View source for Bukidnon

{{for|the indigenous people in the province known as the "Bukidnon"|Lumad#Bukidnon{{!}}Lumad: Bukidnon}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Bukidnon
| settlement_type         = {{PH wikidata|settlement_type}}
| image_skyline           = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Mt. Kalatungan Sunrise.jpg
| photo2a = Mount Kitanglad and the Kitanglad Mountain Range.jpg
| photo2b = Lake Apo ValenciaBukidnon.jpg
| photo3a = Pulangi River-ValenciaCity.JPG
| photo3b = Mangima Canyon at Maluko, Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon 07.jpg
| photo4a = Bukidnon Provincial Capitol side view (San Victores, Malaybalay, Bukidnon; 12-07-2023).jpg
| size = 250
| color = white
| spacing = 2
| border = 0
}}
| image_caption           = '''Clockwise from the top''': [[Mount Kalatungan]], [[Lake Apo]], Mangima Canyon, Bukidnon Provincial Capitol, [[Pulangi River]], and [[Mount Kitanglad]].
| nicknames               = "''The Food Basket of Region X''" <br /> ''"The Eco-tourism and Cultural Heritage Capital of Northern Mindanao"'' <br /> ''"Highland Paradise in the Heart of Mindanao"''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.ph/sitepages/InteractiveSitesPage.aspx?siteID=54|title=Department of Tourism|website=tourism.gov.ph|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321130956/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/sitepages/InteractiveSitesPage.aspx?siteID=54|archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref>
| image_flag              = Flag of the Province of Bukidnon.svg
| flag_size               = 120x80px
| image_seal              = File:Bukidnon Seal NHCP.svg
| seal_size               = 100x80px
| anthem                  = Bukidnon, My Home (Bukidnon Kanak Ha Banuwa)
| image_map               = {{PH wikidata|image_map}}
| map_caption             = Location in the Philippines
| coordinates             = {{PH wikidata|coordinates}}
| subdivision_type        = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name        = {{PH wikidata|country}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{PH wikidata|region}}
| established_title       = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]
| established_date        = September 1, 1914 (Commission Act 2408)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bukidnon.gov.ph/home/index.php/item/142-bukidnon-celebrates-100th-year-in-2014 | title = Bukidnon Celebrates 100th Year in 2014 | publisher = Provincial Government of Bukidnon | access-date = 2015-09-27 | date = 2014-03-19 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065654/http://www.bukidnon.gov.ph/home/index.php/item/142-bukidnon-celebrates-100th-year-in-2014 | archive-date = 2015-09-28 }}</ref>
| seat_type               = Capital
| seat                    = {{PH wikidata|seat}}
| leader_party            = 
| leader_title            = [[Governor of Bukidnon|Governor]]
| leader_name             = [[Rogelio Neil Roque|Rogelio Neil P. Roque]] ([[Partido Federal ng Pilipinas|PFP]])
| leader_title1           = [[Vice Governor]]
| leader_name1            = Clive D. Quiño ([[Bukidnon Paglaum|BPP]])
| leader_title2           = [[Sangguniang Panlalawigan|Legislature]]
| leader_name2            = [[Bukidnon Provincial Board]]
| area_footnotes          = <ref name=list>{{cite web |title=List of Provinces |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |work=PSGC Interactive |publisher=National Statistical Coordination Board |access-date=10 June 2014 |location=Makati, Philippines |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111015112/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/listprov.asp |archive-date=11 January 2013 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2          = {{PH wikidata|area}}
| area_rank               = 3rd out of 81
| elevation_max_m         = 2,941
| elevation_max_point     = [[Mount Dulang-dulang]]
| population_footnotes    = {{PH census|current|10}}
| population_total        = {{PH wikidata|population_total}}
| population_as_of        = {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_rank         = 17th out of 81
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_density_rank = 61st out of 81
| population_demonym      = Bukidnon
| demographics_type1      = Divisions
| demographics1_title1    = [[Cities of the Philippines#Independent cities|Independent&nbsp;cities]]
| demographics1_info1     = 0
| demographics1_title2    = [[Cities of the Philippines|Component cities]]
| demographics1_info2     = {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:WhiteSmoke;
| title      = 2
| [[Malaybalay, Bukidnon|Malaybalay]]
| [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
}}
| demographics1_title3    = [[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipalities]]
| demographics1_info3     = {{Collapsible list
 | titlestyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:WhiteSmoke;
 | title      = 20
 | [[Baungon]]
 | [[Cabanglasan]]
 | [[Damulog]]
 | [[Dangcagan]]
 | [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon|Don Carlos]]
 | [[Impasugong]]
 | [[Kadingilan]]
 | [[Kalilangan]]
 | [[Kibawe]]
 | [[Kitaotao]]
 | [[Lantapan]]
 | [[Libona]]
 | [[Malitbog, Bukidnon|Malitbog]]
 | [[Manolo Fortich]]
 | [[Maramag]]
 | [[Pangantucan]]
 | [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]]
 | [[San Fernando, Bukidnon|San Fernando]]
 | [[Sumilao]]
 | [[Talakag]]

}}
| demographics1_title4    = [[Barangay]]s
| demographics1_info4     = 464
| demographics1_title5    = [[Legislative districts of the Philippines|Districts]]
| demographics1_info5     = [[Legislative districts of Bukidnon]]
| timezone                = [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset              = +8
| postal_code_type        = [[List of ZIP codes in the Philippines|ZIP code]]
| postal_code             = {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}
| area_code_type          = {{areacodestyle}}
| area_code               = {{PH wikidata|area_code}}
| iso_code                = {{PH wikidata|iso_code}}
| blank_name_sec1         = Spoken languages
| blank_info_sec1         = {{hlist | item-style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] | [[Manobo language|Manobo]] | [[Talaandig language|Talaandig]] | [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanaon]] | [[Iranun language|Iranun]] | [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] | [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] | [[Higaonon]] | [[Maranao language|Maranao]] | [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and other minority languages}}
| blank_name_sec2         = Income Classification
| blank_info_sec2         = 1st class<ref name=list/>
| website                 = {{Official URL}}
| seat1                   = [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
| seat1_type              = Largest city
| image_map1              = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe
|frame-width=250
|zoom=8}}{{hidden end}}
| seat2                   = 
| seat2_type              = 
}}

'''Bukidnon''' ({{IPAc-en|b|uː|ˈ|k|ɪ|d|n|ɒ|n}}), officially the '''Province of Bukidnon''' ({{langx|ceb|Lalawigan sa Bukidnon}}; {{langx|fil|Lalawigan ng Bukidnon}}; {{langx|hil|Kapuoran sang Bukidnon}}; [[Bukid language|Binukid]] and [[Higaonon language|Higaonon]]: ''Probinsya ta Bukidnon''), is a landlocked [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] in the [[Philippines]] located in the [[Northern Mindanao]] [[Regions of the Philippines|region]].<ref name="iaea">{{cite web|last=Sombrito|first=Elvira|title=Soil Redistribution Studies Using Fallout 137Cs|url=http://www.iaea.org/programmes/nafa/d1/mtc/report-180804-ii-3.4.pdf|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|access-date=9 September 2010}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Its capital is the city of [[Malaybalay]] while [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]] is the largest city. The province borders, clockwise from the north, [[Misamis Oriental]], [[Agusan del Sur]], [[Davao del Norte]], [[Cotabato province|Cotabato]], [[Lanao del Sur]], and [[Lanao del Norte]]. According to the 2020 census, the province is inhabited by 1,541,308 residents.{{PH census|current|10}} 
The province is composed of 2 component cities and 20 municipalities. It is the third largest province in the country in terms of total area of jurisdiction behind [[Palawan]] and [[Isabela (province)|Isabela]] respectively.

The name "Bukidnon" means "highlander" or "mountain dweller." Occupying a wide [[plateau]] in the north central part of the island of [[Mindanao]], the province is considered to be the food basket of the region, being the major producer of [[rice]] and [[Maize|corn]]. Products from plantations in the province also include [[pineapple]]s, [[banana]]s and [[sugarcane]].

Situated within Bukidnon is [[Mount Dulang-dulang]], the 2nd highest mountain in the country, with an elevation of {{convert|2938|m}} located in the [[Kitanglad Mountain Range]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/2007/09/mt-dulang-dulang-2398.html |title=Mt. Dulang-Dulang (2,938+) |publisher=~ Pinoy Mountaineer |date=2007-09-02 |access-date=2012-10-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830073710/http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/2007/09/mt-dulang-dulang-2398.html |archive-date=2012-08-30 }}</ref> [[Mount Kitanglad]] (2,899 m), [[Mount Kalatungan]] (2,860 m), Mount Maagnaw (2,742 m), Mount Lumuluyaw (2,612 m), and Mount Tuminungan (2,400 m), the 4th, 5th, 8th, 17th, and 30th highest mountains in the country respectively, are also found in the province.<ref name="pinoymountaineer1">{{cite web |url=http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/2008/02/highest-mountains-in-philippines_02.html |title=The highest mountains in the Philippines ~ Pinoy Mountaineer |publisher=Pinoymountaineer.com |date=2008-02-02 |access-date=2012-10-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025132328/http://www.pinoymountaineer.com/2008/02/highest-mountains-in-philippines_02.html |archive-date=2012-10-25 }}</ref>

Bukidnon was consecutively ranked 5th in the list of richest provinces in the Philippines for four straight years according to the [[Commission on Audit of the Philippines|Commission on Audit]]'s 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 Annual Financial Reports which were posted in 2019, early to late 2021, and 2022, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/711957/coa-makati-is-philippines-richest-city-cebu-the-richest-province/story/ |title=''COA: Makati is Philippines' richest city, Cebu the richest province (2018)'' by GMA News 2019 |date=16 October 2019 |access-date=2019-11-28 |archive-date=2019-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128180438/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/economy/711957/coa-makati-is-philippines-richest-city-cebu-the-richest-province/story/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/01/14/21/makati-still-richest-city-cebu-remains-wealthiest-province-coa-report |title=''Makati still richest city, Cebu remains wealthiest province: COA report'' by ABS-CBN News |access-date=2021-01-14 |archive-date=2021-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114154011/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/14/21/makati-still-richest-city-cebu-remains-wealthiest-province-coa-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/12/25/Quezon-City-now-richest-LGU.html "Quezon City now richest LGU – COA".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225170254/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/12/25/Quezon-City-now-richest-LGU.html |date=2021-12-25 }} [[CNN Philippines]].</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Kaamulan Gorunds malaybalay city.JPG|thumb|left|One of the "tulugan" at Kaamulan Park, Malaybalay]]
According to oral history of the [[Indigenous people]] of Bukidnon, there were four main tribes in Central Mindanao: the Maranaos who dwell in Lanao del Sur, and the Maguindanao, Manobo and Talaandig tribes who respectively inhabit the eastern, southern, and north-central portions of [[Cotabato (historical province)|the original province of Cotabato]]. When the civil government divided central Mindanao into provinces at the turn of the 20th century, the groups included in the province of Bukidnon are the Talaandig and the Manobo, as well as other smaller [[Lumad]] tribes. The [[Visayan people|Visayan]]s, particularly the [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]]s and the [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]]s from the [[Northern Mindanao]] coastline and the southern [[Visayas]], migrated into the province. The Visayans are still referred to by the Lumad as the ''[[Visayan people|dumagat]]'' ("sea people") to distinguish them from the original mountain tribes.<ref name="paredes">{{cite journal|author=Oona Paredes|year=2016|title=Rivers of Memory and Oceans of Difference in the Lumad World of Mindanao|journal=TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia|volume=4|issue=Special Issue 2 (Water in Southeast Asia)|pages=329&ndash;349|doi=10.1017/trn.2015.28|doi-access=free}}</ref> This was followed by various groups from [[Luzon]], namely, the [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]s, the [[Igorot]]s and the [[Ivatan people|Ivatan]]s, many of whom were merchants and wealthy entrepreneurs. All contributed massive acculturation among the Indigenous tribes. Most of those who moved to the mountains and forest continued to hold on their ancestors' cultural heritage. The wide variety of Filipino groups now thrives in the province and contributed immensely in the socioeconomic development.

===Spanish colonial era===
[[File:Ph bukidnon provincial capitol.JPG|thumb|left|Bukidnon Provincial Capitol, Malaybalay]]
Bukidnon became a part of [[Misamis (province)|Misamis]] in the latter part of 1850. The whole area was then called "Malaybalay" and the people were known as [[Lumad#Bukidnon|Bukidnons]] (highlanders or mountain dwellers).

===American colonial era===
The Philippine Commission, then headed by Commissioner [[Dean Conant Worcester|Dean C. Worcester]], Secretary of Interior, proposed the separation of Bukidnon from Misamis Province. On August 20, 1907, Act No. 1693 created the province of [[Agusan (province)|Agusan]] with Bukidnon as its sub-province. About a month later, on September 23, the [[rancheria]] of [[Malaybalay]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=James F. Smith |editor1-link=Orden Ejecutiva No. 36 |title=Gaceta Oficial |date=23 September 1907 |volume=V |issue=45 |page=796 |url=https://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph/OG01/1907sp/nov/6/bs/datejpg.htm |access-date=12 September 2024 |trans-title=Executive Order No. 36 |language=Spanish|journal=Ordenes Ejecutivas}}</ref> was designated as the sub-province's capital. Bukidnon became a regular province on March 10, 1917, by virtue of the creation of the [[Department of Mindanao and Sulu]] under Act 2711.

===Japanese occupation===
In 1942, invading Japanese troops entered Bukidnon. Mount Capistrano was a civilian evacuation area in the World War II. In 1945, the province was liberated from Japanese occupation by Filipino and American troops with the aid of Bukidnon-based Filipino guerrillas during the [[Second World War]].

===During the Marcos dictatorship ===
{{main|Marcos dictatorship|Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|Ilaga}}
{{see also|Jabidah massacre|Moro conflict}}
The 21-year administration of [[Ferdinand Marcos]], which included 14 years of one-man rule under Marcos, saw the rise of ethnic conflicts and the overall degradation of peace and order in Bukidnon and throughout Mindanao<ref name="FranciaIndiosBravos">{{Cite book |last=Francia |first=Luis H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwQoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT202 |title=History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos |date=2013 |publisher=Overlook Press |isbn=978-1-4683-1545-5 |location=New York}}</ref> - first in the form of conflicts between local Mindanaoan Muslims and Christian settlers which the Marcos administration had encouraged first to migrate and then to form militias,<ref>For an in-depth survey of indigenous peoples and forced land seizures in the Philippines, see {{Cite web |last=Eder |first=James F. |date=June 1994 |title=Indigenous Peoples, Ancestral Lands and Human Rights in the Philippines |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indigenous-peoples-ancestral-lands-and-human-rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222221421/https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/indigenous-peoples-ancestral-lands-and-human-rights |archive-date=December 22, 2018 |website=Cultural Survival Quarterly}}</ref><ref name="Mackerras 2003">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mi6DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |title=Ethnicity in Asia |date=2004 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |isbn=0-203-38046-0 |editor-last=Mackerras |editor-first=Colin |location=London |page=143}}</ref> and later in the form of Muslim secessionist movements arising from outrage after the 1986 [[Jabidah massacre]].<ref name="Case">{{Citation |title=The Bangsamoro Struggle for Self-Determintation: A Case Study |url=http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ccpv/assets/docs/CCPV%20-%20The%20Bangsamoro%20Struggle%20for%20Self-Determination%20-%20A%20Case%20Study%20-%20By%20Caecilia%20Noble.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025250/http://manoa.hawaii.edu/ccpv/assets/docs/CCPV%20-%20The%20Bangsamoro%20Struggle%20for%20Self-Determination%20-%20A%20Case%20Study%20-%20By%20Caecilia%20Noble.pdf |access-date=September 25, 2020 |archive-date=February 15, 2017 |mode=cs1 |url-status=live |via=manoa.hawaii.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=George |first=T. J. S. |title=Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics |date=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-580429-5 |location=Kuala Lumpur |oclc=6569089}}</ref> Additionally, an economic crisis in late 1969 led to social unrest throughout the country, and violent crackdowns on protests led to the radicalization of many students,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rodis |first=Rodel |date=January 30, 2015 |title=Remembering the First Quarter Storm |work=Inquirer.net |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm |url-status=live |access-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131131959/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/118130/remembering-the-first-quarter-storm/ |archive-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> with some joining the [[New People's Army]], bringing the  [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines|Communist rebellion]] to Mindanao.<ref name="MiclatinArguillas">{{Cite book |last=Miclat |first=Gus |title=Turning Rage Into Courage: Mindanao Under Martial Law |date=2002 |publisher=MindaNews Publications, Mindanao News and Information Cooperative Center |editor-last=Arguillas |editor-first=Carolyn O. |chapter=Our Lives Were Never the Same Again |oclc=644320116}}</ref> In September 1972, Marcos was nearing the end of this last term allowed under the Philippines 1935 constitution when he placed the entirety of the Philippines under Martial Law, a period historically remembered for [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|its human rights abuses]],<ref name="McCoy199909202">{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html|title=Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime|date=September 20, 1999|publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]]}}</ref><ref name="Abinales&Amoroso20052">{{Cite book|title=State and society in the Philippines|last1=Abinales|first1=P.N.|last2=Amoroso|first2=Donna J.|date=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0742510234|location=Lanham, MD|oclc=57452454}}</ref> particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/182828-marcos-dictatorship-martial-law-youth-leaders-killed|title=Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law|work=Rappler|access-date=June 15, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Describing the specific sociopolitical situation in Bukindnon, the Philippines' [[Bantayog ng mga Bayani]] memorial notes: <blockquote>''Bukidnon was a land of great social divisions. Politics was rough, and bullets counted more than ballots. Peasants were oppressed by landlords, usurers and middlemen, and power was in the hands of a few. Conflicts simmered between the indigenous tribes, the settlers from the Visayas, and the ranchers and loggers who extracted the area’s rich natural resources.<ref name="BantayogProfileAlingal">{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2023 |title=MARTYRS & HEROES: Godofredo Alingal |url=https://bantayogngmgabayani.org/bayani/godofredo-alingal/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Bantayog ng mga Bayani |language=en-US}}</ref>''</blockquote>

Clergy in the Roman Catholic church were among the most prominent voices opposing the Marcos dictatorship in Bukidnon, most notably Bishop [[Francisco Claver]], who was Bishop of Malaybalay from 1969 to 1984, and Fr. Godofredo Alingal, S.J. of Kibawe, Bukidnon, who was assassinated in the Kibawe convent on April 13, 1981 after receiving numerous threats due to his advocacy for Bukidnon's poor.<ref name="BantayogProfileAlingal"/>

==== Deforestation during the Marcos era ====
{{main|Deforestation in the Philippines#Deforestation during the martial law era}}
The Marcos era was a time of significant deforestation in Bukidnon and throughout the Philippines, with the forest cover of the Philippines shrinking until only 8% remained.<ref name="Dixon2010">{{cite book |last1=Homer-Dixon |first1=Thomas F. |title=Environment, Scarcity, and Violence |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-2299-7 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6B-3CugWG0C&pg=PA66 |access-date=5 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Inoue2013">{{cite book |last1=Inoue |first1=M. |last2=Isozaki |first2=H. |title=People and Forest — Policy and Local Reality in Southeast Asia, the Russian Far East, and Japan |date=2013 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-017-2554-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 |access-date=5 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nhcp3">{{cite web |date=September 20, 2017 |title=EP09 Kayo Ang Hihirap Kami Ang Yayaman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5reVY2X8PS0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/5reVY2X8PS0 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |publisher=[[National Historical Commission of the Philippines]] |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In Bukidnon, one of the major companies given Timber License Agreements (TLAs) to cut down trees during Martial Law was the Agricultural and Management Engineering Company (Ameco) owned by Juan Ponce Enrile.<ref name="nhcp3"/> Enrile was the government official Ferdinand Marcos put in place to approve Timber License Agreements during Martial Law.<ref name="nhcp3"/>

=== Later 20th Century ===
On March 22, 1998, President [[Fidel Ramos]] signed the act (R.A. 8490) that converted Malaybalay to a city, making it the first component city of Bukidnon.

==Geography==
Bukidnon is a landlocked [[plateau]] in North Central Mindanao. It is bounded on the north by [[Misamis Oriental]] and [[Cagayan de Oro]]; on the south by [[North Cotabato]] and [[Davao City]]; on the east by [[Agusan del Sur]] and [[Davao del Norte]]; and west by [[Lanao del Sur]]. It lies between parallels 7°25' and 8°38' north latitude and meridians 124°03' and 125°16' east longitude. [[Malaybalay]], the capital town, is about {{convert|850|km|sp=us}} by air from [[Manila]] and {{convert|91|km|sp=us}} by road from Cagayan de Oro.

It has two important landmarks, [[Mount Kitanglad]] and [[Pulangi River]]. Mount Kitanglad has a peak of {{convert|2899|m|sp=us}} above sea level. Pulangi River, on the other hand, traverses through the northeastern and southern part of the province towards the [[Rio Grande de Mindanao]].

===Land area===
The province's total land area is {{Convert|10,498.59|km2}},10,498.59 making it the largest in Mindanao in terms of land area. It accounts for 59 percent (59%) of [[Northern Mindanao]]. Thirty-eight percent (38%) is classified as alienable and disposable. The rest is timberland forest.

It also accounts for 80 percent (80%) or 34 million metric tons of the region's nonmetallic mineral deposits, which include high grade white and red clay, gold, chromite, copper, serpentine, manganese, quartz and limestone deposits can also be found in the province.

===Topography===
[[File:Mangima Canyon at Maluko, Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon 03.jpg|left|thumb|Mangima Canyon at Maluko, [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]]. Also located in the town is a canyon near barangay Lunocan, dubbed as the "[[Grand Canyon]] of the Philippines".]]
Much of Bukidnon is an extensive plateau, but the southern and eastern boundaries are mountainous. The province's average elevation is {{convert|915|m|sp=us}} above sea level. The slope gradient peaks at {{convert|2899|m|sp=us}} of Mount Kitanglad, an extinct volcano occupying the central portion. Two other mountain bodies are found in its southern portion, Mount Kalatungan and Mount Tangkulan, which rise to {{convert|2287|m|sp=us}} and {{convert|1678|m|sp=us}}, respectively. The rest of the province is composed of nearly level terraces, [[alluvial plain]]s, [[canyon]]s and gorges. The volcanic terraces and volcanic foot slopes that are ≥500 m above sea level are estimated to be about {{convert|221,600|ha}}.

Gently rolling grassland plateau are cut by deep and wide canyons of the [[Cagayan River (Mindanao)|Cagayan]], [[Pulangi River|Pulangi]], and [[Tagoloan River|Tagoloan]] rivers and their tributaries, which cover a greater part of the province. The Bukidnon plateau is mainly of volcanic zone consisting of [[Pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]], [[basalt]]ic and [[Andesite|andesitic]] cones.

[[File:View of Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines from Musuan Peak summit.jpg|thumb|View from [[Musuan Peak]] of the Maapag Plain of central Bukidnon. The foothills of the [[Kalatungan Mountain Range]] is visible on the upper right.]]
The whole eastern and southern border adjoining the provinces of [[Agusan del Sur|Agusan]], [[Davao del Norte]], and [[Cotabato]] are covered by lofty and densely forested [[Pantaron Mountain Range]], also known as the Central Cordillera. The Central Cordillera is a mountain range of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks. About 49% of the land resource of the province is of rugged hills and mountains and 33% of undulating to rolling terrain.

At Mailag, {{convert|23|km|sp=us}} south of [[Malaybalay]], the plateau begins to descend and gradually merges into the lowlands of [[Cotabato]] province.

===Climate===
Two types of climate are roughly divided by the northern and southern areas of Bukidnon. The northern part is classified as belonging to Type III, that is, there is no pronounced rain period but relatively dry during the months of November to May. In the southern portion of the province, the climate is classified as Type IV with no dry season. The driest area is Baungon, while the wettest is the Calabugao plain. The climate is relatively cool and humid throughout the year.

The average annual rainfall is {{convert|2800|mm|sp=us}}. Just like in other parts of the country, rainfall is more pronounced from June to October compared to other months of the year. February to April are the drier months.

Temperature ranges vary with elevation. In areas lower than {{convert|500|m|sp=us}} above sea level (m.a.s.l.), the recorded temperature range is between {{convert|20|and|34|C}}. Areas with elevations greater than {{convert|500|m|sp=us}} above sea level would have temperatures ranging from {{convert|18|to|28|C}}.

Relative humidity also varies with elevation, with those above 500 m having relative humidity of about 80%, while areas lying below {{convert|500|m|sp=us}}, 65-7 percent. Thus, the Malaybalay-Impasugong area and those around the volcanic cones approximate semi-temperate conditions and can support the cultivation of highland tropical crops.

Based on the records of climatological stations within and near the province, [[lithology]] and land form, three agro-ecological zones are identified. One covers the mountainous eastern side (Central Cordillera), which is generally wet, with rainfall of about {{convert|2340|to|4000|mm|sp=us}} per annum. Another covers the high altitude volcanic plains, the Malaybalay-Impasug-ong area, and the foot slopes of Mount Kitanglad, and Mount Kalatungan. These areas have an annual rainfall in the range of {{convert|2,490|to|3680|mm|sp=us}}. The third zone covers the south-central and the north-western parts of the province, with elevations of less than 500 meters, relatively dry with mean annual rainfall in the range of {{convert|1700|to|2600|mm|sp=us}}.

===Bodies of water===
[[File:Kalatungan falls.JPG|right|thumb|A waterfall found within the boundaries of the Kalatungan Mountain Range]]

==== Rivers ====
Bukidnon is home to the largest concentration of watersheds in Mindanao. It is endowed with six major river systems, namely: Pulangi, Tagoloan, Cagayan, Manupali, Muleta, and Bobonawan rivers. These rivers and their tributaries carved the landscape of the province, creating numerous canyons into the plateau.

The [[Pulangi River]], considered the longest river in the province, is a tributary of the [[Rio Grande de Mindanao]]. Its headwaters are found in the mountains of Kalabugao, [[Impasugong]]. It is the largest as well as the longest river found in the province. It covers the following cities and municipalities of the province: [[Impasugong]], [[Malaybalay]], [[Cabanglasan, Bukidnon|Cabanglasan]], [[San Fernando, Bukidnon|San Fernando]], [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]], [[Maramag, Bukidnon|Maramag]], [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]], [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon|Don Carlos]], [[Kitaotao, Bukidnon|Kitaotao]], [[Dangcagan, Bukidnon|Dangcagan]], [[Kibawe, Bukidnon|Kibawe]] and [[Damulog, Bukidnon|Damulog]].

The [[Tagoloan River]] has its headwaters in the mountains of Can-ayan, Malaybalay. It traverses the province northwestward passing through Malaybalay, Impasugong, Sumilao, Manolo Fortich, Malitbog and finally empties into the sea at [[Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental]].
[[File:Pulangi river in valencia.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Pulangi River]] winding through the Maapag Plain in [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia City]]]]
The [[Cagayan River (Mindanao)|Cagayan River]] watershed is found mostly in the municipality of Talakag. Its headwaters are found in the Kitanglad Mountain Range in central Bukidnon. The river flows northward through the municipalities of [[Talakag, Bukidnon|Talakag]] and [[Baungon, Bukidnon|Baungon]]. Its mouth lies at [[Cagayan de Oro]] in [[Misamis Oriental]], where it is the main source of potable water.

The [[Manupali River]], a major tributary of the Pulangi River, starts in the mountains of [[Lantapan, Bukidnon]], picking up tributaries along the way from the Kalatungan and Kitanglad Mountain Ranges. It forms part of the natural boundary of the [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]] and [[Lantapan, Bukidnon|Lantapan]]. It flows eastward towards [[Malaybalay]], eventually joining the Pulangi River in Valencia.

The [[Muleta River]] is found in the southern portion of the province covering the municipalities of [[Pangantucan, Bukidnon|Pangantucan]], [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon|Don Carlos]], [[Kitaotao, Bukidnon|Kitaotao]], [[Dangcagan, Bukidnon|Dangcagan]], [[Kibawe, Bukidnon|Kibawe]], [[Kadingilan, Bukidnon|Kadingilan]] and [[Damulog, Bukidnon|Damulog]]. It is another important tributary of the Pulangi River and flows southward. It will join the Pulangi River in the boundary of Bukidnon and [[Cotabato]] province.

[[File:Blue Water Cave.jpg|thumb|The Blue Water Cave in [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]]]]
The [[Bobonawan River]], found in the municipality of [[Cabanglasan, Bukidnon|Cabanglasan]], is another tributary of the Pulangi River. It covers most of the parts of the municipality, flowing southward towards Pulangi River.

==== Lakes ====
Aside from the relatively important river systems, various lakes also dot the landscape of the province. [[Lake Pinamaloy|Pinamaloy Lake]], in [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon]], is the largest in the province covering about 50 hectares. It was named after Barangay Pinamaloy, where the lake is located. Another lake is found in Pigtauranan, [[Pangantucan, Bukidnon|Pangantucan]] called the [[Lake Napalit|Napalit Lake]]. The lake covers an area of 36 hectares and is one of the tourist spots in Pangantucan, Bukidnon. There are 24 floating islets in the lake. The third significant inland body of water in the province is [[Lake Apo|Apo Lake]] at Guinoyoran, [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]. It occupies an approximate area of 25 hectares. A man-made lake called [[Pulangi Lake]] or Maramag Lake is found in [[Maramag]], Bukidnon, which was the result of the construction of the [[Pulangi Dam|Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Dam]] of the [[National Power Corporation]] (NPC) in the course of the Pulangi River.

==== Springs and waterfalls ====
There are also numerous springs and waterfalls located in the province. Some of the waterfalls include the Alalum Falls, Dimadungawan Falls, Dila Falls, Gantungan Falls, Natigbasan Falls, Sagumata Falls, Magubo Falls, and Balisbisan Falls.

== Biodiversity ==
The Pantaron Mountain Range in Bukidnon is a biodiverse area that hosts endemic fauna. It is home to the critically endangered [[Philippine eagle]], the vulnerable [[Philippine deer]], the [[Philippine flying lemur]], and the [[Podogymnura truei|Mindanao gymnure]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pantaron Range, Bukidnon |url=https://www.fpe.ph/conservation_site/location_details/pantaron-range-bukidnon |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Foundation for the Philippine Environment |archive-date=2024-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128032031/https://www.fpe.ph/conservation_site/location_details/pantaron-range-bukidnon |url-status=live }}</ref> The Mount Kitanglad Mountain Range is home to the Philippine eagle, the [[Mindanao pygmy fruit bat]], the Kitanglad shrew-mouse (''[[Katanglad shrew-mouse|Crunomys suncoides]])'', and the gray-bellied mountain rat (''[[Gray-bellied mountain rat|Limonmys bryophilus]]''). ''[[Rafflesia schadenbergiana]]'' has also been found on Mount Kitanglad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tordecilla |first=Jaemark |date=2010-12-16 |title=The spirits, flora, fauna thrive in Mount Kitanglad |url=https://www.mindanews.com/feature/2010/12/the-spirits-flora-fauna-thrive-in-mount-kitanglad/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Mindanews |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927214954/https://www.mindanews.com/feature/2010/12/the-spirits-flora-fauna-thrive-in-mount-kitanglad/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mount Musuan and Mount Kalatungan, along with [[Mount Malindang]] in Misamis Occisdental, are also home to the Philippine eagle, the Mindanao wrinkled hornbill (''[[Writhed hornbill|Aceros leococephalus]]''), and the Philippine tarsier (''[[Tarsius syrichta]]''). The three mountains are home to more than 1,000 plant species, including 12 that are endangered, 221 that are endemic, 17 that are rare, and 187 that are economically or socioculturally important.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Rudy A. |date=November 30, 2003 |title=Plant, animal species on 3 Mindanao mountains threatened |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2003/11/30/229772/plant-animal-species-3-mindanao-mountains-threatened |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=Philippine Star |archive-date=January 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123154941/http://www.philstar.com/nation/2003/11/30/229772/plant-animal-species-3-mindanao-mountains-threatened |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
Bukidnon is subdivided into 20 [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]] and 2 [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]].
[[File:Ph fil bukidnon.png|thumb|upright=0.9|{{center|Political divisions}}]]
{{unbulleted list
| {{Color box|#CCFFCC|†|border=darkgray}} {{font|Provincial capital and component city|size=90%}}
| {{Color box|#FFE6F3|∗|border=darkgray}} {{font|Component city|size=90%}}
| {{Color box|#FDFDFD|border=darkgray}} {{font|Municipality|size=90%}}
}}
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;table-layout:fixed;text-align:right;background-color:#FDFDFD;font-size:90%;border-collapse:collapse;"
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" colspan=2 | City {{small|or}}<br />municipality
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" | Date of<br />creation
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" colspan=3 | Population
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" | {{PSGC rubric}}
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" colspan=2 | Area{{PSGC detail|nscb}}
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" colspan=2 | Density
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Barangay|Total number of barangays}}
! scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable" | [[Coordinates]]{{ref label|Coord|A|none}}
|-
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" colspan=2 |
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" |
! scope="col" style="border-style:hidden hidden solid solid;" colspan=2 | {{small|(2020)}}{{PH census|2020|10}}
! scope="col" style="border-style:hidden solid solid hidden;" | {{small|(2015)}}{{PH census|2015|10}}
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" |
! scope="col" style="border-style:hidden hidden solid solid;" | km<sup>2</sup>
! scope="col" style="border-style:hidden solid solid hidden;" class="unsortable" | {{nowrap|sq mi}}
! scope="col" style="border-style:hidden hidden solid solid;" | /km<sup>2</sup>
! scope="col" style="border-style:hidden solid solid hidden;" class="unsortable" | {{nowrap|/sq mi}}
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" |
! scope="col" style="border-top:none;" |
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Baungon, Bukidnon|Baungon]]
| 13 Feb 1957<ref>{{Cite web |title=MALACANANG RESIDENCE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 235 CLASSIFYING MUNICIPAL DISTRICTS IN THE PHILIPPINES |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/1957/02feb/19570213-EO-0235-RM.pdf}}</ref>
| {{percent and number|37,111|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 34,336
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|37,111|2015.3315|34,336}}
| {{convert|328.34|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|37,111/328.34|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 16
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.3125|N|124.6871|E|name=Baungon|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Cabanglasan, Bukidnon|Cabanglasan]]
| 13 Aug 1979
| {{percent and number|36,286|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 33,997
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|36,286|2015.3315|33,997}}
| {{convert|243.30|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|36,286/243.30|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 15
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.0765|N|125.3011|E|name=Cabanglasan|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Damulog, Bukidnon|Damulog]]
| 16 Aug 1971
| {{percent and number|39,322|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 30,302
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|39,322|2015.3315|30,302}}
| {{convert|244.19|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|39,322/244.19|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 17
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.4813|N|124.9388|E|name=Damulog|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Dangcagan, Bukidnon|Dangcagan]]
| 29 Aug 1961
| {{percent and number|26,076|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 23,723
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|26,076|2015.3315|23,723}}
| {{convert|422.69|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|26,076/422.69|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.6099|N|125.0041|E|name=Dangcagan|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon|Don Carlos]]
| 18 Jun 1966
| {{percent and number|69,273|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 66,959
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|69,273|2015.3315|66,959}}
| {{convert|213.72|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|69,273/213.72|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 29
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.6838|N|124.9946|E|name=Don Carlos|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Impasugong]]
| 6 Sep 1877<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://impasugong.com.ph/archives/14|title=Brief History – Impasugong, Bukidnon|access-date=2020-03-08|archive-date=2020-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626044815/https://impasugong.com.ph/archives/14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url-access=limited  |archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/264268269164/10152731730459165 |archive-date = 2022-04-27| url = https://www.facebook.com/Bukidnon.ph/photos/municipality-of-impasug-ongadministrative-center-poblacionpopulation-43587-12th-/10152731730459165/ |title = Bukidnon My Home on Facebook  |website=[[Facebook]]}}{{cbignore}}{{User-generated source|certain=yes|date=March 2022}}</ref>
| {{percent and number|53,863|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 47,859
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|53,863|2015.3315|47,859}}
| {{convert|1,051.17|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|53,863/1051.17|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 13
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.3033|N|125.0008|E|name=Impasugong|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Kadingilan, Bukidnon|Kadingilan]]
| 16 Aug 1971
| {{percent and number|33,735|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 33,778
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|33,735|2015.3315|33,778}}
| {{convert|171.94|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|33,735/171.94|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 17
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.6001|N|124.9099|E|name=Kadingilan|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Kalilangan, Bukidnon|Kalilangan]]
| 18 Jun 1966
| {{percent and number|43,711|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 41,601
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|43,711|2015.3315|41,601}}
| {{convert|251.43|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|43,711/251.43|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.7468|N|124.7480|E|name=Kalilangan|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Kibawe, Bukidnon|Kibawe]]
| 1 Jul 1956
| {{percent and number|41,897|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 39,612
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|41,897|2015.3315|39,612}}
| {{convert|304.13|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|41,897/304.13|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 23
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.5678|N|124.9903|E|name=Kibawe|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Kitaotao, Bukidnon|Kitaotao]]
| 18 Jun 1966
| {{percent and number|53,796|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 50,260
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|53,796|2015.3315|50,260}}
| {{convert|788.78|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|53,796/788.78|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 35
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.6390|N|125.0074|E|name=Kitaotao|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Lantapan, Bukidnon|Lantapan]]
| 18 Jun 1966
| {{percent and number|65,974|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 61,776
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|65,974|2015.3315|61,776}}
| {{convert|328.35|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|65,974/328.35|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.0262|N|124.9880|E|name=Lantapan|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Libona, Bukidnon|Libona]]
| 1 Jul 1956
| {{percent and number|48,965|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 43,969
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|48,965|2015.3315|43,969}}
| {{convert|374.37|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|48,965/374.37|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 14
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.3346|N|124.7435|E|name=Libona|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-style="background-color:#CCFFCC;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:#CCFFCC;border-right:0;" | [[Malaybalay]]
| style="text-align:right;border-left:0;" | †
| 19 Oct 1907
| {{percent and number|190,712|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 174,625
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|190,712|2015.3315|174,625}}
| {{convert|969.19|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|190,712/969.19|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 46
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.1553|N|125.1304|E|name=Malaybalay|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Malitbog, Bukidnon|Malitbog]]
| 25 Jun 1963
| {{percent and number|26,741|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 24,453
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|26,741|2015.3315|24,453}}
| {{convert|581.85|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|26,741/581.85|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.5363|N|124.8792|E|name=Malitbog|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]]
| 21 Jun 1957
| {{percent and number|113,200|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 100,210
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|113,200|2015.3315|100,210}}
| {{convert|413.60|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|113,200/413.60|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 22
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.3659|N|124.8637|E|name=Manolo Fortich|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Maramag, Bukidnon|Maramag]]
| 1 Jul 1956
| {{percent and number|108,293|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 102,089
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|108,293|2015.3315|102,089}}
| {{convert|447.26|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|108,293/447.26|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 20
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.7611|N|125.0047|E|name=Maramag|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Pangantucan, Bukidnon|Pangantucan]]
| 25 Jun 1963
| {{percent and number|56,580|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 53,126
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|56,580|2015.3315|53,126}}
| {{convert|461.72|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|56,580/461.72|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.8322|N|124.8282|E|name=Pangantucan|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]]
| 18 Jun 1966
| {{percent and number|109,624|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 104,116
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|109,624|2015.3315|104,116}}
| {{convert|626.86|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|109,624/626.86|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 31
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.7309|N|125.1000|E|name=Quezon|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[San Fernando, Bukidnon|San Fernando]]
| 18 Jun 1966
| {{percent and number|63,045|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 56,138
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|63,045|2015.3315|56,138}}
| {{convert|705.06|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|63,045/705.06|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 24
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.9168|N|125.3287|E|name=San Fernando|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Sumilao, Bukidnon|Sumilao]]
| 1 Jul 1956
| {{percent and number|29,531|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 27,660
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|29,531|2015.3315|27,660}}
| {{convert|196.95|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|29,531/196.95|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.3270|N|124.9779|E|name=Sumilao|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan=2 style="text-align:left;background-color:initial;" | [[Talakag, Bukidnon|Talakag]]
| 22 Feb 1917
| {{percent and number|77,027|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 71,644
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|77,027|2015.3315|71,644}}
| {{convert|786.40|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|77,027/786.40|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 29
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|8.2322|N|124.6035|E|name=Talakag|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-style="background-color:#FFE6F3;"
! scope="row" style="text-align:left;background-color:#FFE6F3;border-right:0;" | [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia City]]
| style="text-align:right;border-left:0;" | ∗
| 16 Jan 1961
| {{percent and number|216,546|1,541,308|disp=table|1|pad=yes}}
| 192,993
| {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|216,546|2015.3315|192,993}}
| {{convert|587.29|km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| {{convert|{{sigfig|216,546/587.29|2}}|PD/km2|abbr=values|disp=table}}
| style="text-align:center;" | 31
| style="text-align:center;" | {{coord|7.9028|N|125.0898|E|name=Valencia|region:PH-BUK_type:city|format=dms}}
|-class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" colspan=4 style="text-align:left;" | Total
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | 1,541,308
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | 1,415,226
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | {{PAGR|color=true|2020.5835|1,541,308|2015.3315|1,415,226}}
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | 10,498.59
! scope="col" | {{convert|10,498.59|km2|disp=number|2}}
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | {{sigfig|1,541,308/10,498.59|2}}
! scope="col" style="text-align:right;" | {{convert|{{sigfig|1,541,308/10,498.59|2}}|PD/km2|disp=number}}
! scope="col" | 464
! scope="col" style="font-style:italic;" | {{small|(see [[#External links|GeoGroup box]])}}
|-class="sortbottom" style="background-color:#F2F2F2;border-top:double grey;line-height:1.3em;"
| colspan=13 |
{{Ordered list
| list_style_type = upper-alpha
| {{note label|Coord|A|none}}Coordinates mark the [[town center|city/town center]], and are sortable by [[latitude]].
}}
|}
{{col-end}}

===Barangays===
[[File:Pulangi Riverside Boulevard.jpg|thumb|Pulangi Riverside Boulevard]]
The province has 464 barangays under its jurisdiction. The table below shows the Top 20 Largest Barangays according to population.{{PH census|2015|10}}

{| class="wikitable non-sortable collapsible" style="background-color:#FDFDFD;font-size:90%;"
|-
! Rank
! scope="col" | [[Barangay]]
! scope="col" | [[Cities of the Philippines|City]]/[[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipality]]
! scope="col" |  Population (2015){{PH census|2015|20}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| Poblacion
| [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 35,793
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| Casisang
| [[Malaybalay City]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 25,696
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| Lumbo
| [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 16,082
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| Poblacion
| [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 15,247
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| North Poblacion
| [[Maramag, Bukidnon|Maramag]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 14,799
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| Dologon
| [[Maramag, Bukidnon|Maramag]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 14,093
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| Butong
| [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 13,258
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| South Poblacion
| [[Maramag, Bukidnon|Maramag]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 12,165
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| Damilag
| [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,713
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| Batangan
| [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,550
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| Kisolon
| [[Sumilao, Bukidnon|Sumilao]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,532
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| Don Carlos Sur (Poblacion)
| [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon|Don Carlos]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,385
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| Poblacion
| [[Impasugong]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,279
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| Poblacion
| [[Pangantucan, Bukidnon|Pangantucan]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,970
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| Bagontaas
| [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,619
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| Halapitan ([[Poblacion]])
| [[San Fernando, Bukidnon|San Fernando]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 10,221
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| Agusan Canyon
| [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 11,385
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| [[Sumpong, Malaybalay|Sumpong]]
| [[Malaybalay]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,302
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| Alae
| [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,135
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| Barangay 9 ([[Poblacion]])
| [[Malaybalay]]
| style="text-align:right;" | 9,033
|}

===Legislative districts===
{{Main|Legislative districts of Bukidnon}}

Bukidnon has four legislative districts namely the [[Legislative districts of Bukidnon#First district|first]], [[Legislative districts of Bukidnon#Second district|second]], [[Legislative districts of Bukidnon#Third district|third]] and [[Legislative districts of Bukidnon#Fourth district|fourth districts]].

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; background-color:#FDFDFD;font-size:95%;"
|-
! {{nowrap|Legislative District}}
! {{nowrap|[[Cities of the Philippines|City]]/[[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipality]]}}
! {{nowrap|Land Area}}
! {{nowrap|Population {{nobold|(''2015'')}}}}{{PH census|2015|10}}
! {{nowrap|Density {{nobold|(''2010'')}}}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1st District
|
{{plainlist|
* '''[[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipalities]]''': [[Baungon, Bukidnon|Baungon]], [[Libona, Bukidnon|Libona]], [[Malitbog, Bukidnon|Malitbog]], [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]], [[Sumilao, Bukidnon|Sumilao]] and [[Talakag, Bukidnon|Talakag]]
}}
| 2,229.17&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
| 302,272
| 125.14 person/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
! scope="row" | 2nd District
| 
{{plainlist|
*'''[[Cities of the Philippines|City]]''': [[Malaybalay City]]
*'''[[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipalities]]''': [[Cabanglasan, Bukidnon|Cabanglasan]], [[Impasugong]], [[Lantapan, Bukidnon|Lantapan]] and [[San Fernando, Bukidnon|San Fernando]] 
}}
| 3,144.44&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
| 374,395
| 106.60 person/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
! scope="row" | 3rd District
| {{plainlist|
*'''[[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipalities]]''': [[Damulog, Bukidnon|Damulog]], [[Dangcagan, Bukidnon|Dangcagan]], [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon|Don Carlos]], [[Kadingilan, Bukidnon|Kadingilan]], [[Kibawe, Bukidnon|Kibawe]], [[Kitaotao, Bukidnon|Kitaotao]], [[Maramag, Bukidnon|Maramag]] and [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]]
}}
| 1,816.11&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
| 450,839
| 228.08 person/km<sup>2</sup>
|-
! scope="row" | 4th District
| {{plainlist|
*'''[[Cities of the Philippines|City]]''': [[Valencia City, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
*'''[[Municipalities of the Philippines|Municipalities]]''': [[Kalilangan, Bukidnon|Kalilangan]] and [[Pangantucan, Bukidnon|Pangantucan]]
}}
| 1,104.06&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>
| 287,720
| 244.71 person/km<sup>2</sup>
|}

==Demographics==
{{Philippine Census
| align= none
| cols = 3
| title= Population census of {{PH wikidata|name}}
| 1903 = {{PH census population|1903}}
| 1918 = {{PH census population|1918}}
| 1939 = {{PH census population|1939}}
| 1948 = {{PH census population|1948}}
| 1960 = {{PH census population|1960}}
| 1970 = {{PH census population|1970}}
| 1975 = {{PH census population|1975}}
| 1980 = {{PH census population|1980}}
| 1990 = {{PH census population|1990}}
| 1995 = {{PH census population|1995}}
| 2000 = {{PH census population|2000}}
| 2007 = {{PH census population|2007}}
| 2010 = {{PH census population|2010}}
| 2015 = {{PH census population|2015}}
| 2020 = {{PH census population|2020}}
| 2024 = {{PH census population|2024}}
| 2030 = 
| footnote = Source: Philippine Statistics Authority{{PH census|2015|10}}{{PH census|2010|10}}{{PH census|2010}}<ref name="Cairns">{{cite book|last1=Cairns|first1=Malcolm|title=Shifting Cultivation and Environmental Change: Indigenous People, Agriculture and Forest Conservation|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317750192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4gcBgAAQBAJ&q=1980+Bukidnon+population&pg=PA605|access-date=29 June 2016}}</ref>
}}

Based on the 2020 census, Bukidnon has a total population of 1,541,308 residents.{{PH census|current|10}}

In the 2000 census, males slightly edge the females with 546,234, accounting for about 52% of the province's total population while females, with 514,181, account about 48%. Based on age distribution, Bukidnon has a fairly young population, with ages 14 and below accounting 42.15% or 446, 952. The 15-34 age bracket account for 33.68% of the province's population or 357,112. Ages 55 and above barely accounts 6.5% of the total. The average population growth rate of the province is 2.05% (2.03% if exponential) from 2000 to 2010. Male-to-female ratio in the province stood at 1.06.

===Population density===
The average population density for the province is 128 persons per square km. The cities/municipalities with the highest population densities are the following: [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon|Don Carlos]] (353/km<sup>2</sup>), [[Kitaotao, Bukidnon|Kitaotao]] (250/km<sup>2</sup>), [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]] (244/km<sup>2</sup>), [[Maramag, Bukidnon|Maramag]] (213/km<sup>2</sup>) and [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]] (202/km<sup>2</sup>). The cities/municipalities with the lowest densities, on the other hand are: [[Impasugong]] (29/km<sup>2</sup>), [[Talakag, Bukidnon|Talakag]] (58/km<sup>2</sup>), [[San Fernando, Bukidnon|San Fernando]] (63/km<sup>2</sup>), [[Malitbog, Bukidnon|Malitbog]] (75/km<sup>2</sup>) and [[Damulog, Bukidnon|Damulog]] (83/km<sup>2</sup>).

===Population by congressional districts===
[[File:Bukidnon Population Percentage by District.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Population percentage by District (2010)]]
[[Congressional Districts of Bukidnon|District III]] has the highest population among the four provincial congressional districts, with 31.86% of the total population of the province. It is followed by [[Congressional Districts of Bukidnon|District II]] with 26.45% of the total population and [[Congressional Districts of Bukidnon|District I]] with a population share of 21.36%. The least populated district is [[Congressional Districts of Bukidnon|District IV]] with population percentage share of 20.33%.

[[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]] has the highest population among the cities/municipalities of the province with 192,993 inhabitants, accounting 13.64% of the province's total. It is closely followed by [[Malaybalay]] with 174,625 inhabitants or 12.34% of the provincial population. [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]] is at third with 104,116 inhabitants or 7.36% of the total, with [[Maramag, Bukidnon|Maramag]] and [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]] rounding out the fourth and fifth with 102,089 and 100,210 inhabitants, respectively.

The four largest local government units of Bukidnon (Valencia, Malaybalay, Quezon, and Maramag) are clustered together in the central part of the province. It is also in the national roads of these cities/municipalities that daily road use volume are high.

===Languages===
{{bar box
|width=240px
| title    = Languages Spoken (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/BUKIDNON_FINAL%20PDF.pdf|title=Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity and Sex: 2010|website=psa.gov.ph|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211218/http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/BUKIDNON_FINAL%20PDF.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
| titlebar = #f99
| left1    = Language
| right1   = Speakers
| float    = right
| bars     = 
{{bar pixel|[[Cebuano language|Cebuano/Bisaya]]|Orange|56.8||734,848}}
{{bar pixel|[[Higaonon language|Higaonon]]|Blue|11.9||154,295}}
{{bar pixel|[[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]]|Yellow|9.2||119,133}}
{{bar pixel|[[Binukid language|Binukid/Bukidnon]]|Purple|5.8||76,812}}
{{bar pixel|[[Talaandig language|Talaandig]]|Red|4.3||55,757}}
{{bar pixel|[[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]|Green|2.1||26,954}}
{{bar pixel|[[Matigsalug language|Matigsalug]]|Brown|1.4||18,263}}
{{bar pixel|Others|Gray|8.4||108,815}}
}}
The [[lingua franca]] of the region is [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]. Minority languages include Higaonon, Bukid, Ilianen, Matigsalug, Hiligaynon, [[Maranao]], [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]], [[Iranun language|Iranun]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], and [[Waray language|Waray]]. and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] 

===Ethnicity===
[[File:Ph buk pop by ethnicity 2000.PNG|thumb|left|upright|Bukidnon's population by ethnic origin (2000)]]
According to ethnicity, majority of the people in Bukidnon are [[Cebuano people|Cebuanos]] accounting for approximately 41% of the total population. The Bukidnon Lumads (Bukidnon, Higaonon, Manobo, Talaandig, etc.) account for about 24% of the total population of the province. The Maranaos form about 8% of the total population followed by the [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon/Ilonggo]] and [[Boholano people|Boholano]] groups with 12.7% and 7.37%, respectively, of the province's total population. The rest consists of [[Iranun people|Iranuns]], [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanaons]], [[Bicolano people|Bicolanos]], [[Ilocano people|Ilocanos]], [[Ivatan people|Ivatans]], [[Karay-a language|Karay-a]], [[Kapampangan people|Kapampangans]], [[Pangasinan people|Pangasinans]], [[Sambal people|Sambals]], and [[Waray people|Warays]].

Indigenous inhabitants of Bukidnon are the [[Lumad peoples]], including the Bukidnon, Higaonon, Manobo, and Talaandig. Their cultures and traditions are embodied in [[Oral literature|oral folk literature]] of the province, which are classified into; ''antoka'' (riddles), ''basahan'' (proverbs or wise sayings), ''kaliga'' (ceremonial songs), ''limbay'' (lyric poem), ''sala'' (love song), ''idangdang'' (ballad), ''ulaging'' (epic), and ''nanangon'' (folktales). Religion is monotheistic. They believe in one [[God]]. ''Magbabaya'' (the ruler of all) has minor gods and goddesses under his command (Example: ''Bulalakaw'' watches rivers and lakes, ''Tumpas Nanapiyaw'' or ''Itumbangol'' watches the bases of the earth, night, and day).

Many of the province's inhabitants, however, are descendants of immigrants from [[Cebu]] or elsewhere in Central Visayas.

===Religion===
{{bar box 
|width=240px
| title    = Religion in Bukidnon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/specialrelease/Bukidnon_Statistical%20Tables.xls |title=Authentication challenge pages |access-date=2018-03-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304174057/http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/specialrelease/Bukidnon_Statistical%20Tables.xls |archive-date=2018-03-04 }}</ref>
| titlebar = #ddd
| left1    = Religion
| right1   = percentage
| float    = right
| bars     = 
{{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Roman Catholic]]|Red|80.7}}
{{bar percent|[[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestant <br /> {{small|(other Christians)}}]]|Orange|15}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]]|Green|4}}
}}
{{main|Religion in the Philippines}}

====Catholicism====
The majority of the population are Christians (predominantly [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], 80.7%).

====Others====
Significant other Christian denomination minority at 15%, followed by Islam (4%), and other religious groups comprising 0.3%. Ethnic religion is still in practice by native Lumads across the province.

==Economy==
{{stack|float=left|{{PH poverty incidence}}}}
[[File:Freshly-made binaki (sweet corn tamales), Bukidnon, Philippines 02.jpg|thumb|''[[Binaki]]'', a type of steamed corn cake wrapped with [[corn husk]]s is believed to have originated in Bukidnon]]
Bukidnon is an [[agriculture|agricultural]] economy. It is a major producer of [[rice]], [[maize]], [[sugar]], [[coffee]], [[rubber]], [[pineapple]], [[banana]], [[tomato]], [[flower]]s, [[cassava]], and other fruits and vegetables. Almost all large firms operating in the province are into production or processing of these agricultural products. Recognized by the Food and Agriculture Organization as a foot-and-mouth disease-free province, it is also a major producer of [[poultry]], [[Hog (swine)|hogs]], [[goat]]s, and [[cattle]].

The [[Philippine Carabao Center]]'s outlet in [[Central Mindanao University]] makes dairy products from [[carabao|water buffalos]]. Due to being [[landlock]]ed, Bukidnon relies on the nearby cities of [[Cagayan de Oro]] and [[Davao City|Davao]] for the supply of marine products. However, the province has its own supply of freshwater products such as [[tilapia]], [[carp]], [[catfish]], [[channa striata|mudfish]], [[giant gourami|gourami]], [[common barb|barb]], [[goby]], [[Anabas testudineus|climbing perch]], [[Anguillidae|freshwater eels]], [[macrobrachium rosenbergii|giant freshwater prawn]] or [[caridea|shrimps]], native [[freshwater snail]]s or [[freshwater bivalve|freshwater clams]], and [[freshwater crab]]s, either via inland fishing or [[fry (biology)|fry]] production aquaculture in inland [[fish farming|fish farms]] and [[fish hatcheries]].

[[File:Manolo Fortich Pineapple Fields.jpg|thumb|[[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte]] Pineapple fields in [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]]]]
[[Del Monte Foods|Del Monte Philippines, Inc. (DMPI)]], Lapanday Diversified Products Corp. and Mt. Kitanglad Agri-Development Corporation are engaged in pineapple production. [[Dole Food Company|Dole Philippines (Skyland)]] and Mt. Kitanglad Agri-Ventures, Inc. are into banana production. DMPI is also engaged in cattle fattening. Bukidnon Sugar Milling Corporation (BUSCO) and Crystal Sugar Milling are into sugar milling and refining.

Phil-Agro Industrial Corporation is in starch production. Menzi Agricultural Development is in [[Cocoa bean|cacao]] production. Agaropyta Phils. Inc., Bukidnon Greens Inc., FP Obrero Farms and ARDEM, Inc. are in cut-flower production.

Food manufacturing giants, [[San Miguel Pure Foods Company|San Miguel Foods Corp. (SMPFCI)]], Monterey Farms Corp., [[Century Pacific Food|Swift Foods, Inc.]] have intensified their contract breeding and growing operations in the province. Valencia Rubbertex, Inc., an 80-20 Japanese-Filipino joint venture produces rubber boots and rubber shoes for Japan.

[[File:Robvalcity.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robinsons Place Valencia]]]]
As one of the major anchors in crop production, Bukidnon is moving forward towards establishing its position as a principal trader of rice, corn, sugar, potato, tomato and many other commercial and industrial crops. As the second largest producer of corn in the country, it reached a total production of 481,370 metric tons. In year 2000, vast tracts of cornfields, rice paddles, and sugar plantations are distributed all over the province.

Bukidnon has already assumed its role as producer and supplier of fresh fruits and vegetables. These produce are either sold in domestic markets or exported to Japan and other neighboring countries. Fresh pineapples, banana, sugarcane and cut flowers grown over the years are among its exports. New agri-business industries are still growing such as [[strawberry]] farming. Even export of rubber boots and shoes, an infant industry in the province is increasing tremendously.

A wide variety of resource-based handicrafts is extensively produced from [[rattan]], [[bamboo]], and [[wood]]. [[San Fernando, Bukidnon|San Fernando]] is known for its rattan furniture. Bamboo baskets, wood wares and carvings, mats, and other handmade products are ideal souvenir items.

===Bukidnon Investment Grid===
During the mid-1990s, the provincial government of Bukidnon, after careful studies and consultation, has adopted a strategic program called the Bukidnon Investment Grid or BIG. This program is aimed to confine all its investment promotion activities and projects to the strip of land three kilometers from both sides of the [[Sayre Highway]] from [[Damulog, Bukidnon|Damulog]] to [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]], and along the national/provincial road from [[Kibawe, Bukidnon|Kibawe]] to [[Kadingilan, Bukidnon|Kadingilan]]; [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon|Don Carlos]] to Kadingilan; [[Maramag, Bukidnon|Maramag]] to [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]]; Maramag to Kadingilan; Kadingilan to [[Pangantucan, Bukidnon|Pangantucan]]; [[Valencia City, Bukidnon|Valencia City]] to [[San Fernando, Bukidnon|San Fernando]]; [[Malaybalay City]] to [[Cabanglasan, Bukidnon|Cabanglasan]]; Malaybalay to [[Lantapan, Bukidnon|Lantapan]]; [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon|Manolo Fortich]] to [[Libona, Bukidnon|Libona]]; Libona to [[Cagayan de Oro]]; [[Talakag, Bukidnon|Talakag]] to [[Pangantucan, Bukidnon|Pangantucan]]; and [[Malitbog, Bukidnon|Malitbog]] to [[Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental|Tagoloan]] in [[Misamis Oriental]].

==Transportation==

The province is very well accessible by road primarily from the cities of [[Cagayan de Oro]] and [[Davao City|Davao]] with alternate road networks as well from the cities of [[Butuan]] (via [[Agusan del Sur]]), [[Iligan]] (via [[Talakag]]), [[Marawi City|Marawi]] (via Talakag), [[Tagum City|Tagum]] (via [[San Fernando, Bukidnon|San Fernando]]), and the province of [[Cotabato]].

[[File:MalaybalayDowntown.jpg|thumb|left|Sayre Highway in Malaybalay City]]
The entire province is bisected from north to south by the four-lane [[Sayre Highway]] from [[Cagayan de Oro]] to [[Kabacan|Kabacan, North Cotabato]] via [[Maramag]] ([[Bukidnon–Cotabato Road]]); and by the two-to-four lane [[Bukidnon–Davao Road]] (colloquially known as "BuDa") from [[Quezon, Bukidnon|Quezon]] to [[Davao City]]. Both are components of National Route 10 (N10) of the [[Philippine highway network]], and a spur of the Asian Highway 26 (AH26) of the [[Asian highway network]]. The Sayre Highway intersects with the BuDa Road in the barrio of Dologon in Maramag, where it changes to route N943 and continues on to [[Dangcagan]], [[Damulog]], and [[Kabacan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/2017%20DPWH%20Road%20and%20Bridge%20Inventory/Road%20Data%202016/new_page_25.htm|title=Bukidnon 2nd|website=www.dpwh.gov.ph|access-date=2018-08-27|archive-date=2018-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015233424/http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/2017%20DPWH%20Road%20and%20Bridge%20Inventory/Road%20Data%202016/new_page_25.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/2017%20DPWH%20Road%20and%20Bridge%20Inventory/Road%20Data%202016/davao_city_sub.htm|title=Davao City 2nd|website=www.dpwh.gov.ph|access-date=2018-08-27|archive-date=2018-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828001759/http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/2017%20DPWH%20Road%20and%20Bridge%20Inventory/Road%20Data%202016/davao_city_sub.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/2017%20DPWH%20Road%20and%20Bridge%20Inventory/Road%20Data%202016/cagayan_de_oro_city_2nd.htm|title=Cagayan de Oro 2nd|website=www.dpwh.gov.ph|access-date=2018-09-09|archive-date=2018-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909184908/http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/2017%20DPWH%20Road%20and%20Bridge%20Inventory/Road%20Data%202016/cagayan_de_oro_city_2nd.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Sayre Highway (formerly "Route 3") was renamed in honor of [[Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr.]], the U.S. Philippine High Commissioner who spearheaded its construction during the [[American occupation of the Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-PI/USA-P-PI-28.html|title=HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Fall of the Philippines [Chapter 28]|website=www.ibiblio.org|access-date=2020-02-25|archive-date=2020-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224064555/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-PI/USA-P-PI-28.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are several airstrips in the province being used by private firms. Commercial flights used to be flown from the [[Malaybalay Airport|Malaybalay Airstrip]], but it was closed down by the provincial government in the late 1990s. The airport where it used to be located was converted into a low-cost housing project. A proposed domestic airport site in the municipality of [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon|Don Carlos]] has already been on the talks since 2008 and in 2013, the Bukidnon Airport Development Project proposal was finalized.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbase.com/philippineaviation/maraymaray_don_carlos_bukidnon_airstrip|title=Bukidnon Airport (Maraymaray Airstrip) in Don Carlos, Bukidnon by Philippine Aviation|website=PBase|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023000240/http://www.pbase.com/philippineaviation/maraymaray_don_carlos_bukidnon_airstrip|archive-date=23 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bukidnonnewstoday.wordpress.com/2011/03/28/bukidnon-airport-to-be-constructed-in-2012-%E2%80%93-sen-zubiri/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222164630/https://bukidnonnewstoday.wordpress.com/2011/03/28/bukidnon-airport-to-be-constructed-in-2012-%E2%80%93-sen-zubiri/|url-status=dead|title=Bukidnon airport to be constructed in 2012 – Sen. Zubiri|date=March 27, 2011|archivedate=December 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2013/08/06/don-carlos-is-best-choice-for-bukidnon-airport/ |title=Don Carlos is best choice for Bukidnon airport (''MindaNews'') |date=6 August 2013 |access-date=2015-08-31 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083638/http://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2013/08/06/don-carlos-is-best-choice-for-bukidnon-airport/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Budget allocation was done in 2017<ref>[http://doncarlos.gov.ph/index.php/art/13-maraymaray-don-carlos-bukidnon-airport-development-project Maraymaray, Don Carlos; Bukidnon Airport Development Project (''Don Carlos Official Website'')] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808194759/http://doncarlos.gov.ph/index.php/art/13-maraymaray-don-carlos-bukidnon-airport-development-project |date=2017-08-08 }}</ref> and construction started in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |first= |date=7 January 2018 |title=PROJECT WATCH: New Bukidnon (Don Carlos) Development Airport to start this year; P425 million budget allocated |url=http://www.cdodev.com/2018/01/07/project-watch-new-bukidnon-don-carlos-development-airport-to-start-this-year-p425-million-budget-allocated/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175204/http://www.cdodev.com/2018/01/07/project-watch-new-bukidnon-don-carlos-development-airport-to-start-this-year-p425-million-budget-allocated/ |archive-date=8 January 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018 |website=cdodev.com}}</ref> There are no seaports in Bukidnon because the province is [[landlocked]]. The nearest passenger seaport is in Cagayan de Oro.

==Education==

===Universities and colleges===
The following universities and colleges of Bukidnon are the tertiary schools.
[[File:Central Mindanao University, entrance gate.jpg|right|thumb|Main entrance to the [[Central Mindanao University]] grounds]]
[[File:Colleges01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Valencia Colleges (Bukidnon), Inc.]]]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background-color:#FDFDFD;font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" | School
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Location
|-
| [[AMA Computer Learning Center|ACLC College of Bukidnon]] || Hagkol, [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
|-
| [[Bukidnon State University]] || [[Malaybalay]]
|-
| [[Central Mindanao University]] ||Musuan, [[Maramag, Bukidnon]]
|-
| Don Carlos Polytechnic College || Poblacion, [[Don Carlos, Bukidnon]]
|-
| IBA College of Mindanao || [[Valencia, Bukidnon]]
|-
| Maramag Polytechnic College|| North Poblacion, [[Maramag, Bukidnon]]
|-
| Mindanao Arts and Technological Institute || [[Malaybalay]]
|-
| [[Mountain View College (Philippines)|Mountain View College]] || MVC Complex, Mt. Nebo, [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
|-
| Northern Bukidnon State College || [[Manolo Fortich, Bukidnon]]
|-
| Philippine College Foundation || [[Valencia, Bukidnon]]
|-
| Philippine Countryville College || [[Maramag, Bukidnon]]
|-
| Quezon Institute of Technology, Inc. || [[Quezon, Bukidnon]]
|-
| [[San Agustin Institute of Technology]] || Valencia 
|-
| San Isidro College || Impalambong, [[Malaybalay]]
|-
| [[STI College]] || [[Malaybalay City]] and [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
|-
| St. James School of Science and Technology|| [[Malaybalay]]
|-
| [[Valencia Colleges (Bukidnon), Inc.]] || [[Valencia, Bukidnon|Valencia]]
|}

==Festivals==
[[File:Flaot5.jpg|thumb|A Kaamulan float]]
The province celebrates the [[Kaamulan Festival]], an ethnic cultural festival held annually in Malaybalay, Bukidnon from the mid-February up to March 10, the founding date of the Bukidnon as a province in 1917. It is held to celebrate the culture and tradition of the seven ethnic tribal groups—''Bukidnon, Higaonon, Talaandig, Manobo, Matigsalug, Tigwahanon, and Umayamnon''—that originally inhabit the province. Kaamulan comes from the indigenous [[Binukid language|Binukid]] word ''amul'' meaning "to gather". Kaamulan is gathering for a purpose—a datuship ritual, a wedding ceremony, a thanksgiving festival during harvest time, a peace pact, or all of these together. The festival started in 1974 and is celebrated until now. It is the only authentic ethnic festival in the Philippines.<ref name="diplomats">{{cite web|url=http://www.mindanews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1732&Itemid=60&cid=0&ei=DFTPRcuYL4S6pwKH8fwY|title=Foreign diplomats to grace Bukidnon's Kaamulan fest|access-date=2018-06-27|archive-date=2009-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328130442/http://www.mindanews.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1732&Itemid=60&cid=0&ei=DFTPRcuYL4S6pwKH8fwY|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Further|Kaamulan Festival}}

==Bukidnon Hymn: ''Bukidnon My Home''==

The Provincial Hymn was composed by Filomeno Bautista between 1925 and 1932. Nimecio Jun Beltran authored a provincial resolution requiring the singing of the provincial hymn in all and every events in the province of Bukidnon where the Philippine National Anthem is also sung.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! style="width:350px;"|Official Binukid Version:<br />''Bukidnon Kanak Ha Banuwa''
! style="width:350px;"|Official [[English language|English]]- version:<br />''Bukidnon My Home''
! style="width:350px;"|Unofficial Cebuano Version:<br />''Bukidnon Matahum''
|-
|
<poem>
Bisan pa hindu a
Lalag ku'g uli a
Dini ta Bukidnun
Kanak ha banuwa
Buntud ha matangkaw,
Kalasan...makupal,
Patag ha malu-ag,
Ha tungkay madagway.

Chorus:

Bunturan,  balalayan 
Basakan, kapatagan
Pastuhan, kapinyahan
Alan-alan kauyagan
Langit din piglambungan
Pig-aldawan kalamagan
Singenem uranan
Alan-alan kaayaran
</poem>
|
<poem>
Wherever I may roam
The distant lands to see
I long to go back home
To sweet Bukidnon home
Her lovely mountains high
Her forests old and grand
Bring memories to me
The home I long to see.

Chorus:
There my heart, yearns to be
In far away, Bukidnon land.
Under its blue starry sky,
Where love and joy never die.
(Repeat Chorus)

</poem>
|
<poem>
Bisan asa kita
Sa hakayong dapit
Mobalik gihapon
sa atong Bukidnon

Nindot ang Kabukiran
Lunhaw'ng Kalasangan
Tam-is palandungon
Yuta ko'ng matahum

KORUS:

Dughan ko nagahandum
Sa yuta ko nga Bukidnon
May Kahayag ug Kalinaw
Gugma'g kalipay sa kanunay

(Balik KORUS)
</poem>
|}

==Notable people==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em|style=font-size:100%}}
* [[Gerald Tabios]] - elite endurance athlete
* [[Elenito Galido]] - Bishop of the [[Diocese of Iligan]]
* [[Joey Ayala]] - singer-songwriter and composer
* [[Migz Zubiri]] - politician
* [[Nelbert Omolon]] - PBA Player
* [[Nereus Acosta]] - politician
* [[Sheree Bautista|Sheree]] (real name Sweet Faye V. Bautista) - Singer / dancer / model & actress (former [[Viva Hot Babes|Viva Hot Babe]])
* [[Virgilio Garcillano]] - former government official
* [[Mario Fernandez (boxer)|Mario Fernandez]] – a multi-medalist national boxer
* [[Teofisto Guingona III]] – politician/former senator
* [[Archie Gamboa]] - 21st [[Chief of the Philippine National Police]]
* [[Manny Pacquiao]] – Filipino [[professional boxer]] and senator born in [[Kibawe]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Kitanglad Mountain Range]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{GeoGroup}}
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{OSM relation|48393}}
* [http://www.bukidnon.gov.ph/ Provincial Government of Bukidnon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071229033047/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/province.asp?regCode=10&provCode=101300000 Philippine Standard Geographic Code listing for Bukidnon]

{{Geographic location
| Centre    = Bukidnon
| North     = [[Misamis Oriental]]
| East      = [[Agusan del Sur]]
| Southeast = [[Davao del Norte]]
| South     = [[Cotabato]]
| West      = [[Lanao del Norte]]<br />[[Lanao del Sur]]
}}

{{Bukidnon|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Articles related to Bukidnon
| list1 = 
{{Northern Mindanao}}
{{Provinces of the Philippines}}
{{Philippines topics}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bukidnon| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Provinces of Northern Mindanao]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1914]]
[[Category:1914 establishments in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Former sub-provinces of the Philippines]]