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{{Short description|Austrian diplomat and chancellor (1911–1990)}}
{{Redirect|Kreisky|other people with the same surname|Kreisky (surname)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Bruno Kreisky
| image               = Bruno Kreisky 1983 (cropped).JPEG
| caption             = Kreisky in 1983
| office              = [[Chancellor of Austria]]
| term_start          = 21 April 1970
| term_end            = 24 May 1983
| president           = {{ubl|[[Franz Jonas]]|[[Rudolf Kirchschläger]]}}
| 1blankname          = {{nowrap|Vice-Chancellor}}
| 1namedata           = {{ubl|Rudolf Häuser|[[Hannes Androsch]]|Fred Sinowatz}}
| predecessor         = [[Josef Klaus]]
| successor           = [[Fred Sinowatz]]
| office1             = [[Chair of the Social Democratic Party of Austria|Chair of the Social Democratic Party]]
| term_start1         = 1 February 1967
| term_end1           = 27 October 1983
| predecessor1        = [[Bruno Pittermann]]
| successor1          = [[Fred Sinowatz]]
| office2             = [[Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start2         = 16 July 1959
| term_end2           = 19 April 1966
| chancellor2         = {{ubl|[[Julius Raab]]|[[Alfons Gorbach]]|[[Josef Klaus]]}}
| predecessor2        = [[Leopold Figl]]
| successor2          = [[Lujo Tončić-Sorinj]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1911|1|22}}<ref name="EB">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046225/Bruno-Kreisky article Bruno Kreisky], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.</ref>
| birth_place         = [[Vienna]], [[Archduchy of Austria|Austria]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1990|7|29|1911|1|22}}
| death_place         = Vienna, [[Austria]]
| resting_place       = [[Vienna Central Cemetery]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Vera Fürth|1942|1988|end = died}}
| children            = 2
| party               = [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Social Democratic Party]]
| education           = [[University of Vienna]]
}}
'''Bruno Kreisky''' ({{IPA|de|ˈbʁuːno ˈkʁaɪ̯ski|lang}}; 22 January 1911 – 29 July 1990) was an [[Austria|Austrian]] [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|social democratic]] politician who served as [[Foreign Minister of Austria|foreign minister]] from 1959 to 1966 and as [[Chancellor of Austria|chancellor]] from 1970 to 1983. Aged 72, he was the [[List of chancellors of Austria|oldest chancellor]] after [[World War II]].

Kreisky's 13-year tenure was the longest of any chancellor in republican Austria and, as an influential political figure in Western European social democracy, he worked closely with like-minded leaders [[Willy Brandt]] of [[West Germany]] and [[Olof Palme]] of [[Sweden]] in the [[Socialist International]].

== Life and political career ==
Kreisky was born in [[Margareten]], a district of [[Vienna]], to a non-observant [[Jewish]] family. His parents were Max (Markus) Kreisky (1876, [[Klatovy|Klattau]] – 1944)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Max-Kreisky/6000000007320495732|title = Max Marcus Kreisky| date=26 February 1876 }}</ref> and Irene Kreisky née Felix (1884, [[Třebíč]] – 1969).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Irene-Kreisky/6000000008800422390|title=Irene Kreisky|date=9 September 1884 }}</ref> His father worked as a textile manufacturer.<ref name="weininternational">{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/100th-anniversary-birth-bruno-kreisky-en |title=100th anniversary of the birth of Bruno Kreisky - en |access-date=19 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401140842/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/100th-anniversary-birth-bruno-kreisky-en |archive-date=1 April 2012 }} 100th anniversary of the birth of Bruno Kreisky, 11 January 2011{{Dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref> Shocked by the level of poverty and violence in Austria during the 1920s, he joined the youth wing of the [[Social Democratic Party of Austria|Socialist Party of Austria]] (SPÖ) in 1925 at age 15. In 1927, he joined the Young Socialist Workers against the wishes of his parents. In 1929, he began studying law at the [[University of Vienna]] at the advice of [[Otto Bauer]], who urged him to study law rather than medicine, as he had originally planned. He remained politically active during this period. In 1931, he left the Jewish religious community, becoming agnostic.<ref name="weininternational" /> In 1934, when the Socialist Party was banned by the [[Engelbert Dollfuss|Dollfuss]] dictatorship, he became active in underground political work. He was arrested in January 1935 and convicted of [[high treason]], but was released in June 1936. In March 1938, the Austrian state was incorporated into Germany through the ''[[Anschluss]]'', and in September, Kreisky escaped the Nazi persecution of Austrian Jews and the coming [[Holocaust]] by emigrating to [[Sweden]], where he remained until 1945. On 23 April 1942, he married Vera Fürth (30 December 1916 – 5 December 1988)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/wiki/index.php?title=Bruno_Kreisky&printable=yes |title=Wiki – Wien Geschichte Wiki |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211190056/https://www.wien.gv.at/wiki/index.php?title=Bruno_Kreisky&printable=yes |archive-date=11 February 2018 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and had one son and one daughter.

He returned to Austria in May 1946, but he was soon back in [[Stockholm]], assigned to the Austrian legation. In 1951, he returned to Vienna, where Federal President [[Theodor Körner (Austrian president)|Theodor Körner]] appointed him Assistant Chief of Staff and political adviser. In 1953, he was appointed Undersecretary in the Foreign Affairs Department of the Austrian Chancellery, and in this position he took part in negotiating the 1955 [[Austrian State Treaty]], which ended the four-power occupation of Austria and restored Austria's independence and neutrality.

Kreisky was elected to the Austrian parliament, the [[National Council of Austria|Nationalrat]], as a Socialist during the [[1956 Austrian legislative election|1956 election]]. He was elected to the Party Executive along with [[Bruno Pittermann]], Felix Slavik, and [[Franz Olah]], and thus became a member of the central leadership body of the party. After the [[1959 Austrian legislative election|1959 election]], he became foreign minister in the [[coalition]] cabinet of Chancellor [[Julius Raab]] ([[Austrian People's Party|ÖVP]]), a post he continued to hold under Raab's successors [[Alfons Gorbach]] (1961–1964) and [[Josef Klaus]] (1964–1966). He played a leading role in setting up the [[European Free Trade Association]], helped solve the [[South Tyrol]] question with [[Italy]], and proposed a "[[Marshall Plan]]" for the countries of the [[Third World]].

In [[1966 Austrian legislative election|1966]], the ÖVP under Klaus won an absolute majority in the Nationalrat. Klaus had enough parliamentary support to govern alone; indeed, during the campaign, he had called for an end to the [[grand coalition]] that had governed Austria since 1945. Memories of the hyperpartisanship that characterised the [[First Austrian Republic|First Republic]] were still strong, so he approached Kreisky with new coalition terms. While Kreisky and the other Socialist leadership supported retaining the coalition, the rank and file balked at the proposed terms, and talks broke down. Kreisky resigned from the cabinet, and the ÖVP formed the first one-party government of the Second Republic. The Socialists retained some power and were informally consulted on all major decisions.[[File:President Jimmy Carter with Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky.jpg|left|thumb|Kreisky with President [[Jimmy Carter]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] (1979)]] In February 1967, Kreisky was elected chairman of the Socialist Party. At the [[1970 Austrian legislative election|March 1970 elections]], the Socialists won 81 seats, two short of a majority. Kreisky became the first Socialist Chancellor since 1920, heading the first purely left-wing government in modern Austrian history. He was also Austria's first Jewish chancellor. Kreisky's government was tolerated by the then national-liberal [[Freedom Party of Austria|Freedom Party]] in return for electoral reforms that expanded the Nationalrat and increased the proportionality of votes. Following the passage of these reforms, he called fresh elections in [[1971 Austrian legislative election|October 1971]]. Although the reforms were intended to benefit smaller parties, the Socialists won a strong majority government with 93 seats. They also won half the popular vote, something no Austrian party had ever achieved in a free election. Kreisky was reelected in [[1975 Austrian legislative election|1975]] and [[1979 Austrian legislative election|1979 elections]], each time winning comfortable majorities in the Nationalrat.

Kreisky turned 70 in 1981, and by this time the voters had become increasingly uncomfortable with what they saw as his complacency and preoccupation with international issues. At the [[1983 Austrian legislative election|1983 election]], the Socialists lost their absolute majority in the Nationalrat. Kreisky declined to form a minority government and resigned, nominating [[Fred Sinowatz]], his Minister of Education, as his successor. His health was declining, and in 1984, he had an emergency [[kidney]] [[organ transplant|transplant]]. During his final years, he occasionally made bitter remarks directed at his party, which had made him their honorary chairman. He died in Vienna in July 1990.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/30/obituaries/bruno-kreisky-austria-s-leader-for-a-record-13-years-dies-at-79.html|title=Bruno Kreisky, Austria's Leader for a Record 13 Years, Dies at 79|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 July 1990|last1=Flint|first1=Peter B.}}</ref>

{{Social democracy sidebar}}

== Political views and programs ==
[[File:Kreisky (left) with Fateh 1962.jpg|right|thumb|Kreisky (left) with [[Abul Fateh]] in Vienna, 1962]]
In office, Kreisky and his close ally, Justice Minister [[Christian Broda]], pursued a policy of liberal reform in a country which had a tradition of conservative [[Roman Catholicism]]. He reformed Austria's family law and its prisons, and he decriminalized abortion and homosexuality. Nevertheless, he sought to bridge the gap between the Catholic Church and the Austrian Socialist movement and found a willing collaborator in the then Cardinal [[Archbishop of Vienna]], [[Franz König]]. Kreisky promised to reduce the mandatory military service from nine to six months. After his election, military service was reduced to eight months (if performed in one stretch, or six months plus eight weeks if broken into two segments).

During Kreisky's premiership, a wide range of progressive reforms was carried out. Amongst other reforms, employee benefits were expanded, the workweek was cut to 40 hours, and legislation providing for equality for women was passed. Kreisky's government established language rights for the country's [[Slovenes|Slovene]] and [[Croats|Croatian]] minorities. Following the [[1973 oil crisis|1974 oil shock]], Kreisky committed Austria to developing [[nuclear power]] to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, although this policy was eventually abandoned after a [[1978 Austrian nuclear power referendum|referendum]] held in 1978. A moderate reform of the penal code was carried out, discrimination against illegitimate children was eliminated, marriage grants were introduced, a mother-child pass (a prenatal/post-natal care and infant health program) was established, a major reform of the penal code was carried out, and sex equality legislation was passed. In addition, four weeks of annual vacation were introduced, the office of ombudsman was established, the law of parentage was reordered, consumer protection legislation was passed, and social security coverage of the self-employed was introduced.<ref>[http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=1371 Austria under Social Democratic Rule: The Kreisky Years], H-net.org</ref> In 1979, restrictions on redundancy and the dismissal of employees were made.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HmNpl0wNa8AC&dq=bruno+kreisky+social+insurance+1976&pg=PA513 Biographical Dictionary of European Labor Leaders, Volume 1], edited by A. T. Lane, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, p.513 (at [[Google Books]])</ref>

Widows' pensions were indexed in 1970, and in 1972, free medical checks for healthy people were made available, while optional health insurance for students was introduced. Periods of study, illness, and unemployment were allowed pensionable status, and in 1974 family and birth benefits were indexed.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UTTjnmBaiM8C&dq=The+paradoxical+republic:+Austria,+1945-2005+free+travel&pg=PA224 Biographical The Paradoxical Republic: Austria 1945–2005], Oliver Rathkolb, Berghahn Books, p. 224 (at Google Books)</ref> The 1973 Special Subsidies Act introduced subsidies for those made redundant as a result of structural changes. The Wage Continuation Act of 1974 introduced wage continuation for workers in private enterprises in cases of sickness. In 1976, accident insurance was extended to work-related activities. The Night-shift/Heavy Manual Work Act of 1981 introduced preventive healthcare and a special early retirement pension for heavy manual workers.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=F16VaIYewIEC&dq=GROWTH+to+LIMITS+austria&pg=PA574 Growth to Limits: Appendix (synopses, bibliographies, tables)], Peter Flora and Walter de Gruyter, 1987, p. 574 (at Google Books)</ref>

Full sick pay was extended to blue-collar unions in 1974, and family benefits were expanded to include full school transport (1971), a marriage payment (1972), payment for school books (1974), and a birth payment (1976). In 1978, due to a change from tax allowances to direct payments for children, family benefits increased significantly. Between 1973 and 1980, expenditure on health and education rose on average by 13.7% and by 12.9% per annum, respectively. In education, pupil/teacher ratios fell sharply and a new university law was passed in 1975 in order to make higher education more democratic.<ref>Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice</ref> The educational sector was significantly expanded under Kreisky, greatly increasing the numbers of Austrians receiving a university education.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=B8iJNlWcdIUC&dq=bruno+kreisky+free+university+education&pg=PA263 Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary], David Wilsford, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995, p. 263 (at Google Books)</ref>

The 1972 Crime Victims Act established the principles of compensation for health damages caused (directly or indirectly) by crimes punishable by more than 6 months' imprisonment. The 1974 Town Renovation Act dealt with the renovation of residential town areas, while the 1975 Housing Property Act established the property rights of house- and flat-owners. In 1975, housing supplements were extended to cover the costs of housing improvements. In 1974, the work prohibition periods before and after work birth were extended up to 8 weeks, and in 1976, the regulations were extended to adoptive mothers. A 1981 law adapted pension schemes to changes in the families' load equalisation scheme, and introduced a widowers' pension equivalent to the widows' pension. In 1976, accident insurance for pupils and students was introduced, while an act passed that same year enabled people to undertake the care of close relatives who were ill.<ref>Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II Volume 4 edited by Peter Flora</ref> Under the Bankruptcy Wage Continuation Act of 1979, claims against bankrupt firms were paid from a special fund.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=F16VaIYewIEC&dq=growth+to+limits+Bankruptcy+Wage+Continuation+Act+of+1979&pg=PA556 Growth to Limits: Appendix (synopses, bibliographies, tables)], Peter Flora and Walter de Gruyter, 1987, p. 556 (at Google Books)</ref> In 1982, a maternity allowance payable for 16 weeks was introduced for self-employed women.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7Jl2uDV4300C&dq=1982+law+maternity+benefits+for+self-employed+women&pg=PA63 Women and Social Security: Progress Towards Equality of Treatment], Anne-Marie Brocas, Anne-Marie Cailloux, Virginie Oget, International Labour Organization, 1990, p. 63, (at Google Books)</ref>

Although the 1955 State Treaty prevented Austria from joining the [[European Union]], he supported European integration.

Kreisky questioned [[Zionism]] as a solution to the problems faced by the Jewish people, claiming that Jews were not an ethnic group or race, but rather a religious group. He even equated claims of the existence of the Jewish people as a distinctive nationality to Nazi claims of a Jewish race, and suggested that such ideas raised questions about Jewish [[dual loyalty]]. Kreisky referred to Israeli prime minister [[Menachem Begin]] as a terrorist, and had a stormy relationship with Israeli prime minister [[Golda Meir]], especially during the [[The Schoenau ultimatum|1973 hostage taking]]. He once said that he was "the only politician in Europe Golda Meir can't blackmail." He cultivated friendly relations with Arab leaders such as [[Anwar Sadat]] and [[Muammar Gaddafi]], and in 1980, Austria established relations with the [[Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestine Liberation Organisation]].
[[File:Oesterreichische Bundesregierung - Kabinett Kreisky I.jpg|thumb|200px|1970 Kreisky Cabinent: Otto Rösch (standing, fifth from left); Joseph Moser (2nd row, fourth from left); Erwin Frühbauer (standing, fourth from right); Hans Ollinger (standing right)]]
Kreisky was notable for his allegedly apologetic approach to former [[Nazism|Nazi]] party members and contemporary far-right Austrian politicians. For example, Kreisky described [[right-wing populism|far-right populist]] [[Jörg Haider]] as "a political talent worth watching".<ref>{{cite web|title = The Death of a Right-Wing Populist|publisher = [[Der Spiegel]]|date = 13 October 2008|url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,583790,00.html|access-date = 29 November 2008}}</ref> In 1967, neo-Nazi Austrian leader Norbert Burger declared that he had no objections to Kreisky despite his Jewish background, claiming that he was simply a "German" and neither a religious Jew nor a Zionist. Kreisky felt that he had never personally suffered as a Jew, but only as a socialist. Following his election in 1970, Kreisky wanted to demonstrate that he was indeed "Chancellor of all Austrians", and appointed four politicians with [[Nazism|Nazi]] backgrounds to his cabinet. When Nazi hunter [[Simon Wiesenthal]] reported that these four members of Kreisky's cabinet were former Nazis, Kreisky did not remove them from the government, though one did resign. They were former SS-Untersturmführer Hans Öllinger, who took part in flamethrower commandos, "fire brigades" that killed survivors after storming villages; Otto Rösch was a teacher at the NPEA/Napola Traiskirchen, an elite NSDAP school for the training of future National Socialist leaders; and
Erwin Frühbauer and Josef Moser, Nazi Party members. Kreisky responded that everybody had the right to make political mistakes in their youth. This incident marked the beginning of a [[Kreisky-Peter-Wiesenthal affair|bitter conflict]], which did not end until Kreisky died. At a party conference, his secretary [[Leopold Gratz]] claimed that Wiesenthal was operating a "secret police and surveillance centre"<ref name="Stimmen">{{Cite web|url=http://www.simon-wiesenthal-archiv.at/01_wiesenthal/06_stimmen/01_wechsberg.html|title=Stimmen zu Wiesenthal|website=Simon-wiesenthal-archiv.at|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=24 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624000659/http://www.simon-wiesenthal-archiv.at/01_wiesenthal/06_stimmen/01_wechsberg.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was in no way allowed to defame democratically elected politicians. Kreisky later on said that Wiesenthal "makes a living telling the world that Austria is anti-Semitic. What else can he do?"; he went on to call Wiesenthal a former [[Gestapo]] agent,<ref name="Stimmen" /> based on [[Czechoslovakia]]n intelligence papers which turned out to be fakes, and wanted a parliamentary investigation of Wiesenthal's [[Jewish Documentary Center]] in [[Vienna]]. He claimed that Wiesenthal was employing [[mafia]] methods.<ref>Michael Dov Goldhaber: ''A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights''. New Jersey, 2007, p. 80</ref>
In 1986,  Wiesenthal filed a libel lawsuit (although Kreisky had the power to declare immunity if he so chose), and when Kreisky later accused Wiesenthal of being an agent of the Gestapo, working with the [[Judenrat]] in Lvov, these accusations were incorporated into the lawsuit as well.{{sfn|Segev|2010|pp=283–284}}Three years later the court found Kreisky guilty of defamation and sentenced him to pay a [suspended] substantial fine.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anton Pelinka |url=http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=382&PID=0&IID=1595 |title=Austria's Attitude Toward Israel: Following the European Mainstream |publisher=Jcpa.org |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626063502/http://jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=111&LNGID=1&FID=382&PID=0&IID=1595 |archive-date=26 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> of 270,000 schillings for defamation. The suit was decided in Wiesenthal's favour in 1989, but after Kreisky's death nine months later, his heirs refused to pay. Wiesenthal later commented: "Kreisky lost, and instead of paying the fine, he died."  When the relevant archives were later opened for research, no evidence was found that Wiesenthal had been a collaborator.{{sfn|Segev|2010|pp=309–310}} In 1975, Kreisky proposed that his Social Democratic Party should form a coalition with the Freedom Party, headed by Friedrich Peter. SS-Obersturmführer Friedrich Peter served in the 1st SS Infantry Brigade was attached to Einsatzgruppe C. Postwar Chairman of the Freedom Party [died 25 September 2005]; Kreisky supported Peter and said that Wiesenthal was a "crypto-racist" who himself was responsible for [[antisemitism]] in Austria.<ref name="ReferenceA">Richard S. Levy: ''Antisemitism. A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution''. 2005 p. 770f.</ref>  

In 1976, the Bruno Kreisky Foundation for Outstanding Achievements in the Area of Human Rights was founded to mark Kreisky's 65th birthday. Every two years, the [[Bruno Kreisky Award|Bruno Kreisky Human Rights Prize]] is awarded to an international figure who has advanced the cause of human rights.

Later in his life, Kreisky tried to help some [[Soviet dissidents]]. In particular, in 1983, he sent a letter to the Soviet premier [[Yuri Andropov]] demanding the release of dissident [[Yuri Orlov]], but Andropov left Kreisky's letter unanswered.<ref name="Bruno">{{cite web|url=http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/dis80/lett83-1.pdf|title=Kreisky's letter along with Andropov's resolution on it|access-date=17 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614130337/http://psi.ece.jhu.edu/~kaplan/IRUSS/BUK/GBARC/pdfs/dis80/lett83-1.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Today, Kreisky's chancellorship is the subject of both [[controversy]] and [[nostalgia]]. Many of his former supporters see in Kreisky the last socialist of the old school and look back admiringly at an era when the [[standard of living]] was noticeably rising, when the [[welfare state]] was in full swing and when, by means of a state-funded programme promoting equality of opportunity, working class children were encouraged to stay on at school and eventually receive higher education.<ref name=":0" /> All this resulted in a decade of prosperity and optimism about the future.

Conservatives criticise Kreisky's policy of [[deficit spending]], expressed in his famous comment during the 1979 election campaign that he preferred that the state run up high debts rather than see people become unemployed.<ref>As quoted in Socialists in the Recession: The Search for Solidarity by Giles Radice and Lisanne Radice, "I am less worried about the budget deficits than by the need for the state to create jobs where private industry fails."</ref> They hold Kreisky responsible for Austria's subsequent economic difficulties.

Despite this criticism, Kreisky did much to transform Austria during his time in office, with considerable improvements in working conditions, a dramatic rise in the average standard of living,<ref>"Austria", Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2001. © 1993–2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved</ref> and a significant expansion of the [[welfare state]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9BLoCyT-cC&dq=bruno+kreisky+free+higher+education&pg=PA62 The Vranitzky Era in Austria], Günter Bischof, Anton Pelinka, Ferdinand Karlhofer, Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 62 (at Google Books)</ref><ref>A Concise History of Austria by Steven Beller</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JJut2zpbQ4MC&dq=kreisky+era+free+university+education&pg=PA100 The Kreisky Era in Austria], Günter Bischof, Anton Pelinka, Transaction Publishers, p. 100 (at Google Books)</ref> and arguably remains the most successful socialist [[Chancellor of Austria]].

== See also ==
* [[Chancellor of Austria]] for a complete list of Federal Chancellors since the founding of the Republic in 1918
* [[Kreisky-Peter-Wiesenthal affair]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bischof, Günter, and Anton Pelinka, eds. ''The Kreisky Era in Austria'' (Transaction Publishers, 1994).
* Kreisky, Bruno, et al. ''The Struggle for a Democratic Austria: Bruno Kreisky on Peace and Social Justice'' (Berghahn Books, 2000).
* Secher, H. Pierre. ''Bruno Kreisky, Chancellor of Austria: A Political Biography'' (Dorrance Publ., 1993).
* Vivekanandan, Bhagavathi. ''Global Visions of Olof Palme, Bruno Kreisky and Willy Brandt: International Peace and Security, Co-operation, and Development'' (Springer, 2016).
* Wilsford, David, ed. ''Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary'' (Greenwood, 1995) pp.&nbsp;259–65

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bruno Kreisky}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071224230341/http://www.kreisky.org/start_net.htm The Bruno Kreisky Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031021182543/http://www.kreisky.org/faqs.htm Kreisky's dicta]{{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.photoglobe.info/ebooks/austria/cstudies_austria_0060.html The Kreisky Years]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511194913/http://kreisky100.at/ ''100 Years Bruno Kreisky''] For the 100'th Birthday of Bruno Kreisky&nbsp;– Overview about his political work

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|years=[[1964 Winter Olympics|1964]]}}
{{succession box |title=President of Organising Committee for Winter Olympic Games
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{{AustrianChancellors}}
{{Foreign Ministers of Austria}}
{{Presidents of Austria}}
{{SPÖ party chairs}}
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{{Freedom Award laureates}}
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