View source for British invasions of the River Plate

{{Short description|Battles during the Anglo-Spanish War of 1796–1808}}
{{Distinguish|Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata|Battle of the River Plate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox military conflict|
| conflict          = British invasions of the River Plate
| image             = La Reconquista de Buenos Aires.jpg
| image_size        = 300px
| caption           = [[William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford|William Beresford]] surrenders to [[Santiago de Liniers]] (1806)
| partof            = [[Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)]]
| date              = 1806–1807
| place             = [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]], [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]], [[Spanish Empire]]<br />(present-day [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]])
| result            = Spanish victory<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1a4j2HNmjUC&pg=PA658|title=Historic cities of the Americas: an illustrated encyclopedia, Volume 1|page=658|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1576070277|access-date=22 October 2014|last1=Marley|first1=David|year=2005}}</ref><ref name="Invasiones Inglesas">[http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/virreinato/invasiones_inglesas.php Invasiones Inglesas] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611062657/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/virreinato/invasiones_inglesas.php |date=11 June 2010 }} {{in lang|es}}</ref>
| combatant1        = {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Bourbon Spain|Spain]]
* {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]
| combatant2        = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
| commander1        = [[Rafael de Sobremonte, 3rd Marquis of Sobremonte|Rafael de Sobremonte]]<br />[[Santiago de Liniers]]<br />[[Pascual Ruiz Huidobro]]<br />[[Martín de Álzaga]]<br />[[Juan Martín de Pueyrredón]]
| commander2        = [[Home Riggs Popham]]<br />[[William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford|William Beresford]]{{surrendered}}<br />[[John Whitelocke]]<br />[[Samuel Auchmuty (British Army officer)|Samuel Auchmuty]]<br />[[Charles Stirling]]<br />[[George Murray (Royal Navy officer, born 1759)|George Murray]]
| strength1         = '''First invasion:'''
* ~2,500 soldiers
'''Second invasion:'''
* ~2,000 soldiers in Montevideo
* ~7,000–8,000 soldiers in Buenos Aires
| strength2         = '''First invasion:'''
* ~1,668 soldiers
'''Second invasion:'''
* ~6,000 soldiers in Montevideo
* ~9,000<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.falklands.info/history/hist82article16.html |title='With the Gurkhas in the Falklands' – A War Journal's Postscript By Mike Seer July 2003 |access-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911094645/http://www.falklands.info/history/hist82article16.html |archive-date=11 September 2012 }}</ref>–12,000<ref>''The growth and culture of Latin America'', Donald Emmet Worcester, Wendell G. Schaeffer, p. 404, Oxford University Press, 1971 {{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>''Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History'', Will Kaufman; Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson, p. 833, ABC-CLIO, 2005</ref> in Buenos Aires
| casualties2       = '''First invasion:'''<br />157 dead and wounded, 1,300 captured<ref name="books.google.com"/><br />'''Second invasion (Montevideo):'''<br />600 casualties<br />'''Second invasion (Buenos Aires):'''<br />311 killed, 208 missing, 679 wounded, 1,600 captured<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/4779479.stm Britain's 'forgotten' invasion of Argentina]</ref>
| casualties1       = '''First invasion:'''<br />205 dead and wounded<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1a4j2HNmjUC&pg=PA658|title=Historic cities of the Americas: an illustrated encyclopedia, Volume 1|page=658 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1576070277|access-date=22 October 2014|last1=Marley|first1=David|year=2005}}</ref><br />'''Second invasion (Montevideo):'''<br />1,500 casualties<br />'''Second invasion (Buenos Aires):'''<br />600 killed and wounded<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>
}}
{{Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars: Anglo-Spanish War (1796)}}
{{Spanish colonial campaigns}}

The '''British invasions of the River Plate''' were two unsuccessful British attempts to seize control of the Spanish colony of the [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]], located around the [[Río de la Plata]] in [[South America]] – in present-day [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]].  The invasions took place between 1806 and 1807, as part of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], [[War of the Third Coalition]] at a time when [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] was an ally of [[Napoleonic France]]. In Argentine historiography, the two successive defeats of the British expeditionary forces are known collectively as the ''Reconquista'' and the ''Defensa'', respectively.

==Overview==
The invasions occurred in two phases. A detachment from the British army occupied [[Buenos Aires]] for 46 days in 1806 before being expelled. In 1807, a second force stormed and [[Battle of Montevideo (1807)|occupied Montevideo]], remaining for several months, and a third force made a second attempt to take Buenos Aires. After several days of [[Urban warfare|street fighting]] against the local militia and Spanish colonial army, in which half of the British forces were killed or wounded, the British were forced to capitulate and withdraw from Montevideo two months later.

The social effects of the invasions are among the [[causes of the May Revolution]]. The [[criollo people|criollos]], who had so far been denied important positions, could get political strength through military roles. The successful resistance with little help from [[Spain]] fostered the desire for self-determination. An [[open cabildo]] and the [[Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires]] deposed the viceroy [[Rafael de Sobremonte]] and designated instead the local popular hero [[Santiago de Liniers]], which was a completely unprecedented action: before that, the [[viceroy]] was only subject to the [[King of Spain]] himself, and no one from the colonies had authority over him.

==Background==
[[File:Rio de la Plata 1806.svg|thumb|left|400px|River Plate, 1806]]
[[Pedro de Mendoza]] founded the ''Ciudad de Nuestra Señora del Buen Ayre'' (''The City of Our Lady of the Fair Winds'') on 2 February 1536 as a Spanish settlement. The site was abandoned in 1541, but it was re-established in 1580 by [[Juan de Garay]] with the name ''Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Ayre'' (City of the Most Holy Trinity and Port of Saint Mary of the Fair Winds), and the city became one of the largest in the Americas. A Portuguese colony was founded at [[Colonia del Sacramento]], on the opposite bank of the Río de la Plata, in 1680. To deter Portuguese expansion, the Spanish founded [[Montevideo]] in 1726, and Colonia was finally ceded to Spain under the [[First Treaty of San Ildefonso|Treaty of San Ildefonso]] in 1777, one year after the creation of the Spanish [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]], the forerunner of modern [[Argentina]].

The [[South Sea Company]] was granted trading concessions in South America in the time of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]], under the [[Treaty of Utrecht]]. The British had long harboured ambitions in South America, considering the estuary of the [[Río de la Plata]] as the most favourable location for a British colony.

The [[Napoleonic Wars]] played a key role in the Rio de la Plata conflict and since the beginning of the European conquest of the [[Americas]], the British had been interested in the riches of the region. The [[Peace of Basel]] in 1795 ended the war between Spain and France.  In 1796, by the [[Second Treaty of San Ildefonso]], Spain joined France in its war with the United Kingdom, thus giving the United Kingdom cause for military action against Spanish colonies. In 1805 the United Kingdom judged it the right moment after the defeat of the Franco-Spanish fleet at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]]. This battle forced Spain to reduce to a minimum its naval communications with its American colonies. Historically, Buenos Aires had been relatively neglected by Spain, which sent most of its ships to the more economically important city of [[Lima]]. The last time a significant Spanish military force had arrived in Buenos Aires had been in 1784.<ref name="Invasiones Inglesas"/>

===British interest in the region===

Great Britain had long harboured interests in taking control of the region from the Spanish before the invasions. Attempts had been made by the British in past conflicts to establish a foothold in South America, like in the [[Battle of Cartagena de Indias]], at the peak of the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pares|1963|pp=66, 68, 92–93}}. Also, {{harvnb|Le Fevre|Harding|2000|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A1Nmhx-ZO_kC&pg=PA168 p. 168]}}, "...by taking and holding some of her (Spain's) important colonies.". Similarly, {{harvnb|Richmond|1920|p=16}}.</ref>

In 1711, John Pullen stated that the Río de la Plata was the best place in the world for making a British colonial trading base.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pahor.de/product/buenos-aires-british-invasions-of-the-rio-de-la-plata-1806-7-manuscript-map-portrait-collection-a-fine-collection-relating-to-the-british-invasion-of-the-rio-de-la-plata-1806/|title=Buenos Aires – British Invasions of the Rio de la Plata (1806–7) – Manuscript Map & Portrait Collection : A fine collection relating to the British Invasion of the Río De La Plata (1806–7), highlighted by an original contemporary manuscript map of the Seco|work=Antiquarat Dasa Pahor GbR}}</ref> His proposal included [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]] and [[Asunción]], and would have generated an agricultural area with Buenos Aires as the main port. Admiral Vernon also declared the benefit of opening markets in those areas in 1741. By 1780 the British government approved a project of colonel [[William Fullarton]] to take the Americas with attacks from both the Atlantic (from Europe) and the Pacific (from India). This project was cancelled.<ref>Luna, pp. 12–13</ref>

In 1789 war between Great Britain and Spain seemed imminent during the [[Nootka Crisis]]. The Venezuelan revolutionary [[Francisco de Miranda]] took the opportunity to appear before prime Minister [[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]] with his proposal to emancipate the New World territories under Portuguese and Spanish rule and turn them into a great independent empire governed by a descendant of the [[Inca]]s. The plan presented in London requested the assistance of Great Britain and the United States to militarily occupy the major South American cities, ensuring that the people would greet the British cordially and would rush to organize sovereign governments. In return for this help, the British would receive the benefits of unrestricted trade and usufruct of the Isthmus of Panama, in order to build a channel for the passage of ships. Pitt accepted the proposal and began to organize the expedition. The [[Nootka Convention]] in 1790 ended hostilities, and the Miranda mission was canceled.{{Relevance inline|date=March 2017}}

[[Nicholas Vansittart]] made a new proposal in 1796: the plan was to take Buenos Aires, then move to [[Chile]] and attack from there the Spanish stronghold of [[El Callao]] in [[Peru]]. This proposal was canceled the following year, but was improved by [[Thomas Maitland (British Army officer)|Thomas Maitland]] in 1800 as the [[Maitland Plan]]. The new plan was to seize control of Buenos Aires with 4,000 soldiers and 1,500 cavalry, move to Mendoza, and prepare a military expedition to cross the Andes and conquer Chile. From there, the British would move from sea to seize Peru and then Quito.<ref>Luna, pp. 13–15</ref>

All these proposals were discussed in 1804 by [[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]], Lord [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|Henry Melville]], [[Francisco de Miranda]] and Sir [[Home Riggs Popham]]. Popham did not believe a complete military occupation of South America was practical but argued for taking control of key locations to allow the main objective, to open new markets for the British economy. Although there was consensus for weakening Spanish control over its South American colonies, there was no agreement as to the system and the moment to take such action. For instance, it was not even agreed whether the cities be turned into British colonies after their capture or just be made into British protectorates.<ref>Luna, pp. 15–17</ref>

=={{anchor|First invasion}} First invasion==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2011}}
[[File:William Carr Beresford, Viscount Beresford by Sir William Beechey (2).jpg|thumb|200px|Sir [[William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford|William Beresford]], commander of the British troops. ''[[Portrait of Lord Beresford]]'' by [[William Beechey]], 1815]]
[[File:71st Highland Regiment.jpg|thumb|71st Regiment of Foot Colour, captured by the Spanish forces during the first battle of Buenos Aires]]
In 1805 Popham received orders to escort the [[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]]-led expedition against the Dutch colony of the [[Cape of Good Hope]], which was allied with Napoleon. With nearly 6,300 men they took it in January 1806. Popham received new orders from the admiralty to patrol the east coast of South America, from Rio de Janeiro to the Río de la Plata, in order to detect any attempt to counterattack the Cape. However, Popham had the idea of taking the Río de la Plata with a military action similar to the one made at the Cape. His agent William White had informed him about the local politics of the city{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}, such as the discontent among some groups about the restrictive regulations enforced by Spain about international commerce. Popham manifested Baird his will to take the zone, with or without his help. Baird gave him the 71st Regiment of Infantry, artillery and 1,000 men to attempt the invasion. Baird promoted [[William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford|William Carr Beresford]] to general and designated him vice governor of the zone if it was taken. The expedition got reinforcements of 300 men from the Artillery and [St Helena] Regiment.<ref name=":0">The National Archives (United Kingdom), Returns of soldiers and officers, document reference: WO 1/161</ref>

The Spanish Viceroy, Marquis [[Rafael de Sobremonte]], had asked the Spanish Crown for reinforcements many times, but only received a shipment of several thousand muskets and instructions to form a [[militia]]. Buenos Aires was then a large settlement housing approximately 45,000, but the Viceroy was reluctant to give weapons to the [[Criollo (people)|Creole]] population. The best troops had been dispatched to [[Upper Peru]], present-day [[Bolivia]], to guard the frontiers from [[Túpac Amaru II]]'s revolt, and when Sobremonte learned of the British presence in the area he dispatched the remaining troops to [[Montevideo]], considering that the attack would be in that city. Thus, the British found Buenos Aires almost defenseless.

The British took [[Quilmes, Buenos Aires|Quilmes]], near Buenos Aires, on 25 June 1806, and reached and occupied Buenos Aires on 27 June. The Viceroy fled to [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] with the city's treasury, but lost it to British forces during his escape. Although his action was in line with a law enacted by former Viceroy [[Pedro de Cevallos]], which required the treasury to be kept safe in case of a foreign attack, he was seen as a coward by the population because of it.<ref>Luna, ''Breve...'', p. 52</ref>
[[Image:Santiago de Liniers.jpg|thumb|left|261x261px|Portrait of Don [[Santiago de Liniers]]. Naval Museum of Madrid.]]
Initially the British forces were met with a lukewarm welcome by the residents of the city, with some wealthy families throwing feasts in honour of the British officers.<ref name="MartinezdeFonte-welcoming" /> Nevertheless, some political figures remained antagonistic. [[Manuel Belgrano]] said "Queremos al antiguo amo o a ninguno" (we want the old Master or none at all) before leaving to Uruguay. Religious leaders swore loyalty as well, after the promise that the Roman Catholic religion would be respected. The Royal Audience ceased its activities. Some merchants were displeased by the repeal of the Spanish monopoly and the opening to British trade, as it harmed their interests; one of their leaders was [[Martín de Álzaga]].

[[Juan Martín de Pueyrredón]] organised a militia near the city, but was discovered before being ready, and his troops were defeated. [[Santiago de Liniers]], who was assigned to guard a nearby coast defense, got into the city and weighed the situation. He convinced Álzaga to hold on his plan, and moved to [[Montevideo]]. The governor [[Pascual Ruiz Huidobro]] gave him command of 550 veterans and 400 soldiers to return to Buenos Aires and attempt the re-conquest. Sobremonte was doing the same in Córdoba, but Liniers got to Buenos Aires first.

On 4 August 1806, Liniers landed at [[Tigre Partido|Las Conchas]], north of Buenos Aires, and advanced with a mixed force of Buenos Aires line troops and Montevideo Militia toward the city. On 10 August he took control of the strategic points of Miserere and El Retiro, holding the north and west entries to the city. Beresford finally surrendered on 14 August. An [[open cabildo]] decided afterwards to depose Sobremonte from having military authority, and giving such authority, instead, to the victorious Liniers. Sobremonte would not return to Buenos Aires, and moved to Montevideo instead. The open cabildo also decided to prepare the city against the possibility of a British counter-attack.

Foreseeing the possibility of a second invasion, militias were formed by the Spanish and [[Criollo people|criollos]], such as the [[Regimiento de Patricios|Patricios]],<ref>[http://www.granaderovoluntario.com.ar/ Compañía de Granaderos de Infantería o Provinciales]</ref> Arribeños, Húsares (of [[Juan Martín de Pueyrredón|Pueyrredón]]), Pardos and Morenos. The creation of such local forces created concern within the Spanish elite, fearful of an attempt of secession from the Spanish Crown.

On this first invasion, the [[71st Regiment of Foot]] lost both of its [[Regimental Colour]]s during the combat, which are currently held in Argentina. On the second invasion, there was a frustrated attempt to recover both flags. They were retaken by the Buenos Aires militia and returned to the Santo Domingo convent.

== Second invasion ==
[[Image:John whitelocke.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lieutenant-General]] [[John Whitelocke]], commander of the British forces in the second invasion.]]

=== Battle of Montevideo ===
{{History of Uruguay}}
{{Further|Battle of Montevideo (1807)}}
On 3 February 1807 Montevideo, defended by approximately 5,000 men, was besieged at 2:00am by a 15,000 strong British force in a joint military and naval operation under [[General]] Sir [[Samuel Auchmuty (general)|Samuel Auchmuty]] and a naval squadron under [[Admiral]] Sir [[Charles Stirling]]. Reinforcements for the defenders came en route from Buenos Aires, so that the rapid success of the operation was essential.

Swiftly breached, the city was then assaulted by the [[40th Regiment of Foot|40th]] regiment and the elite [[95th Rifles#The 95th Regiment|95th]] (Rifle) regiment. Once inside the walls, the British met heavy resistance as the Spanish fought to halt their advance, but they gradually spread out and forced back the defenders. On the other side of the city a second assault was launched, spearheaded by the [[87th Regiment of Foot]] taking the Spanish defenders in the rear. The Spanish Governor Ruiz Huidobro accepted Auchmuty's demand of unconditional surrender around 5:00&nbsp;a.m. The Spanish took 600 casualties and a further 2,000 were taken prisoner while the British had taken 600 casualties.

On 10 May, [[Lieutenant-General]] [[John Whitelocke]] arrived in Montevideo to take overall command of the British forces – this had about 13,000 soldiers, due to the losses suffered in Montevideo – on the Río de la Plata, landing on 27 June.

==={{anchor|2nd Battle of Buenos Aires}} Second Battle of Buenos Aires===

On 1 July, the force led by Liniers engaged the British but was overwhelmed by superior numbers at [[Battle of Miserere|Miserere]], in the city environs. At this crucial moment, Whitelocke did not attempt to enter the city, but twice demanded the city's surrender.  Meanwhile, Buenos Aires' mayor [[Martín de Álzaga (politician)|Martín de Álzaga]] organised the defence of the city by digging trenches, fortifying buildings and erecting fences with great popular support for the Creoles hungered for independence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inmyrightmind.com/argentina.html |title=Argentina: The Path to Independence |author=Chris Brooks |access-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502023231/http://inmyrightmind.com/argentina.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 }}</ref> Finally, three days after forcing the troops under Liniers to retreat, Whitelocke resolved to attack Buenos Aires.  Trusting in the superiority of his soldiers, he divided his army into 12 columns and advanced without the protection of the [[artillery]].  His army was met on the streets by a mixed-race militia, including 686 African slaves,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWY5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA167|title=The African experience in Spanish America, 1502 to the present day|page=166
|isbn=978-0521290104|access-date=22 October 2014|last1=Jr Rout|first1=Leslie B.|last2=Rout|first2=Leslie B.|date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> stiffened by the local 1st Naval Infantry Battalion and [[Regiment of Patricians|1st 'Patricios' Infantry Regiment]],<ref name="web.archive.org" /> and fighting continued on the streets of Buenos Aires on 4 July and 5 July. Whitelocke underestimated the importance of [[urban combat]], in which the inhabitants employed cooking pots filled with burning oil and boiling water<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/virreinato/invasiones_inglesas.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-06-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611062657/http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/virreinato/invasiones_inglesas.php |archive-date=11 June 2010}}</ref> from rooftops, injuring several soldiers of the [[88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers)|88th Regiment]].<ref>"The firing now opened from the tops of the houses, whence we also received grenadoes and earthen pots, filled with composition, which burnt several of our party."   [https://books.google.com/books?id=LUMUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA157 An authentic narrative of the proceedings of the expedition under the command of Brigadier-Gen. Craufurd, until its arrival at Monte Video; with an account of the operations against Buenos Aires under the command of Lieut.-Gen. Whitelocke, p. 157, G. E. Miles, 1808 ]</ref> The locals eventually overwhelmed the British troops. The British suffered more than 1,000 casualties.<ref name=":0" />

By the end of 5 July 1807, the British controlled [[Retiro, Buenos Aires|Retiro]] and Residencia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://html.rincondelvago.com/invasiones-inglesas.html|title=Invasiones inglesas. La defensa.|date=1 September 2003|access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> at the cost of about 70 officers and 1,000 other ranks killed or wounded,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Whitelocke |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUMUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164|title=An authentic narrative of the proceedings of the expedition under the command of Brigadier-Gen. Craufurd, until its arrival at Monte Video; with an account of the operations against Buenos Aires under the command of Lieut.-Gen. Whitelocke, p. 164, G. E. Miles|year=1808 |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> but the city's centre was still in the hands of the defenders, and the invaders were now demoralized.  At this point, a counter-attack by the militias and colonial troops present, defeated many important British commanders, including [[Robert Craufurd]] and [[Denis Pack]]. Then Whitelocke proposed a 24-hour truce, which was rejected by Liniers, who ordered an artillery attack.

After suffering 311 killed, 679 wounded and 1,808 captured or missing,<ref name="books.google.com"/> Whitelocke signed an [[armistice]] with Liniers on 12 August; the local marines playing an important part in defeating Brigadier-General Robert Craufurd and his two thousand troops at the Battle of Plaza del Mercado which is now recalled by the people of Buenos Aires as 'The Defence'.<ref name="web.archive.org"/> In the confusion of defeat, many British soldiers deserted their units and more than 50 were returned to the British and were court-martialed,<ref>"In El Retiro, discipline collapsed and desertion soared. On 9 July eleven men of the 45th disappeared, the next day twelve 9th Light Dragoons went missing ... informed of the problem by Whitelocke, Liniers ordered the deserters rounded up and returned to El Retiro. 'Above fifty' were discovered and embarked in chains to stand trial at Monte Video. Many more were never found." The British Invasion of the River Plate 1806–1807: How the Redcoats were Humbled and a Nation was Born, Ben Hughs, p. 212, Praetorian Press, 2013</ref> while others were allowed to stay and would form part of the 1,200-strong British contingent<ref>José de San Martín y Su tiempo, Luis Navarro García, p. 69, Universidad de Sevilla, 1999</ref> that would help in the liberation of Chile.<ref>Historia General de Chile: Parte séptima: La Reconquista Española, de 1814 a 1817, Diego Barros Arana, p. 225, Editorial Universitaria, 2000</ref>
Whitelocke left the Río de la Plata basin taking with him the British forces in Buenos Aires, Montevideo, and [[Colonia del Sacramento|Colonia]], but leaving behind 400 seriously wounded.<ref>"By midday on 12 July the evacuation was complete. As well as the hostages and their servants, 400 of the most seriously wounded and a number of medical officers were left behind."  ''The British Invasion of the River Plate 1806–1807: How the Redcoats were Humbled and a Nation was Born'', Ben Hughs, p. 212, Praetorian Press, 2013</ref> On his return to the United Kingdom, he was [[court-martial]]led and [[cashiered]], mainly for surrendering Montevideo.<ref>[[Walter Frewen Lord]], ''Lost Possessions of Great Britain'' (London, 1896)</ref> There was much criticism in the British newspapers in the way Whitelocke had conducted himself, and for having surrendered to a largely militia force.<ref>"A suitable punishment was long debated. To be beaten by the South Americans was so humiliating that desperate measures were called for and Brigadier-General Craufurd 'strove hard to have [Whitelocke] shot.'"  The British Invasion of the River Plate 1806–1807: How the Redcoats were Humbled and a Nation was Born, Ben Hughs, p. 219, Praetorian Press, 2013</ref> Whitelocke would claim that in the [[71st Regiment of Foot]] alone there were 170 deserters.<ref>"The Foundation of British Strength": ''National Identity and the British Common Soldier'', Steven Schwamenfeld, p. 179, ProQuest, 2007</ref> Liniers was later named [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata|Viceroy of the Río de la Plata]] by the Spanish Crown.

According to Uruguayan journalist Juan José de Soiza Reilly, hundreds of British dead are today buried in a mass grave under passageway [[Calle Cinco de Julio|Cinco de Julio]] near [[Avenida Belgrano]] in downtown Buenos Aires.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El lugar donde yacen 3.000 John Doe|url=http://viajes.elpais.com.uy/2019/05/18/el-lugar-donde-yacen-3-000-john-doe/|access-date=2020-10-01|website=viajes.elpais.com.uy|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=de Soiza Reilly|first=Juan José|date=27 May 1939|title=En una calle central tenemos tres mil ingleses enterrados|language=es|volume=2120|work=Caras y Caretas|url=http://www.magicasruinas.com.ar/revistero/argentinas/secretos-bajo-los-rascacielos.htm}}</ref>

In  commemoration of the 1806 victory and, by  extension, of the campaign as a whole, 12 August is celebrated in Argentina as the day of the "Reconquista de Buenos Aires".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Se conmemora un nuevo aniversario de la Reconquista de Buenos Aires |url=https://www.radionacional.com.ar/se-conmemora-un-nuevo-aniversario-de-la-reconquista-de-buenos-aires/ |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Radio Nacional |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2022 |title=La 'Reconquista' se celebra este sábado con actividades para todos |url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202208/601525-reconquista-aniversario-celebracion.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813000359/https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202208/601525-reconquista-aniversario-celebracion.html |archive-date=13 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Télam |language=es}}</ref>

==Towards independence==
After having to fight the British invasions by themselves with little direct help from Spain that at the moment was involved in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the seeds of independence in Argentina were starting to grow among the Criollos. Local militia battalions being commanded mostly by revolutionaries (like [[Cornelio Saavedra]], [[Manuel Belgrano]], Esteban Romero, [[Juan Martín de Pueyrredón]], [[Juan José Viamonte]] and Martín Rodriguez) also contributed to the growth of revolutionary zeal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2006/08/12/buenos-aires-celebrates-routing-of-british-invasion|title=Buenos Aires celebrates routing of British invasion, MercoPress, South Atlantic News Agency, August 12th 2006|work=MercoPress|access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> In 1808, Napoleon placed his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte]] on the throne of Spain giving the chance in 1810 for the [[May Revolution]] to take place, as a prelude to the [[Declaration of Independence of Argentina]] of 1816.

== See also ==
* [[Argentine War of Independence]]

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
|title= The British Invasion of the River Plate 1806–1807 : How the Redcoats Were Humbled and a Nation Was Born
|last= Hughes
|first= Ben
|year= 2014
|publisher= Pen & Sword Book Ltd
|location= South Yorkshire, UK
|language= en
|isbn= 978-178-159-066-9}}
* {{cite book
|title= The Waters of Oblivion: The British Invasion of the Rio de la Plata, 1806–1807
|last= Fletcher
|first= Ian
|year= 2006
|publisher= Spellmount
|location= Staplehurst, Kent, UK
|language= en
|isbn= 186-227-342-1}}
* {{cite book
|title= [[Breve historia de los Argentinos]]
|last= Luna
|first= Félix
|author-link= Félix Luna
|year= 1994
|publisher= Planeta / Espejo de la Argentina
|location= Buenos Aires
|language= es
|isbn= 950-742-415-6}}
* {{cite book
|title= Los conflictos armados
|last= Luna
|first= Félix
|author-link= Félix Luna
|year= 2003
|publisher= La Nación
|location= Buenos Aires
|language= es
|isbn= 950-49-1123-4}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="MartinezdeFonte-welcoming">Tavani Pérez Colman, Oscar. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EuyBxaYrMxsC&pg=PP1 ''Martínez de Fontes y la fuga del General Beresford'']. Editorial Dunken, 2005, p. 49. ''"The lack of identification with the Spanish government in Buenos Aires began to express itself on the friendly welcome extended to the enemy by ladies who, smiling, gave them welcome. Moreover, the 1 July, Sarratea Martin{{snd}}father-in-law of Liniers{{snd}}and his brother-in-law Leon Altolaguirre offered a reception to the British leaders, attended by Santiago de Liniers and his wife's brother-in-law Lázaro de Rivera."'' – ''"La ausencia de identificación con el gobierno español en el pueblo de Buenos Aires comenzó a exteriorizarse en la simpática acogida brindad al enemigo por parte de señoritas que, sonrientes, les daban la bienvenida. Es más aún, el día 1º de julio, Martín de Sarratea{{snd}}suegro de Liniers{{snd}}y su cuñado León de Altolaguirre ofrecieron una lucida recepción a los jefes británicos a la que concurrieron Santiago de Liniers y su concuñado Lázaro de Rivera."''</ref>
|2}}

===Works cited===
*  {{cite book |editor1-last=Le Fevre |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-last=Harding |editor2-first=Richard |date=2000 |title=Precursors of Nelson: British admirals of the eighteenth century |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0811729017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1Nmhx-ZO_kC
}}
* {{cite book |last=Pares |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Pares |date=1963 |title=War and Trade in the West Indies 1739–1763 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co |isbn=0714619434
}}
* {{cite book |last=Richmond |first=Herbert William |author-link=Herbert Richmond |date=1920 |title=The navy in the war of 1739–48 |volume=1 |series=The Cambridge Naval and Military Series |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107611641 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8sgAAAAMAAJ
}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/jul/13/baddayfortheempire Bad day for the empire] by Richard Gott. [[The Guardian]], 13 July 2007
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.argentina-rree.com/2/2-007.htm History of the Argentine foreign relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204142151/http://www.argentina-rree.com/2/2-007.htm |date=4 February 2005 }}
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.todo-argentina.net/historia/revmayo/invaciones_inglesas.htm British Invasions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605005526/http://www.todo-argentina.net/historia/revmayo/invaciones_inglesas.htm |date=5 June 2011 }}
* {{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20030421081248/http://www.geocities.com/regimientosdeamerica/VirreinatodelRiodelaPlata.html Buenos Aires militia uniforms]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4779479.stm Britain's 'forgotten' invasion of Argentina], [[BBC News]], 10 August 2006
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=LUMUAAAAYAAJ&q=buenos+aires+expedition+1807 An Authentic Narrative of the Proceedings of the 1807 Expedition Under the General Craufurd by an officer of the 36th Foot. 1808]
* {{in lang|es|en}}  [http://www.granaderos.com.ar/ Grenadier company, Tercio de Cantabros] Historical reenactment group that represents a militia group which had a courageous performance in Buenos Aires in 1807.
* {{in lang|es|en}} [http://inspire.redlands.edu/books/1 La Expedición Británica de 1806–07 al Rio de la Plata, Según el Diario del Tte. John Bent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225202807/http://inspire.redlands.edu/books/1 |date=25 February 2021 }} British Expedition of 1806–07 to the Rio del la Plata, Diary of Lieutenant John Bent.

{{Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata}}
{{May Revolution}}
{{Cornelio Saavedra}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British invasions of the River Plate| ]]
[[Category:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]
[[Category:Colonial Uruguay]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1806]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1807]]
[[Category:1806 in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]
[[Category:1807 in the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]
[[Category:History of Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:History of Montevideo]]
[[Category:Invasions by the United Kingdom|Rio de la Plata]]
[[Category:Wars involving Argentina]]
[[Category:Wars involving Spain]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom|River Plate]]
[[Category:Wars involving Uruguay]]
[[Category:1806 in Argentina]]
[[Category:1807 in Argentina]]
[[Category:1806 in Uruguay]]
[[Category:1807 in Uruguay]]
[[Category:19th century in Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:19th century in Montevideo]]
[[Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Argentina–United Kingdom military relations]]
[[Category:Spain–United Kingdom military relations]]
[[Category:United Kingdom–Uruguay relations]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Amphibious operations involving Spain]]
[[Category:British military occupations]]