View source for Brown rice

{{Short description|Whole-grain rice, as opposed to white rice}}
{{For|the Don Cherry album|Brown Rice (album)}}
{{Chinese
| pic = Reis - Sorte C voll.jpg
| c = 糙米
| p = cāomǐ
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|c|ao|1|m|i|3}}
| w = ts'ao<sup>1</sup>-mi<sup>3</sup>
| j = cou3 mai5
| y = chou3 mai5
| l = rough rice
| hangul = 현미
| hanja = 玄米
| rr = hyeonmi
| kanji = 玄米
| romaji = genmai
| tha = ข้าวกล้อง
| qn = gạo lứt
| tgl = pinawà
| nep = मार्सी चामल
| t = 
| s = 
| ci = 
| altname = 
| hiragana = げんまい
| Burmese Name = ဆန်လုံးညို
}}

'''Brown rice''' is a [[whole grain]] [[rice]] with only the inedible outer [[Rice hulls|hull]] removed. This kind of rice sheds its outer hull or husk but the bran and germ layer remain on, constituting the brown or tan colour of rice. [[White rice]] is the same grain without the hull, the [[Rice bran|bran layer]], and the [[cereal germ]]. [[Red rice]], [[Oryza glaberrima#American cultivars|gold rice]], and [[black rice]] (also called purple rice) are all whole rice with differently pigmented outer layers.

==Cooking time==
Brown rice generally needs longer cooking times than [[white rice]], unless it is [[broken rice|broken]] or flour blasted (which perforates the bran without removing it).<ref name=AR2002>{{cite web|url=https://agresearchmag.ars.usda.gov/2002/may/rice|title=USDA ARS Online Magazine Vol. 50, No. 5}}</ref> Studies in 2003 estimated a cooking time between 35 and 51 minutes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Manickavasagan |first1=Annamalai |title=Brown Rice |publisher=Springer |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HV4yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|isbn=9783319590110 |date=2017-08-22 }}</ref> A shorter cooking time is necessary for "converted" or [[parboiled rice]].

== Storage ==
Brown rice has a shelf life of approximately 6 months,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usarice.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=72 |title=Storage |publisher=Usarice.com |access-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402130836/http://www.usarice.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=72 |archive-date=2012-04-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> but [[hermetic storage]], [[refrigeration]] or [[freezing]] can significantly extend its lifetime. Freezing, even periodically, can also help control infestations of [[Indian meal moth]]s.

==Nutrition==
Cooked, long-grain brown rice is 70% water, 26% [[carbohydrate]]s, 3% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]], and 1% [[fat]]. In a reference amount of {{convert|100|g}}, cooked brown rice supplies 123 [[calorie]]s of [[food energy]], and is a rich source (20% or more of the [[Daily Value]], DV) of [[manganese]] (36% DV) and moderate source (11–17% DV) of [[magnesium]], [[phosphorus]], [[Vitamin B3|niacin]], and [[thiamine]]. 

{{nutritionalvalue
| name = Rice, brown, long-grain, cooked
| kJ = 514
| protein = 2.74 g
| fat = 0.97 g
| carbs = 25.6 g
| fiber = 1.6 g
| sugars = 0.24 g
| thiamin_mg = 0.18
| riboflavin_mg = 0.07
| niacin_mg = 2.56
| pantothenic_mg = 0.38
| folate_ug = 9
| vitB6_mg = 0.123
| calcium_mg = 3
| iron_mg = 0.56
| magnesium_mg = 39
| manganese_mg = 0.974
| phosphorus_mg = 103
| potassium_mg = 86
| selenium_ug = 5.8
| sodium_mg = 4
| zinc_mg = 0.71
| copper_mg = 0.106
| water = 70.3 g
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/169704/nutrients Link to USDA FoodData Central entry]
| source_usda = 1
}}

== Arsenic ==
[[Arsenic]] is in the natural environment and may be present in common grains, such as brown rice.<ref name="fda1">{{cite web |title=Arsenic in Food and Dietary Supplements |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/arsenic-food-and-dietary-supplements |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222182340/https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/arsenic-food-and-dietary-supplements |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 22, 2022 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=1 June 2023}}</ref> Although rice may absorb arsenic more readily than other crops, rice remains as a staple of a well-balanced diet, particularly when [[food fortification|fortified]] with [[micronutrient]]s in infant rice cereal.<ref name="fda2">{{cite web |title=What You Can Do to Limit Exposure to Arsenic |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/what-you-can-do-limit-exposure-arsenic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230203840/https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/what-you-can-do-limit-exposure-arsenic |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |access-date=26 September 2023 |date=27 April 2022}}</ref>

Cooking brown rice in hot water can reduce the content of inorganic arsenic by 40–60%, although this cooking method also diminishes the content of micronutrients.<ref name=fda2/>

== In Vietnam ==
Brown rice is widely cultivated in [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-30 |title=Niềm vui mới của nông dân Cai Lậy |url=https://nhandan.vn/post-533162.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Báo Nhân Dân điện tử |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nghiên cứu công nghệ sản xuất một số sản phẩm thực phẩm có giá trị dinh dưỡng cao từ gạo lứt |url=https://skhcn.bacninh.gov.vn/news/-/details/22549/nghien-cuu-cong-nghe-san-xuat-mot-so-san-pham-thuc-pham-co-gia-tri-dinh-duong-cao-tu-gao-lut-47123048 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=skhcn.bacninh.gov.vn |language=vi-VN |archive-date=2023-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224145307/https://skhcn.bacninh.gov.vn/news/-/details/22549/nghien-cuu-cong-nghe-san-xuat-mot-so-san-pham-thuc-pham-co-gia-tri-dinh-duong-cao-tu-gao-lut-47123048 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mainly in the northern and central provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=tcct |date=2023-08-28 |title=Doanh nghiệp trong chuỗi sản xuất - phân phối đặc sản Tây Bắc |url=https://tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/doanh-nghiep-trong-chuoi-san-xuat-phan-phoi-dac-san-tay-bac-109798.htm |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Tạp chí Công Thương |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TP. Buôn Ma Thuột: Triển vọng từ mô hình trồng giống lúa gạo đen |url=http://daklak24h.com.vn/tin-kinh-te/55849/tp-buon-ma-thuot-trien-vong-tu-mo-hinh-trong-giong-lua-gao-den |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=daklak24h.com.vn}}</ref> According to statistics from the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Vietnam)|Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development]], the area of brown rice cultivation in Vietnam in 2023 reached 150,000 hectares,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ly/BNEWS/TTXVN |first=Khánh |title=Bnews - Tin tức kinh tế mới nhất, cập nhật 24h |url=https://bnews.vn/hoat-dong-giao-dich-lua-gao-tram-lang-do-gia-qua-cao/317638.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=bnews.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lúa gạo lứt đen thảo dược tiếp tục mang lại hiệu quả cao |url=http://daklakafiqad.gov.vn/lua-gao-lut-den-thao-duoc-tiep-tuc-mang-lai-hieu-qua-cao-539.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=daklakafiqad.gov.vn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tăng khả năng cạnh tranh của gạo Việt |url=https://special.nhandan.vn/nang-tam-gao-viet-nam/index.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=special.nhandan.vn |language=en}}</ref> with a production of 1.2 million tons. Brown rice has high economic value and is popular in the market.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=Quy mô thị trường gạo Bắc Âu |url=http://moit.gov.vn/tin-tuc/thi-truong-nuoc-ngoai/thi-truong-chau-au-chau-my/quy-mo-thi-truong-gao-bac-au.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=moit.gov.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thị |first=Doanh nghiệp và Tiếp |title=Gạo lứt là gì? Tìm hiểu các loại gạo lứt giảm cân hiệu quả |url=https://doanhnghieptiepthi.vn/gao-lut-la-gi-tim-hieu-cac-loai-gao-lut-giam-can-hieu-qua-161211203100002337.htm |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Doanh nghiệp và Tiếp thị |language=vi}}</ref> The price of brown rice is usually higher than white rice by 10–20%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=baohaiduong.vn |date=2021-12-02 |title=Gạo trắng tốt hơn gạo lứt |url=https://baohaiduong.vn/gao-trang-tot-hon-gao-lut-170800.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=baohaiduong.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Minh |first=Báo Pháp Luật TP Hồ Chí |date=2022-09-25 |title=Gạo trắng, gạo lứt, gạo huyết rồng, gạo lứt đen: Gạo nào tốt cho sức khỏe hơn? |url=https://plo.vn/share699886.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Báo Pháp Luật TP. Hồ Chí Minh |language=vi}}</ref> Brown rice has great potential for development in [[Vietnam]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tùng |first=Trọng |date=2020-09-11 |title=Chuỗi giá trị sản phẩm từ gạo: Tiềm năng còn bỏ ngỏ |url=https://kinhtedothi.vn/chuoi-gia-tri-san-pham-tu-gao-tiem-nang-con-bo-ngo.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Báo Kinh tế đô thị - Đọc tin tức thời sự kinh tế 24h mới nhất |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PHÓNG |first=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI |date=2018-01-02 |title=Gạo lứt Thảo dược – đổi vị cho người ăn kiêng |url=https://www.sggp.org.vn/share461886.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG |language=vi}}</ref> and could become a major export product.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MEDIATECH |title=Việt Nam đã sản xuất thành công dầu gạo từ gạo lứt |url=https://baoquangninh.vn/viet-nam-da-san-xuat-thanh-cong-dau-gao-tu-gao-lut-2452996.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=baoquangninh.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gạo Việt Nam thêm cơ hội tiếp cận thị trường Anh |url=https://tuyengiao.vn/gao-viet-nam-them-co-hoi-tiep-can-thi-truong-anh-150228 |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=tuyengiao.vn |language=vi}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Reis - Sorte C roh.jpg|[[Oryza glaberrima|African rice]] in its inedible husk ''(seed rice, will sprout)''
File:Reis - Sorte C voll.jpg|The same rice, husked (''whole brown rice; colour varies by variety)''
File:Reis_-_Sorte_C_weiss.jpg|The same rice, with almost all bran and germ removed to make white rice
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Brown rice tea]]
* [[Matta rice]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{commons}}

{{Varieties of rice|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown Rice}}
[[Category:American Chinese cuisine]]
[[Category:Rice dishes]]
[[Category:Rice]]
[[Category:Rice varieties]]
[[Category:Peasant food]]

[[de:Reis#Verarbeitung]]