View source for Brodmann area

{{Short description|52 distinct regions of the brain's cerebral cortex}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox brain
| Name            = Brodmann area
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| Image           = Brodmann areas 3D.png
| Caption         = 3D representation of Brodmann areas
| IsPartOf        = [[Cerebrum]]
| Components      =
| Artery          =
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}}

A '''Brodmann area''' is a region of the [[cerebral cortex]], in the [[human brain|human]] or other [[primate]] [[brain]], defined by its [[cytoarchitecture]], or [[histological]] structure and organization of [[Cell (biology)|cells]]. The concept was first introduced by the German anatomist [[Korbinian Brodmann]] in the early 20th century. Brodmann mapped the human brain based on the varied cellular structure across the cortex and identified 52 distinct regions, which he numbered 1 to 52. These regions, or Brodmann areas, correspond with diverse functions including sensation, motor control, and cognition.<ref name="Openstax Anatomy & Physiology attribution">{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/16-2-the-mental-status-exam}} {{cite book|last1=Betts|first1=J Gordon|last2=Desaix|first2=Peter|last3=Johnson|first3=Eddie|last4=Johnson|first4=Jody E|last5=Korol|first5=Oksana|last6=Kruse|first6=Dean|last7=Poe|first7=Brandon|last8=Wise|first8=James|last9=Womble|first9=Mark D|last10=Young|first10=Kelly A|title=Anatomy & Physiology|location=Houston|publisher=OpenStax CNX|isbn=978-1-947172-04-3|date=May 14, 2023|at=16.2 Mental status exam}}</ref>

==History==
Brodmann areas were originally defined and numbered by the [[Germans|German]] [[anatomist]] [[Korbinian Brodmann]] based on the [[cytoarchitecture|cytoarchitectural]] organization of [[neuron]]s he observed in the cerebral cortex using the [[Franz Nissl#Named histology concepts|Nissl method]] of cell staining. Brodmann published his maps of cortical areas in humans, monkeys, and other species in 1909,<ref>{{cite book |language=de | author=Brodmann K |title=Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde |publisher=Johann Ambrosius Barth |location=Leipzig |year=1909 | url=http://s2w.hbz-nrw.de/zbmed/id/554966}}{{page needed|date=November 2014}}</ref> along with many other findings and observations regarding the general cell types and [[laminar organization]] of the mammalian [[Cerebral cortex|cortex]]. The same Brodmann area number in different species does not necessarily indicate [[Homology (biology)|homologous]] areas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Garey LJ. |title=Brodmann's Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex |location=New York |publisher=Springer |year=2006 |isbn=978-0387-26917-7}}{{page needed|date=November 2014}}</ref> A similar, but more detailed cortical map was published by [[Constantin von Economo]] and [[Georg N. Koskinas]] in 1925.<ref name="Economo">{{cite book | language=de |author=Economo, C. |author2=Koskinas, G.N. |year=1925 |title=Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen |location=Wien & Berlin |publisher=Springer|lccn=31025948|oclc=14723058}}{{page needed|date=November 2014}}</ref>

==Present importance==
Brodmann areas have been discussed, debated, refined, and renamed exhaustively for nearly a century and remain the most widely known and frequently cited cytoarchitectural organization of the human cortex. Many of the areas Brodmann defined based solely on their neuronal organization have since been correlated closely to diverse cortical functions. For example, Brodmann areas 1, 2 and 3 are the [[postcentral gyrus|primary somatosensory cortex]]; area 4 is the [[primary motor cortex]]; area 17 is the [[primary visual cortex]]; and areas 41 and 42 correspond closely to [[primary auditory cortex]].<ref name = "Openstax Anatomy & Physiology attribution"/> [[Higher-order thinking|Higher order functions]] of the [[Cerebral cortex#Association areas|association cortical areas]] are also consistently localized to the same Brodmann areas by [[neurophysiology|neurophysiological]], [[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|functional imaging]], and other methods (e.g., the consistent localization of [[Broca's area|Broca's]] speech and language area to the left [[Brodmann areas 44 and 45]]). However, functional imaging can only identify the approximate localization of brain activations in terms of Brodmann areas since their actual boundaries in any individual brain require its [[histological]] examination.<ref name="Damiani et al 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Damiani |first1=Daniel |last2=Nascimento |first2=Anna Maria |last3=Pereira |first3=Leticia Kühl |title=Cortical Brain Functions – The Brodmann Legacy in the 21st Century |journal=Brazilian Neurosurgery |date=2020 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=261-270 |doi=10.1055/s-0036-1597573 |url=https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0036-1597573 |access-date=29 August 2025|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues.pdf|thumb|Brodmann's classification of areas of the cortex|left|page=145]]

Different parts of the cerebral cortex are involved in different cognitive and behavioral functions. The differences show up in a number of ways: the effects of localized brain damage, regional activity patterns exposed when the brain is examined using functional imaging techniques, connectivity with subcortical areas, and regional differences in the cellular architecture of the cortex. The [[neocortex]] is divided into six layers, but not all layers are apparent in all areas, and the thickness and cellular organization of a single layer may vary. [[Cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex|Maps of cortical areas]] are constructed on the basis of variations in the appearance of the layers as seen with a microscope. 

[[Korbinian Brodmann]] created one of the most widely used schemes, splitting the cortex into 52 different areas and assigned each a number (many of these Brodmann areas have since been subdivided). For example, Brodmann area 1 is the primary somatosensory cortex, Brodmann area 17 is the primary visual cortex, and Brodmann area 25 is the anterior cingulate cortex.<ref>Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition - Tortora, Page 519-fig. (14.15)</ref>[[File:Human motor cortex topography.png|thumb|right|Topography of the primary motor cortex, showing which zone controls each body part]]
Many of the brain areas defined by Brodmann have their own complex internal structures. In a number of cases, brain areas are organized into [[Topographic map (neuroanatomy)|topographic maps]], where adjoining bits of the cortex correspond to adjoining parts of the body, or of some more abstract entity. A simple example of this type of correspondence is the primary motor cortex, a strip of tissue running along the anterior edge of the [[central sulcus]]. Motor areas innervating each part of the body arise from a distinct zone, with neighboring body parts represented by neighboring zones.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Penfield |first=Wilder |last2=Boldrey |first2=Edwin |date=1937 |title=Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/60.4.389 |journal=[[Brain (journal)|Brain]] |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=389–443 |doi=10.1093/brain/60.4.389|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Electrical stimulation of the cortex at any point causes a muscle-contraction in the represented body part. This "somatotopic" representation is not evenly distributed, however; the head, for example, is represented by a region about three times as large as the zone for the entire back and trunk. The size of any zone correlates to the precision of motor control and sensory discrimination possible. The areas for the lips, fingers, and tongue are particularly large, considering the proportional size of their represented body parts.

The maps for visual areas are [[retinotopy|retinotopic]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engel |first=Stephen A. |last2=Rumelhart |first2=David E. |last3=Wandell |first3=Brian A. |last4=Lee |first4=Adrian T. |last5=Glover |first5=Gary H. |last6=Chichilnisky |first6=Eduardo-Jose |last7=Shadlen |first7=Michael N. |date=16 June 1994 |title=fMRI of human visual cortex |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/369525a0 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=369 |issue=6481 |pages=525–525 |doi=10.1038/369525a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Gordon |date=1918-07-01 |title=Disturbances of vision by cerebral lesions |url=https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2.7.353 |journal=[[British Journal of Ophthalmology]] |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=353–384 |doi=10.1136/bjo.2.7.353 |issn=0007-1161|pmc=513514 }}</ref>(reflecting the topography of the [[retina]]). This representation is uneven, with the [[Fovea centralis|fovea]] (the area at the center of the visual field) overrepresented compared to the periphery. The visual circuitry in the human cerebral cortex contains several dozen distinct retinotopic maps, each devoted to analyzing the visual input stream in a particular way. The primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17) contains many neurons that are most easily activated by edges with a particular orientation moving across a particular point in the visual field. Visual areas farther downstream extract features such as color, motion, and shape.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In auditory areas, the primary map is [[tonotopy|tonotopic]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romani |first=Gian Luca |last2=Williamson |first2=Samuel J. |last3=Kaufman |first3=Lloyd |date=1982-06-18 |title=Tonotopic Organization of the Human Auditory Cortex |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7079770 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=216 |issue=4552 |pages=1339–1340 |doi=10.1126/science.7079770|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sounds are parsed according to frequency (i.e., high pitch vs. low pitch) by subcortical auditory areas, and this parsing is reflected by the primary auditory zone of the cortex. As with the visual system, there are a number of tonotopic cortical maps, each devoted to analyzing sound in a particular way.

Within a topographic map there can sometimes be finer levels of spatial structure. In the primary visual cortex, for example, where the main organization is retinotopic and the main responses are to moving edges, cells that respond to different edge-orientations are spatially segregated from one another.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==For humans and other primates==
{{anchor|BAsByAreaNumber}}
* [[Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2|Areas 3, 1 and 2]] – [[Primary somatosensory cortex]] in the [[postcentral gyrus]] (frequently referred to as Areas 3, 1, 2 by convention)
* [[Brodmann area 4|Area 4]]– [[Primary motor cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 5|Area 5]] – [[Superior parietal lobule]]
* [[Brodmann area 6|Area 6]] – [[Premotor cortex]] and supplementary motor cortex (secondary motor cortex) ([[supplementary motor area]])
* [[Brodmann area 7|Area 7 – Visuo-motor coordination]]
* [[Brodmann area 8|Area 8]] – Includes [[frontal eye fields]]
* [[Brodmann area 9|Area 9]] – [[Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 10|Area 10]] – [[Anterior prefrontal cortex]] (most rostral part of superior and middle frontal gyri)
* [[Brodmann area 11|Area 11]] – [[Orbitofrontal cortex|Orbitofrontal area]] (orbital and rectus gyri, plus part of the rostral part of the superior frontal gyrus)
* [[Brodmann area 12|Area 12]] – [[Orbitofrontal cortex|Orbitofrontal area]] (used to be part of BA11, refers to the area between the superior frontal gyrus and the inferior rostral sulcus)
* [[Brodmann area 13|Area 13]] and [[Brodmann area 14|Area 14]]<sup>*</sup> – [[Insular cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 15|Area 15]]<sup>*</sup> – Anterior [[temporal lobe]]
* [[Brodmann area 16|Area 16]] – [[Insular cortex]]
* {{anchor|BA17,V1 }} [[Brodmann area 17|Area 17]] – [[Visual cortex#Primary visual cortex (V1)|Primary visual cortex (V1)]]
* [[Brodmann area 18|Area 18]] – [[Visual cortex#V2|Secondary visual cortex (V2)]]
* [[Brodmann area 19|Area 19]] – [[Visual cortex#V3|Associative visual cortex (V3, V4, V5)]]
* [[Brodmann area 20|Area 20]] – [[Inferior temporal gyrus]]
* [[Brodmann area 21|Area 21]] – [[Middle temporal gyrus]]
* [[Brodmann area 22|Area 22]] – Part of the [[superior temporal gyrus]], included in [[Wernicke's area]]
* [[Brodmann area 23|Area 23]] – Ventral [[posterior cingulate cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 24|Area 24]] – Ventral [[anterior cingulate cortex]].
* [[Brodmann area 25|Area 25]] – Subgenual area (part of the [[ventromedial prefrontal cortex]])<ref name="pmid17719567">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fales CL, Barch DM, Rundle MM, Mintun MA, Snyder AZ, Cohen JD, Mathews J, Sheline YI |title=Altered emotional interference processing in affective and cognitive-control brain circuitry in major depression |journal=Biol. Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=377–84 |date=February 2008  |pmid=17719567 |pmc=2268639 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.012 }}</ref>
* [[Brodmann area 26|Area 26]] – [[Ectosplenial area 26|Ectosplenial]] portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex
* [[Brodmann area 27|Area 27]] – [[Presubiculum]]
* [[Brodmann area 28|Area 28]] – Ventral [[entorhinal cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 29|Area 29]] – [[Retrosplenial cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 30|Area 30]] – Subdivision of retrosplenial cortex
* [[Brodmann area 31|Area 31]] – Dorsal [[posterior cingulate cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 32|Area 32]] – Dorsal [[anterior cingulate cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 33|Area 33]] – Part of [[anterior cingulate cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 34|Area 34]] – Dorsal [[entorhinal cortex]] (on the [[parahippocampal gyrus]])
* [[Brodmann area 35|Area 35]] – Part of the [[perirhinal cortex]] (in the [[rhinal sulcus]])
* [[Brodmann area 36|Area 36]] – Part of the [[perirhinal cortex]] (in the [[rhinal sulcus]])
* {{anchor|BA37,FusiformGyrus }} [[Brodmann area 37|Area 37]] – [[Fusiform gyrus]]
* [[Brodmann area 38|Area 38]] – [[Brodmann area 38|Temporopolar]] area (most rostral part of the superior and middle temporal gyri)
* [[Brodmann area 39|Area 39]] – [[Angular gyrus]], considered by some to be part of [[Wernicke's area]]
* [[Brodmann area 40|Area 40]] – [[Supramarginal gyrus]] considered by some to be part of [[Wernicke's area]]
* [[Brodmann areas 41 and 42|Areas 41 and 42]] – [[Auditory cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 43|Area 43]] – Primary [[gustatory cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 44|Areas 44]] and [[Brodmann area 45|45]] – [[Broca's area]], includes the opercular part and triangular part of the [[inferior frontal gyrus]]
* [[Brodmann area 46|Area 46]] – [[Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]
* [[Brodmann area 47|Area 47]] – [[Orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus]]
* [[Brodmann area 48|Area 48]] – [[Brodmann area 48|Retrosubicular area]] (a small part of the medial surface of the temporal lobe)
* [[Brodmann area 49|Area 49]] – [[Parasubiculum|Parasubicular]] area in a rodent
* [[Brodmann area 52|Area 52]] – Parainsular area (at the junction of the temporal lobe and the [[Insular cortex|insula]])
(*) Area only found in non-human [[primate]]s.

Some of the original Brodmann areas have been subdivided further, e.g., "23a" and "23b".<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brent A. Vogt|author2=Deepak N. Pandya|author2-link=Deepak Pandya|author3=Douglas L. Rosene|title=Cingulate Cortex of the Rhesus Monkey: I. Cytoarchitecture and Thalamic Afferents|journal=The Journal of Comparative Neurology|volume=262|issue=2|pages=256–270|date=August 1987|doi=10.1002/cne.902620207|pmid=3624554|s2cid=6099000}}</ref>

===Clickable map: lateral surface===
:''Note: the lateral view, or side view, of the brain is denoted the 'lateral surface'''
<imagemap>
 Image:Gray726-Brodman.png|Image mapped [[Brodmann Areas]]. Clicking on an area in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article.|480px
 rect 509 186 596 236 [[Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2|Areas 3, 1 & 2 – Primary Somatosensory Cortex]]
 rect 474 122 524 172 [[Brodmann area 4|Area 4 – Primary Motor Cortex]]
 rect 602 143 652 193 [[Brodmann area 5|Area 5 – Somatosensory Association Cortex]]
 rect 378 162 428 212 [[Brodmann area 6|Area 6 – Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)(Supplementary motor area]]
 rect 692 178 742 228 [[Brodmann area 7|Area 7 – Somatosensory Association Cortex]]
 rect 259 107 309 157 [[Brodmann area 8|Area 8 – Includes Frontal eye fields]]
 rect 137 162 188 212 [[Brodmann area 9|Area 9 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]
 rect 31  330 81  380 [[Brodmann area 10|Area 10 – Anterior prefrontal cortex]]
 rect 65  427 116 477 [[Brodmann area 11|Area 11 – Orbitofrontal area]]
 rect 892 459 942 509 [[Brodmann area 17|Area 17 – Primary visual cortex (V1)]]
 rect 834 427 885 477 [[Brodmann area 18|Area 18 – Secondary visual cortex (V2)]]
 rect 770 385 821 435 [[Brodmann area 19|Area 19 – Associative visual cortex (V3)]]
 rect 427 554 477 604 [[Brodmann area 20|Area 20 – Inferior temporal gyrus]]
 rect 474 491 524 541 [[Brodmann area 21|Area 21 – Middle temporal gyrus]]
 rect 635 417 686 467 [[Brodmann area 22|Area 22 – Superior temporal gyrus]]

 rect 673 484 723 534 [[Brodmann area 37|Area 37 – Fusiform gyrus]]
 rect 250 505 301 555 [[Brodmann area 38|Area 38 – PULA]]
 rect 706 307 757 357 [[Brodmann area 39|Area 39 – Angular gyrus]]
 rect 571 315 622 365 [[Brodmann area 40|Area 40 – Supramarginal gyrus]]
 rect 536 394 587 444 [[Brodmann area 41 & 42|Area 41 – Primary and Auditory Association Cortex]]
 rect 589 411 634 461 [[Brodmann area 41 & 42|Area 42 – Primary and Auditory Association Cortex]]
 rect 416 368 467 418 [[Brodmann area 43|Area 43 – Primary gustatory cortex]]
 rect 282 353 333 403 [[Brodmann area 44|Area 44 – pars opercularis, part of Broca's area]]
 rect 219 378 270 428 [[Brodmann area 45|Area 45 – pars triangularis, Broca's area]]
 rect 144 257 195 307 [[Brodmann area 46|Area 46 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]
 rect 145 410 196 460 [[Brodmann area 47|Area 47 – Inferior prefrontal gyrus]]
 rect 958 718 960 720 [http://www.image-maps.com/index.php?aff=mapped_users_4201105031226273 Image Map]
 desc bottom-left
</imagemap>

===Clickable map: medial surface===
:''Note: the view of the section between the right and left hemispheres of the brain is denoted the 'medial surface'''
<imagemap>
 Image:Gray727-Brodman.png|Image mapped [[Brodmann Areas]]. Clicking on an area in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article.|480px
 rect 559 100 648 150 [[Brodmann areas 3, 1 and 2|Areas 3, 1 & 2 – Primary Somatosensory Cortex]]
 rect 442 99 492 149  [[Brodmann area 4|area 4 – primary motor cortex]]
 rect 538 162 588 212 [[Brodmann area 5|Area 5 – Somatosensory Association Cortex]]
 rect 306 122 356 172 [[Brodmann area 6|Area 6 – Premotor cortex and Supplementary Motor Cortex (Secondary Motor Cortex)(Supplementary motor area]]
 rect 714 155 764 205 [[Brodmann area 7|Area 7 – Somatosensory Association Cortex]]
 rect 193 155 243 205 [[Brodmann area 8|Area 8 – Includes Frontal eye fields]]
 rect 106 211 156 261 [[Brodmann area 9|Area 9 – Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex]]
 rect 35 323 85 373   [[Brodmann area 10|Area 10 – Anterior prefrontal cortex]]
 rect 74 441 124 491  [[Brodmann area 11|Area 11 – Orbitofrontal area]]
 rect 162 404 212 454 [[Brodmann area 12|Area 12 – Orbitofrontal area]]
 rect 819 378 869 428 [[Brodmann area 17|Area 17 – Primary visual cortex (V1)]]
 rect 761 428 811 478 [[Brodmann area 18|Area 18 – Secondary visual cortex (V2)]]
 rect 697 467 747 517 [[Brodmann area 19|Area 19 – Associative visual cortex (V3)]]
 rect 810 233 860 283 [[Brodmann area 19|Area 19 – Associative visual cortex (V3)]]
 rect 860 308 910 358 [[Brodmann area 18|Area 18 – Secondary visual cortex (V2)]]
 rect 563 289 613 339 [[Brodmann area 23|Area 23 – Ventral Posterior cingulate cortex]]
 rect 314 210 364 260 [[Brodmann area 24|Area 24 – Ventral Anterior cingulate cortex]]
 rect 227 434 277 484 [[Brodmann area 25|Area 25 – Subgenual cortex (part of the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex)]]
 rect 512 355 562 405 [[Brodmann area 26|Area 26 – Ectosplenial portion of the retrosplenial region of the cerebral cortex]]
 rect 377 448 427 498 [[Brodmann area 27|Area 27 – Piriform cortex]]
 rect 314 489 364 539 [[Brodmann area 28|Area 28 – Posterior Entorhinal Cortex]]
 rect 571 371 621 421 [[Brodmann area 29|Area 29 – Retrosplenial cingulate cortex]]
 rect 532 419 582 469 [[Brodmann area 30|Area 30 – Part of cingulate cortex]]
 rect 632 264 682 314 [[Brodmann area 31|Area 31 – Dorsal Posterior cingulate cortex]]
 rect 138 330 188 380 [[Brodmann area 32|Area 32 – Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex]]
 rect 234 290 284 340 [[Brodmann area 33|Area 33 – Part of anterior cingulate cortex]]
 rect 305 435 355 485 [[Brodmann area 34|Area 34 – Anterior Entorhinal Cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)]]
 rect 448 450 498 500 [[Brodmann area 35|Area 35 – Perirhinal cortex (on the Parahippocampal gyrus)]]
 rect 448 507 498 557 [[Brodmann area 20|Area 20 – Inferior temporal gyrus]]
 rect 585 482 635 532 [[Brodmann area 37|Area 37 – Fusiform gyrus]]
 rect 265 532 318 582 [[Brodmann area 38|Area 38 – Temporopolar area]]
 rect 958 718 960 720 [http://www.image-maps.com/index.php?aff=mapped_users_1201105031640502 Image Map]
 desc bottom-left
</imagemap>

==Criticism==
When von Bonin and Bailey constructed a brain map for the [[macaque]] monkey, they found the description of Brodmann inadequate and wrote: "Brodmann (1907), it is true, prepared a map of the human brain which has been widely reproduced, but, unfortunately, the data on which it was based was never published"<ref>{{cite journal|author=Gerhardt von Bonin|author2=Percival Bailey|name-list-style=amp|title=The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=82|issue=Pt 4|pages=271|publisher=The [[University of Illinois]] Press|location=[[Urbana, Illinois|Urbana]], [[Illinois]]|year=1925|pmc=1273070}}</ref> They instead used the cytoarchitectonic scheme of [[Constantin von Economo]] and [[Georg N. Koskinas]] published in 1925<ref name="Economo" /> which had the "only acceptable detailed description of the human cortex".

== See also ==
* [[List of regions in the human brain]]
* [[Talairach coordinates]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140913035912/http://brodmannarea.info/index2.htm] - Brodmann Areas, their functions, and the lateralization of functions across hemispheres
* [http://spot.colorado.edu/~dubin/talks/brodmann/brodmann.html Brodmann], Mark Dubin pages on Brodmann areas.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111073154/http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/indexotheratlas.aspx?othersiteID=1045244870 Brodmann areas] Brodmann areas of cortex involved in language.
* [http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/Search.aspx?searchstring=brodmann&fromwhere=main Brodmann Illustrations] BrainInfo Illustrations.

{{Brodmann area}}
{{Telencephalon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brodmann Area}}
[[Category:Brodmann areas| ]]
[[Category:Cerebrum]]
[[Category:Anatomy named for one who described it]]
[[Category:1909 in biology]]