web|website=12ª Região Militar|title=Escola de Instrução Militar (EsIM)|url=https://12rm.eb.mil.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=385:escola-de-instru%C3%A7%C3%A3o-militar-esim&catid=17&Itemid=121|access-date=2023-12-03|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131402/https://12rm.eb.mil.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=385:escola-de-instru%C3%A7%C3%A3o-militar-esim&catid=17&Itemid=121|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the army, the training is rigorous, but ill-treatment, violence against lower ranks and bodily injuries are isolated cases and the instructions are controlled to avoid risks. Cases of violence by instructors exist; from 2005 to June 2015, the Rio de Janeiro Military Court judged 299 incidents in the army, navy and air force.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Werneck|first1=Antônio|last2=Marcolini|first2=Barbara|last3=Araújo|first3=Vera|date=2015-07-12|title=Nos quartéis, sessões de choques e espancamentos deixam marcas indeléveis|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/nos-quarteis-sessoes-de-choques-espancamentos-deixam-marcas-indeleveis-16739410|website=O Globo|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405212224/https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/nos-quarteis-sessoes-de-choques-espancamentos-deixam-marcas-indeleveis-16739410|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics point to the institution's corporatism as an obstacle to complaints. The aggressors are tried in the Military Court, but the compensation is paid by the federal government. An emblematic case was that of cadet Márcio Lapoente da Silveira, who died during training at AMAN in 1990, leading to a complaint to the [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]]. The superior officer involved later reached the rank of colonel.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nakamura|first=Pedro|date=2021-03-10|title=Oficiais sabotam investigações de tortura no Exército|url=https://www.intercept.com.br/2021/03/08/oficiais-exercito-sabotam-investigacoes-tortura/|website=The Intercept|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131801/https://www.intercept.com.br/2021/03/08/oficiais-exercito-sabotam-investigacoes-tortura/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ziemkiewicz|first=Nathalia|date=2013-07-12|title=Abusos nas foras armadas|url=https://istoe.com.br/314084_ABUSOS+NAS+FORCAS+ARMADAS/|website=IstoÉ|access-date=2024-01-10|archive-date=2024-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703213537/https://istoe.com.br/314084_ABUSOS%20NAS%20FORCAS%20ARMADAS/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

=== Branches, cadres and services ===
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Troops are subdivided into several specialties, called "branches" ({{langx|pt|armas|links=no|label=none}}), "cadres" ({{langx|pt|quadros|links=no|label=none}}) and "services" ({{langx|pt|serviços|links=no|label=none}}), according to their missions and characteristics.{{sfn|Savian, Resistências à mecanização (2013)|p=2-3}} Seven of them, the military education line, directly carry out military operations, and their officers are exclusively trained at AMAN; they are the infantry, cavalry, engineering, artillery and communications branches, the Quartermaster Service ({{langx|pt|Serviço de Intendência|links=no|label=none}}) and the Ordnance Cadre ({{langx|pt|Quadro de Material Bélico|links=no|label=none}}). Colloquially, they are called "{{langx|pt|armas|links=no|label=none}}".{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=42}} Infantry and Cavalry are the so-called "base branches" ({{langx|pt|armas base|links=no|label=none}}), as they come into direct contact with the enemy. Artillery directly participates in combat, but from a distance, providing fire support. Engineering and communications are support branches, but they also act directly on the battlefield. Quartermasters and Ordnance are the theater of operations's logistics.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=55-56}}

The other areas of officers, with different origins, are the Military Engineers ({{langx|pt|Quadro de Engenheiros Militares|links=no|label=none}}; QEM), Auxiliary Officers ({{langx|pt|Quadro Auxiliar de Oficiais|links=no|label=none}}; QAO) and Complementary Officers ({{langx|pt|Quadro Complementar de Oficiais|links=no|label=none}}; QCO) and the Health and Religious Assistance Services.{{sfn|Faria, Armas, Quadros e Serviços do Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=101-104}} Army Aviation, which is not a branch, has officers from different branches.{{sfn|Ferro, Aviação do Exército Brasileiro (2000)|p=295}} Warrant officers and sergeants belong to their own Military Qualifications ({{langx|pt|Qualificações Militares de Sargentos|links=no|label=none}}; QMS), covering, in addition to the seven areas of AMAN, Communications Maintenance, Topography, Aviation Maintenance, Aviation Support, Music and Health.<ref>Escola de Sargentos das Armas. [https://esa.eb.mil.br/images/Secao_Concurso/Edital_CFGS_2022_2023.pdf.pdf Edital n.° 3/SCA, de 3 de março de 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928001846/https://esa.eb.mil.br/images/Secao_Concurso/Edital_CFGS_2022_2023.pdf.pdf |date=2022-09-28 }}. Concurso público para admissão e matrícula. p. 6-7.</ref>{{sfn|Ribeiro, Proposta de integração das QMS de aviação (2021)}}

Officers and NCOs choose the branch in which they will serve during their training.{{sfn|Atassio, Um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças (2012)|p=34}} This decision accompanies the soldier for the rest of his career and determines where he will serve and what commands he will be able to exercise.{{sfn|Costa, Tendências ocupacionais do Exército Brasileiro (2020)}} However, more than a specialty, the branch is a social atmosphere of its own, determining the soldier's companions for the remainder of his career. Along with the class in which an officer graduated, the branch is the basic component of an officer's identity.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=52-55}} Temperament and disposition are presumed from branch collar insignia.{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=66}} Each branch has a "spirit", an association between the personal characteristics required in military operations and the individual's personality:{{sfn|Castro, Um antropólogo na caserna (2004)|p=70-71}} "rustic" infantrymen, "fast" cavalrymen, "methodical" artillerymen, and so on. There are even negative stereotypes attributed to each branch by the others.{{sfn|Mello, A construção da identidade militar nas alocuções (2016)|p=75}}

The best students, based on the general classification, choose their branch first, and the last ones are "compelled" to fill the remaining vacancies.{{sfn|Atassio, Um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças (2012)|p=34}} Until the 1990s, the students' preferred branches were infantry, cavalry and artillery, prestigious for being the combat ones, to which the most famous generals in the history of the army belonged. From then on, the Quartermaster and Ordnance, areas closest to civilian activity, became the most sought after by the new generations of cadets.{{sfn|Costa, Tendências ocupacionais do Exército Brasileiro (2020)}}{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=60-65}}

=== Officers ===

==== Subdivisions ====
[[File:Blindado Guarani (13412033914).jpg|thumb|Army chaplains|left]]

Career officers from the military education line, also called "AMAN officers" or "academy officers",{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=29-30}} are the backbone and elite of the institution,{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=61}} in which the army invests to represent it legitimately and, in the future, lead it.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=253}} They are the majority of generals and all army generals, the top of the hierarchy.{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=64}} But there are several other officer careers.{{sfn|Santos, A transformação de atitudes e valores (2019)|p=12}}

2nd category reserve officers (R/2) are recruited through OFOR.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Diretoria de Serviço Militar|title=Órgãos de Formação da Reserva (CPOR e NPOR)|date=2021-11-04|url=http://dsm.dgp.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/?option=com_content&view=article&id=108|access-date=2023-10-11|archive-date=2023-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211162744/http://dsm.dgp.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/?option=com_content&view=article&id=108|url-status=live}}</ref> The Military Engineers Cadre (QEM) (not be confused with the military line Engineering Branch), is trained at the Military Engineering Institute and has skills closer to those of a university-trained engineer.{{sfn|Moreira, O discurso nacionalista dos engenheiros militares (2008)|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite web|website=Exército Brasileiro|title=Quadro de Engenheiros Militares|url=https://www.eb.mil.br/quadro-engenheiros-militares|access-date=2023-11-29}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A QEM engineer works in science, technology and the production of weapons.{{sfn|Faria, Armas, Quadros e Serviços do Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=101}} The Auxiliary Officer Cadre (QAO) is made up of sergeants and warrant officers promoted to the officer ranks.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Exército Brasileiro|title=Quadro Auxiliar de Oficiais|url=https://www.eb.mil.br/quadro-auxiliar-oficiais|access-date=2023-11-29}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Army's School of Health and Complementary Training trains the officers of the Complementary Cadre of Officers (QCO), Health Cadre (QSau) and Military Chaplains Cadre;<ref name="esfcex2"/> QCO officers already have a prior degree in a civil higher education course,<ref>{{Cite web|website=Exército Brasileiro|title=Quadro Complementar de Oficiais|url=https://www.eb.mil.br/quadro-complementar-oficiais|access-date=2023-11-29}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and military chaplains have prior training as Catholic or evangelical ministers.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Exército Brasileiro|title=Serviço de Assistência Religiosa|url=https://www.eb.mil.br/servico-assistencia-religiosa|access-date=2023-11-29|archive-date=2023-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120225315/http://www.eb.mil.br/servico-assistencia-religiosa|url-status=dead}}</ref> Temporary Technical Officers ({{langx|pt|Oficiais Técnicos Temporários|links=no|label=none}}; OTT), also with prior academic training, are recruited after an internship and remain for up to eight years.{{sfn|Dias, Elevação nos efetivos de Oficiais Temporários (2020)|p=3}}

==== Profile ====
[[File:A cerimônia de formatura da AMAN 2013 (11175350704).jpg|thumb|AMAN officer candidate with his family at the graduation ceremony]]

The majority of officers come from middle-class families, often with military parents, in a pattern of endogenous recruitment that has existed since at least the 20th century.{{sfn|Miranda, A construção da identidade do oficial (2018)|p=62-63}} Increasingly, in the last decades of the 20th century, these military parents are junior officers and enlisted men seeking social advancement through lifelong public service. The children of senior officers often attend civilian universities.{{sfn|Atassio, Um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças (2012)|p=65-66}} Salaries have historically maintained officers in the middle class.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=164}}

Young people do not enter AMAN thinking about leaving the military career in the future, or if they do, they are conditioned to change their minds. Officer status will follow each person until death.{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=62}} Permanent availability, exclusive dedication (i.e, the legal impossibility of assuming other positions), geographic mobility and restriction of labor rights are the characteristics of the career, according to the army.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=159}} Geographic mobility means a nomadic career, with constant transfers. The result is a homogeneous army, but this brings difficulties for the officer's family and prevents rooting in local society.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=66-67}} Due to exclusive dedication, the army advised against taking degrees outside the military, but this is changing in the 21st century.{{sfn|Miranda, A construção da identidade do oficial (2018)|p=65}}

An academy officer's contacts are established primarily within the institution.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=139}} Officers and their families share a large part of their living, leisure and study environments, and the institution promotes internal social interaction, in which wives are fundamental.{{sfn|Castro, sobre o conceito de Instituição Total (2007)|p=4-5}} The family's presentation and behavior influence how an officer is qualified in professional life.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=107}} The military family is also a bridge between the army and society as a whole.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=311}} The notion of "Military Family" can be broad, encompassing military personnel and their families.{{sfn|Silva, Famílias de militares (2013)|p=863}}

The profile of QCO officers is different, as they bring the worldview of academia and broader society into the army.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=141-142}} R/2 officers have a different social origin: they are mainly university students, and the declared objective of the course is the "education of citizens, future members of the national elite and who have knowledge mainly of the values that are the bases of the Brazilian Army".{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil (2001)|p=85-86}}

==== Career ====
[[File:04 08 2022 - Promoção de Oficiais Generais (52467561982).jpg|thumb|General promotion ceremony]]

Out of a class of 400 AMAN officer candidates, only four become army generals. Rising through officer ranks takes decades and involves the principles of seniority, merit, choice, and in wartime, bravery. An example of a successful officer, [[Fernando Azevedo e Silva]] graduated from AMAN in 1976 and was promoted to army general in 2014.<ref name="promoções2">{{Cite web|last=Gielow|first=Igor|date=2021-03-31|title=Entenda como funcionam as promoções nas Forças Armadas do Brasil|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/03/entenda-como-funcionam-as-promocoes-nas-forcas-armadas-do-brasil.shtml|website=Folha de S. Paulo|access-date=2024-01-19|archive-date=2021-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331164622/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2021/03/entenda-como-funcionam-as-promocoes-nas-forcas-armadas-do-brasil.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The political-military leaders of the 1960s graduated from the [[Military School of Realengo]] in the 1910s to 1930s.{{sfn|Svartman, Generais de 1964 (2006)|p=30}}

An officer's year of formation reveals his rank, his AMAN class (a group with great familiarity with each other and their own name, such as the "Independence Centennial" of 1989), and within it, his seniority.{{Efn|{{harvnb|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)}}, p. 65-72. Promotions for each position occur at the same time, and student classes trained at AMAN are promoted with a maximum difference of one year between the first and last student. AMAN's classification influences which ones will receive the best opportunities, and the "zero-one" student, the best classified one (oldest) in his respective branch, cadre or service, has a lot of expectations on his shoulders.}} There is a period of eight to ten years from AMAN to EsAO and three to ten years from there to ECEME.{{sfn|Oliveira & Mathias, Profissionalização militar (2020)|p=51-52}} About a third of each class manages to enter ECEME,{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=278}} through which officers enter the Active Duty General Staff Cadre ({{langx|pt|Quadro de Estado-Maior da Ativa|links=no|label=none}}; QEMA). This opens up advisory and decision-making functions to them, and therefore, greater prestige and power. The other officers are part of the General Supplementary Cadre ({{langx|pt|Quadro Suplementar Geral|links=no|label=none}}; QSG), where they will have bureaucratic and/or executive functions until the end of their career. Only QEMA officers achieve generalship.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=70-74}}

Once it's time for promotions to general, most of the class requests a transfer to the paid reserve. Only a minority is promoted to brigadier general, a political decision whose criterion is choice.{{Efn|{{harvnb|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=69}}. The system is strictly "[[up or out]]", in the definitions of {{harvnb|Hudson, Brazil: a country study (1998)|}}.}} The decision involves the [[Army High Command]] and the President of Brazil, who traditionally respects the names indicated by the High Command. Promoting a candidate junior to his peers usually pushes them to the reserve. An officer spends a maximum of twelve years as an active duty general.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ribeiro|first=Leonardo|date=2023-02-14|title=Exército escolhe três generais para serem alçados ao posto máximo da carreira|website=CNN|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/exercito-escolhe-tres-generais-para-serem-alcados-ao-posto-maximo-da-carreira/|access-date=2023-11-28|archive-date=2024-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110160639/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/exercito-escolhe-tres-generais-para-serem-alcados-ao-posto-maximo-da-carreira/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="promoções2"/>{{sfn|Hudson, Brazil: a country study (1998)|p=387}}

=== Warrant officers and sergeants ===
[[File:11 a 15-04-2016 - ELD Curso Artilharia 103.jpg|thumb|ESA's Artillery Course topography exercise]]

The motto "sergeant, the fundamental link between the command and the troops" summarizes the role assigned by the army to this rank.{{sfn|Zimmermann, Sargentos de 1964 (2013)|p=16}} The sergeant is both a leader and executor.{{sfn|Zimmermann, Escolas de formação e aperfeiçoamento dos sargentos (2022)|p=448}} In general, he is the one who maintains direct contact with the privates,{{sfn|Zimmermann, Sargentos de 1964 (2013)|p=150}} for whom he has the responsibility to discipline.{{sfn|Atassio, Um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças (2012)|p=214}} His training aims to create a practical executor,{{sfn|Ferreira, Uma análise dos sistemas simbólicos da Escola de Sargentos das Armas (2022)|p=371}} who, if necessary, puts into practice what the officer thinks, but does not know how to execute.{{sfn|Atassio, Um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças (2012)|p=146}}

Sergeants have never been an elite,{{sfn|Atassio, Um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças (2012)|p=70}} but their training is a priority, albeit secondary to that of officers.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=77}} A career sergeant is expected to have obedience to officers, critical thinking, greater culture and technical-professional preparation than his subordinates{{sfn|Zimmermann, Escolas de formação e aperfeiçoamento dos sargentos (2022)|p=436-437}} and a robust professional identity.{{sfn|Ferreira, Uma análise dos sistemas simbólicos da Escola de Sargentos das Armas (2022)|p=371}} The students at the Sergeants' Branches School are, for the most part, the children of civilians, but many have previous military experience, especially in mandatory military service. They are older than AMAN cadets (18–28 years old upon joining, most often in the 20–24 range) and from families with lower incomes.{{sfn|Atassio, Um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças (2012)|p=94-121}}

Officers and sergeants in a military organization come from all over the country and transfer throughout their career. Among sergeants, this is less frequent and over shorter distances.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=77}}{{sfn|Silva, O exército como família (2016)|p=143}} In his career, marked by training, specialization and improvement courses, the sergeant acquires professional stability after ten years of service. Having graduated as a third sergeant, he can rise to sub-lieutenant or captain of the Auxiliary Officer Cadre.{{sfn|Zimmermann, Escolas de formação e aperfeiçoamento dos sargentos (2022)|p=449-451}} There are also temporary sergeants who were privates that rose through military service{{sfn|Marcos, Capacitação profissional de militares temporários (2001)|p=49}} and temporary technical sergeants, who are volunteers incorporated through an internship.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Serviço Militar Regional da 2ª Região Militar|title=EBST (Estágio Básico de Sargentos Temporários)|url=https://2rm.eb.mil.br/servicomilitar/sargento-tecnico-temporario|access-date=2023-11-29}}</ref>

=== Corporals and privates ===
{{Main|Conscription in Brazil}}

[[File:Jovens se apresentam para a fase de seleção do Serviço Militar (11967061054).jpg|thumb|Young men presenting themselves for the selection phase of military service in 2014]]

Privates in combat units are incorporated through initial mandatory military service.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil (2001)|p=72}} Enlistment is mandatory for men the year they turn 18.<ref name="veja2">{{Cite web|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/idade/exclusivo/perguntas_respostas/servico-militar/servico-militar-obrigatorio-alistamento-exercito-dispensa.shtml|title=Serviço militar obrigatório|date=October 2008|publisher=Veja|access-date=2024-01-20|archive-date=2017-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114055015/http://veja.abril.com.br/idade/exclusivo/perguntas_respostas/servico-militar/servico-militar-obrigatorio-alistamento-exercito-dispensa.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Of the three singular forces, the army is the one that most depends on compulsory military service. Conscripts are a considerable part of its force, unlike the navy and air force, in which they are a small minority.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil (2001)|p=78}}{{sfn|Hudson, Brazil: a country study (1998)|p=385}} There are several alternatives to this type of military service,{{Efn|{{harvnb|Kuhlmann, Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil (2001)|p=72}}. There are also Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry or Veterinary Medicine students who perform mandatory military service as officers, R/2 reserve officers and students from Military Instruction Schools; see the [http://dsm.dgp.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/o-servico-militar Military Service Directorate].}} including the {{langx|pt|Tiros de Guerra|links=no|label=none}}, dispersed in [[Municipalities of Brazil|municipalities]] across the country, where reservist privates, known as {{langx|pt|atiradores|links=no|label=none}} (shooters), have part-time training.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=75-76}}

Military Service Boards, the lowest administrative level of conscription, are present throughout the entire country.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=114}} However, only in tributary municipalities, chosen for geographic and economic reasons, will enlisted men continue to the next stages of the process.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil (2001)|p=82-83}} Each military organization will receive recruits from the surrounding areas.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=74}} By the end of the process, around 5% of those enlisted are sent into active service.<ref name="veja2"/>{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil (2001)|p=90}} In 2012, 92% were volunteers, according to the Army.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stochero|first=Tahiane|date=2012-08-15|title=Exército corta aula de guerra antiga e foca terrorismo e conflito em cidades|url=https://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2012/08/exercito-corta-aula-de-guerra-antiga-e-foca-terrorismo-e-conflito-em-cidades.html|website=G1|access-date=2023-12-15|archive-date=2023-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216001804/https://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2012/08/exercito-corta-aula-de-guerra-antiga-e-foca-terrorismo-e-conflito-em-cidades.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The official justifications for the system are the same as those made by its [[Sortition Law#Support|defenders]] (such as [[Olavo Bilac]]) when compulsory military service was implemented at the beginning of the 20th century. According to [[Enzo Martins Peri]], the army commander in 2007–2015, the current model is "more democratic, universal and, socially, more fair and equitable" and complements the "formation of citizenship in the spiritual, moral, physical, intellectual, professional and civic aspects".{{sfn|Lima, Serviço militar obrigatório no Brasil (2010)|p=59-60}} The army seeks to mold recruits into an ideal of an orderly, productive and patriotic citizen and even undertakes professional qualification initiatives,{{Efn|For example, through [https://dados.gov.br/dados/conjuntos-dados/projeto-soldado-cidadao Citizen Soldier Project], existing since 2004 with the objective of "professionally qualifying recruits who provide Military Service, complementing their civic-citizen training and facilitating their entry into the job market, after the mandatory period in the Armed Forces".}} but this social function only applies to a small minority of enlisted personnel called up for service.{{sfn|Lima, Serviço militar obrigatório no Brasil (2010)|p=72-74}} In the case of the {{langx|pt|Tiros de Guerra|links=no|label=none}}, the low frequency of military exercises, leaving most of the time to cleaning, maintaining facilities and civic-social activities, can be a factor of frustration.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=217}} 

[[File:Grupo de Recrutas do Exército Brasileiro em Treinamento.JPG|thumb|Recruit training at the 50th Jungle Infantry Battalion]]

The ideal of compulsory military service as a republican leveler, in which all social classes serve, does not correspond to reality.{{sfn|Lima, Serviço militar obrigatório no Brasil (2010)|p=72-74}} Young people are mostly recruited from low-income families,{{sfn|Steffens, Condições de vida e trabalho do recruta (2016)|p=11}} for whom military service is an alternative to the lack of opportunities in the job market.{{sfn|Lima, Serviço militar obrigatório no Brasil (2010)|p=116}} A recruit's pay, however, is less than [[minimum wage]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jefferson S|date=2023-07-11|title=Soldado Recruta do Exército, até 96h em uma semana de trabalho e menos de 1 salário mínimo|url=https://www.sociedademilitar.com.br/2023/07/soldado-recruta-do-exercito-salario-2022j.html|website=Revista Sociedade Militar|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202143739/https://www.sociedademilitar.com.br/2023/07/soldado-recruta-do-exercito-salario-2022j.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The recruits, or variable force privates({{langx|pt|Efetivo Variável|links=no|label=none}}; EV), serve for one year,{{sfn|Steffens, Condições de vida e trabalho do recruta (2016)|p=23}}{{Efn|Which can be extended for another six months, in the interest of the army. See the [http://dsm.dgp.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/o-servico-militar Military Service Directorate].}} during which they are meant to be transformed into a reservist fit for combat.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=75}} The recruit is only considered ready in the last part of the cycle, the training period, which lasts around four months. This creates an operational gap of two-thirds of the year.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil (2001)|p=92}} One of the solutions is to vary the schedules so that, throughout the year, some units are operational and others are not. It is not clear in which part of the year the entire army would be trained and ready.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=75}}

Privates are temporary personnel and do not pursue a career.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Diretoria de Serviço Militar|title=Serviço militar temporário|url=http://dsm.dgp.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/sobre|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202143744/http://dsm.dgp.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/sobre|url-status=live}}</ref> Volunteers interested in serving for more than twelve months can re-engage, that is, extend their time of service, depending on vacancies and the army's judgment. The reengaged private moves from the EV to the Base Core ({{langx|pt|Núcleo Base|links=no|label=none}}; NB), which also includes career military personnel.{{sfn|Marcos, Capacitação profissional de militares temporários (2001)|p=34}} NB privates undertake professional training and advancement courses, and may be promoted to corporal or temporary sergeant.{{sfn|Denardin et al., Sentido do trabalho e a escolha pela vida na caserna (2022)|p=85}} Re-engagements can be requested annually up to a maximum of 96 months of service.<ref name="dsm2"/>{{Efn|In other words, less than the ten years necessary for job stability, as provided for by labor legislation; Furthermore, the professionalization of enlisted ranks is traditionally considered within the army as a threat to discipline ({{harvnb|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=75}}).}} The goal set in 1998 was to have a workforce of 75% NB and 25% EV.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil (2001)|p=91}} Some brigades have more professional personnel;{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=75}}{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=162}} the Parachute Infantry Brigade is made up entirely of volunteers,{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=1}} and the 26th Parachute Infantry Battalion is made up exclusively of NB personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Revista Operacional|title=Passagem de comando do 26º Batalhão de Infantaria Pára-quedista|url=https://www.revistaoperacional.com.br/exercito/passagem-de-comando-do-26o-batalhao-de-infantaria-para-quedista/|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202143740/https://www.revistaoperacional.com.br/exercito/passagem-de-comando-do-26o-batalhao-de-infantaria-para-quedista/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Women ===
[[File:Dia do Soldado 2018 (43336597905).jpg|thumb|Female army soldier|left]]

Women are exempt from mandatory military service in Brazil, but may volunteer as career or temporary military personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Exército Brasileiro|url=https://www2.eb.mil.br/web/ingresso/mulheres-no-exercito/-/asset_publisher/6ssPDvxqEURl/content/mulheres-no-exercito|title=Mulheres no Exército - como ingressar|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131801/https://www2.eb.mil.br/web/ingresso/mulheres-no-exercito/-/asset_publisher/6ssPDvxqEURl/content/mulheres-no-exercito|url-status=live}}</ref> The Brazilian Army was the first in South America to allow women as career soldiers.{{sfn|Hudson, Brazil: a country study (1998)|p=398}} 

The first formal participation of women in the Brazilian Army was in 1943, with FEB nurses. Female participation returned in 1992, following changes in society and the opening of the navy and air force to women. Initially occupying administrative and technical positions in QCO, throughout the decade women were also admitted to the Health Staff, the Military Engineers Staff and the temporary officers and sergeants staff.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eb.mil.br/web/ingresso/mulheres-no-exercito/-/asset_publisher/6ssPDvxqEURl/content/a-historia-da-mulher-no-exercito|website=Exército Brasileiro|title=A História da Mulher no Exército|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121015554/https://www.eb.mil.br/web/ingresso/mulheres-no-exercito/-/asset_publisher/6ssPDvxqEURl/content/a-historia-da-mulher-no-exercito|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Schwether, Processo de incorporação das mulheres nas Forças Armadas de Brasil e Argentina (2016)|p=97-103}}

EsPCEx welcomed its first female students in 2017, opening the military line to women, but they can only choose the Quartermaster and Ordnance branches. The army plans to open the communications branch to women in 2024. Women made up about 6% of active personnel in 2023.<ref name="galdeano">{{Cite web|last=Galdeano|first=Luany|date=2023-05-26|title=Exército busca se recuperar de atraso e amplia presença de mulheres na linha bélica|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2023/05/exercito-busca-se-recuperar-de-atraso-e-amplia-presenca-de-mulheres-na-linha-belica.shtml|website=Folha de S. Paulo|access-date=2024-01-18|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603112917/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2023/05/exercito-busca-se-recuperar-de-atraso-e-amplia-presenca-de-mulheres-na-linha-belica.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

=== Reserve ===
[[File:CMF Blindados 6.jpg|thumb|Delivery of army armored vehicles to the [[Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State|Military Police of Rio de Janeiro]], one of its auxiliary and reserve forces]]
At the end of active service, soldiers join the [[Military reserve force|reserve]], from where they can still be called up in a war or emergency.<ref>{{Cite web|website=GZH|title=Entenda as diferenças entre militares da ativa, de reserva e reformados|date=2019-03-20|url=https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/politica/noticia/2019/03/entenda-as-diferencas-entre-militares-da-ativa-de-reserva-e-reformados-cjthoceg703ll01k02bjiwf0s.html|access-date=2023-11-28|archive-date=2024-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110160640/https://gauchazh.clicrbs.com.br/politica/noticia/2019/03/entenda-as-diferencas-entre-militares-da-ativa-de-reserva-e-reformados-cjthoceg703ll01k02bjiwf0s.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Officers and NCOs with at least 30 years of service, known as R1 military personnel, join the paid reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Exército Brasileiro|date=2017-10-19|title=Reserva pró-Ativa, uma peça fundamental na estrutura militar|url=https://www2.eb.mil.br/o-exercito?p_p_id=101&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_101_struts_action=%2Fasset_publisher%2Fview_content&_101_assetEntryId=8365661&_101_type=content&_101_groupId=8032597|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131801/https://www2.eb.mil.br/o-exercito?p_p_id=101&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_101_struts_action=/asset_publisher/view_content&_101_assetEntryId=8365661&_101_type=content&_101_groupId=8032597|url-status=live}}</ref> Only upon reaching an age limit or physical incapacity is a paid reserve officer or NCO released from mobilization and, instead of a reservist, becomes a {{langx|pt|reformado|links=no|label=none}}.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Diretoria-Geral do Pessoal|title=Reforma|url=http://faleconosco.dgp.eb.mil.br/index/navegacao/titulo/reforma|access-date=2023-12-02|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131802/http://faleconosco.dgp.eb.mil.br/index/navegacao/titulo/reforma|url-status=live}}</ref> Ostracism and difficulty adjusting to civilian life are among the army's reasons for financing its pensioners and reservists.{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=63}}

Temporary military personnel are part of the unpaid reserve. For five years after the end of service, the "availability" period, they are subject to the Reserve Presentation Exercise ({{langx|pt|Exercício de Apresentação da Reserva|links=no|label=none}}; EXAR).<ref>{{Cite web|website=Diretoria de Serviço Militar|title=Reserva mobilizável|url=http://dsm.dgp.eb.mil.br/index.php/pt/sobre-4|access-date=2023-11-28}}</ref> Every year, a certain number of reservists are called up to renew their skills and participate in an operation. According to historian [[Frank McCann]], the reserve is immense, but there has never been a full call-up, and therefore, it is not known whether it would be successful. There is no organized reserve like in the United States, with reserve units responsible for preserving the skills of these soldiers.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=75}}

In principle, the 1988 Brazilian constitution designates the [[Military Police (Brazil)|Military Police]] ({{langx|pt|Polícias Militares|links=no|label=none}}; PMs) and Military Fire Brigades ({{langx|pt|Corpos de Bombeiros Militares|links=no|label=none}}; CBMs) as auxiliary and reserve forces of the army, although in practice they remain separate entities, at state rather than federal scope. The military police, unlike the Armed Forces, deal with the Brazilian population and not with an external enemy.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-12-04|date=April 2014|first=Rainer|last=Riedel|publisher=Jus navigandi|title=A Polícia Militar à luz da Constituição Federal de 1988: uma abordagem crítica|url=https://jus.com.br/artigos/27922/a-policia-militar-a-luz-da-constituicao-federal-de-1988-uma-abordagem-critica|archive-date=2024-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727213529/https://jus.com.br/artigos/27922/a-policia-militar-a-luz-da-constituicao-federal-de-1988-uma-abordagem-critica|url-status=live}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The army controls these institutions through the General Inspectorate of Military Police ({{langx|pt|Inspetoria Geral das Polícias Militares|links=no|label=none}}; IGPM). The army's interference in the PM's internal affairs has reduced since the end of the military dictatorship, but it still has veto powers.{{sfn|Medeiros, Aspectos institucionais da unificação das polícias no Brasil (2004)|p=271}} The IISS includes the military police in the category of "gendarmerie & paramilitary", estimating 395 thousand men.{{sfn|IISS, The Military Balance (2023)|p=386}}

== Traditions and culture ==
[[File:19 04 2022- Dia do Exército Brasileiro (52017078280).jpg|thumb|Army medals]]

The army clings to its values and identity even as it modernizes; in this sense, it is a conservative institution. Incorporating individuals from society transforms them more than they transform it.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=192-193}} Lieutenant colonel and sociologist Everton Araújo dos Santos defined it: "conservative, traditional, hermetic, austere, reserved and averse to investigations", having "very well delineated contours of the social roles to be played by each of the individuals who compose it".{{sfn|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)|p=60}} The army can also be conservative externally, in relation to civil society and the State.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=228-229}}

Military values are based on a distinction between the "inside" and "outside" worlds; the military world is considered more organized, honest, and patriotic than the civilian one.{{sfn|Castro, Antropologia dos militares no Brasil (2015)|p=3-4}} According to the Military Statute, the "essential manifestations of military value" are patriotism, "civic virtue and the cult of historical traditions", "faith in the elevated mission of the Armed Forces", ''esprit de corps'', love for the profession and technical-professional improvement.{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=319}}

To protect itself from external influences, the army offers services so that "upon entering it, its member [can], within and throughout his life, in isolation and protected in a familiar and sufficient world, see a good part of his needs satisfied, and those of his dependents". The army's own healthcare system, FUSEx, covers all healthcare needs and is mandatory for military personnel and pensioners to participate in. When traveling, officers, sergeants, and dependents can be accommodated in army transit hotels. Catholic priests and evangelical pastors are assimilated as officers to cover religious service. There are leisure areas exclusive to the "internal public", such as the Imbuí beach, in [[Niterói]]. It is possible to reach generalship by attending, from childhood, only military institutions,{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo das relações pessoais dos militares do Exército Brasileiro (2012)|p=240-244}} and the highest priority of military education is moral training, thus serving as yet another protection mechanism.{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=263, 275}}

To reinforce established practices and behaviors, giving them the respectability of the past, and to assign an identity to the army and specific units, the institution upholds traditions, usually symbols, rites, and ceremonies. These include the cult of "patrons", the order of precedence between branches, cadres, and services, the noble or honor halls, the galleries of former commanders, the "historical denominations" of military organizations, the army's motto{{Efn|"''Braço Forte, Mão Amiga''", established by the Army Social Communication Center in 1992, replacing "Army: Security and Integration" ({{harvnb|Pedrosa, Tradições do Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=725}}).}} and the designation of the First Battle of Guararapes as the landmark of the force's founding.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Tradições do Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=722-723}}

=== Patrons and dates ===
[[File:19 04 2022 Cerimônia do Dia do Exército, com a Imposição da Ordem do Mérito Militar e da Medalha Exército Brasileiro (52016398095).jpg|thumb|Bust and sword of Caxias on Soldier's Day|140px]]

[[Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias|Luís Alves de Lima e Silva]], the Duke of Caxias, is the "maximum representation of authority, order and tradition for the Brazilian Army".{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=257}} On the centennial of his death, in 1980, Army Minister Walter Pires called him the "personification of the army itself" and a "perfect model of a soldier". Caxias is designated "patron of the army," and his birthday on 25 August is celebrated as "Soldier's Day." The "cult" of Caxias was made official in 1923 and promoted by military authorities as a symbol of a disciplined and loyal soldier. Until then, the main celebration was 24 May, the anniversary of the [[Battle of Tuyutí]], and Caxias was less celebrated than [[Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval|Manuel Luís Osório]].{{sfn|Castro, Entre Caxias e Osório (2000)}}

At a level below Caxias, the branches, cadres and services have their own patrons, such as [[Antônio de Sampaio]], patron of the infantry, [[João Carlos de Villagran Cabrita|Villagran Cabrita]], patron of engineering, and [[Émile Mallet, Baron of Itapevi|Emílio Luís Mallet]], patron of artillery.{{sfn|Castro, Patronos do Exército Brasileiro (2022)}} Sampaio's birthday, for example, is "Infantry Day".{{sfn|Castro, Entre Caxias e Osório (2000)}} Some specialties and social circles, such as special forces, aviation, and the military family, also have designated patrons. All are historical figures used as examples of attitudes and virtues necessary for military activity. The cult of these figures was consolidated in the 1960s.{{sfn|Castro, Patronos do Exército Brasileiro (2022)}}

The only date with equivalent importance to Soldier's Day is the Army's Day on 19 April, the anniversary of the First Battle of Guararapes. This celebration evokes the belief that the army was born with the Brazilian nation, comprises the "three races that form the essence of the Brazilian people," and defeated a more powerful foreign invader through guerrilla warfare and ambushes. The commemoration of Guararapes can also be associated with the defense of the Amazon and the "resistance strategy".{{sfn|Castro, O espírito de Guararapes (2002)}}

=== Symbology ===
[[File:14 05 2022 Solenidade Nacional Alusiva ao Patrono da Arma de Cavalaria (52077963715).jpg|thumb|3rd Guard Cavalry Regiment flying the banners of military commands]]
The Brazilian Army has visual symbols — coats of arms, flags, banners, and pennants — and musical ones — drumbeats, cornets and bugles, songs, shouts, and war choruses.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Símbolos do Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=674}} In parades, its dominant musical genre is the {{langx|pt|dobrado|links=no|label=none}}, played by [[Military band|military bands]] and [[Fanfare band|fanfare bands]].{{Efn|{{Cite book|last=Pedrosa|first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes|year=2022|chapter=Bandas, fanfarras, marchas e dobrados militares|title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ|place=Rio de Janeiro|publisher=Autografia|isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 }} Music bands have wind, brass, reed, flutes and percussion instruments. The designation of fanfare or band is only formal, as they have the same instruments, just in different proportions. The army does not have a tradition of marching bands, composed only of brass and percussion instruments, as in the [[Brazilian Marine Corps]].}} There are hymns and songs of the army, branches, cadres and services, military organizations, and traditional songs.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Hinos e canções militares (2022)}} Likewise, specific troops have their own battlecries. The most traditional are "''Selva''", from the jungle warriors, and "''Brasil acima de tudo''" ("Brazil above everything"), which originated among paratroopers and later disseminated.{{Efn|"War cries and choruses are used to awaken the enthusiasm of troops in combat situations, sporting events and in their daily lives. Within units or when several units are gathered, they serve to mark the presence of a certain troop element and create an atmosphere of positive rivalry". "It is common for an army soldier to receive an order and respond "Brazil!" or "Jungle!" or "Steel!". {{Cite book|last=Pedrosa|first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes|year=2022|chapter=Gritos e refrões de guerra do Exército Brasileiro|title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ|place=Rio de Janeiro|publisher=Autografia|isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 }}}} The army's visual identity includes a coat of arms, a banner with the coat of arms and a symbol, the "elliptical cockade" with concentric national colors. It first appeared in uniform regulations in 1951 and has been applied to vehicles since the 1990s, replacing the [[Southern Cross]] inscribed in a circle that had been used since World War II.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Símbolos do Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=675-676}}

Some military organizations carry banners, which are their "war flags", and all have badges. Commanders, chiefs, and directors are identified by insignia flags. Branches, cadres, and services have their own heraldic symbols and colors.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Símbolos do Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=676-678}} Organizations with banners have "historical names" referring to dates, places or characters related to the history of the organization or its predecessors, such as the "5th Light Infantry Battalion – [[Battle of Ytororó|Itororó]] Regiment".{{sfn|Pedrosa, Tradições do Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=724}}

==Organization==
[[File:Concha Acústica do Exército.jpg|thumb|The Brazilian Army Headquarters in Brasília]]

As part of the Brazilian Armed Forces, the Brazilian Army has its superior direction exercised by the Ministry of Defense and its [[Commander-in-chief|Supreme Commander]] is the [[President of Brazil]], who appoints an army commander suggested by the Minister of Defense. The army's structure, complex and well-demarcated territorially, is centered on the Army Command, which has functional autonomy.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=62}} The Army Headquarters is located in the Urban Military Sector, in [[Brasília]], the capital of Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|website=DefesaNet|last=Fan|first=Ricardo|date=2016-05-04|title=O QG do Exército é uma verdadeira cidade dentro de Brasília, com peculiaridades que pouca gente faz ideia|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/o-qg-do-exercito-e-uma-verdadeira-cidade-dentro-de-brasilia-com-peculiaridades-que-pouca-gente-faz-ideia/|access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>

The Army Command has a General Management Body, the Army General Staff ({{langx|pt|Estado-Maior do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; EME), four Superior Advisory Bodies,{{Efn|Army High Command ({{langx|pt|Alto Comando do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; ACE), Superior Council of Economics and Finance ({{langx|pt|Conselho Superior de Economia e Finanças|links=no|label=none}}; CONSEF), Superior Council of Information Technology ({{langx|pt|Conselho Superior de Tecnologia da Informação|links=no|label=none}}; CONTIEx) and the Superior Council for Rationalization and Transformation ({{langx|pt|Conselho Superior de Racionalização e Transformação|links=no|label=none}}; CONSURT).}} six Direct and Immediate Assistance Bodies,{{Efn|Army Commander's Office ({{langx|pt|Gabinete do Comandante do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; Gab Cmt Ex), General Secretariat of the Army ({{langx|pt|Secretaria-Geral do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; SGEx), Army Intelligence Center ({{langx|pt|Centro de Inteligência do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; CIE), Army Social Communication Center ({{langx|pt|Centro de Comunicação Social do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; CComSEx), Army Internal Control Center ({{langx|pt|Centro de Controle Interno do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; CCIEx) and the Join Legal Consultancy of the Army Command ({{langx|pt|Consultoria Jurídica Adjunta do Comando do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; CJACEx).}} an Operational Management Body, the Land Operations Command ({{langx|pt|Comando de Operações Terrestres|links=no|label=none}}; COTER), and six Sector Management Bodies ({{langx|pt|Órgãos de Direção Setorial|links=no|label=none}}; ODS).{{Efn|Logistics Command ({{langx|pt|Comando Logístico|links=no|label=none}}; COLOG), Department of Engineering and Construction ({{langx|pt|Departamento de Engenharia e Construção|links=no|label=none}}; DEC), General Department of Personnel ({{langx|pt|Departamento-Geral do Pessoal|links=no|label=none}}; DGP), Army Department of Education and Culture ({{langx|pt|Departamento de Educação e Cultura do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; DECEx), Department of Science and Technology ({{langx|pt|Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia|links=no|label=none}}; DCT) and the Secretariat of Economy and Finance ({{langx|pt|Secretaria de Economia e Finanças|links=no|label=none}}; SEF). All bodies are listed in {{harvnb|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)|p=75}}.}}

The operational arm of the Army is the Land Force.{{sfn|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)|p=75}} COTER, created to relieve the EME of the executive aspects of operations,{{sfn|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)|p=114}} evaluates the operational capacity and instruction of the Land Force. The EME formulates military doctrine,{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=113}} strategic planning and general action guidelines.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=71-72}} The [[Army High Command]] ({{langx|pt|Alto Comando do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; ACE), made up of army generals,{{sfn|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)|p=278}} is only a superior advisory body, but it was a general management body, coexisting with the EME, until 2006.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=112}} The [[IMBEL|Brazilian War Materiel Industry]] ({{langx|pt|Indústria de Material Bélico do Brasil|links=no|label=none}}; Imbel) is linked to the Army Command.{{sfn|Relatório de Gestão do Comando do Exército (2023)|p=21}}

Several ODS have technical links with Land Force units.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=70}} The Department of Science and Technology ({{langx|pt|Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia|links=no|label=none}}; DCT) is also linked to Imbel and has the Army Technological Center ({{langx|pt|Centro Tecnológico do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; CTEx) in its structure,<ref>{{Cite web|website=Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia|title=Estrutura SCTIEx|url=http://www.dct.eb.mil.br/estruturaorganizacional|access-date=2024-01-09}}</ref> a research body responsible for projects such as the [[Saber Radar]], ALAC and [[MSS-1.2]].<ref>{{Cite web|website=Ministério da Defesa|title=Centro Tecnológico do Exército (CTEx)|date=2020-07-02|url=https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/assuntos/ensino-e-pesquisa/copy_of_instituicoes-de-ensino-militar/instituicoes-de-ensino-e-pesquisa-vinculadas-a-exercito-brasileiro/centro-tecnologico-do-exercito-ctex|access-date=2024-01-09|archive-date=2024-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110025814/https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/assuntos/ensino-e-pesquisa/copy_of_instituicoes-de-ensino-militar/instituicoes-de-ensino-e-pesquisa-vinculadas-a-exercito-brasileiro/centro-tecnologico-do-exercito-ctex|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{wide image|Brazilian Army - CoOpTer 12,5.png|900px|The Land Force's structure in 2018}}

=== Commands, divisions and regions ===
The Land Force is made up of eight Military Area Commands, each responsible for a portion of Brazil's territory.{{sfn|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)|p=77}} When created, the territorial subdivision had a certain similarity to [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]]'s 1969 [[Regions of Brazil|regionalization]].{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=63}} Military Area Commands evolved from the four numbered [[Field army|armies]] and two area commands that existed until 1985.{{sfn|Hudson, Brazil: a country study (1998)|p=379}} They encompass large operational commands, the [[Division (military)|Army Divisions]] ({{langx|pt|Divisões de Exército|links=no|label=none}}; DEs), and large administrative, logistical and territorial commands, the [[Military district|Military Regions]] ({{langx|pt|Regiões Militares|links=no|label=none}}; RMs).{{sfn|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)|p=77}} Some RMs command combatant military organizations, but this is not the norm.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=66}} DEs are brigade coordination commands and do not have a fixed constitution.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=170}}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="4" |Military Area Commands, Army Divisions and Military Regions<ref>{{Cite web|title=Decreto nº 3.213 de 19 de outubro de 1999|url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/d3213.htm|date=19 October 1999|access-date=18 January 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207220902/https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/D3213.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Area Commands
!Army Divisions
!Military Regions
!Jurisdiction
|-
|[[File:CMA.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|[[Amazon Military Command]]<br>({{langx|pt|Comando Militar da Amazônia|links=no|label=none}}; CMA) - [[Manaus]]}}
|{{center|–}}
|[[File:12rm.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|12th - Manaus}}
|[[File:Comando Militar da Amazônia Area.svg|center|150px]]
|-
|[[File:CMNBrazil.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|[[Northern Military Command (Brazil)|Northern Military Command]]<br>({{langx|pt|Comando Militar do Norte|links=no|label=none}}; CMN) - [[Belém]]}}
|{{center|–}}
|[[File:8rm.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|8th - Belém}}
|[[File:Comando Militar do Norte Area.svg|center|150px]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:CMNE (2020).png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|[[Northeastern Military Command (Brazil)|Northeastern Military Command]]<br>({{langx|pt|Comando Militar do Nordeste|links=no|label=none}}; CMNE) - [[Recife]]}}
| rowspan="3" |{{center|7th (Recife)<ref>{{Cite web|website=Comando Militar do Nordeste|url=https://cmne.eb.mil.br/2013-10-27-13-32-54|title=Estrutura Organizacional|access-date=2023-12-06|archive-date=2023-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180618/https://cmne.eb.mil.br/2013-10-27-13-32-54|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|[[File:Brasão da 6ª Região Militar do Exército Brasileiro.jpg|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|6th - [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]}}
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Comando Militar do Nordeste Area.svg|center|150px]]
|-
|[[File:7rmde.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|7th - Recife}}
|-
|[[File:Logo10rm.jpg|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|10th - [[Fortaleza]]}}
|-
|[[File:CMO - 2.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|[[Western Military Command (Brazil)|Western Military Command]]<br>({{langx|pt|Comando Militar do Oeste|links=no|label=none}}; CMO) - [[Campo Grande]]}}
|{{center|–}}
|[[File:9rm.JPG|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|[[9th Military Region (Brazil)|9th]] - Campo Grande}}
|[[File:Comando Militar do Oeste Area.svg|center|150px]]
|-
|[[File:CMP.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|[[Planalto Military Command]]<br>({{langx|pt|Comando Militar do Planalto|links=no|label=none}}; CMP) - [[Brasília]]}}
|{{center|–}}
|[[File:11rm.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|11th - Brasília}}
|[[File:Comando Militar do Planalto Area.svg|center|150px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:CML.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|[[Eastern Military Command (Brazil)|Eastern Military Command]]<br>({{langx|pt|Comando Militar do Leste|links=no|label=none}}; CML) - [[Rio de Janeiro]]}}
| rowspan="2" |{{center|1st (Rio de Janeiro)<ref>{{Cite web|website=Comando Militar do Leste|url=https://www.cml.eb.mil.br/organograma.html|title=Cadeia de Comando|access-date=2023-12-06}}</ref>}}
|[[File:1rm.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|1st - Rio de Janeiro}}
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Comando Militar do Leste Area.svg|center|150px]]
|-
|[[File:4rmde.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|4th - [[Belo Horizonte]]}}
|-
|[[File:CMSE.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|[[Southeastern Military Command (Brazil)|Southeastern Military Command]]<br>({{langx|pt|Comando Militar do Sudeste|links=no|label=none}}; CMSE) - [[São Paulo]]}}
|{{center|2nd (São Paulo)<ref name="cmse">{{Cite web|website=Comando Militar do Sudeste|title=Organograma|url=https://cmse.eb.mil.br/index.php/organograma|access-date=2023-12-06|archive-date=2023-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180545/https://cmse.eb.mil.br/index.php/organograma|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|[[File:Simbolo 2rm.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|2nd - São Paulo}}
|[[File:Comando Militar do Sudeste Area.svg|center|150px]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:CMS.png|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|[[Southern Military Command (Brazil)|Southern Military Command]]<br>({{langx|pt|Comando Militar do Sul|links=no|label=none}}; CMS) - [[Porto Alegre]]}}
| rowspan="2" |{{center|3rd ([[Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul|Santa Maria]])}}<br>{{center|5th ([[Curitiba]])}}<br>{{center|6th (Porto Alegre)<ref>{{Cite web|website=Comando Militar do Sul|date=June 2023|title=Organograma|url=https://www.cms.eb.mil.br/attachments/category/2/Organograma%202023_Junho23.pdf|access-date=2023-12-06|archive-date=2023-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180220/https://www.cms.eb.mil.br/attachments/category/2/Organograma%202023_Junho23.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
|[[File:3rm.gif|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|3rd - Porto Alegre}}
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Comando Militar do Sul Area.svg|center|150px]]
|-
|[[File:5RMpequeno.jpg|center|30px]]<br/>{{center|5th - Curitiba}}
|}

=== Brigades and units ===
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| image1            = Ministro da Defesa visita a Guarnição de Natal - 16° Batalhão de Infantaria Motorizada (28150105723).jpg
| image2            = O 13º Regimento de Cavalaria Mecanizada (13º RCMec) ou Esquadrão Anhanguera, expondo os blindados no Domingo Aéreo 2015 em Pirassununga-SP. A junção do 2º Regimento de Carros de Combate e do - panoramio.jpg
| image3            = Tropas em Rosário do Sul - RS (9919241293).jpg
| caption3          = From top to bottom, the 16th Motorized Infantry Battalion, 13th Mechanized Cavalry Regiment and 7th Armored Infantry Battalion
}}

According to the Brazilian Army's doctrine, the [[brigade]] is the "basic large unit ({{langx|pt|Grande Unidade|links=no|label=none}}; GU) of [[combined arms]]", "with the capacity to act independently and last in action". Its main components are infantry battalions and cavalry regiments,{{sfn|Pestana, Pelotão de reconhecimento de montanha (2019)|p=12}} which are supported by [[Command and control|command]], field artillery, logistics, [[reconnaissance]] and security, [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft artillery]], combat engineering, communications, and [[Army Police (Brazil)|Army Police]] elements.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=172-176}} Each type of brigade has a fixed formation,{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=170}} but the actual formation may differ from the doctrinal one, and several brigades are incomplete.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)|p=391-392}} A brigade's strength can be less than 2,000 soldiers or more than 5,000.{{sfn|Relatório de Gestão do Comando do Exército (2021)|p=13}}

The Armored Cavalry and Armored Infantry brigades are heavy brigades.{{sfn|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)|p=79}} Their composition is identical, with two tank regiments and two [[Mechanized infantry|armored infantry]] battalions as its main components.{{sfn|Souza, As forças blindadas do Exército Brasileiro (2010)|p=57}} The Mechanized Cavalry and Mechanized Infantry brigades are medium brigades;{{sfn|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)|p=79}} a Mechanized Cavalry Brigade has two regiments of mechanized cavalry and one of [[Armoured cavalry|armored cavalry]],{{Efn|{{harvnb|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=157}}. See [[Brazilian cavalry#Organization]].}} while the Mechanized Infantry Brigade, with three battalions of mechanized infantry, can be compared to the United States Army's [[Stryker]] Brigade Combat Team.{{sfn|Nakashima, A Infantaria Mecanizada brasileira e a norte-americana (2021)}} The others (Motorized Infantry, Light Infantry, Parachute Infantry, Jungle Infantry and Pantanal Infantry) are light brigades,{{Efn|{{harvnb|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)|p=79}}. The Border Infantry Brigade, mentioned in the book, became the Pantanal Infantry Brigade in [https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2019-2022/2022/decreto/D11007.htm 2022].}} consisting of three infantry battalions of various types.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=215}}

Brigades are subordinate to an Army Division or a Military Area Command. In an equivalent situation, there are Divisional Artillery, Engineering Groups and commands for specific use: [[Brazilian Army Aviation|Aviation]], [[Special Operations Command (Brazil)|Special Operations]], Anti-Air Defense, Artillery, Communications and Electronic Warfare and Cyber Defense.{{sfn|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)|p=79}}

[[Battalion|Battalions]] (in infantry, engineering and communications), [[Regiment|regiments]] (in cavalry), [[Group (military unit)|groups]] (in artillery), parks (in Ordnance) and depots (in the Quartermaster Service) are called "units", consisting of a single branch and commanded by a colonel or lieutenant colonel. In combat branches, units have 500 to 900 soldiers. These include "subunits": [[Company (military unit)|companies]] (in infantry, engineering or communications), [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]] (in cavalry), [[Artillery battery|batteries]] (in artillery) and [[Flight (military unit)|flights]] (in aviation). Some subunits are independent, with their own administration.{{sfn|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)|p=21}}{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=298}}

=== Geographic distribution ===
[[File:Brigadas do Exército Brasileiro 2024.png|thumb|Location of brigades in 2024 and their respective employment groups|left]]

The distribution of troops across Brazil's territory follows strategy and keeps remnants of past guidelines.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=95}} The country is widely dotted with barracks,{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=76}} even on the most remote frontiers.{{sfn|Rodrigues & Medeiros, Exército Brasileiro (2022)|p=497}} Construction engineering battalions work on various road and rail routes.{{sfn|Flores, O desdobramento das Organizações Militares de Engenharia de Construção (2017)|p=27}} Throughout history, each reorganization and increase in personnel filled more spaces, as recommended by the "Presence Strategy". This differs, for example, from the [[Chilean Army]], which has become compact and mobile since the 1990s.{{sfn|Rodrigues, A Estratégia da Presença (2020)|p=66}} Still, the Brazilian Army has strategic reaction forces in the "central core" of the country, between [[São Paulo]], [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Brasília]], from where they can access any other region.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=129}}

The greatest concentration of troops is in the [[Centro-Sul|Center-South]], despite the priority given to the Amazon's defense. The centers of political ([[Federal District (Brazil)|Federal District]]) and economic power (São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) and some border states ([[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] and [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]) have greater numbers of combat, logistics and administrative support units.{{sfn|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)|p=76-79}} Historically, the most politically important garrison was that of Rio de Janeiro, as the country's capital was there until 1960; furthermore, the main military schools are in that state. The other historical area of troop concentration is in the [[South Region, Brazil|South]], targeting the [[Argentina–Brazil border|border with Argentina]], Brazil's traditional rival on the continent.{{sfn|Hudson, Brazil: a country study (1998)|p=379-380}} Rio de Janeiro lost several brigades from the 1990s onwards,{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=123}} while the [[Southern Military Command (Brazil)|Southern Military Command]] maintained its primacy. In 2011, it commanded 90% of the army's armor, 100% of its [[self-propelled artillery]], 75% of its engineering units and 75% of its mechanized cavalry.{{sfn|Teixeira, A cooperação em defesa na América do Sul (2013)|p=160}}

=== Employment groups and Readiness Forces ===
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| image1            = Forças especiais, Comandos (26619292102).jpg
| caption1          = Specialized strategic employment forces (Aviation Command and Special Operations Command)
| image2            = Blindados em Rosário do Sul - RS (9919079464).jpg
| caption2          = General employment force (6th Armored Infantry Brigade)
}}

The Land Force is divided into three "employment groups": the General Employment Forces, which reinforce the others, the Immediate Employment Forces, which operate along the border, and the Strategic Employment Forces, which can move anywhere in the country and are "forces with combat power that enable, in situations of crisis/armed conflict, strategic imbalance, through deterrent and offensive strategies". There are also support modules and Specialized Strategic Employment Forces.{{sfn|Concepção Estratégica do Exército (2023)|p=2-3 a 2-4}} In the distribution of materiel and personnel, priority belongs to the Strategic Deployment Forces and some General Deployment ones.{{sfn|Concepção Estratégica do Exército (2023)|p=2-7}}

The employment groups were defined in 2017{{Efn|{{harvnb|Soares, Estudo comparativo de modelos de Forças de Prontidão (2021)|p=59}}. The [https://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/exercito-brasileiro-concepcao-estrategica/ Army's Strategic Conception] of 2017 had only two groups, the strategic deployment and general deployment forces, in addition to the specialized modules.}} and replace older categorizations, such as the "Strategic Action Forces" and, before them, the "Strategic Rapid Action Forces" ({{langx|pt|Forças de Ação Rápida Estratégica|links=no|label=none}}; FAR Estrt),{{sfn|Soares, Estudo comparativo de modelos de Forças de Prontidão (2021)|p=59}} understood as the strategic reserve of the army, highly mobile and fully trained and manned. A number of companies and battalions were designated as regional FAR.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=128-130}} The other forces, known as "Operational Military Organizations", would have greater shortages of personnel and materiel, and would be mainly responsible for forming the reserve.{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=80}} Until the 1990s, the Parachute Infantry Brigade was the only strategic ready-deployment force.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=117}}

The Strategic Employment Forces, Specialized Strategic Employment Forces, priority General Deployment Forces and support modules make up the Readiness Forces ({{langx|pt|Forças de Prontidão|links=no|label=none}}; FORPRON),{{sfn|Concepção Estratégica do Exército (2023)|p=2-6}} which maintain a rotation of professional personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|website=DefesaNet|date=2020-10-23|title=SISPRON – O Sistema de Prontidão do Exército Brasileiro|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/sispron-o-sistema-de-prontidao-do-exercito-brasileiro/|access-date=2024-01-03|archive-date=2024-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104011048/https://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/sispron-o-sistema-de-prontidao-do-exercito-brasileiro/|url-status=live}}</ref> FORPRON are made up of unit-sized forces{{Efn|"FORPRON are made up of elements from the entire brigade responsible for preparation, given that none of the base units have full readiness capacity, due to restrictions in their personnel, materiel, ammunition and supplies". {{Cite thesis|last=Araújo|first=Luiz Cláudio Ferreira de|year=2022|title=Prontidão de forças: do nível tático ao estratégico|url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11314/1/MO%201080%20-%20LUIZ%20CLAUDIO%20Ferreira%20de%20Araujo.pdf|degree=Policy Paper|publisher=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército}} p. 17.}} provided by each of the brigades, with a total strength of 9,150 soldiers in 2023.{{Efn|{{harvnb|Relatório de Gestão do Comando do Exército (2023)|p=81}}. The participating brigades were the Parachute Infantry Brigade, 4th Mechanized Cavalry Brigade, 5th Armored Cavalry Brigade, 23rd Jungle Infantry Brigade, 15th Mechanized Infantry Brigade, [[12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile)]], 1st Jungle Infantry Brigade, 10th Motorized Infantry Brigade, 6th Armored Infantry Brigade and the 9th Motorized Infantry Brigade.}} The Brazilian Army plans to have, in total, a division made up of two brigades from the FORPRON.{{sfn|Soares, Estudo comparativo de modelos de Forças de Prontidão (2021)|p=69}} From the FORPRON, the army can select an expeditionary force or peacekeeping force to send abroad.{{sfn|Verde-Oliva, FORPRON (2022)|p=12}}

=== Specialized components ===

==== Special Operations ====
{{Main|Special Operations Command (Brazil)}}

[[File:19 04 2022 Cerimônia do Dia do Exército, com a Imposição da Ordem do Mérito Militar e da Medalha Exército Brasileiro (52016131624).jpg|thumb|Special Operations soldiers|left]]
The army's special operations involve "highly specialized training of the combatant, the use of unconventional weapons and equipment, missions with high political sensitivity, the heterodox application of the principles of war, and the exploitation of limited opportunities", in [[irregular warfare]] missions, direct action, strategic reconnaissance, [[counterinsurgency]] warfare, [[counterterrorism]], [[Psychological warfare|psychological operations]], [[search and rescue]], and [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian assistance]].{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=82-83}} Forces with these missions are part of the Special Operations Command ({{langx|pt|Comando de Operações Especiais|links=no|label=none}}; C Op Esp), based in [[Goiânia]] and subordinate to the [[Planalto Military Command]], with preparation and employment links to COTER. The exception is the 3rd Special Forces Company (Force 3), in Manaus, which is subordinate to the [[Amazon Military Command]], but linked to C Op Esp.{{sfn|Oliveira, O Comando de Operações Especiais (2020)|p=34}}<ref>{{Cite web|website=Comando de Operações Especiais|title=Institucional|url=http://www.copesp.eb.mil.br/index.php/institucional-2|date=2019-01-30|access-date=2023-12-11|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214012241/http://www.copesp.eb.mil.br/index.php/institucional-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

Its main units are the 1st Commando Actions Battalion ({{langx|pt|1.º Batalhão de Ações de Comandos|links=no|label=none}}; BAC) and the [[1º Batalhão de Forças Especiais|1st Special Forces Battalion]] ({{langx|pt|1.º Batalhão de Forças Especiais|links=no|label=none}}; 1st BFEsp);{{sfn|Oliveira, O Comando de Operações Especiais (2020)|p=32}} both are elite units and difficult to join.{{Efn|{{harvnb|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=260}}. See also {{Cite journal|last=Silva|first=Angela Maria Monteiro|year=2015|title=Curso de Ações de Comandos: estressores, níveis de estresse e representações pictóricas|url=http://portaldeperiodicos.marinha.mil.br/index.php/psicologiamilitar/article/download/760/749|journal=Revista Naval Psicologia em Destaque|volume=3|issue=3|publisher=Serviço de Seleção do Pessoal da Marinha}} and {{Cite web|last=Stochero|first=Tahiane|date=2011-02-12|title=Militares relatam o rigor dos cursos para integrar as tropas de elite|url=https://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2011/02/militares-relatam-como-treinamentos-severos-testam-limites-do-corpo.html|publisher=G1|access-date=2023-12-11}}.}} The training of 1st BFEsp personnel, also called "FEs" or "ghosts", is comparable to the American [[Delta Force]] and includes long patrols in the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon jungle]] and urban crime fighting strategies.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Araújo|first1=Vera|last2=Teixeira|first2=Fábio|last3=Galdo|first3=Rafael|date=25 February 2018|title=Tropa que chegou ao Rio para enfrentar tráfico e milícias fará operações de alto risco|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/tropa-que-chegou-ao-rio-para-enfrentar-trafico-milicias-fara-operacoes-de-alto-risco-22430650|publisher=O Globo|access-date=19 January 2024|archive-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225114246/https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/tropa-que-chegou-ao-rio-para-enfrentar-trafico-milicias-fara-operacoes-de-alto-risco-22430650|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Ryan et al., The encyclopedia of the world's special forces (2014)}}

==== By terrain ====
{{Multiple image
| align             = right
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| image1            = Selva (26723380872).jpg
| image2            = Operação Ágata 9 (20265146721).jpg
| image3            = Combatente da Caatinga (26427352440).jpg
| caption3          = From top to bottom: the jungle infantry, 17th Border Battalion and 72nd Caatinga Infantry Battalion
}}

Present in all [[Biomes in Brazil|biomes of Brazil]], the army has specialized troops for mountain, [[Pantanal]], [[caatinga]], jungle{{sfn|Sales, A gestão ambiental no Exército Brasileiro (2020)|p=23}} (which, in the army's context refers to the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]]),{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=78}} and urban environments.<ref name="campineiro">{{Cite web|website=Diário Campineiro|date=2022-10-11|title=Exército leva militares a ruas de Vinhedo para treinar 'operações urbanas'|url=https://diariocampineiro.com.br/exercito-leva-militares-a-ruas-de-vinhedo-para-treinar-operacoes-urbanas/|access-date=2023-12-09|archive-date=2023-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210050250/https://diariocampineiro.com.br/exercito-leva-militares-a-ruas-de-vinhedo-para-treinar-operacoes-urbanas/|url-status=live}}</ref> Specialization courses and internships in these environments are carried out in some battalions or in instruction centers.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=133-136}}

Jungle training largely occurs in military organizations in the Amazon, but there is a specialized training center, the Jungle Warfare Instruction Center ({{langx|pt|Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva|links=no|label=none}}; CIGS), in Manaus. With extreme physical and mental demands, it is highly competitive{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=78}} and internationally renowned.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Global Americans|last=Ellis|first=Evan|date=2017-10-31|title=The strategic importance of Brazil|url=https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/10/strategic-importance-brazil/|access-date=2023-12-04|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204142115/https://theglobalamericans.org/2017/10/strategic-importance-brazil/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=65}} The Brazilian jungle infantry is characterized by survival in a hostile environment, decentralized fractions, river and air movements and flanking maneuvers.{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=75}}{{sfn|Gomes & Senhoras, Estudo de caso da 1ª Brigada de Infantaria de Selva (2021)|p=24}} Brazilian army theorists recognize that the country would not resist an invasion of the Amazon by a superior military force through conventional means. Inspired by the [[Vietnam War]] and their experience in Araguaia, they propose guerrilla warfare to wear down the invader's will,{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=71}} in the so-called "Resistance Strategy".{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=64}}

These specialized forces comprise the six Jungle Infantry Brigades deployed in the Amazon: the 1st in [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]], 2nd in [[São Gabriel da Cachoeira]], 16th in [[Tefé]], 17th in [[Porto Velho]], 22nd in [[Macapá]] and 23rd in [[Marabá, Pará|Marabá]].{{sfn|Gomes & Senhoras, Estudo de caso da 1ª Brigada de Infantaria de Selva (2021)|p=30-32}} Some of its Jungle Infantry Battalions ({{langx|pt|Batalhões de Infantaria de Selva|links=no|label=none}}; BIS) are designated "Frontier Commands", encompassing Special Border Companies and Platoons ({{langx|pt|Companhias Especiais de Fronteira|links=no|label=none}}; CEF, and {{langx|pt|Pelotões Especiais de Fronteira|links=no|label=none}}; PEF); although essential in surveillance, these platoons have very limited military power.{{sfn|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)|p=74-75, 78}} Recruits at border posts are largely local indigenous people, but there are tensions with the local population.{{sfn|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)|p=69}}

Military mountaineering instruction takes place at the 4th Light Mountain Infantry Brigade, in [[Juiz de Fora]],<ref name="meireles2">{{Cite web|last=Meireles|first=Michele|date=2019-05-10|title=Brigada de Juiz de Fora ganha reforço de 600 soldados|url=https://tribunademinas.com.br/noticias/cidade/10-05-2019/brigada-de-juiz-de-fora-ganha-reforco-de-600-soldados.html|website=Tribuna de Minas|access-date=2023-12-07|archive-date=2022-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007112946/https://tribunademinas.com.br//noticias/cidade/10-05-2019/brigada-de-juiz-de-fora-ganha-reforco-de-600-soldados.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and does not include snow operations, as in mountain environments in other countries.{{sfn|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)|p=135}} Internships in Pantanal operations take place at the 17th Border Battalion, in [[Corumbá]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cabral|first=Leonardo|date=2020-01-10|title=Batalhão de Fronteira tem novo comandante em Corumbá|url=https://www.diarionline.com.br/?s=noticia&id=114640|website=Diário Corumbaense|access-date=2023-09-13}}</ref> Employing waterway and air transport, it continuously patrols the border and is subordinate to the 18th Pantanal Infantry Brigade.{{sfn|Rodrigues, As ameaças no Arco Central da Faixa de Fronteira (2023)|p=37}} 

The Caatinga Operations Instruction Center ({{langx|pt|Centro de Instrução de Operações na Caatinga|links=no|label=none}}; CIOpC) is part of the 72nd Caatinga Infantry Battalion,{{Efn|Known as the 72nd Motorized Infantry Battalion until [http://www.sgex.eb.mil.br/sg8/006_outras_publicacoes/07_publicacoes_diversas/01_comando_do_exercito/port_n_1912_cmdo_eb_04jan2023.html 4 January 2023].}} in [[Petrolina]], [[Pernambuco]]. Caatinga fighters are distinguished by their reinforced leather uniforms, to protect themselves from thorny vegetation.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Farias|first=Filipe|date=2023-04-28|title=Dia Nacional da Caatinga: Centro de Instrução de Operações na Caatinga busca proteger o único bioma exclusivamente brasileiro|url=https://jc.ne10.uol.com.br/pernambuco/2023/04/15453534-dia-nacional-da-caatinga-centro-de-instrucao-de-operacoes-na-caatinga-busca-proteger-o-unico-bioma-exclusivamente-brasileiro.html|website=Jornal do Commercio|access-date=2023-12-09|archive-date=2023-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210050250/https://jc.ne10.uol.com.br/pernambuco/2023/04/15453534-dia-nacional-da-caatinga-centro-de-instrucao-de-operacoes-na-caatinga-busca-proteger-o-unico-bioma-exclusivamente-brasileiro.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|website=InfoDefensa|last=Caiafa|first=Roberto|date=2021-06-12|title=Exército Brasileiro renova uniforme da Caatinga|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/2964159/exercito-brasileiro-renova-uniforme-da-caatinga|access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref> The Urban Operations Instruction Center is part of the 28th Mechanized Infantry Battalion, in [[Campinas]].<ref>{{Cite web|website=DefesaNet|date=2022-01-06|title=Exército atualiza e GLO passará a ser Operações Urbanas|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/sof/mout-%C2%96-exercito-atualiza-e-glo-passara-a-ser-operacoes-urbanas/|access-date=2023-12-09|archive-date=2023-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210050251/https://www.defesanet.com.br/sof/mout-%C2%96-exercito-atualiza-e-glo-passara-a-ser-operacoes-urbanas/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="campineiro" />

==== By air transport ====
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 220
| image1            = Demonstração Aeroterrestre (20749544082).jpg
| caption1          = Parachute jump
| image2            = InfAirmobile.jpg
| caption2          = Airmobile infantry with Army Aviation
| align             = left
}}

The [[Paratroopers Brigade (Brazil)|Parachute Infantry Brigade]] and the [[12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile)]] are the two brigades listed by the IISS in the "aerial maneuver" category, that is, trained and equipped to reach the battlefield by transport aircraft and/or helicopters.{{sfn|IISS, The Military Balance (2023)|p=383, 494}} Outside the brigades there is another airmobile unit, the 1st Jungle Infantry Battalion, in Manaus.<ref>{{Cite web|website=1.º Batalhão de Infantaria de Selva (Aeromóvel)|url=https://1bis.eb.mil.br/index.php/home|title=O Batalhão|access-date=2023-12-07|archive-date=2023-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180834/https://1bis.eb.mil.br/index.php/home|url-status=live}}</ref> Mountain infantry, as it is also light infantry, may be airlifted.<ref name="meireles2"/>

The airmobile brigade specializes in helitransport operations (along with Army Aviation), but as it is light in equipment and weapons, it can also be transported in air force planes or civilian vehicles such as vans, buses, trucks, trains and ships. Its operational concept is focused on [[Infiltration tactics|infiltration]], [[Extraction (military)|extraction]] and airmobile assault behind enemy lines, employing Army Aviation helicopters.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Konrad|first=Kaiser|date=2008-12-23|title=A Brigada Aeromóvel entra em ação|url=http://www.defesanet.com.br/missao/est/bil.htm|website=Defesa@Net|access-date=2024-01-20|archive-date=2009-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425061848/http://www.defesanet.com.br/missao/est/bil.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Subordinated to the 2nd Army Division, the brigade is headquartered in [[Caçapava]], São Paulo,<ref name="cmse"/> in the [[Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo megalopolis|Rio-São Paulo axis]] region, where it is close to the Army Aviation Command.{{sfn|Falconi, Aviação naval brasileira (2009)|p=197}} Army Aviation has two battalions in [[Taubaté]], one in Campo Grande, one in Manaus and a detachment in Belém.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiltgen|first=Guilherme|date=2023-10-27|title=Nova earticulação das aeronaves da Aviação do Exército|url=https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/nova-rearticulacao-das-aeronaves-da-aviacao-do-exercito|website=Defesa Aérea & Naval|access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref>

The parachute brigade, in turn, is focused on airborne assault, although it has never carried out a mass parachute jump outside of exercises and maneuvers. Its great usefulness lies in the immediate transport of its troops, and its recent employment situations tend to be in an urban environment.{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=348}} Its official mission is to "move quickly [...] by airlift or airdrop", arriving within 48 hours at any point in Brazil. Paratroopers are considered an elite troop within the army{{sfn|Bruno, Narrativa e construção de identidades: o combatente pára-quedista do Exército (2010)|p=52}} and a "showcase" of the institution.{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=348}} 

The brigade receives many more volunteers than it has vacancies,{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=22}} it is more rigorous in selection{{sfn|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)|p=318}} and cultivates a "paratrooper mystique" and its own identity and values.{{sfn|Bruno, Narrativa e construção de identidades: o combatente pára-quedista do Exército (2010)|p=179-180}} Some traditions visually distinguish paratroopers, such as brown combat boots, red berets and silver wings chevrons. Headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, the brigade is subordinate to the Land Operations Command and the Eastern Military Command.<ref>{{Cite web|website=Brigada de Infantaria Paraquedista|title=Subordinação|url=https://www.bdainfpqdt.eb.mil.br/subordinacao|access-date=2023-12-09}}</ref>

==== Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense ====
[[File:Eixo de defesa prevenção, repressão e combate ao terrorismo (14281508700).jpg|thumb|DQBRN soldiers in counterterrorism training]]

[[CBRN defense|Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear defense]] ({{langx|pt|Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear|links=no|label=none}}; DQBRN) is carried out by the 1st DBQRN Battalion (subordinated to the Eastern Military Command), the DQBRN Company (subordinated to the Special Operations Command), the School of Specialized Instruction and the DQBRN Institute of the Army's Technological Center, in coordination with its counterparts in the Armed Forces, the [[National Nuclear Energy Commission]] and international organizations such as the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] and the [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]]. They can be used in response to accidents (their first real use was in the [[Goiânia accident]] in 1987), terrorist attacks<ref name="cia_dqbrn">{{Cite web|website=Comando de Operações Especiais|date=2018-09-03|title=Breve Histórico da Companhia de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear|url=http://www.copesp.eb.mil.br/index.php/institucional-2/14-editoria-b/78-companhia-de-defesa-quimica-biologica-radiologica-e-nuclear|access-date=2023-12-10|archive-date=2023-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210204339/http://www.copesp.eb.mil.br/index.php/institucional-2/14-editoria-b/78-companhia-de-defesa-quimica-biologica-radiologica-e-nuclear|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|website=1º Batalhão de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear|title=Histórico do 1º Btl DQBRN|date=2023-11-28|url=https://www.1btldqbrn.eb.mil.br/historico-da-om|access-date=2023-12-10|archive-date=2022-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222172718/http://www.1btldqbrn.eb.mil.br/historico-da-om|url-status=live}}</ref> and in a war environment, to recover forces attacked by such weapons of mass destruction. To this end, they perform the recognition, identification and decontamination of QBRN threats.<ref>{{Cite web|website=1º Batalhão de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear|title=Companhia de Reconhecimento e Identificação|date=2023-06-01|url=https://www.1btldqbrn.eb.mil.br/companhia-de-reconhecimento-e-identificacao|access-date=2023-12-10|archive-date=2022-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222172814/http://www.1btldqbrn.eb.mil.br/companhia-de-reconhecimento-e-identificacao|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|website=1º Batalhão de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear|title=Companhia de Descontaminação|date=2023-06-01|url=https://www.1btldqbrn.eb.mil.br/companhia-de-descontaminacao|access-date=2023-12-10|archive-date=2022-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222162751/http://www.1btldqbrn.eb.mil.br/companhia-de-descontaminacao|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Army Police ====
{{Main|Army Police (Brazil)}}

[[File:Monte Castelo é um dos tradicionais momentos das Forças Armadas (12683188634).jpg|thumb|Army police parade|left]]

The Army Police ({{langx|pt|Polícia do Exército|links=no|label=none}}; PE) is, in the generic sense, the [[military police]] of the Brazilian Army, and should not be confused with the state police forces (''Polícias Militares'').{{Efn|{{URL|1=https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/112088/000954073.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|2=In Brazil, Military Police can refer either to the police of the nation's Armed Forces (...) or to the ostensible police of Brazilian federative units, the police responsible for preserving public order (Military Police of the States and the Federal District).}}}} Its soldiers are identified by an armband with the letters "PE". It is a specialized infantry troop available at each level of command: Military Area Commands have PE battalions, divisions have companies and brigades have platoons. The PE monitors troop discipline, prevents and investigates crime, provides security for authorities, guards prisoners and patrols facilities, among other duties. It is used both in conventional military operations and in combating crime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memória da Guarnição - O emprego da Polícia do Exército|website=3ª Divisão de Exército|url=http://www.3de.eb.mil.br/index.php/todas-as-noticias/1732-memoria-da-guarnicao-o-emprego-da-policia-do-exercito|access-date=2024-01-20|archive-date=2021-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523223957/http://www.3de.eb.mil.br/index.php/todas-as-noticias/1732-memoria-da-guarnicao-o-emprego-da-policia-do-exercito|url-status=live}}</ref> Current PE doctrine recognizes broad and hybrid action in "humanized terrains (urban or rural)", in which there are "actors acting in spaces that go beyond the battlefield" and multiple dimensions — physical, human and informational — of the operational environment.{{sfn|Alves, Limites espaciais para a atuação do Exército Brasileiro no policiamento urbano (2021)|p=22-25}}

{{Clear}}

==== Guard infantry and cavalry ====
[[File:30 07 2019 Cerimônia de troca da Grande Guarda Presidencial (48425205477).jpg|thumb|BGP and Independence Dragoons at the Palácio do Planalto]]

"Military guard organizations" belong to the infantry and cavalry and are dedicated to security and military ceremonies. In law and order operations, they can carry out search and arrest, overt patrolling and riot control, among other activities.{{sfn|Manual de Campanha, Organizações Militares de Guardas (2021)|loc=p. 1-1, 3-3 a 3-6}} The three guard cavalry regiments are the last ones still mounted on horseback in Brazil.{{sfn|Savian, Resistências à mecanização (2013)|p=15}}

Two guard units alternate security at the ramp at [[Palácio do Planalto]], Brazil's presidential workplace: the [[Presidential Guard Battalion (Brazil)|Presidential Guard Battalion]] ({{langx|pt|Batalhão da Guarda Presidencial|links=no|label=none}}; BGP) and the [[Independence Dragoons|1st Guard Cavalry Regiment]], known as the "Independence Dragoons". The BGP has guard and ceremonial duties for the president, foreign heads of state and the diplomatic corps.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Campos|first=Júlia|date=2017-09-07|title=Saiba quem está por trás da segurança no Palácio do Planalto|url=https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/cidades/2017/09/07/interna_cidadesdf,624157/saiba-quem-esta-por-tras-da-seguranca-do-planalto-no-dia-do-desfile-ci.shtml|website=Correio Braziliense|access-date=2023-12-11|archive-date=2023-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405060115/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/cidades/2017/09/07/interna_cidadesdf,624157/saiba-quem-esta-por-tras-da-seguranca-do-planalto-no-dia-do-desfile-ci.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrade|first=Hanrrikson de|date=2020-07-13|title=Por rigor do uniforme, guardas presidenciais não usam máscara no Planalto|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2020/07/13/por-rigor-do-uniforme-guardas-presidenciais-nao-usam-mascara-no-planalto.htm|website=UOL|access-date=2023-12-11|archive-date=2023-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205001/https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2020/07/13/por-rigor-do-uniforme-guardas-presidenciais-nao-usam-mascara-no-planalto.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> During demonstrations, it acts as [[riot police]], armed with shields, batons, pepper spray and rubber bullets.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Frazão|first=Felipe|date=2017-05-18|title=Exército ensaia plano contra invasões no Planalto|url=https://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/exercito-ensaia-plano-contra-invasoes-no-planalto/|website=Veja|access-date=2022-05-17|archive-date=2017-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518183649/https://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/exercito-ensaia-plano-contra-invasoes-no-planalto/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lourenço|first=Luana|date=2013-06-17|title=Segurança é reforçada no Palácio do Planalto para evitar aproximação de manifestantes|url=https://memoria.ebc.com.br/agenciabrasil/noticia/2013-06-17/seguranca-e-reforcada-no-palacio-do-planalto-para-evitar-aproximacao-de-manifestantes|website=Agência Brasil|access-date=2022-05-17|archive-date=2022-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518212401/https://memoria.ebc.com.br/agenciabrasil/noticia/2013-06-17/seguranca-e-reforcada-no-palacio-do-planalto-para-evitar-aproximacao-de-manifestantes|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Equipment==
{{Main|List of modern equipment of the Brazilian Army}}

=== Armored vehicles ===
[[File:Exercício Conjunto Meridiano Ibagé (51691926645).jpg|thumb|From left to right: ASTROS II, Gepard, M109, Leopard 1, VBTP-MR Guarani and M113|left]]

In the Brazilian Army, forces centered on [[Armoured fighting vehicle|armored combat vehicles]] are classified as "armored" if their vehicles move on tracks and "mechanized" if they use wheels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brigadas Blindadas e Mecanizadas|date=2014-05-01|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/doutrina/noticia/15213/Brigadas-Blindadas-e-Mecanizadas-/|publisher=DefesaNet|access-date=2021-03-04}}</ref> The "backbone" of armored forces and cavalry is the [[Leopard 1#Leopard 1A5|Leopard 1A5 BR]] tank.<ref name="leopard_frota">{{Cite web|last=Caiafa|first=Roberto|date=2022-09-13|title=Brasil vai modernizar 25% de seu Leopard 1A5 BR enquanto busca um sucessor|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3885352/brasil-decide-modernizar-25-da-frota-leopard-1a5-br-enquanto-estuda-um-sucessor|website=InfoDefensa|access-date=2023-12-11|archive-date=2023-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106224634/https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3885352/brasil-decide-modernizar-25-da-frota-leopard-1a5-br-enquanto-estuda-um-sucessor|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="leopard_cisne2">{{Cite web|last=Caiafa|first=Roberto|date=2023-11-02|title=Blindado no Brasil: o canto do cisne para o Leopard 1A5 BR|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4196290/especial-blindados-orugas-canto-do-cisne-leopard-1a5-brr|website=InfoDefensa|access-date=2023-12-11|archive-date=2023-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212001001/https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4196290/especial-blindados-orugas-canto-do-cisne-leopard-1a5-brr|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the army operated 220 units of this model, 41 of the Leopard 1A1 BE and 35 of the [[M60 tank|M60 A3 TTS]], for a total of 296 main battle tanks (MBTs). They are complemented by 660 tracked [[Armoured personnel carrier|armored personnel carriers]] (APCs) of various [[M113 armored personnel carrier|M-113]] and [[M577A2]] models, at least seven [[Armored engineering vehicle|armored engineering vehicles]], thirteen [[Armoured recovery vehicle|recovery vehicles]], and five [[Armoured vehicle-launched bridge|bridge launchers]].{{sfn|IISS, The Military Balance (2023)|p=384}} Armored brigades have no [[Infantry fighting vehicle|infantry fighting vehicles]] (IFVs).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosa|first=Saul Isaias da|date=2013-09-05|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/doutrina/noticia/12120/A-ausencia-da-VBCI-nas-Brigadas-Blindadas-as-mantem-nos--status-quo--da-2%C2%AA--Guerra-Mundial/|title=A ausência da VBCI nas Brigadas Blindadas as mantém nos "status quo" da 2ª Guerra Mundial|publisher=DefesaNet|access-date=2024-01-19|archive-date=2013-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907152308/https://www.defesanet.com.br/doutrina/noticia/12120/A-ausencia-da-VBCI-nas-Brigadas-Blindadas-as-mantem-nos--status-quo--da-2%C2%AA--Guerra-Mundial/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mechanized forces have around 575 [[VBTP-MR Guarani|Guarani]] and 46 [[EE-11 Urutu]] APCs , 408 [[EE-9 Cascavel]] [[Armored reconnaissance vehicle|armored reconnaissance vehicles]] and 32 [[Iveco LMV|Guaicurus]] light mobility vehicles. The IISS includes 13 Guaranis armed with 30 mm guns as the Brazilian Army's only IFVs.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bastos Jr.|first=Paulo Roberto|date=2024-02-10|title=Exército continua com a desativação do EE-11 Urutu|url=https://tecnodefesa.com.br/exercito-continua-com-a-desativacao-do-ee-11-urutu/|website=Tecnologia & Defesa|access-date=2024-03-06|archive-date=2024-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303083347/https://tecnodefesa.com.br/exercito-continua-com-a-desativacao-do-ee-11-urutu/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|IISS, The Military Balance (2024)|p=417}}

Quantitatively, the Brazilian Army has the largest fleet of MBTs in South America. However, only the Chilean Army has modern MBTs, according to the IISS classification.{{sfn|IISS, The Military Balance (2023)|p=365}} This condition of numerical advantage, in tanks and in armored vehicles in general, is the same as that observed in numbers from the 2000s and early 2010s.{{sfn|IISS, The Military Balance (2024)|p=397}}{{sfn|Rezende, Brasil: ator unipolar na América do Sul? (2016)|p=286-287}}{{sfn|Dullius, Gastos militares na América do Sul (2008)|p=12-14}} Qualitatively, the region's armies, with the exception of Chile's, operated armored vehicles designed in the 1960s and 1970s.{{sfn|Dullius, Gastos militares na América do Sul (2008)|p=13}} The Leopard 1A5, for example, has technology from the 1980s, but was purchased by Brazil in the 2000s.<ref name="leopard_cisne2"/> The spread of anti-tank missiles in the armies of neighboring countries is already a threat to Brazilian armored forces.<ref>{{Cite web|website=DefesaNet|last=Düring|first=Nelson|date=2023-11-17|title=Arma Blindada no Brasil: Decidir sem Temor!|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/arma-blindada-no-brasil-decidir-sem-temor/|access-date=2023-11-20}}</ref> The Armored Forces Subprogram Implementation Guideline, in 2020, recognized that the majority of the armored vehicle fleet was already close to the end of its life cycle.<ref>{{Cite web|website=DefesaNet|last=Bastos Jr.|first=Paulo Roberto|date=2020-11-29|title=Diretriz do Exército aponta a necessidade de modernização dos blindados|url=https://tecnodefesa.com.br/diretriz-do-exercito-aponta-a-necessidade-de-modernizacao-dos-blindados/|access-date=2023-12-15}}</ref>

=== Artillery ===
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| align             = right
| width             = 220
| image1            = Desfile de 7 de Setembro de 2018 (44536565071).jpg
| caption1          = Towed M114 howitzers
| image2            = 19 04 2022 - Ministro da Defesa prestigia celebração dos 374 anos do Exército (52017347703).jpg
| caption2          = M109 self-propelled howitzer
| image3            = 20190907 DESFILE DA INDEPENDÊNCIA (98) (48712854231) (cropped).jpg
| caption3          = Gepard anti-aircraft system
}}

The artillery branch is subdivided into groups and batteries of [[field artillery]], missile and [[rocket artillery]] and [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft artillery]].<ref name="artilharia3">{{Cite web|last=Caiafa|first=Roberto|date=2022-11-16|title=A Artilharia Brasileira e o desafio de reverter o abismo entre o moderno e o obsoleto|url=https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4045458/artilharia-do-exercito-brasileiro-no-seculo-xxi-diminuir-gap-entre-extremos|website=InfoDefensa|access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref>{{Efn|[[Coastal artillery]] is still [https://www.eb.mil.br/o-exercito/armas-quadros-e-servicos/artilharia officially] one of the subdivisions of the branch, but all such batteries have already been disbanded. See {{Cite thesis|last=Paiva|first=Alexandre Figueiredo de|year=2013|title=Evolução da artilharia de costa no Brasil|url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7016/1/2013_TCC_Ten%20Alexandre%20Paiva.pdf|publisher=Escola de Artilharia de Costa e Antiaérea}}}} The IISS estimated a total of 1,881 pieces of field and missile and rocket artillery in 2023: 1,245 mortars (of which 1,168 are 81&nbsp;mm caliber and the rest 120&nbsp;mm), 431 towed artillery pieces (336 105&nbsp;mm and 95 155&nbsp;mm), 169 pieces of 155&nbsp;mm [[self-propelled artillery]] and 36 missile and rocket launchers. However, there are smaller numbers of several models.{{Efn|{{harvnb|IISS, The Military Balance (2023)|p=384}}. The IISS reports 63 Oto Melara M56 howitzers, compared to 54 given by the magazine [https://tecnodefesa.com.br/obuseiro-m119a2-para-o-brasil/ ''Tecnologia & Defesa''] (T&D). The IISS reports 96 M114 howitzers, compared to 92 in [https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4045458/artilharia-do-exercito-brasileiro-no-seculo-xxi-diminuir-gap-entre-extremos ''InfoDefensa''], and 169 of various models of the M109, compared to 136 in ''InfoDefensa''.}} The number was similar around 2009, representing a slight numerical preponderance on the continent.{{sfn|Rezende, Brasil: ator unipolar na América do Sul? (2016)|p=287-288}}

In terms of technology, modern missile launchers coexist with [[Howitzer|howitzers]] manufactured in the 1950s, with an average range of ten to fifteen kilometers. The most sophisticated systems are in the missile and rocket artillery, with [[Astros II|ASTROS II]] platforms organized into two Missile and Rocket Groups, totaling 78 launch, command post, communications, radars, workshops and meteorological vehicles. They are headquartered in [[Formosa, Goiás]], and subordinate to the Army Artillery Command. This is the army's strategic artillery, with the greatest ranges — up to 90 kilometers with [[cluster munition]] rockets or 300 kilometers with [[Cruise missile|cruise missiles]],<ref name="artilharia3"/><ref>{{Cite web|website=Comando de Artilharia do Exército|date=2019-04-22|title=Diretriz de Transferência|url=http://www.cmdoartex.eb.mil.br/index.php/diretriz-de-transfercecia|access-date=2023-03-20|archive-date=2023-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320153257/http://www.cmdoartex.eb.mil.br/index.php/diretriz-de-transfercecia|url-status=live}}</ref> although the latter were not yet in service in 2023.<ref name="guiana" />

Self-propelled field artillery units, which support the armored brigades,<ref>{{Cite web|website=DefesaNet|title=Modernização da Artilharia com novo obuseiro M109 A5+ BR|date=2017-06-08|url=https://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/modernizacao-da-artilharia-com-novo-obuseiro-m109-a5-br/|access-date=2023-12-11|archive-date=2023-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212124338/https://www.defesanet.com.br/terrestre/modernizacao-da-artilharia-com-novo-obuseiro-m109-a5-br/|url-status=live}}</ref> have several models of the 155mm [[M109 howitzer]], supported by [[M992 field artillery ammunition supply vehicle|M992 A2]] resupply vehicles. The rest of the field artillery uses 105 mm howitzers such as the [[M101 howitzer|M101]] and [[M102 howitzer|M102]], and [[M114 155 mm howitzer|M114]] 155 mm models. Paratroopers and light infantry are supported by [[OTO Melara Mod 56|Oto Melara M56]] and [[L118 light gun|L118]] airborne howitzers, both 105 mm. The [[120mm M2 raiado|120 mm M2]] heavy rifled mortar is also important.<ref name="artilharia3"/>

Anti-aircraft artillery forces have 34 [[Flakpanzer Gepard|Gepard]] armored vehicles, distributed among the armored brigades, and [[9K38 Igla|9K338 Igla-S]], [[RBS 70]] and RBS NG portable surface-to-air missiles ([[Man-portable air-defense system|MANPADS]]). All are of low altitude and range. The Brazilian Army does not have a medium-altitude anti-aircraft defense system.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moralez|first=João Paulo|date=2021-01-01|title=Brasil avança na obtenção da defesa antiaérea de média altura|url=https://tecnodefesa.com.br/brasil-avanca-na-obtencao-de-sistema-de-defesa-antiaerea-de-media-altura/|website=Tecnologia & Defesa|access-date=2023-04-19|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204193008/https://tecnodefesa.com.br/brasil-avanca-na-obtencao-de-sistema-de-defesa-antiaerea-de-media-altura/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bastos Jr.|first=Paulo Roberto|date=2023-03-24|title=Mudanças nos sistemas de defesa antiaérea do Exército Brasileiro|url=https://tecnodefesa.com.br/mudancas-nos-sistemas-de-defesa-antiaerea-do-exercito-brasileiro/|website=Tecnologia & Defesa|access-date=2023-04-26}}</ref>

=== Aviation ===
{{Main|Brazilian Army Aviation}}

[[File:Ações Aeromóveis (26806599800).jpg|thumb|Army Aviation Helicopter|left]]

In 2022, Brazilian Army Aviation operated 95 helicopters of the [[Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil|HA-1 Esquilo]], [[Eurocopter AS565 Panther|HM-1 Pantera]], [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk|HM-2 Black Hawk]], [[Eurocopter AS532 Cougar|HM-3 Cougar]] and [[Eurocopter EC725|HM-4 Jaguar]] models.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wiltgen|first=Guilherme|date=18 August 2022|title=Rearticulação das aeronaves da Aviação do Exército|url=https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/rearticulacao-das-aeronaves-da-aviacao-do-exercito|website=Defesa Aérea & Naval|access-date=2023-12-12|archive-date=2024-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527152854/https://www.defesaaereanaval.com.br/aviacao/rearticulacao-das-aeronaves-da-aviacao-do-exercito|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 2000s, the Brazilian fleet was the second largest among South American armies. In line with most army aviation forces in the region, it focuses on transport helicopters and has no dedicated [[Attack helicopter|attack helicopters]].{{sfn|Dullius, Gastos militares na América do Sul (2008)|p=15}} The transport capacity of the aircraft based at the Taubaté Aviation Base in 2020, close to the 12th Light Infantry Brigade (Airmobile), is not enough to transport an entire infantry battalion in one wave.{{sfn|Souza, A importância da ampliação da força de helicópteros no assalto aeromóvel (2021)}}

{{Clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Brazilian Marine Corps]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
==== Articles ====
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Aguiar
|first1=Sergio
|last2=Mendonça
|first2=Thaiane
|year=2021
|title=Brasil e Forças Armadas: dissuasão, política externa e emprego interno
|trans-title=Brazil and the Armed Forces: deterrence, foreign policy and internal deployment
|url=https://revistas.uniandes.edu.co/index.php/colombia-int/article/view/2963/1722
|journal=Colombia Internacional
|issue=107
|publisher=Universidad de los Andes
|ref={{harvid|Aguiar & Mendonça, Dissuasão, política externa e emprego interno (2021)}}
|archive-date=2023-12-15
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215170740/https://revistas.uniandes.edu.co/index.php/colombia-int/article/view/2963/1722
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Alves
|first=Eduardo Henrique de Souza Martins
|year=2014
|title=As revoltas militares de 1924 no Estado de São Paulo e no Sul do Brasil e a "Guerra Intestina" movida pelos tenentes
|trans-title=The military revolts of 1924 in the State of São Paulo and in Southern Brazil and the "Intestine War" waged by the lieutenants
|url=http://www.ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/ADN/article/view/6647/5752
|journal=A Defesa Nacional
|volume=101
|issue=824
|ref={{harvid|Alves, As revoltas militares de 1924 (2014)}}
|archive-date=2024-02-02
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202103044/https://www.ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/ADN/article/view/6647/5752
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Araújo
|first=Johny Santana de
|year=2022
|title=A "Missão Militar Brasileira à França" nos Combates da Frente Ocidental (1918)
|trans-title=The "Brazilian Military Mission to France" in the battles on the Western Front (1918)
|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/8289862.pdf
|journal=Secuencia: Revista de historia y ciencias sociales
|issue=112
|ref={{harvid|Araújo, Missão Militar Brasileira à França (2022)}}
|archive-date=2024-01-09
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109004505/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/8289862.pdf
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Cite journal
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|first=João Rogério de Souza
|title=A formação de um exército na Independência
|trans-title=The formation of an army at the Independence
|url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/11286/1/3%20Jo%C3%A3o%20Rog%C3%A9rio%20de%20Souza%20Armada.pdf
|journal=Revista Babilônia
|publisher=Colégio Militar do Rio de Janeiro
|ref={{harvid|Armada, A formação de um exército na Independência (2022)}}
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Bastos
|first=Expedito Carlos Stephani
|year=2017
|title=Nova família de blindados sobre lagartas
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|journal=Ação de Choque
|issue=15
|pages=15–38
|ref={{harvid|Bastos, Nova família de blindados sobre lagartas (2017)}}
|archive-date=2023-12-19
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219170601/https://ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/AC/article/view/951/982
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Cite journal
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|first=Celso Côrrea Pinto de
|year=2000
|url=http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/reh/article/view/2112
|title=Entre Caxias e Osório: a criação do culto ao patrono do Exército brasileiro
|trans-title=Between Caxias and Osório: the creation of the cult of the patron of the Brazilian Army
|journal=Estudos históricos
|volume=14
|issue=25
|publisher=Fundação Getúlio Vargas
|ref={{harvid|Castro, Entre Caxias e Osório (2000)}}
|archive-date=2022-12-24
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224014405/https://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/reh/article/view/2112
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Cite journal
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|year=2007
|title=Goffman e os Militares: sobre o conceito de Instituição Total
|trans-title=Goffman and the Military: on the concept of Total Institution
|url=https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/mp/article/download/33764/18928
|journal=Militares e Política
|issue=1
|publisher=LEMP/UFRJ
|ref={{harvid|Castro, sobre o conceito de Instituição Total (2007)}}
|archive-date=2022-02-15
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215231200/https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/mp/article/download/33764/18928
|url-status=live
}}
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|first=Celso Côrrea Pinto de
|year=2015
|title=Antropologia dos militares no Brasil: problemas, limites e perspectivas
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|url=https://repositorio.fgv.br/server/api/core/bitstreams/10dc3196-416f-4665-ac9d-2d842f844d70/content
|journal=XI Reunión de Antropología del MERCOSUR
|place=Montevideo
|ref={{harvid|Castro, Antropologia dos militares no Brasil (2015)}}
|archive-date=2024-01-10
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110160640/https://repositorio.fgv.br/server/api/core/bitstreams/10dc3196-416f-4665-ac9d-2d842f844d70/content
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Costa
|first=Frederico Carlos de Sá
|year=2020
|title=Tendências ocupacionais no Exército Brasileiro (1998-2012)
|trans-title=Occupational trends in the Brazilian Army (1998-2012)
|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/soc/a/GDcLpxp5X449gycWpx9NpFG/?lang=pt&format=html
|journal=Sociologias
|volume=22
|issue=53
|pages=172–193
|doi=10.1590/15174522-95121
|ref={{harvid|Costa, Tendências ocupacionais do Exército Brasileiro (2020)}}
|doi-access=free
}}
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|last2=Maciel
|first2=Jéssica da Silva
|last3=Lopes
|first3=Luis Felipe Dias
|last4=Traverso
|first4=Luciana Davi
|year=2022
|title=Sentido do trabalho e a escolha pela vida na caserna para militares do Exército Brasileiro
|trans-title=Meaning of work and the choice of life in the barracks for Brazilian Army soldiers
|url=https://pegasus.unochapeco.edu.br/revistas/index.php/rgo/article/download/6152/3627
|journal=Revista Gestão Organizacional
|volume=15
|issue=1
|place=Chapecó
|publisher=UNOCHAPECÓ/UDESC
|ref={{harvid|Denardin et al., Sentido do trabalho e a escolha pela vida na caserna (2022)}}
|archive-date=2024-01-10
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|url-status=live
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|first=Francisco
|year=2000
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|trans-title=Brazilian Army Aviation
|url=http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/008567/123007
|journal=Revista Marítima Brasileira
|volume=120
|issue=7–9
|ref={{harvid|Ferro, Aviação do Exército Brasileiro (2000)}}
}}
*{{Cite journal
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|first1=Suzeley Kalil
|last2=Guzzi
|first2=André Cavaller
|year=2010
|title=Autonomia na lei: as forças armadas nas constituições nacionais
|trans-title=Autonomy in law: the armed forces in national constitutions
|url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/107/10717457003.pdf
|journal=Revista brasileira de Ciências Sociais
|volume=25
|issue=73
|doi=10.1590/S0102-69092010000200003
|ref={{harvid|Mathias & Guzzi, As forças armadas nas constituições nacionais (2010)}}
|archive-date=2023-12-16
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216001803/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/107/10717457003.pdf
|url-status=live
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|first=Frank
|author-link=Frank McCann
|year=2017
|title="Brasil: acima de tudo"!! the Brazilian Armed Forces: remodeling for a new era
|url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3055/305551066007.pdf
|journal=Diálogos
|volume=21
|issue=1
|page=58
|doi=10.4025/dialogos.v21i1.34710
|ref={{harvid|McCann, The Brazilian Armed Forces (2017)}}
|archive-date=2023-12-24
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224110444/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/3055/305551066007.pdf
|url-status=live
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*{{Cite journal
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|first=Mateus Afonso
|year=2004
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|trans-title=Institutional aspects of police unification in Brazil
|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/dados/a/jwmLdkQbnFmVykBGLXcNwTC/?format=pdf&lang=pt
|journal=Dados
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|issue=2
|pages=271–296
|doi=10.1590/S0011-52582004000200003
|ref={{harvid|Medeiros, Aspectos institucionais da unificação das polícias no Brasil (2004)}}
|doi-access=free
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|trans-title=The Brazilian and North American Mechanized Infantry
|url=http://www.ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/DMT/article/view/8932/7709
|journal=Revista Doutrina Militar Terrestre
|volume=9
|issue=28
|ref={{harvid|Nakashima, A Infantaria Mecanizada brasileira e a norte-americana (2021)}}
|archive-date=2023-12-07
|access-date=2024-01-12
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|url-status=live
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Neves
|first=Almério de Castro
|year=1964
|title=Oficial da Reserva e a Segurança Nacional
|trans-title=Reserve Officer and National Security
|url=http://www.ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/index.php/ADN/article/download/4803/4098
|journal=A Defesa Nacional
|volume=50
|issue=595
|ref={{harvid|Neves, Oficial da Reserva e a Segurança Nacional (1964)}}
|archive-date=2023-12-03
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203131801/http://www.ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/index.php/ADN/article/download/4803/4098
|url-status=live
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*{{Cite journal
|last1=Oliveira
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|last2=Mathias
|first2=Suzeley Kalil
|year=2020
|title=Profissionalização militar: notas sobre o sistema do Exército Brasileiro
|trans-title=Military professionalization: notes on the Brazilian Army system
|url=https://econtents.bc.unicamp.br/inpec/index.php/tematicas/article/view/12295/9795
|journal=Tematicas
|volume=28
|issue=56
|publisher=Universidade Estadual de Campinas
|doi=10.20396/tematicas.v28i56.12295
|ref={{harvid|Oliveira & Mathias, Profissionalização militar (2020)}}
|doi-access=free
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*{{Cite journal
|journal=Revista Verde-Oliva
|issue=258
|year=2022
|title=FORPRON, a modernização do Sistema Operacional Militar Terrestre
|trans-title=FORPRON, the modernization of the Land Military Operating System
|url=https://www.calameo.com/exercito-brasileiro/read/0012382061d15dc7020ab
|publisher=Centro de Comunicação Social do Exército
|ref={{harvid|Verde-Oliva, FORPRON (2022)}}
|archive-date=2024-01-04
|access-date=2024-01-12
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|url-status=live
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*{{Cite journal
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|year=2016
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|trans-title=Brazil: unipolar actor in South America?
|url=https://cartainternacional.abri.org.br/Carta/article/view/355/307
|journal=Carta Internacional
|publisher=Associação Brasileira de Relações Internacionais
|place=Belo Horizonte
|volume=11
|issue=1
|pages=274–295
|doi=10.21530/ci.v11n1.2016.355
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*{{Cite journal
|last=Rodrigues
|first=Fernando da Silva
|year=2020
|title=A Estratégia da Presença no contexto da transformação militar como peculiaridade de defesa no Brasil
|trans-title=The Presence Strategy in the context of military transformation as a peculiarity of defense in Brazil
|url=http://www.ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/CEEExArE/article/view/4844/4129
|journal=Análise Estratégica
|volume=8
|issue=1
|publisher=Centro de Estudos Estratégicos do Exército
|ref={{harvid|Rodrigues, A Estratégia da Presença (2020)}}
|archive-date=2023-12-13
|access-date=2024-01-12
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*{{Cite journal
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|title=As ameaças no Arco Central da Faixa de Fronteira brasileira e sua relação com a segurança integrada
|trans-title=Threats in the Central Arc of the Brazilian Border Strip and their relationship with integrated security
|url=http://www.ebrevistas.eb.mil.br/CEEExAE/article/view/11453/9177
|journal=Análise Estratégica
|volume=28
|issue=1
|publisher=Centro de Estudos Estratégicos do Exército
|ref={{harvid|Rodrigues, As ameaças no Arco Central da Faixa de Fronteira (2023)}}
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*{{Cite journal
|last1=Santos
|first1=Everton Araújo dos
|last2=Raposo
|first2=Eduardo de Vasconcelos
|year=2019
|title=A elite do Exército
|trans-title=The Army's elite
|url=https://periodicos.fclar.unesp.br/perspectivas/article/view/13459/8883
|journal=Perspectivas: Revista de Ciências Sociais
|volume=53
|publisher=Universidade Estadual Paulista
|ref={{harvid|Santos & Raposo, A elite do Exército (2019)}}
|archive-date=2024-01-06
|access-date=2024-01-12
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|url-status=live
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*{{Cite journal
|last=Savian
|first=Elonir José
|year=2013
|title=Haverá sempre uma Cavalaria: resistências à mecanização no Exército Brasileiro (1937-1972)
|trans-title=There will always be a Cavalry: resistance to mechanization in the Brazilian Army (1937-1972)
|url=http://www.snh2013.anpuh.org/resources/anais/27/1364416863_ARQUIVO_trabalhodeelonirjosesavian2.pdf
|journal=XXVII Simpósio Nacional de História
|publisher=ANPUH
|place=Natal
|ref={{harvid|Savian, Resistências à mecanização (2013)}}
|archive-date=2024-05-07
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507050810/http://www.snh2013.anpuh.org/resources/anais/27/1364416863_ARQUIVO_trabalhodeelonirjosesavian2.pdf
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Seidl
|first=Ernesto
|year=2010
|title=A formação de um Exército à brasileira: lutas corporativas e adaptação institucional
|trans-title=The formation of a Brazilian style Army: corporate struggles and institutional adaptation
|url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2210/221019007005.pdf
|journal=História
|volume=29
|issue=2
|pages=71–94
|place=São Paulo
|publisher=Unesp
|doi=10.1590/S0101-90742010000200005
|ref={{harvid|Seidl, A formação de um Exército à brasileira (2010)}}
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last=Silva
|first=Cristina Rodrigues da
|year=2013
|title=Famílias de militares: explorando a casa e a caserna no Exército brasileiro
|trans-title=Military families: exploring home and barracks in the Brazilian Army
|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/ref/a/jcJ6cxCNsqsknngyHVDG5Vn/?format=pdf&lang=pt
|journal=Estudos Feministas
|volume=21
|issue=3
|pages=861–882
|doi=10.1590/S0104-026X2013000300006
|ref={{harvid|Silva, Famílias de militares (2013)}}
|archive-date=2023-12-23
|access-date=2024-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223102615/https://www.scielo.br/j/ref/a/jcJ6cxCNsqsknngyHVDG5Vn/?format=pdf&lang=pt
|url-status=live
}}
*{{Cite journal
|last1=Wehling
|first1=Arno
|last2=Wehling
|first2=Maria José
|year=2008
|title=Exército, milícias e ordenanças na Corte Joanina: permanências e modificações
|trans-title=Army, militias and ordenanzas in the Joanine Court: permanences and modifications
|url=https://www.funceb.org.br/images/revista/5_2q0t.pdf
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010033925/https://www.funceb.org.br/images/revista/5_2q0t.pdf
|archive-date=10 October 2010
|journal=Da Cultura
|publisher=Funceb
|ref={{harvid|Wehling & Wehling, Exército, milícias e ordenanças na Corte Joanina (2008)}}
}}
{{Refend}}

==== Academic works ====
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Alves |first=Amanda dos Santos Guterres |year=2021 |title=Limites espaciais para a atuação do Exército Brasileiro no policiamento urbano: da proteção de aquartelamentos militares às operações de Garantia da Lei e da Ordem |url=https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/236456/001138474.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |ref={{harvid|Alves, Limites espaciais para a atuação do Exército Brasileiro no policiamento urbano (2021)}} |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910022551/https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/236456/001138474.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1 |url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Atassio |first=Aline Prado |year=2012 |title=A Escola de Sargentos das Armas: um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças do exército |url=https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/1421/4977.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais |ref={{harvid|Atassio, Um estudo sociopolítico sobre a formação de praças (2012)}}}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Bellintani |first=Adriana Iop |year=2009 |title=O Exército Brasileiro e a Missão Militar Francesa: instrução, doutrina, organização, modernidade e profissionalismo (1920-1940) |url=https://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/3811/1/2009_AdrianaIopBellintani.pdf |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade de Brasília |ref={{harvid|Bellintani, O Exército Brasileiro e a Missão Militar Francesa (2009)}} |archive-date=2020-07-16 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716021316/https://repositorio.unb.br/bitstream/10482/3811/1/2009_AdrianaIopBellintani.pdf |url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Bruno |first=Daniela Caldeira |title="Brasil acima de tudo!" Narrativa e construção de identidades: o combatente pára-quedista do Exército Brasileiro |year=2010 |url=https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/colecao.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17043@1 |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro |ref={{harvid|Bruno, Narrativa e construção de identidades: o combatente pára-quedista do Exército (2010)}} |archive-date=2024-05-29 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529164742/https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/colecao.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=17043@1 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Campos |first=Marcio Teixeira de |year=2011 |title=A Guerra das Falklands/Malvinas e suas repercussões no Exército Brasileiro |url=http://dcp.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/327/2020/10/Tese-de-2011-Marcio-Teixeira-de-Campos.pdf |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal Fluminense |ref={{harvid|Campos, A Guerra das Falklands/Malvinas e suas repercussões no Exército Brasileiro (2011)}} |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618034352/https://dcp.uff.br/wp-content/uploads/sites/327/2020/10/Tese-de-2011-Marcio-Teixeira-de-Campos.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |title=Concepção Estratégica do Exército (Plano) – integrante da Fase 4 do Sistema de Planejamento Estratégico do Exército para o ciclo 2024-2027 (EB10-P-01.017) |year=2023 |url=http://www.sgex.eb.mil.br/sistemas/boletim_do_exercito/copiar.php?codarquivo=181261695&act=sep |publisher=Comando do Exército |place=Brasília |ref={{harvid|Concepção Estratégica do Exército (2023)}} |archive-date=2024-01-04 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104011057/http://www.sgex.eb.mil.br/sistemas/boletim_do_exercito/copiar.php?codarquivo=181261695&act=sep |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Costa |first=Hércules Antônio Marques da |year=2021 |title=A nova Escola de Formação e Graduação de Sargentos de Carreira do Exército Brasileiro |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10011/1/MO%201001%20-%20H%C3%89RCULES%20Ant%C3%B4nio%20Marques%20da%20Costa.pdf |degree=Policy Paper |publisher=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército |ref={{harvid|Costa, A nova Escola de Formação e Graduação de Sargentos de Carreira (2021)}} |archive-date=2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110160648/https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10011/1/MO%201001%20-%20H%C3%89RCULES%20Ant%C3%B4nio%20Marques%20da%20Costa.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Cravo |first=Silmara Cosme |year=2022 |title=Geografia Política do Brasil e a questão de defesa das fronteiras terrestres |url=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-04012023-131301/publico/2022_SilmaraCosmeCravo_VCorr.pdf |publisher=Departamento de Geografia da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo |ref={{harvid|Cravo, A questão de defesa das fronteiras terrestres (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Dias |first=Luciano Luiz Goulart Silva |year=2020 |title=A gestão do Programa Estratégico do Exército Guarani dentro de uma perspectiva inovadora |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7040/1 |publisher=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército |ref={{harvid|Dias, A gestão do Programa Estratégico do Exército Guarani (2020)}}}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Dias Junior |first=Rubinei Teixeira |year=2020 |title=Elevação nos efetivos de Oficiais Temporários: aspectos positivos e negativos para a Força Terrestre |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8033/1/CGAEM_2020_TC%20Rubinei.pdf |publisher=Escola de Formação Complementar do Exército |ref={{harvid|Dias, Elevação nos efetivos de Oficiais Temporários (2020)}} |archive-date=2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110160702/https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8033/1/CGAEM_2020_TC%20Rubinei.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Dullius |first=Gustavo Piccinini |year=2008 |title=Gastos militares na América do Sul: Venezuela e Chile (2003-2008) |url=https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/19102/000685584.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Departamento de Economia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |ref={{harvid|Dullius, Gastos militares na América do Sul (2008)}} |archive-date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205203659/https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/19102/000685584.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Falconi |first=Paulo Gustavo |year=2009 |title=Aviação naval brasileira: rivalidades e debates |url=https://www.franca.unesp.br/Home/Pos-graduacao/falconi.pdf |publisher=Faculdade de História, Direito e Serviço Social da Universidade Estadual Paulista |ref={{harvid|Falconi, Aviação naval brasileira (2009)}} |archive-date=2023-03-27 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327171915/https://www.franca.unesp.br/Home/Pos-graduacao/falconi.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Ferreira |first=Bruno Torquato Silva |year=2014 |title="Cidadãos, às armas!": a introdução do sorteio militar no estado de Mato Grosso (1908-1932) |url=https://www.acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/35389/R%20-%20T%20-%20BRUNO%20TORQUATO%20SILVA%20FERREIRA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507194025/https://www.acervodigital.ufpr.br/bitstream/handle/1884/35389/R%20-%20T%20-%20BRUNO%20TORQUATO%20SILVA%20FERREIRA.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=7 May 2022 |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal do Paraná |ref={{harvid|Ferreira, A introdução do sorteio militar (2014)}}}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Flores |first=Luciano José |year=2017 |title=O desdobramento das Organizações Militares de Engenharia de Construção do Exército Brasileiro para atender as necessidades de mobilidade estratégicas da Força Terrestre e as de desenvolvimento e Integração do território nacional |url=https://repositorio.esg.br/bitstream/123456789/992/1/LUCIANO%20JOS%C3%89%20FLORES.pdf |publisher=Escola Superior de Guerra |ref={{harvid|Flores, O desdobramento das Organizações Militares de Engenharia de Construção (2017)}} |archive-date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021121843/https://repositorio.esg.br/bitstream/123456789/992/1/LUCIANO%20JOS%C3%89%20FLORES.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Frederici |first=Sandra Maria |year=2003 |title=Instituição militar e política, uma abordagem antropológica (1964 – 1974) |url=https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/1460/DissSMF.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal de São Carlos |ref={{harvid|Frederici, Instituição militar e política (2003)}} |archive-date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617101303/https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/1460/DissSMF.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Gonçalves |first=Leandro José Clemente |year=2009 |title=Tática do exército brasileiro na guerra do Paraguai entre 1866 e 1868 |url=https://www.franca.unesp.br/Home/Pos-graduacao/leandrojose.pdf |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Faculdade de História, Direito e Serviço Social, Universidade Estadual Paulista |ref={{harvid|Gonçalves, Tática do exército brasileiro na guerra do Paraguai (2009)}}}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Gonzales |first=Selma Lúcia de Moura |year=2008 |title=A territorialidade militar terrestre no Brasil: os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença |url=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-31032009-143246/publico/SELMA_LUCIA_DE_MOURA_GONZALES.pdf |publisher=Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Geografia |ref={{harvid|Gonzales, Os Tiros de Guerra e a estratégia de presença (2008)}}}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Kuhlmann |first=Paulo Roberto Loyolla |year=2001 |title=O Serviço Militar, Democracia e Defesa Nacional: razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil |url=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-17102006-102857/publico/Servico_Militar_Paulo_Kuhlmann.pdf |publisher=Departamento de Ciência Política da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo |ref={{harvid|Kuhlmann, Razões da permanência do modelo de recrutamento no Brasil (2001)}} |archive-date=2023-11-16 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116012945/https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-17102006-102857/publico/Servico_Militar_Paulo_Kuhlmann.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Kuhlmann |first=Paulo Roberto Loyolla |title=Exército brasileiro: estrutura militar e ordenamento político 1984-2007 |year=2007 |url=https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-04032008-114202/publico/TESE_PAULO_R_LOYOLLA_KUHLMANN.pdf |publisher=Departamento de Ciência Política da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo |ref={{harvid|Kuhlmann, Estrutura militar e ordenamento político (2007)}} |archive-date=2023-11-16 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116011428/https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-04032008-114202/publico/TESE_PAULO_R_LOYOLLA_KUHLMANN.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Lima |first=João Maria de |year=2010 |title=Serviço militar obrigatório no Brasil: uma reflexão atual das práticas e representações usadas na construção da identidade militar (2000 – 2008) |url=https://repositorio.ufgd.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/prefix/335/1/JoaoMariadeLima.pdf |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Faculdade de Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados |ref={{harvid|Lima, Serviço militar obrigatório no Brasil (2010)}} |archive-date=2024-04-30 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430001018/https://repositorio.ufgd.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/prefix/335/1/JoaoMariadeLima.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Magalhães |first=Gabriela de Sousa |year=2020 |title=Aquisição de produtos de defesa: uma análise da execução orçamentária do Projeto Força Terrestre 2035 |url=https://repositorio.fgv.br/server/api/core/bitstreams/3da16fd6-a7bf-410d-b6fa-f2ad3610cd87/content |publisher=Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas da Fundação Getúlio Vargas |ref={{harvid|Magalhães, Execução orçamentária do Projeto Força Terrestre 2035 (2020)}} |archive-date=2023-12-23 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223174140/https://repositorio.fgv.br/server/api/core/bitstreams/3da16fd6-a7bf-410d-b6fa-f2ad3610cd87/content |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Mancuso |first=Amanda Pinheiro |year=2008 |title=Entre terra e mar: história e política na narrativa oficial das forças armadas brasileiras – os casos do exército e da marinha |url=https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/1405/1635.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Centro de Educação e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal de São Carlos |ref={{harvid|Mancuso, História e política na narrativa oficial das forças armadas (2008)}} |archive-date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617095026/https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/1405/1635.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Marcos |first=Fábio Claumann |year=2001 |title=Capacitação profissional de militares temporários do 63° BI |url=https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/111201/CAD0509-M.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico, Departamento de Ciências da Administração |ref={{harvid|Marcos, Capacitação profissional de militares temporários (2001)}} |archive-date=2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110160639/https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/111201/CAD0509-M.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Mello |first=Luciana Cavalcante Matos de |year=2016 |title=A construção da identidade militar nas alocuções |url=https://app.uff.br/riuff/bitstream/handle/1/3421/Disserta%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20Luciana%20Cavalcante%20Matos%20de%20Mello.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102051208/https://app.uff.br/riuff/bitstream/handle/1/3421/Disserta%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20Luciana%20Cavalcante%20Matos%20de%20Mello.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=2 November 2022 |publisher=Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto de Letras |ref={{harvid|Mello, A construção da identidade militar nas alocuções (2016)}} |access-date=12 January 2024 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Moreira |first=Luís Gustavo Guerreiro |year=2008 |title=O discurso nacionalista dos engenheiros militares |url=https://repositorio.ufc.br/bitstream/riufc/1292/3/2008_Dis_%20LGG%20Moreira.pdf |publisher=Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sociologia |ref={{harvid|Moreira, O discurso nacionalista dos engenheiros militares (2008)}} |archive-date=2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110160644/https://repositorio.ufc.br/bitstream/riufc/1292/3/2008_Dis_%20LGG%20Moreira.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Nunes |first=Raul Cavedon |year=2023 |title=Explicando mudanças na doutrina militar: debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta do Exército Brasileiro (1996) |url=https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/258050/001168581.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |ref={{harvid|Nunes, Debate teórico e inferências a partir do caso da Doutrina Delta (2023)}} |archive-date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205203710/https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/258050/001168581.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Oliveira |first=Tadeu Poerschki Pacheco |year=2020 |title=O Comando Conjunto de Operações Especiais: concepção da estruturação em prol da Política Nacional de Defesa |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8184/1/MO%206279%20-TADEU.pdf |publisher=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército |ref={{harvid|Oliveira, O Comando de Operações Especiais (2020)}} |archive-date=2023-01-24 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124212454/https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8184/1/MO%206279%20-TADEU.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Pedrosa |first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2018 |title=Modernização e reestruturação do Exército brasileiro (1960-1980) |url=https://ppghc.historia.ufrj.br/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&alias=269-modernizacao-e-reestruturacao-do-exercito-brasileiro-1960-1980&category_slug=teses&Itemid=155 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115162627/https://ppghc.historia.ufrj.br/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&alias=269-modernizacao-e-reestruturacao-do-exercito-brasileiro-1960-1980&category_slug=teses&Itemid=155 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Comparada do Instituto de História da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro |ref={{harvid|Pedrosa, Modernização e reestruturação do Exército (2018)}} |access-date=12 January 2024 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Pestana |first=Marcello de Almeida Ribeiro |year=2019 |title=Possibilidades e limitações do pelotão de reconhecimento de montanha no monitoramento de RIPI em apoio a uma brigada em operações defensivas |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5306/1/Artigo%20-%20Cap%20Marcello%20Ribeiro.pdf |publisher=Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais |ref={{harvid|Pestana, Pelotão de reconhecimento de montanha (2019)}} |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180326/https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5306/1/Artigo%20-%20Cap%20Marcello%20Ribeiro.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Piletti |first=Felipe José |year=2008 |title=Segurança e defesa da Amazônia: o exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais |url=https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/14386/000650016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |ref={{harvid|Piletti, O exército brasileiro e as ameaças não-tradicionais (2008)}} |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-date=2023-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124223413/https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/14386/000650016.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Ribeiro |first=Leandro Kenji |year=2021 |title=Gestão de pessoal na aviação do Exército: proposta de integração das QMS de aviação |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8523/1/Cap%20KENJI.pdf |publisher=Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais |ref={{harvid|Ribeiro, Proposta de integração das QMS de aviação (2021)}}}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Rodrigues |first=Fernando da Silva |year=2008 |title=Uma carreira: as formas de acesso à Escola de Formação de Oficiais do Exército Brasileiro no período de 1905 a 1946 |url=https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/bitstream/1/13012/1/Tese%20completa%20Fernando.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115143313/https://www.bdtd.uerj.br:8443/bitstream/1/13012/1/Tese%20completa%20Fernando.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2022 |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro |ref={{harvid|Rodrigues, Acesso à Escola de Formação de Oficiais (2008)}} |access-date=12 January 2024 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Saes |first=Guillaume Azevedo Marques de |year=2011 |title=Militares e desenvolvimento no Brasil: uma análise comparada dos projetos econômicos da oficialidade republicana de fins do século XIX, do tenentismo e da cúpula militar do Estado Novo |url=https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-08052012-122314/publico/2011_GuillaumeAzevedoMarquesdeSaes_VRev.pdf |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Econômica da Universidade de São Paulo |ref={{harvid|Saes, Militares e desenvolvimento no Brasil (2011)}} |archive-date=2023-11-18 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118055025/https://teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-08052012-122314/publico/2011_GuillaumeAzevedoMarquesdeSaes_VRev.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Sales |first=Cesar do Amaral |year=2020 |title=A gestão ambiental no Exército Brasileiro: o campo de instrução Marechal Newton Cavalcanti |url=https://repositorio.esg.br/bitstream/123456789/1149/1/CAEPE.26%20TCC%20VF.pdf |publisher=Escola Superior de Guerra |ref={{harvid|Sales, A gestão ambiental no Exército Brasileiro (2020)}}}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Santos |first=Everton Araujo dos |year=2012 |title=O carisma do comandante: um estudo das relações pessoais dos militares do Exército Brasileiro sob o enfoque do poder simbólico, dos corpos dóceis e das instituições totais |url=https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/colecao.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20508@1 |publisher=Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ciências Sociais |ref={{harvid|Santos, Um estudo das relações pessoais dos militares do Exército Brasileiro (2012)}}}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Santos |first=Everton Araujo dos |year=2018 |title=Exército Brasileiro: a transformação como valor e o valor da transformação: um estudo da família militar como fator de abertura para a sociedade e de transformação da instituição |url=https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/34898/34898.PDF |publisher=Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Ciências Sociais |ref={{harvid|Santos, Um estudo da família militar (2018)}} |archive-date=2023-11-16 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116023750/https://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/34898/34898.PDF |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Santos |first=Abner de Sousa |year=2019 |title=A transformação de atitudes e valores vivenciada durante a formação do futuro oficial da carreira das armas |publisher=Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6354/1/6002.pdf |ref={{harvid|Santos, A transformação de atitudes e valores (2019)}} |archive-date=2024-01-10 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110160640/https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6354/1/6002.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Schwether |first=Natália Diniz |year=2016 |title=Agora é que são elas: desvendando o processo de incorporação das mulheres nas Forças Armadas de Brasil e Argentina |url=https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/168628/339594.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina |ref={{harvid|Schwether, Processo de incorporação das mulheres nas Forças Armadas de Brasil e Argentina (2016)}} |archive-date=2024-04-16 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416083328/https://repositorio.ufsc.br/bitstream/handle/123456789/168628/339594.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Silva |first=Fernando Augusto Valentini da |year=2013 |title=O processo de transformação do Exército: extensão, fontes e fatores intervenientes |url=http://www.eceme.eb.mil.br/images/IMM/producao_cientifica/dissertacoes/fernando_augusto_valentini_da_silva.pdf |publisher=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército |ref={{harvid|Silva, O processo de transformação do Exército (2013)}} |archive-date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004192957/https://www.eceme.eb.mil.br/images/IMM/producao_cientifica/dissertacoes/fernando_augusto_valentini_da_silva.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Silva |first=Cristina Rodrigues da |year=2016 |title=O exército como família: etnografia sobre as vilas militares na fronteira |url=https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/8090/TeseCRS.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social da Universidade Federal de São Carlos |ref={{harvid|Silva, O exército como família (2016)}} |archive-date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617094228/https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/handle/ufscar/8090/TeseCRS.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Soares |first=Edilmar Schumacker |year=2021 |title=A contribuição do SISPRON para o estado de prontidão operacional da Força Terrestre: estudo comparativo de modelos de Forças de Prontidão |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10106/1/MO%206448%20-%20Edilmar%20SCHUMACKER%20Soares.pdf |publisher=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército |ref={{harvid|Soares, Estudo comparativo de modelos de Forças de Prontidão (2021)}} |archive-date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205203704/https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10106/1/MO%206448%20-%20Edilmar%20SCHUMACKER%20Soares.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Souza |first=Matheus Henrique de |title=O batalhão de infantaria nas operações aeromóveis: a importância da ampliação da força de helicópteros no assalto aeromóvel |year=2021 |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10748/1/CAP_HENRIQUE_TCC.pdf |publisher=Escola de Aperfeiçoamento de Oficiais |ref={{harvid|Souza, A importância da ampliação da força de helicópteros no assalto aeromóvel (2021)}} |archive-date=2024-06-18 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618210124/https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10748/1/CAP_HENRIQUE_TCC.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Souza Junior |first=Jorge Francisco de |year=2010 |title=As Forças Blindadas do Exército Brasileiro - Atualização, Modificação e Modernização: uma proposta |url=https://www.ecsbdefesa.com.br/defesa/fts/FBEBP.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113003859/https://www.ecsbdefesa.com.br/defesa/fts/FBEBP.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2019 |publisher=Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército |ref={{harvid|Souza, As forças blindadas do Exército Brasileiro (2010)}} |access-date=12 January 2024}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Steffens |first=Theo Gonçalves |year=2016 |title=Serviço militar obrigatório no Brasil: condições de vida e trabalho do recruta |url=https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/158506/001021858.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Curso de Graduação em Administração da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |ref={{harvid|Steffens, Condições de vida e trabalho do recruta (2016)}} |archive-date=2023-09-07 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907041352/https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/158506/001021858.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Svartman |first=Eduardo Munhoz |year=2006 |title=Guardiões da nação: formação profissional, experiências compartilhadas e engajamento político dos generais de 1964 |url=https://www.lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/7622/000549806.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |ref={{harvid|Svartman, Generais de 1964 (2006)}} |archive-date=2023-03-27 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327211257/https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/7622/000549806.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Teixeira |first=Vinícius Modolo |year=2013 |title=A Cooperação em defesa na América do Sul como base para a integração do Continente |url=http://www.ppgeo.ig.ufu.br/sites/ppgeo.ig.ufu.br/files/Anexos/Bookpage/A%20COOPERA%C3%87%C3%83O%20EM%20DEFESA%20NA%20AM%C3%89RICA%20DO%20SUL%20COMO%20BASE%20PARA%20A%20INTEGRA%C3%87%C3%83O%20DO%20CONTINENTE%20-%20Vinicius%20Modolo%20Teixeira%20_1_.pdf |publisher=Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia |ref={{harvid|Teixeira, A cooperação em defesa na América do Sul (2013)}} |archive-date=2024-06-17 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617002248/http://www.ppgeo.ig.ufu.br/sites/ppgeo.ig.ufu.br/files/Anexos/Bookpage/A%20COOPERA%C3%87%C3%83O%20EM%20DEFESA%20NA%20AM%C3%89RICA%20DO%20SUL%20COMO%20BASE%20PARA%20A%20INTEGRA%C3%87%C3%83O%20DO%20CONTINENTE%20-%20Vinicius%20Modolo%20Teixeira%20_1_.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Viana |first=Claudius Gomes de Aragão |year=2020 |title=A Brigada de Infantaria Paraquedista: história institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre brasileira |url=https://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/10438/30888/A%20Brigada%20de%20Infantaria%20Paraquedista.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824133854/https://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/10438/30888/A%20Brigada%20de%20Infantaria%20Paraquedista.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 August 2021 |publisher=Escola de Ciências Sociais da Fundação Getulio Vargas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Política e Bens Culturais |ref={{harvid|Viana, História institucional e cultura organizacional da tropa aeroterrestre (2020)}}}}
*{{Cite thesis |last=Zimmermann |first=Lausimar José |year=2013 |title=Sargentos de 1964: como a disciplina superou a política |url=https://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/10438/13051/disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20lausimar%20zimmermann.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718013212/https://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/10438/13051/disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20lausimar%20zimmermann.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2021 |publisher=Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Política e Bens Culturais |ref={{harvid|Zimmermann, Sargentos de 1964 (2013)}} |access-date=12 January 2024 |url-status=live}}
{{Refend}}

==== Books ====
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{Cite book |last=Brustolin |first=Vitelio |year=2022 |chapter=Indústria de defesa do Brasil. Estado e iniciativa privada: séculos XX e XXI |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Brustolin, Indústria de defesa do Brasil (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Carvalho |first=José Murilo de |author-link=José Murilo de Carvalho |title=Forças Armadas e Política no Brasil |year=2006 |edition=2 |publisher=Jorge Zahar Ed. |place=Rio de Janeiro |ref={{harvid|Carvalho, Forças Armadas e Política (2006)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Castro |first=Celso Corrêa Pinto de |year=2002 |chapter=O espírito de Guararapes |title=A invenção do Exército Brasileiro |publisher=Zahar |place=Rio de Janeiro |ref={{harvid|Castro, O espírito de Guararapes (2002)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Castro |first=Celso Corrêa Pinto de |year=2004 |title=O espírito militar: um antropólogo na caserna |edition=2 |publisher=Zahar |place=Rio de Janeiro |ref={{harvid|Castro, Um antropólogo na caserna (2004)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Castro Júnior |first=Luiz Adolfo Sodré |year=2022 |chapter=Patronos do Exército Brasileiro e de seus ramos internos |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Castro, Patronos do Exército Brasileiro (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Chirio |first=Maud |year=2012 |title=A política nos quartéis: revoltas e protestos de oficiais na ditadura militar brasileira |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Zahar |ref={{harvid|Chirio, Revoltas e protestos de oficiais na ditadura militar brasileira (2012)}}}}
*{{Cite book |author=Comando de Operações Terrestres |title=Manual de Campanha EB70-MC-10.364 Organizações Militares de Guardas |url=https://bdex.eb.mil.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/9343/1/EB70-MC-10.364%20Organiza%C3%A7%C3%B5es%20Militares%20de%20Guarda%201ed%20PDF.pdf |place=Brasília |publisher=Ministério da Defesa |ref={{harvid|Manual de Campanha, Organizações Militares de Guardas (2021)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Daróz |first=Carlos Roberto Carvalho |year=2022 |chapter=Aviação militar brasileira (1919-1941) |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 |ref={{harvid|Daróz, Aviação militar brasileira (1919-1941) (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Faria |first1=Durland Puppin de |last2=Silva Filho |first2=Cesar Alves da Silva |chapter=A Força Expedicionária Brasileira: origens, formação e combate |year=2022 |title=Exército Brasileiro: perspectivas interdisciplinares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_1iEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Mauad |place=Rio de Janeiro |edition=1 |isbn=978-65-87631-83-7 |ref={{harvid|Faria & Silva, A Força Expedicionária Brasileira (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Faria |first=Durland Puppin de |year=2022 |chapter=Armas, Quadros e Serviços do Exército Brasileiro |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 |ref={{harvid|Faria, Armas, Quadros e Serviços do Exército Brasileiro (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Faria |first1=Durland Puppin de |last2=Pedrosa |first2=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2022 |chapter=Hierarquia militar brasileira |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Faria & Pedrosa, Hierarquia militar brasileira (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ferreira |first=Ramon Vilas Boas |chapter=A construção e o fortalecimento da identidade militar: uma análise dos sistemas simbólicos da Escola de Sargentos das Armas (EsSA) |year=2022 |title=Exército Brasileiro: perspectivas interdisciplinares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_1iEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Mauad |place=Rio de Janeiro |edition=1 |isbn=978-65-87631-83-7 |ref={{harvid|Ferreira, Uma análise dos sistemas simbólicos da Escola de Sargentos das Armas (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Fico |first=Carlos |year=2022 |chapter=Ideia ou conceito de tutela militar na República brasileira |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Fico, Conceito de tutela militar (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Gomes |first1=Marcos de Lima |last2=Senhoras |first2=Elói Martins |year=2021 |title=Poder militar na Amazônia: Estudo de caso da 1ª Brigada de Infantaria de Selva |journal=Iole |url=https://editora.ioles.com.br/index.php/iole/catalog/view/12/20/33-1 |publisher=Editora IOLE |place=Boa Vista |ref={{harvid|Gomes & Senhoras, Estudo de caso da 1ª Brigada de Infantaria de Selva (2021)}} |archive-date=2024-11-30 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130064247/https://editora.ioles.com.br/index.php/iole/catalog/view/12/20/33-1 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |last=Hudson |first=Rex. A. |year=1998 |title=Brazil: a country study |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/br/brazilcountrystu00huds_0/brazilcountrystu00huds_0.pdf |place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Federal Research Division |ref={{harvid|Hudson, Brazil: a country study (1998)}} |archive-date=2022-06-20 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620052933/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/frd/frdcstdy/br/brazilcountrystu00huds_0/brazilcountrystu00huds_0.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |year=2023 |publisher=Routledge |ref={{harvid|IISS, The Military Balance (2023)}}}}
*{{Cite book |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2024 |year=2024 |publisher=Routledge |ref={{harvid|IISS, The Military Balance (2024)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Izecksohn |first=Vitor |chapter=Exército e o Império do Brasil |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I |date=20 December 2022 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 |ref={{harvid|Izecksohn, Exército e o Império do Brasil (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |title=Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional |year=2020 |url=https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/arquivos/estado_e_defesa/livro_branco/Versaodolivroemportugues2020.pdf |publisher=Ministério da Defesa |place=Brasília |ref={{harvid|Livro Branco de Defesa Nacional (2020)}} |archive-date=2023-12-28 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228165546/https://www.gov.br/defesa/pt-br/arquivos/estado_e_defesa/livro_branco/Versaodolivroemportugues2020.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=McCann |first=Frank |author-link=Frank McCann |year=2009 |title=Soldados da Pátria: história do Exército Brasileiro, 1889–1937 |publisher=Biblioteca do Exército e Companhia das Letras |place=Rio de Janeiro; São Paulo |ref={{harvid|McCann, Soldados da Pátria (2009)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mendes |first=Fábio Faria |year=2004 |chapter=Encargos, privilégios e direitos: o recrutamento militar no Brasil nos séculos XVIII e XIX |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4plDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 |title=Nova história militar brasileira |publisher=Editora FGV |isbn=978-85-225-1334-5 |place=Rio de Janeiro |ref={{harvid|Mendes, O recrutamento militar no Brasil nos séculos XVIII e XIX (2004)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Miranda |first=Denis de |year=2018 |title=A construção da identidade do oficial do Exército Brasileiro |url=http://www.editora.puc-rio.br/media/a%20constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20identidade%20miolo.pdf |publisher=Editora PUC-Rio |place=Rio de Janeiro |ref={{harvid|Miranda, A construção da identidade do oficial (2018)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nascimento |first=Luiz Augusto Rocha do |chapter=O Exército Brasileiro na Guerra de Canudos: lições aprendidas |year=2022 |title=Exército Brasileiro: perspectivas interdisciplinares |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_1iEAAAQBAJ |publisher=Mauad |place=Rio de Janeiro |edition=1 |isbn=978-65-87631-83-7 |ref={{harvid|Nascimento, O Exército Brasileiro na Guerra de Canudos (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Oliveira |first=Jorge Rubem Folnea de |year=2022 |chapter=Garantia da Lei e da Ordem (GLO), o artigo 142 da Constituição e a tutela militar |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 |ref={{harvid|Oliveira, O artigo 142 da Constituição e a tutela militar (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pedrosa |first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2022 |chapter=Doutrina do Exército Brasileiro no Império |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 |ref={{harvid|Pedrosa, Doutrina do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pedrosa |first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2022 |chapter=Doutrina do Exército Brasileiro no pós-Guerra Fria |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 |ref={{harvid|Pedrosa, Doutrina do Exército Brasileiro no pós-Guerra Fria (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pedrosa |first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2022 |chapter=Hinos e canções militares do Exército Brasileiro |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Pedrosa, Hinos e canções militares (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pedrosa |first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2022 |chapter=Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro no Império (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pedrosa |first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2022 |chapter=Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Pedrosa, Organização das Forças do Exército Brasileiro na República (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pedrosa |first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2022 |chapter=Símbolos do Exército Brasileiro |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Pedrosa, Símbolos do Exército Brasileiro (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pedrosa |first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2022 |chapter=Tradições do Exército Brasileiro |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Pedrosa, Tradições do Exército Brasileiro (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pedrosa |first=Fernando Velôzo Gomes |year=2022 |chapter=Uniformes do Exército Brasileiro |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4910-1 |ref={{harvid|Pedrosa, Uniformes do Exército Brasileiro (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |author=Comissão Nacional da Verdade |title=Relatório da Comissão Nacional da Verdade (volume I) |url=https://www.gov.br/memoriasreveladas/pt-br/assuntos/comissoes-da-verdade/volume_1_digital.pdf |publisher=CNV |year=2014 |place=Brasília |ref={{harvid|Relatório da Comissão Nacional da Verdade (2014)}} |archive-date=2024-04-15 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415170427/https://www.gov.br/memoriasreveladas/pt-br/assuntos/comissoes-da-verdade/volume_1_digital.pdf |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |title=Relatório de Gestão do Comando do Exército |year=2021 |author=Estado-Maior do Exército e Centro de Comunicação Social do Exército |place=Brasília |url=https://www.calameo.com/exercito-brasileiro/read/0012382067f508bd3fb61 |ref={{harvid|Relatório de Gestão do Comando do Exército (2021)}} |archive-date=2023-09-02 |access-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902132125/https://www.calameo.com/exercito-brasileiro/read/0012382067f508bd3fb61 |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book |title=Relatório de Gestão do Comando do Exército |year=2023 |author=Estado-Maior do Exército e Centro de Comunicação Social do Exército |place=Brasília |url=https://www.calameo.com/exercito-brasileiro/read/00123820631af56ab77ff |ref={{harvid|Relatório de Gestão do Comando do Exército (2023)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ribeiro |first=João Guilherme C. |year=2003 |title=Bandeiras que contam histórias |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=zit |isbn=85-89907-02-3 |ref={{harvid|Ribeiro, Bandeiras que contam histórias (2003)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Fernando da Silva |year=2022 |chapter=Estado Novo, papel dos militares |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 |ref={{harvid|Rodrigues, Estado Novo, papel dos militares (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Fernando da Silva |last2=Medeiros Filho |first2=Oscar |year=2022 |chapter=Exército Brasileiro |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 |ref={{harvid|Rodrigues & Medeiros, Exército Brasileiro (2022)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=Mike |last2=Mann |first2=Chris |last3=Stilwell |first3=Alexander |year=2014 |title=The encyclopedia of the world's special forces |publisher=Amber Books |isbn=978-1-907446-89-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-XuBQAAQBAJ&dq=brazilian+special+forces+stilwell&pg=PT18 |ref={{harvid|Ryan et al., The encyclopedia of the world's special forces (2014)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Schwarcz |first1=Lilia Moritz |author-link1=Lilia Moritz Schwarcz |last2=Starling |first2=Heloisa Murgel |year=2015 |title=Brasil: uma biografia |publisher=Companhia das Letras |place=São Paulo |ref={{harvid|Schwarcz & Starling, Brasil: uma biografia (2015)}}}}
*{{Cite book |last=Zimmermann |first=Lausimar José |year=2022 |chapter=Escolas de formação e aperfeiçoamento dos sargentos do Exército Brasileiro |title=Dicionário de história militar do Brasil (1822-2022): volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGjEAAAQBAJ |place=Rio de Janeiro |publisher=Autografia |isbn=978-85-518-4909-5 |ref={{harvid|Zimmermann, Escolas de formação e aperfeiçoamento dos sargentos (2022)}}}}
{{Refend}}

{{Military of Brazil}}
{{Armies in America}}

[[Category:Brazilian Army| ]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1822]]
[[Category:1822 establishments in Brazil]]