View source for Brindle

{{Short description|Coat coloring pattern in some animals}}
{{other uses}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2009}}

[[File:Harlis-2009-15-10.jpg|thumb|A [[Great Dane]] with the brindle color pattern]]
'''Brindle''' is a [[coat (animal)|coat]] coloring pattern in animals, particularly [[dog]]s, [[cattle]], [[guinea pigs]], [[cat]]s, and, rarely, [[horse]]s. It is sometimes described as "tiger-striped", although the brindle pattern is more subtle than that of a [[tiger]]'s coat.

Brindle typically appears as black stripes on a red base. The stripes are eumelanin (black/brown pigment) and the base is phaeomelanin (red/yellow pigment), so the appearance of those pigments can be changed by any of the genes which usually affect them. 
* Eumelanin (the pigment making up the stripes) can be affected by: merle (and harlequin), liver, dilution, greying, and recessive red. 
* Phaeomelanin (the pigment making up the base) can be affected by: Intensity locus. 
White markings and ticking can occur on any brindle dog.

Brindle is caused by a complex gene process and is technically a form of mosaicism, where some cells express one allele (KB) and other cells express a different allele (ky), a little like [[tortoiseshell cats]]. This makes it very difficult to test for, and there are currently no commercially available tests that are able to detect brindle. Brindle dogs will usually test as KBky, and carriers (one dominant black allele, one brindle) cannot be identified without breeding.

==Dogs==
[[Image:Akita Inu brindle portrait.jpg|thumb|Brindle coloration is less distinct on longer-haired dogs, like the [[Akita Inu]].]]
The brindle pattern may also take the place of tan in [[tricolor (dog)|tricolor]] coats of some dog breeds (such as [[Basenji]]s). This coloration looks very similar to tricolor, and can be distinguished only at close range. Dogs of this color are often described as "trindle". It can also occur in combination with [[Merle (coat colour in dogs)|merle]] in the points, or as a brindle merle, in breeds such as the [[Cardigan Welsh Corgi]], although the latter is not acceptable in the show ring. The "dark" markings are black or the dilutions gray (called blue) or brown (sometimes called red).  It is not uncommon for a brindled [[Cairn Terrier]] to become progressively more black or silver as it ages.

== Cats ==
[[File:Brindled Domestic Short-haired Cat.jpg|thumb|A European domestic short-haired, female, brindled cat.]]
Brindled domestic cats are also known as [[tortoiseshell cat]]s, and in some cases, [[tabby cat]]s; they are almost exclusively female.

== Guinea pigs ==
Brindle is an old variety in [[guinea pig]]s. They are difficult to breed to perfection, as the black and red hairs should intermingle evenly all over. Brindle guinea pigs' fur type is [[Guinea pig breed#Abyssinian|Abyssinian]] (rosetted).<ref name="guineapighub1">{{cite web |url=http://www.guineapighub.com/abyssinian-guinea-pig.html |title=The Abyssinian Guinea Pig Guide |website=Guineapighub.com |date=2015-09-09 |accessdate=2016-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507145816/http://www.guineapighub.com/abyssinian-guinea-pig.html |archive-date=2016-05-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Horses ==
[[Image:Yarramen.jpg|thumb|A reverse brindle chestnut]]
[[File:BrindleNatal.jpg|thumb|left|Brindle horse with dark bay base coat]]
Brindle coloring in horses is extremely rare and most commonly caused by pigment concentrating along [[Blaschko's lines]] during fetal development. In two confirmed cases it has been linked to spontaneous [[chimerism]], resulting in an animal with two sets of [[DNA]], with the brindle pattern being an expression of two different sets of [[equine coat color]] genes in one horse. These forms are not heritable.<ref name=UCD/> In some horses the pattern seems to be inherited, indicating that one or more genes are responsible. One heritable brindle pattern in a family of [[American Quarter Horse]]s was identified in 2016 and named Brindle1 (BR1).<ref name=Murgiano>{{Cite journal|last1=Murgiano|first1=Leonardo|last2=Waluk|first2=Dominik|year=2016|title=An Intronic MBTPS2 Variant Results in a Splicing Defect in Horses with Brindle Coat Texture|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|volume=6 |issue=9|pages=2963–70|doi=10.1534/g3.116.032433|pmid=27449517|url=https://www.pubfacts.com/detail/27449517/An-Intronic-MBTPS2-Variant-Results-in-a-Splicing-Defect-in-Horses-with-Brindle-Coat-Texture|pmc=5015953}}</ref> The Brindle1 phenotype has an [[X-linked]], [[semidominant]] mode of inheritance. Female horses with this gene have a striped coat pattern; hairs from the stripes have a different texture as well as color, are less straight, and are more unruly. Male horses have sparse manes and tails but do not show a striped coat texture pattern. A Brindle1 test is available.<ref name=UCD>{{Cite web |url=https://www.vgl.ucdavis.edu/services/horse/Brindle1.php|title=Brindle Coat Texture|website=University of California-Davis Veterinary Genetics Laboratory|access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref>

Brindle coloring consists of irregular stripes extending vertically over the horse's body and horizontally around the legs. Brindle horses can also have a dorsal stripe when caused by [[dun_gene|dun or non-dun1]]. It usually does not affect the head and legs as much as the body, with the heaviest concentrations of brindling being on the neck, shoulders and hindquarters. The coloring has been documented in the past. At the [[Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Science|Zoological Museum of the Academy of Science]] in [[Saint Petersburg]], a Russian [[Cabriolet (carriage)|cab]] horse of brindle coloring from the early 19th century was mounted and put on display due to its rarity.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lusis|first1=J.A.|title=Striping Patterns in Domestic Horses|journal=Genetica|date=1942|volume=23 |quote = In one of the exhibition rooms of the Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. in Leningrad there is a stuffed adult domestic horse with stripes. [... It] was purchased – while the horse was still alive – from its owner, a Leningrad cabman, and delivered by the latter to the Museum after the horse's death. Judging by the stuffed object, it was a large horse of the [[trotting races|trotter]] type. [... The striping] closely resembles the striping found in many breeds of cattle and in dogs and known as the "brindling pattern".|doi=10.1007/bf01763802|pages=31–62|s2cid=19047145}} in the ''[http://www.brindlehorses.com/jsbatteate/1997web/index-1997-mar.htm Brindle Horses]'' site</ref>

=== Description ===
The brindled pattern found in horses could be described as vertical stripes that are found along the neck, back, hindquarters, and upper legs. The horse's head is usually a solid color and is not affected by the striping. The brindled pattern has no effect on dark [[point coloration|points]] on horses. Some brindle-colored horses are more eye-catching than others.

With this coat pattern there is a base coat that covers the entire body of the horse. This base coat color can be any color. Recorded examples have been [[bay (horse)|bay]], [[chestnut (coat)|chestnut]], [[palomino]], and [[dun gene|dun]]. Earliest documented cases were said to have red dun or [[grullo|grulla]] as a base coat. Over top of the base color is either a lighter or darker color, giving the appearance of stripes.

==Other animals==
[[Image:Cow_in_Iceland.jpg|thumb|A brindled cow]]
Brindle coloring exists in [[cattle]].

The [[Blue Wildebeest]] is a species of brindled gnu.
[[File:Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus taurinus) young male 1-2m.jpg|thumb|Male ''brindled gnu'' at the [[Tswalu Kalahari Reserve]], South Africa]]

For [[crested gecko]]s, the term "brindle" is used to describe a [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] with darker stripes of color.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lizards101.com/crested-gecko-morphs-and-color-variations/ |title=Lizards 101: Crested Gecko Morphs and Color Variations|date=22 August 2018}}</ref>

==Etymology ==
The word brindled is a variant of Middle English brended (early 15c.), from bren "brown color" (13c.), noun from past participle of brennen "burn" (from Proto-Germanic *brennan "to burn", from [[PIE]] root *gwher- "to heat, warm"). The etymological sense of the adjective appears to be "marked as though by branding or burning".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=brindled |title=Etymology Dictionary |date=3 March 2024}}</ref>

== In literature ==
* A brindle horse was mentioned in the book ''Riding Lessons'' by Sara Gruen.
* "[[Jock of the Bushveld]]" was a brindle [[Staffordshire Bull Terrier]] mix and the companion of [[James Percy FitzPatrick|Percy FitzPatrick]] in his travels around the South African [[veld]]t in the 1880s. FitzPatrick later collected tales of their adventures into a popular book of the same name.
* Jack the [[bulldog]] featured in the ''[[Little House on the Prairie]]'' books by [[Laura Ingalls Wilder]] had a brindled coat. He was the companion and household protector of the Ingalls family in their early travels. He dies of old age at the beginning of ''[[By the Shores of Silver Lake]]''.
* In  [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]]' poem "[[Pied Beauty]]" (1918), the concept occurs in the opening:
::: Glory be to God for dappled things —
::: For skies of couple-color as a brinded cow; 
::: For rose-moles all in stipple upon trout that swim&nbsp;...

===But ''not'' Shakespeare ===
In [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Macbeth]]'', the opening of act&nbsp;4, scene&nbsp;1, is often taken to refer to a brindled cat in the sense of coat pattern as described in this article, because it does contain the word "brinded":
:''Thrice the brinded cat hath mew'd.''
However, in this context – [[Elizabethan English]] – the word "brinded" was used to mean [[Livestock branding|''branded'']], as in [[charring|marked by fire]]. The word in Elizabethans used to describe a brindle-colored coat was "streaked".<ref>{{cite book |first=Kenneth |last=Muir |year=1962 |title=The Arden Shakespeare |section=Macbeth |page=108}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Coat (dog)|Dog coat]]
*[[Equine coat color]]
*[[Tabby cat]]
*[[Tortoiseshell cat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Brindle animals}}
*[http://www.doggenetics.co.uk/brindle.html Dog Coat Colour: Genetics & pigmentation]
*[http://bowlingsite.mcf.com/Genetics/Brindle.html Genetics of dog brindling with reference to Shetland Sheepdogs]
*[http://www.cwcorgi.com/Aragorn/genetics.htm Genetics of brindling in the Corgi]
*[http://www.tenset.co.uk/catgen/ Cat coat color genetics]

{{Equine coat colors}}

[[Category:Horse coat colors]]
[[Category:Dog anatomy]]
[[Category:Animal coat colors]]