View source for Buick V8 engine

{{Infobox engine
| name          = Buick V8 engines
| image         = 1964 Buick Wildcat 445 engine (401ci Nailhead).jpg
| caption       = 401 cu in "Nailhead" in a 1964 Buick Wildcat
| manufacturer  = [[Buick]] ([[General Motors]])
| aka           = ''Fireball V8''<br />(nickname)<br />''Nailhead'' (1953–1966) 
| production    = {{Start date|1953}}–{{end date|1981}} [[Buick City]]<br />(engine block and heads)<br />[[Saginaw Metal Casting Operations]]
| predecessor   = [[Buick Straight-8 engine|Buick straight-eight]]
| successor     = {{ubl | [[GM LT engine]] |[[GM LS engine]] }}
| configuration = 90º [[V8 engine|V8]]
| displacement  = {{cvt|215-455|cuin|L|1}}
| bore          = {{cvt|3.5|-|4.31|in|1}}
| stroke        = {{cvt|2.8|-|3.9|in|1}}
| block         = Cast iron, Aluminum
| head          = Cast iron, Aluminum
| valvetrain    = [[Overhead valve engine|OHV]] 2 valves x cyl.
| compression   = 8.8:1&ndash;11.0:1
| turbocharger  = 
| fuelsystem    = [[Carter Carburetor|Carter AFB]] or [[Rochester Products Division|Rochester]] [[carburetor]]s
| fueltype      = Gasoline
| oilsystem     = 
| coolingsystem = [[Radiator (engine cooling)|Water-cooled]]
| idle          =
| redline       =
| power         = {{cvt|150-360|hp|kW|0}}
| specpower     = 
| torque        = {{cvt|220-510|lbft|Nm|0}}
| length        = 
| width         = 
| height        = 
| weight        = {{cvt|318-467|lb|kg}}
}}

The '''Buick V8''' is a family of [[V8 engine]]s produced by the [[Buick]] division of [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors (GM)]] between 1953 and 1981. All were [[V8 engine#V-angle|90°]] water-cooled V8 [[Overhead valve|OHV]] [[naturally aspirated]] engines.

==Evolution==
The Buick V8 family can be divided into three groupings: "Nailheads", produced between 1953 and 1966, which came in two generations using different blocks in displacements from {{cvt|264-425|cuin|L|1}}, and are known for their unique valve design and head configuration; "small blocks" produced from 1961 to 1982 in displacements from {{cvt|215-350|cuin|L|1}}; and "big blocks" produced from 1967 to 1976 in displacements from {{cvt|400-455|cuin|L|1}}.

The use of "small-block" and "big-block" [[V8 engine#Size, layout, and classification|terminology]] refers to the respective engine block's [[Bore (engine)#Bore pitch|bore spacing]], external dimensions, and weight, not internal [[engine displacement]]. 

The "Nailhead" nickname derives from the unusually long, small valves of the original Buick V8, a function in part of the unusual horizontal positioning of the engine's heads.<ref name=vbe>{{cite web |title=Vintage Buick Engines |url=http://www.streetrodderweb.com/tech/0811sr_vintage_buick_engines/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716155606/http://www.streetrodderweb.com/tech/0811sr_vintage_buick_engines/index.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref>  

Even though they are not generally held to be, by some important empirical measures, including a deck height that allowed displacement to grow to {{cvt|425|cuin|L|1}}, the Buick "Nailhead" engines can be regarded as "big block" - a term that did not exist in that usage until exceptionally large displacement V8s with correspondingly large [[Engine block|blocks]] began to appear and be distinguished from their more moderate-sized predecessors. The term "small-block" is a retronym, developed to distinguish engines with small and medium blocks from the very large block engines being introduced in response to increasing automobile size and the "horsepower wars" of the 1960s.<ref>[https://www.motortrend.com/features/mdmp-1109-ford-and-mercury-horsepower-wars-the-dearborn-diet The 1960s Horsepower Wars - The Dearborn Diet], ''Motor Trend'', August 2011</ref>

Both the Nailheads and the mid 1960s-on "big-block" engines shared a {{cvt|4.75|in}} bore spacing. The Buick "small-block", which predated the "big-block", had its own block and bore spacing.  Both "big-" and "small-block" engines were [[clean sheet]] designs.

Some Buick V8s, such as the 350, 400, and 455, have the same displacements as [[List of GM engines#Divisions|V8s of other GM divisions]], but they are entirely different designs. Buick Nailhead V8s can be distinguished by the top surfaces of their [[valve cover]]s being [[Vertical and horizontal|horizontal]] ([[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] to the ground). Later Buick small and big block V8s have a front-mounted [[distributor]] tilted to the drivers side (like [[Cadillac]]s), but siamesed center exhaust ports (unlike Cadillacs).

==Nailhead==
Buick produced two generations of "Nailhead" engine, serially between 1953 and 1966.  The first spanned 1953-1956, in two displacements: the original {{cvt|322|CID|L|1}} from 1953 to 1956, and a de-bored "junior" {{cvt|264|CID|L|1}} version only in 1954 and 1955.  The second spanned 1957-1966, with an original {{cvt|364|CID|L|1}} displacement produced 1957-1961, a {{cvt|401|CID|L|1}} from 1959-1966, and a final {{cvt|425|CID|L|1}} from 1963 to 1966.  All second generation engines used the same block, bore spacing, and different combinations of bore and stroke. All Nailheads had cast iron blocks and heads.  Both generation's vertical valve arrangement resulted in unusually compact V8s of their displacement.<ref name=ahps>[https://autohistorypreservationsociety.org/buick-history-generation-1-nailhead-v8-1953-1966/# Buick History: Generation 1 Nailhead V8 1953-1966], Automotive History Preservation Society</ref>

The two engines shared a similar valve architecture but were different designs with different blocks.  Among the changes in the second generation were larger, less-restrictive valves and ports, a better flowing manifold, thinner castings for both block and heads, new 1.6:1 rocker arms, increasing valve lift, more radical camshafts with increased duration.<ref name=ahps/>

===First-generation===
[[File:1956 Buick 322 V8 engine (Century), left side view.jpg|thumb|The 322 Fireball V8 in a 1956 [[Buick Century]]]]
Buick's first generation [[V8 engine|V8]] was offered from 1953 through 1956; it replaced the [[Buick Straight-8 engine|Buick straight-eight]]. While officially called the "Fireball V8"<ref name="flory 50s">{{cite book |last=Flory |first=J. "Kelly" Jr. |title=American Cars, 1946 to 1959; Every Model, Year by Year |year=2008 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers |isbn=978-0-7864-3229-5}}</ref> by Buick, it became known by enthusiasts as the "Nailhead" for the unusual vertical alignment of its small-sized [[poppet valve|valve]]s (Originally it was known to [[hot-rod]]ders as the "nail valve", because the engine's small heads contained valves with long stems, which made them look like nails.)<ref name=vbe/>

During this era, Buick ranked smoothness above most other marketing objectives, and the [[Dynaflow]] transmission's non-shifting design was demonstrably smoother than the other rough shifting automatics then available. With the Dynaflow, a high torque engine was needed to provide adequate acceleration, so that's what the Nailhead was designed to deliver. 

Both the intake and exhaust valves were on the [[intake manifold]] side of a "[[pent-roof combustion chamber]]". To offset restrictive port diameters and the smaller-sized valves [{{cvt|1.75|in}} intake, {{cvt|1.25|in}} exhaust], the Nailhead V8s used a [[camshaft]] with greater lift and duration. The small-diameter intake runners allowed these engines to develop high [[torque]], with many exceeding 1&nbsp;ft-lb/cu in (exceptional for the time).

First-generation Nailheads were painted "Late" Buick Green (also called Apple Green, used from 1953 to 1956).<ref name=TeamBuickengcol/>

====264====
The {{cvt|264|CID|L|1}} followed the 322 as a junior V8 produced in 1954 and 1955 as a direct replacement for the smaller Buick [[Buick Straight-8 engine#263|263 straight-eight]], and was the only engine available in Buick's economy "Special" series vehicles. It was the smallest displacement Nailhead, sharing stroke and deck height with the 322, but having a smaller {{cvt|3.625|in}} bore.

====322====
The larger {{cvt|322|CID|L|1}} was the original Nailhead, used by Buick from 1953 through 1956 in the Roadmaster, Super, and Century models, and the Special in 1956. It has a bore and stroke of {{cvt|4x3.2|in|1}}.

The 322 was also used in the 1956 through 1957 10,000-Series conventional-cab [[Chevrolet Task Force|Chevrolet heavy duty trucks]] labeled as the ''Loadmaster''.

===Second-generation===
Buick's second variation of the "Nailhead" was produced from 1957–1966. The "Fireball" name was dropped after 1957, but the 364 was very briefly called the "B-12000", referring to the 12,000 pounds of force generated by each piston.<ref name=Flory>{{cite book|last=Flory Jr.|first=J. "Kelly"|title=American Cars, 1946-1959 Every Model Every Year|year=2008|publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-3229-5}}</ref> Second generation Nailheads were painted "Late" Buick Green, with the exception of those installed in the 1963 Riviera, which were silver, and the 1966 Riviera, which were red.<ref name=TeamBuickengcol/>

====364====
Buick, like most of its competitors, continued to expand its V8 engine to larger displacements. The {{cvt|364|CID|L|1}} was introduced in 1957 and produced through 1961, with a {{convert|4.125|x|3.4|in|mm|abbr=on}} bore and stroke. All other models got the {{cvt|300|hp|0}} [[Carburetor#Two-barrel_and_four-barrel_designs|four-barrel]] engine except for the lower level Special series, which received a {{cvt|250|hp|0}} [[Carburetor#Two-barrel_and_four-barrel_designs|two-barrel]] carburetor version. 

===={{anchor|401|445}}401 (400)====
[[File:1963 Buick 401 Nailhead.jpg|thumb|1963 401 Buick V8. Note the horizontal valve covers, and how narrow the engine is for a large displacement V8]]

The 364 was enlarged to {{cvt|401|CID|L|1}} and produced from 1959 to 1966. Both bore and stroke were enlarged, to {{convert|4.1875|x|3.64|in|mm}} respectively. Originally sold as a 401, it was later redesignated "400" (with no change to displacement) to meet a 1960s Division-wide GM directive mandating a maximum allowable {{cvt|400|CID|L|1}} displacements in [[mid-size car]]s.

The 401/400 became Buick's original [[muscle car]] powerplant, used in the company's [[Buick Gran Sport|Skylark Gran Sport]], [[Buick Sport Wagon#1968–1969|Buick Sport Wagon]] and [[Buick Wildcat]] models, among others. The engine was variously designated the Wildcat 375, Wildcat 410, and Wildcat 445 - with the numbers corresponding with the [[torque]] produced by each version. The Wildcat 410 was the two-barrel carbureted engine, standard on the 1962-1963 [[Buick LeSabre|LeSabre]]. The Wildcat 375 was a no-cost economy option for the 1962-1963 LeSabre that used a lower compression ratio to run on mid-[[octane]] rather than premium fuel. The various Wildcat engines had decals on their air cleaners indicating their version; however, a later four-barrel edition of the 1966-1967 small-block {{cvt|340|CID|L|1}} [[#340|Buick 340]] V8 was also labeled Wildcat 375 on its air cleaner.

The single four-barrel Wildcat 445 was the standard engine in the [[Buick Invicta|Invicta]], 1959-1966 [[Buick Electra|Electra]], 1962–1966 [[Buick Wildcat]], 1963 [[Buick Riviera|Riviera]], and 1965 Riviera.

====425====
[[File:Super Wildcat 425ci 390hp Engine.jpg|thumb|Super Wildcat {{cvt|425|cid|L|1}} {{cvt|390|hp|0}} engine]]

The {{cvt|425|CID|L|1}}, the largest-displacement Nailhead, was produced from 1963 to 1966. Its bore and stroke measure {{convert|4.3125|x|3.64|in|mm}}. It began as an exclusive option on the 1963 Riviera, and was later available on the Wildcat and Electra models. It was standard on the 1964 and 1966 Rivieras. 

The basic 425, called the Wildcat 465 for the lb-ft of torque it developed, came with a single four-barrel carburetor. The Super Wildcat featured two four-barrel carburetors and matching [[intake manifold]], was available on the 1964 Riviera as a factory option (2,122 produced), 1964 Electras (any model, production numbers unknown), 1965 Riviera Gran Sport, and 1966 Wildcat GS, 

Coded "MW", these [[Regular Production Option]] {RPO}-code Y48 parts were delivered in the car's trunk for dealer installation. Toward the end of the 1966 model year, around May 1966, Buick offered the Super Wildcat 465 with factory-installed 
dual four-barrel [[Carter Carburetor|Carter AFB]] carburetors as an "MZ" option. Only 179 of the 1966 Riviera GS models were built with the MZ package.

Mounted on a trolley, Buick 425s were also [[Pratt & Whitney J58#Starting|used as starter motors for the SR-71 Blackbird]] supersonic jet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AG330_start_cart.JPG|title=English: SR-71 Blackbird AG330 start cart, Hill Aerospace Museum, Utah|date=8 March 2010|access-date=7 June 2023|via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref><!--Use of [[Buick V8 engine]] family is also supported by Graham 1996.-->

==Small-block==
Buick introduced a {{cvt|215|cuin|L|1}} all-aluminum "small block" V8 in 1961, an industry first. Produced in three other displacements (300, 340, and 350 cu in), it had a {{cvt|4.24|in|1}} cylinder bore spacing, and became the basis of a highly successful cast iron [[Buick V6 engine#Fireball V6|Buick "Fireball" V6]]. Design features include an external oil pump, a forward-mounted distributor, and an integrated aluminum timing cover incorporating the oil pump and leaving it and the oil filter exposed to oncoming air for added cooling.

After three years of persistent cylinder liner issues in the aluminum blocks, cheaper new thin-wall iron casting techniques, resulted in a shift to an iron block in 1964.

Buick small-block 300's were painted "Late" Buick Green. 1966 340 and subsequent engines were painted red from 1967-1974, medium metallic blue from 1975-1977, and light blue from 1978-1982.<ref name=TeamBuickengcol/>

===215===<!-- This section is linked from [[V8 engine]] -->
:''See also [[Rover V8 engine]]''

GM experimented with aluminum engines starting in the early 1950s, when [[Alcoa|Aluminum Company of America]] (ALCOA) was pushing all automakers to use more aluminum. An early-development was a supercharged {{convert|215|CID|L|1|adj=on}} V8 used in the 1951 [[Le Sabre concept car|Le Sabre]] [[Concept vehicle|concept car]],<ref>Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. ''American Cars 1946-1959'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2008), p.1021.</ref> and the 1953 Buick Roadmaster concept car.  That design is unrelated to the 215 cu in all-aluminum V8 introduced by Buick in 1961.

GM designated Buick as engine design leader, and work on a production small displacement aluminum V8 commenced in 1956. Originally intended to displace {{convert|180|CID|L|1|adj=on}}, Buick increased this to {{convert|215|CID|L|1|adj=on}} to be more compatible with the new [[GM Y platform|Y-body]] cars on the drawing board, introduced for 1961 as the Skylark.

Known as the Buick Fireball, the all-aluminum 215 had a strongly oversquare bore and stroke of {{cvt|3.5x2.8|in|mm|1}}, for an actual displacement of {{cvt|215.51|CID|cc|0}}.  With a [[Rochester Products Division|Rochester]] 2GC (2 Jet) two-barrel [[carburetor]] and 8.8:1 [[compression ratio]] power output was {{cvt|150|hp|kW|0}} at 4400&nbsp;rpm<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autoblog.com/photos/greatest-buick-cars-of-all-time/#slide-6817351|website=Autoblog.com|title=Greatest Buick cars of all time|editor=Autoblog staff|date=21 July 2017|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="RoverV8">{{cite web|url=https://stevemckelvie.wordpress.com/2017/12/21/the-rover-v8-engine/|website=Wordpress.com|title=The Rover V8 engine|first1=Steve|last1=McKelvie|date=21 December 2017|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> and {{cvt|220|lbft|Nm|0}} of [[torque]] at 2,400&nbsp;rpm.  Weighing only {{cvt|318|lb|kg}}, it was the world's lightest mass-production V8. Measuring {{cvt|28|in|cm}} long, {{cvt|26|in|cm}} wide, and {{cvt|27|in|cm}} high,<ref>Baechtel, John. "Alternative Engines: Part 2--Buick V8", in ''Hot Rod'' Magazine, 11/84, p.67.</ref> it became standard equipment in the 1961 [[Buick Special]].

Power was raised soon after introduction to {{cvt|155|hp|kW|0}} at 4,600&nbsp;rpm.  A Buick Special Skylark version was introduced mid-year, which had 10.0:1 compression and a four-barrel carburetor, raising output to {{cvt|185|hp|kW|0}} at 4,800&nbsp;rpm and {{cvt|230|lbft|Nm|0}} at 2,800&nbsp;rpm.

For 1962, the two-barrel engine was unchanged, while the four-barrel engine's compression ratio was increased to 10.25:1 and output to {{cvt|190|hp|kW|0}} at 4,800&nbsp;rpm and {{cvt|235|lbft|Nm|0}} at 3,000&nbsp;rpm. For 1963, the four-barrel was bumped to 11.0:1 compression and an even {{cvt|200|hp|kW|0}} at 5,000&nbsp;rpm and {{cvt|240|lbft|Nm|0}} at 3,200&nbsp;rpm, {{cvt|{{#expr:200/215 round 2}}|hp|1}}/cu in. The higher output "Power Pack" was equipped with higher lift camshaft .0.518" intake/ 0.523" exhaust with increased duration 305/310 and required 99 research octane fuel.

====Pontiac usage====
[[Pontiac (automobile)|Pontiac]] used the Buick version of the 215 in its Y-body cars, the [[Pontiac Tempest|Tempest]] and [[Pontiac LeMans|LeMans]]. At that time the engine was closely associated with the Buick brand, and Pontiac sold few cars with it, using it only in 1961 and 1962.

====Oldsmobile version====
Although sharing basic architecture with the Buick, Oldsmobile developed its own [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|all-aluminum 215]], the "Rockette V8", to install in its F-85 Cutlass Y-body. Its angled valve covers were designed by Oldsmobile engineers to look like a traditional Olds V8.

Olds also released a [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] version, the {{cvt|215|hp|kW|0}} [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Turbo-Rocket|Turbo-Rocket]], in its 1962–63 Oldsmobile Jetfire.<ref>Flory, J. "Kelly", Jr. ''American Cars 1960-1972'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Coy, 2004), pp.205 & 246.</ref> Together with Chevrolet's turbocharged 1962 [[Corvair Spyder]], these were the first turbochargers ever offered in passenger cars.{{cn|date=July 2025}}

Produced on a separate assembly line, the Olds 215 was somewhat heavier at {{cvt|350|lb|kg}}. Oldsmobile added a sixth head bolt on the intake manifold side in an effort to alleviate a head-warping problem on high-compression versions. This meant that the five-bolt Buick heads would fit on Oldsmobile blocks, but not vice versa. The Oldsmobile used wedge-shaped/quench combustion chambers/pistons that allowed larger valves, while the Buick had a 37-cc wedge combustion chamber and used "dished head" pistons.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.teambuick.com/reference/library/affordable_aluminum_v-8.php|via=TeamBuick.com|title=Affordable Aluminum V-8's|last=Davis|first=Marian|magazine=[[Hot Rod (magazine)|Hot Rod]]|date=March 1985|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Altering the compression ratio on the Oldsmobile 215 required changing the heads, but on a Buick 215, only the pistons were changed, which was less expensive and simpler.

====Discontinuation====
Casting-sealing technology was not advanced enough at that time, and hidden porosity problems caused serious oil leaks, producing an abnormally high scrap ratio.<ref name="RoverV8"/> The factory had to make extensive use of air gauging for leak checks, and was unable to detect leaks on blocks that were as much as 95% complete.<ref name="RoverV8"/> This raised the cost of complete engines to more than that of a comparable all cast-iron engine, so aluminum blocks were cancelled after the 1963 model year.<ref name="RoverV8"/> Another problem was clogged radiators from antifreeze mixtures incompatible with aluminum.<ref name="RoverV8"/>

====Racing====
The 215's very high [[power-to-weight ratio]] made it immediately interesting for automobile and boat racing. [[Mickey Thompson]] entered a stock-block 215-powered car in the 1962 [[Indianapolis 500]], the first stock-block engine since 1946 and the only non-[[Offenhauser]]-powered entry in the race.<ref name="RoverV8"/> Rookie driver [[Dan Gurney]] qualified eighth and raced well for 92 laps before retiring with transmission problems.<ref name="RoverV8"/>

Surplus engine blocks of the [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#Aluminum 215|Oldsmobile F85]] version formed the basis of the Australian Formula One [[Repco]] V8<ref name="RoverV8"/> used by [[Brabham]] to win the [[1966 Formula One season|1966 Formula One world championship]], although only the earliest engines had any Oldsmobile components.<ref name="RoverV8"/> The majority of [[Repco#Repco V8 engine|Repco RB620]] engines were cast and built in-house at Repco.<ref name="RoverV8"/>

====Sale to Rover====
{{main|Rover V8 engine}}

Rights to the Buick 215 engine were purchased by the British [[Rover Company]] and used in the 1967 [[Rover P5B]] that replaced the 3&nbsp;L straight six Rover engined P5. Throughout the years, the Rover Company (which became part of [[British Leyland]] in 1968), and its successor companies constantly improved the engine making it much stronger and more reliable. Capacities ranged from {{cvt|215|to|307|cuin|L|1|disp=flip}}. The engine was also used in a variety of British Leyland/[[MG Rover Group]] cars, including [[MG Cars|MG]], [[Triumph Motor Company|Triumph]], and [[Range Rover]]. It has also been licensed to specialist British manufacturers such as [[Morgan Motor Company|Morgan]]<ref>Boddy, William. "Morgan", in Northey, Tom, executive editor. ''World of Automobiles'' (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 12, p.1419.</ref> and [[TVR]]. The engine remains well-supported by enthusiast clubs, specialist parts suppliers, and by shops that specialize in conversions and tuning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hemmings.com/magazine/hsx/2011/04/Buick-215-cu-in--V-8-Rover-3-5L/3698361.html|website=Hemmings.com|title=Buick 215-cu.in. V-8/Rover 3.5L|editor=Issue of [[Hemmings Sports & Exotic Car]]|first1=Jeff|last1=Koch|date=April 2011|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

===300===
[[File:1967 300ci Buick V8 engine in a Skylark.jpg|thumb|A 300 ci Buick V8 in a 1967 [[Buick Skylark|Skylark]]]]

In 1964, Buick replaced the 215 with an iron-block engine of very similar architecture. The new "small block" engine had a bore of {{cvt|3.75|in|mm|1}} and a stroke of {{cvt|3.4|in|mm|1}} for a displacement of {{cvt|4923|cc|CID L cc|1|adj=ri0|order=out}}. It retained the aluminum cylinder heads, intake manifold, and accessories of the 215 for a dry weight of {{cvt|405|lb|kg}}. The 300 was offered in two-barrel form, with 9.0:1 compression, making {{cvt|210|hp|kW|0}} at 4600&nbsp;rpm and {{cvt|310|lbft|Nm|0}} at 2400&nbsp;rpm, and four-barrel form, with 11.0:1 compression, making {{cvt|250|hp|kW|0}} at 4800&nbsp;rpm and {{cvt|355|lbft|Nm|0}} at 3000&nbsp;rpm.

For 1966, the 300 switched to cast-iron heads, raising dry weight to {{cvt|467|lb|kg}}, still quite light for a V8 engine of its era. The four-barrel option was cancelled for 1966, and the 300 was replaced entirely by the 350 in 1968.

In 1964, while nearly all Buick engines were painted "Buick Late Green", the 300 V8s were painted silver instead. In 1966 Buick engines switched to "Buick Late Red", but until 1967 at least, the 300 V8 (and the 225) were still painted Buick Late Green.<ref name=TeamBuickengcol>{{cite web | url = https://www.teambuick.com/reference/engine_colors.php | title = Buick Engine Colors, Which One is Right For You! | publisher = Team Buick | work = Reference }}</ref> The [[Apollo (1962 automobile)|Apollo 5000 GT]] sports car, (also sold as the Vetta Ventura) used this engine.

===340===
In 1966, the 300's stroke was increased to {{cvt|3.85|in|mm|1}} in a raised block to create the ''340'', displacing {{cvt|5574.48|cc|CID L cc|1|adj=ri0|order=out}}, as a replacement for the four-barrel-carbureted 300. The taller deck (raised by {{cvt|0.5625|in|mm|1}} compared to the 215/300's) meant the intake manifold was of a new design to bolt to the otherwise interchangeable cylinder heads.

It was offered with two- or four-barrel carburetion, the two-barrel with a 9.0:1 compression rated at {{cvt|220|hp|kW|0}} at 4,000&nbsp;rpm and {{cvt|340|lbft|Nm|0}} at 2,400&nbsp;rpm, and the four barrel with 10.25:1 compression, rated at {{cvt|260|hp|kW|0}} at 4,000&nbsp;rpm and {{cvt|375|lbft|Nm|0}} at 2,800&nbsp;rpm. It was only produced through 1967, being replaced by the new small block {{cvt|350|CID|L|1}} in 1968.

===350===
[[File:1969 Buick GS 350 small-block V8 engine.jpg|thumb|A 350 in a 1969 [[Buick Gran Sport]]]]
Buick adopted the popular 350 size in 1968 for their final family of V8 engines, which was produced through 1980. Although it shared the displacement of the other GM small blocks, including the contemporary [[Chevrolet small-block engine|Chevrolet 350]], [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#350|Oldsmobile 350]], and [[Pontiac V8 engine#350|Pontiac 350]], the Buick blocks were of a substantially different proprietary company design. The Buick 350 featured the same {{cvt|3.8|in|mm|1}} bore as the {{cvt|231|CID|L|1}} version of the [[Buick V6 engine|Buick 90° V6]] and retained the {{cvt|3.85|in|mm|1}} stroke of the previous {{cvt|340|CID|L|1}} V8. The exact displacement is {{cvt|349.31|CID|cc|0}}.

The major differences of the 350 in comparison to other GM V8s are Buick's "deep-skirt" engine block construction, the use of cast iron with increased nickel content, under-square cylinder bore sizing, {{cvt|3|in|mm|1}} crankshaft main journals, and {{cvt|6.385|in|mm}} connecting rods. Of all the GM "350s", the Buick has the longest piston stroke, essentially the same as the Buick big-blocks, which have the shortest stroke of the GM big-blocks. The engine garnered a reputation as rugged and durable,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itstillruns.com/350-buick-engine-specifications-7562961.html|title=Buick 350 engine specifications|website=It still runs.com|first=James|last=Jordan|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> and some of its design characteristics are found in other Buick-designed GM engines, such as the {{cvt|231|CID|L|1}} V6 and its 3800 descendants.

The 350 was used by Kaiser-Jeep and AMC Jeep in the [[Jeep Gladiator (SJ)|Jeep Gladiator]] and [[Jeep Wagoneer|Wagoneer]] models from 1968–71;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jeeptech.com/engine/dauntless350.html|title=Jeep Engine: Dauntless Buick 350 V8|website=www.jeeptech.com|access-date=5 December 2018}}</ref> in these applications, the engine was billed as the Dauntless V8.

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* 1968-1972 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.myclassicgarage.com/knowledge-base/1970-Buick-Skylark|title=1970 Buick Skylark|website=Myclassicgarage.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1968-1972 [[Buick Sport Wagon]]<ref name="auto"/>
* 1968-1971 [[Jeep Wagoneer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://1970jeepwagoneer.com/1970_Jeep_Wagoneer/Dauntless_Buick_350.html|title=Dauntless Buick 350|website=1970jeepwagoneer.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1968-1971 [[Jeep Gladiator (SJ)|Jeep Gladiator]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allpar.com/trucks/jeep/gladiator.html|title=1963-1987 Jeep Gladiator and J-Series Pickups|website=Allpar.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1971-1973 [[Buick Centurion]]<ref name="Centurion">{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/s16328/buick-centurion.aspx|title=1973 Buick Centurion|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1971-1980 [[Buick Electra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classiccarsmarks.com/buick/344061-1979-buick-electra-coupe-350-v8-automatic-classic-vintage-collector.html|title=1979 Buick Electra Coupe 350 V8 automatic classic vintage collector|website=Classiccarsmarks.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1971-1980 [[Buick LeSabre]]<ref name="LeSabre">{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/s8909/buick-lesabre.aspx|title=1972 Buick Le Sabre|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1973-1975 [[Buick Apollo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classiccarsmarks.com/buick/14976-1974-buick-apollo-four-door-gm-350-four-barrel.html|title=1974 Buick Apollo four-door, GM 350 four-barrel|website=Classiccarsmarks.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1973-1977 [[Buick Century]]<ref name="Century">{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z28736/buick-century.aspx|title=1973 Buick Century|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1973-1977 [[Buick Regal]]<ref name="Regal">{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z23180/buick-regal.aspx|title=1973 Buick Regal|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1975 [[Pontiac Ventura]]<ref name="Ventura">{{cite web|url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2016/01/13/hemmings-find-of-the-day-1975-pontiac-ventura-sj-sprint|title=1975 Pontiac Ventura SJ Sprint|access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref>
* 1975-1979 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z20068/buick-skylark.aspx|title=1978 Buick Skylark|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1977-1980 [[Buick Estate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1978/184100/buick_estate_wagon_limited_5_7l_v-8.html|title=1978 Buick Estate Wagon limited 5.7L V-8|website=Automobile-catalog.com|editor-first=Pawel | editor-last = Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
* 1977-1978 [[Buick Riviera]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z16332/buick-riviera.aspx|title=1977 Buick Riviera|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
{{hidden end}}

==Big-block==
{{expand section|more on the design of the engine (and how it differed from both the second-generation Nailhead and Buick small-block), including performance ratings on the 400|date=July 2025}}

Buick introduced its "big block" V8 in 1967 to replace the largest displacement Nailheads, which had grown to {{cvt|425|CID|cc|0}}. It retained the {{cvt|4.75|in|mm|1}} cylinder bore spacing and was produced in three displacements: 400, 430, and 455 cubic inches. Production continued through 1976.

==={{anchor|399.95}} 400===
[[File:Buick400.jpg|alt=1969 Buick Grand Sport 400 Cubic Inch Engine|thumb|1969 Buick Gran Sport 400 Engine]]

The {{cvt|399.95|CID|cc|0}} big-block V8 was produced from 1967-1969. This engine has a bore and a stroke of {{cvt|4.04x3.9|in|mm|1}}. It was the only large V8 engine available for the intermediate-sized [[GM A platform]] Buicks due to GM's 400 cubic inch displacement limit on mid-size cars in effect through 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://musclecarsdays.com/7-fastest-cars-1970s/|website=Muscle Cars Days.com|title=7 fastest cars 1970s|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref> Most parts except the pistons interchange with the 430 and 455. This 400 engine had the distributor towards the front of the engine, as opposed to the 401/400 nailhead, which had its near the firewall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.teambuick.com/reference/ident_eng_visual.php|website=Team Buick.com|title=Visually Identifying a 1960's or '70's GM engine|first=Bob K.|last=Mando|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

===430===
[[File:07-1968 Wildcat Custom - Engine.jpg|thumb|upright|1968 Wildcat 430 CID engine]]
The {{convert|430|CID|L|1|adj=on}} was only produced from 1967 until 1969. This engine had a bore and a stroke of {{cvt|4.1875x3.9|in|mm}}, for an actual displacement of {{cvt|429.69|cuin|cc|0}}. The 430 four-barrel engine was rated at {{cvt|360|hp|kW|0}} and {{cvt|475|lbft|Nm|0}} of torque. This engine was used in large [[GM B platform|B-]], [[GM C platform (RWD)|C-]] and [[GM E platform|E-body]] Buicks. Most parts except the pistons interchange with the 400 and 455.

Applications:
*1967-1969 [[Buick Electra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z19015/buick-electra-225.aspx|title=1967 Buick Electra 225|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1967-1969 [[Buick Riviera]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z24029/buick-riviera.aspx|title=1967 Buick Riviera|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1967-1969 [[Buick Wildcat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z12816/buick-wildcat.aspx|title=1969 Buick Wildcat|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===455===
[[File:1970 Buick Wildcat, 455-4 V8 engine.jpg|right|thumb|Buick 455-4 V8]]
[[File:Buick 455 Stage I Engine.JPG|thumb|455 Stage I engine]]

The 400-based 455 was produced from 1970–1976, with a bore and stroke of {{cvt|4.31x3.9|in|mm|1}} for an overall displacement of {{cvt|7459|cc|CID L cc|1|adj=ri0|order=out}}. Most parts (except [[piston]]s and heads) interchange between the 400 and the 430. The base model was rated at {{cvt|350|hp|kW|0}}, while the [[Buick Gran Sport#Gran Sport 455|455 Stage 1]] equipped with a single 4-barrel [[Rochester Products Division|Rochester]] [[Quadrajet]] [[carburetor]] was rated at {{cvt|360|hp|kW|0}} at 4600&nbsp;rpm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1970/85430/buick_gsx_stage-1_sport_coupe_4-speed.html|website=automobile-catalog|title=1970 Buick GSX Stage-1 Sport Coupe 4-speed|access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.myclassicgarage.com/knowledge-base/1970-Buick-GS
|website=MyClassicGarage.com
|title=1970 Buick GS
|access-date=July 5, 2018}}</ref> The regular 455 produced a rated {{cvt|510|lbft|0}} of [[Torque#Machine torque|torque]] at 2,800&nbsp;rpm, more than any other [[muscle car]] engine. The horsepower was somewhat reduced in 1971 mainly due to the reduction in [[compression ratio]], a change mandated by [[General Motors|GM]] in response to federal laws mandating new cars use low [[octane]] [[gasoline]] in an effort to reduce [[Exhaust gas|exhaust emissions]]. Then, starting in 1972, the horsepower rating on paper would be reduced again due to a shift from [[Horsepower#SAE gross power|SAE gross]] to [[Horsepower#SAE net power|SAE net]], down to approximately {{cvt|250|hp|kW|0}}. Unleaded gasoline and [[catalytic converter]]s were required in 1975 for all US manufactured cars. Ever-tighter [[Vehicle emissions control|emissions requirements]] would cause the engine to drop in power still further, a little at a time, through 1976.

The 455 was one of the first "thin-wall casting" engine blocks at GM, and because of this<ref name="Inside455">{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/gm-455-cubic-inch-big-bloc-726346|website=ThoughtCo. |title=Inside the 455 Cubic Inch Big Block from General Motors|first=Mark|last=Gittelman|date=24 December 2018|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171014151933/https://www.thoughtco.com/gm-455-cubic-inch-big-bloc-726346 | archivedate = 2017-10-14 }}</ref> advance in production technology, it weighs significantly less than other engines of comparable size (for example, {{cvt|150|lb|kg}} less than a [[Chevrolet Big-Block engine#454 2|Chevrolet 454]]<ref name="Inside455"/> and only {{cvt|25|lb|kg}} more than a [[Chevrolet small-block engine#350|Chevrolet 350]]).{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

{{hidden begin
|title = Applications:
|titlestyle = background:#88FF88; text-align:left;
|bodystyle = text-align:left;
}}
Applications:
*1970-1976 [[Buick Electra]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/z25377/buick-electra.aspx|title=1976 Buick Electra|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1970-1976 [[Buick Estate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1972/159380/buick_estate_wagon_455-4_v-8_dual_exhaust.html|title=1972 Buick Estate Wagon 455-4 V-8 dual exhaust|website=Automobile-catalog.com|editor-first=Pawel |editor-last=Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1970-1976 [[Buick LeSabre]]<ref name="LeSabre"/>
*1970-1976 [[Buick Riviera]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z13844/buick-riviera.aspx|title=1973 Buick Riviera|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1970-1972 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z9898/buick-skylark.aspx|title=1970 Buick Skylark|website=Conceptcarz.com|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1970 [[Buick Wildcat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1970/90800/buick_wildcat_custom_sport_coupe.html|title=1970 Buick Wildcat Custom Sport Coupe|website=Automobile-catalog.com|editor-first=Pawel |editor-last=Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1971-1973 [[Buick Centurion]]<ref name="Centurion"/>
*1973-1974 [[Buick Century#Third generation (1973–1977)|Buick Century]]<ref name="Century"/>
*1973-1974 [[Buick Gran Sport#Century GS / Century GS Stage 1|Buick Gran Sport]]<ref name="Century"/>
*1973-1974 [[Buick Regal#First generation (1973)|Buick Regal]]<ref name="Regal"/>
{{hidden end}}

==Other GM V8s used in Buicks==
In the mid-1970s, Buick's 455 big block became unable to meet fuel economy/emission requirements and was phased out, with the Buick 350 remaining as a factory option until 1980. In their place a variety of other GM divisions' V8s were offered, both as standard equipment and factory options. These included:

===Oldsmobile 260===
The [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#260|{{cvt|260|CID|L|1}}]] was an [[Oldsmobile V8 engine]] shared with Buick:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1976/174275/buick_skylark_s_2-door_coupe_4_3l_v-8_hydra-matic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1976 Buick Skylark S 2-door coupe 4.3L V-8 Hydra-Matic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1975–1977 [[Buick Skylark]]

===Pontiac 301===
The [[Pontiac V8 engine#301|{{cvt|301|CID|L|1}}]] was a [[Pontiac V8 engine]] shared with Buick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1977/174755/buick_skylark_s_2-door_coupe_4_9l_v-8_automatic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1977 Buick Skylark S 2-door coupe 4.9L V-8 automatic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

===Chevrolet 305===
The [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine#305|{{cvt|305|CID|L|1}}]] was a [[Chevrolet Small-Block engine|Chevrolet V8]] engine shared with Buick:
*1978–1987 [[Buick Regal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1978/179555/buick_regal_limited_coupe_5_0l_v-8_4-bbl__automatic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1978 Buick Regal Limited Coupe 5.0L V-8 4-bbl. automatic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1975–1979 [[Buick Skylark]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1978/175175/buick_skylark_custom_2-door_coupe_5_0l_v-8_automatic.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1978 Buick Skylark Custom 2-door Coupe 5.0L V-8 automatic|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>

===Oldsmobile 307===
The [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#307|{{cvt|307|CID|L|1}}]] was an [[Oldsmobile V8 engine]] shared with Buick:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rebuiltcrateengines.com/oldsmobile-307-hurst-olds-v8-p-2151.html|website=Rebuilt crate engines.com|title=Oldsmobile 307 Hurst Olds V8|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1980–1985 [[Buick Lesabre]]
*1980–1984 [[Buick Electra]]
*1980–1985 [[Buick Riviera]]
*1980–1990 [[Buick Estate Wagon]]
*1986–1987 [[Buick Regal]]

===Oldsmobile 403===
The [[Oldsmobile V8 engine#403|{{cvt|403|CID|L|1}}]] was an [[Oldsmobile V8 engine]] shared with Buick:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.automobile-catalog.com/car/1978/184400/buick_electra_park_avenue_coupe_6_6l_v-8.html|website=Automobile-catalog.com|title=1978 Buick Electra Park Avenue Coupe 6.6L V-8|editor=Pawel Zal|access-date=28 February 2019}}</ref>
*1977 [[Buick Century]] estate
*1977–1979 [[Buick Riviera]]
*1977–1979 [[Buick Electra]]
*1977–1979 [[Buick Estate Wagon]]
*1977–1979 [[Buick LeSabre]]

==See also==
{{Commons category|Buick V8 engine}}
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Buick Engine Colors<ref name=TeamBuickengcol>{{cite web | url = https://www.teambuick.com/reference/engine_colors.php | title = Buick Engine Colors, Which One is Right For You! | publisher = Team Buick | work = Reference }}</ref>
|-
! Years !! Models !! Color
|-
| 1957-1966 || All || Apple "Late Buick" Green
|-
| 1963 || Riviera || Silver
|-
| 1966 || Riviera || Red
|-
| 1967-1974 || All || Red
|-
| 1975-1977 || All || Medium Metallic Blue
|-
| 1978-1982 || All || Light Blue
|}

*[[Buick straight-8 engine]]
*[[Buick V6 engine]]

From the 1950s-1970s, each GM division had its own V8 engine family. Many were shared among other divisions, but each design is most-closely associated with its own division:
*[[Cadillac V8 engine]]
*[[Chevrolet Small-Block engine]]
*[[Chevrolet Big-Block engine]]
*[[Oldsmobile V8 engine]]
*[[Pontiac V8 engine]]
*[[Holden V8 engine]]

GM later standardized on the later generations of the Chevrolet design:
*[[GM LT engine]] — Generation II small-block
*[[GM LS engine]] — Generation III/IV small-block
*[[List of GM engines]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book | author=Peter C Sessler | title=Ultimate American V8 Engine Data Book | publisher=MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company | year=1999 | isbn=0-7603-0489-0}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buick V8 Engine}}
[[Category:Buick engines|V8]]
[[Category:Jeep engines|Buick 350]]
[[Category:V8 engines]]