View source for Burnt Oak

{{Short description|Suburb of London, England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox UK place
| country = England
| region = London
| population = 21,857
| population_ref = (2021 census)
| population_density = 22,237/sq mi (8,584/km<sup>2</sup>)
| official_name = Burnt Oak
| static_image_name = Bus and tube - geograph.org.uk - 755493.jpg
| static_image_caption = View of [[Burnt Oak tube station|Burnt Oak station]] and shops from Watling Avenue
| area_total_sq_mi = 0.983
| constituency_westminster = [[Hendon (UK Parliament constituency)|Hendon]]
| constituency_westminster1 = [[Brent West (UK Parliament constituency)|Brent West]]
| constituency_westminster2 = [[Harrow East (UK Parliament constituency)|Harrow East]]
| post_town = EDGWARE
| postcode_area = HA
| postcode_district = HA8
| london_borough = Barnet
| london_borough1 = Brent
| london_borough2 = Harrow
| dial_code = 020
| os_grid_reference = TQ205915
| coordinates = {{coord|51.6032|-0.2668|display=inline,title}}
| charingX_distance_mi = 9
}}
'''Burnt Oak''' is a suburb of [[London]], England, located {{convert|9|mi}} northwest of [[Charing Cross]]. It lies to the west of the [[M1 motorway]] between [[Edgware]] and [[Colindale]], located predominantly in the [[London Borough of Barnet]], with parts in the London Boroughs of [[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] and [[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harrow.gov.uk/downloads/file/26937/characterisation-study-of-harrow-2011|title=Character Assessment of Harrow's Residential Areas|website=Harrow.gov.uk|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> It was part of [[Middlesex]] until it was transferred to [[Greater London]] in 1965.

== History ==
[[File:Burnt Oak railway station 1951303 a449cb96.jpg|thumb|[[Burnt Oak tube station]] in 1961]]
The earliest recorded use of the name Burnt Oak was in 1754,<ref name=encyc>Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, Julia; and Keay, John (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xa0D0PqiwfEC&pg=PA116 ''The London Encyclopaedia'' (3rd edition)], p. 116. Pan Macmillan. Retrieved 1 May 2014.</ref> when it was used to refer to a field on the eastern side of Edgware Road ([[Watling Street]]) in the Ancient Parish of [[Hendon]]. The name originates from the fact that the field had contained an ancient oak tree some time before the 1750s, having been burned by a [[lightning]] strike. The tree stood at the boundary of the Little Stanmore parish with the Kingsbury parish.

Parts of modern-day Burnt Oak lie on what was once a 33-acre field known as Sheves Hill Common Field. However, outside of Sheves Hill, most areas of farmland had been owned by the Goldbeaters Farm since the 14th century. The Goldbeaters estate may have originated in a grant of land and rent by John le Bret to William of Aldenham, goldbeater of London, in 1308. John Goldbeater held a house and some land of the manor of Hendon in 1321. This land had been cultivated for hay and became enclosed by the late 1500s. A known custom from the area from the early 19th century had been established by hay farmers, who would assemble at the Bald Faced Stag pub and lead a procession to London. By the 1840s, two other notable farms existed in the area, known as Burntoak Farm and Redhill Farm, both also producing hay alongside being used as livery stables.

In the 19th century, Sheves Hill field was rented out in divisions of land to 46 tenants, and later became the site of the Hendon Union Workhouse, commonly known as Redhill Workhouse, in 1838. The institution housed around 130 inmates in 1863, and was governed by Rev. Theodore Williams, Vicar of Hendon, who developed a reputation for cruelty toward inmates. The infirmary of the workhouse is now the site of Edgware Community Hospital.

In May 1844, Burnt Oak field was sold to a Mr Essex. A union school for 150 children was built next to the workhouse in 1859. A farmhouse and cow farm existed to the south, which were still maintained into the early 1920s. In 1853, three residential streets: North Road, East Road, and South Road were built on the site of Burnt Oak field by the Middlesex Freehold Land Society. The application of the field name to the district followed from this new estate by the initiative of the land society, as the name Redhill had become associated with the ill-famed workhouse. The new name, Burnt Oak, was in use by the 1880s and first appeared on maps in 1895. However, the area continued to be referred to as Red Hill until the opening of Burnt Oak tube station, with a Redhill Drive still existing in the area. 

Similarly, an area known as Orange Hill existed closer to the outskirts of [[Mill Hill]], giving its name to Orange Hill Road. This area took its name from Orange Hill House, which in turn was possibly named to celebrate the accession of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] in 1689. The building which now stands at the site, once the site of St Rose's Convent, was built in 1881 for a Mr Ruddock.

The area was largely rural, having few buildings except for pubs such as the Bald Faced Stag, Royal Oak, Prince of Wales, and Load of Hay, which catered to travellers. However, there were a handful of shops by the 1890s; a post office and grocery run by George and William Plumb, a bakery run by Caller & Poole, as well as James Huggett the greengrocer. A new school had been opened in 1884, later being replaced by a larger school housing up to 300 students in 1901. The Metropolitan Electric Tramway along [[Edgware Road]] to [[Cricklewood]] opened in 1905, but the population remained small, being around {{formatnum:1000}} in 1921.

Burnt Oak would begin to become urbanised after [[Burnt Oak tube station|Burnt Oak station]]<ref group=note>Then as Burnt Oak (for Watling).</ref> on [[London Underground]]'s [[Northern line]] opened on 27 October 1924. Plans to open the tube station had existed since 1913, but were postponed due to the [[First World War]]; initially proposed names differed, including Sheves Hill, Orange Hill, and Goldbeaters. The station was first open on weekdays with a small booking hall suitable for a rural area. The [[Underground Electric Railways Company of London]] constructed a new road, Watling Avenue, known as Mill Hill Avenue until 1927. This was to link to Edgware Road, and originally for transporting soil and materials for the construction of the tube station. At 100 Watling Avenue, the first remotely controlled [[electrical substation]] in the country was constructed, which was able to power the railway line while being controlled remotely from [[Golders Green]].

Also in 1924, it was announced that the [[London County Council]] was to build a housing estate (Watling Estate), which was ready for its first occupants in April 1927.{{sfn|Appraisal|2007}} The estate offered three main styles of houses, made of brick, wood, and steel, as well as newly constructed flats. Other housing estates were opened on former farmland, such as the Canada Park Estate and Highlands Estate. In 1927, Redhill Hospital was also opened near the Union Workhouse. With this and other new amenities the area was provided with a new station by 1928, and the population by 1931 had grown to {{formatnum:21545}}. A shop parade was built along Watling Avenue in 1930, as well as a number of new schools to serve the area, such as Woodcroft and Goldbeaters.

Most of the residents who migrated to Burnt Oak when the area became urbanised in the 1920s came from the overcrowded working-class districts of [[Islington]] and [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]].<ref name=encyc/> This led to discontent among some long-time residents, who accused the working class of pick-pocketing and possible [[Communism|Communist]] sentiments, giving the area the nickname "Little Moscow".{{CN|date=October 2022}} This led to some shop owners denying service to those who lived on the estates. However, the Watling Centre, established in 1933, provided facilities and entertainment to the local population. On 29 June 1936, the Regent Cinema was opened on Burnt Oak Broadway, later becoming known as the Odeon Cinema and Savoy Cinema. From 1961, the building housed Mecca Bingo, London's first bingo club. The club closed in 2014, with the building becoming derelict and, as of 2021, set to be transformed into apartments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/inside-abandoned-brent-cinema-set-20205426|title=Inside the abandoned Brent cinema set to be transformed into 127 flats and a shared working space|website=Mylondon.news|date=18 March 2021}}</ref>

Similarly to neighbouring [[Hendon]] and [[Grahame Park]], Burnt Oak's history was associated with early aviation. The area was once the site of the Stag Lane Aerodrome, where pioneering pilot [[Amy Johnson]] had learned to fly. In July 1921, aviation pioneer [[Harry Hawker]] died after crashing in a park in Burnt Oak. Stag Lane was also the site of the [[de Havilland]] aircraft works, which employed a significant number of residents in the area. London's [[Royal Air Force Museum London|RAF Museum]] is located nearby in [[Grahame Park]], on the site of the former Hendon Airfield.

In September 1931 [[Jack Cohen (businessman)|Jack Cohen]] opened the first [[Tesco]] store at 54 Watling Avenue, Burnt Oak.<ref name = "Jack Cohen">Maurice Corina: ''Pile It High Sell It Cheap: The Authorised Biography of Sir Jack Cohen'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1971</ref><ref name = "Shirley Porter">Andrew Hosken: [https://books.google.com/books?id=kqojsTUz9E8C&q=shirley+porter+nothing+like+a+dame+tesco+burnt+oak+1931%27%27Nothing&pg=PA9 Like a Dame: The Scandals of Shirley Porter''], Granta, 2007</ref><ref name = "Sarah Ryle">Sarah Ryle: [https://books.google.com/books?id=B5Jz1GUbki4C&dq=tesco+first+store+burnt+oak+1931+books&pg=PT18 ''The Making of Tesco: A Story of British Shopping''], Random House, 2013</ref> The store was later moved to a larger plot at 9 Watling Avenue, with a second store opening on Burnt Oak Broadway in 1976. The Watling Avenue store closed in the 1990s, while the Burnt Oak Broadway store closed in 2018 and was set to be redeveloped into apartments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.times-series.co.uk/news/15813828.tesco-metro-edgware-close/|title=Tesco Metro Edgware to close|website=Times-series.co.uk|date=8 January 2018}}</ref>

In 1930, [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] nuns established St Rose's Convent at Orange Hill House, which led to the foundation of [[St James' Catholic High School (Colindale)|St James' Catholic High School]] in 1934.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.st-james.barnet.sch.uk/236/history-of-our-school|title=History of Our School|website=St-james.barnet.sch.uk|date=May 2022}}</ref> On 31 October 1936, the [[Co-operative Group|Co-op]] opened its department store at the junction of Stag Lane and Burnt Oak Broadway.{{sfn|Just like the country (b)|1991}} The Watling Market, consisting of a hundred covered shops and stalls, opened in December 1960 but ceased trading around 2014. In 2018, a stairwell previously used to access the marketplace was closed to the public, along with another on the opposite side which led to the derelict electrical substation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.times-series.co.uk/news/16335291.barnet-stairwells-sealed-off-safety/|title=Barnet stairwells to be sealed off for safety|website=Times-series.co.uk|date=5 July 2018}}</ref>

On 9 February 1948, an Avro Anson C Mk 19 TX168 crashed when attempting to land at RAF Hendon with only one engine, as part of a crew training exercise. The aircraft crashed into buildings in Burnt Oak and a passing trolleybus.  Wing Commander (33013) Theodore Urquhart Rolfe, RAF (aged 34), who was the pilot, and Flight Lieutenant (55123) William Johnstone McMeekan, RAF (aged 28) were killed in the incident. Eight passengers using the trolleybus were severely injured.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/25063|title= ASN Wikibase Occurrence ~25063| website=aviation-safety.net| date=22 January 2024}}</ref>

On 10 December 2014, a large fire destroyed the roof of the Lansdowne pub in Burnt Oak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.times-series.co.uk/news/11657760.film-by-eye-witness-carol-zerna-shows-fire-at-lansdowne-pub-in-burnt-oak/|title=Film by eye witness shows fire at Lansdowne pub in Burnt Oak|website=Times-series.co.uk|date=10 December 2014}}</ref> The building was demolished in 2016 and is now the site of a car dealership.

In 2017, 500 people were evacuated from the area due to the eruption of a large fire behind shops in Watling Avenue.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-40670607|title=Burnt Oak blaze sees 500 evacuated amid explosion fears|website=BBC News|date=20 July 2017}}</ref>

=== Watling Estate ===
{{main|Watling Estate}}
The Watling Estate is one of 12 [[London County Council cottage estate]]s built between the wars to provide [[Homes fit for heroes|Homes fit for Heroes]].{{sfn|Appraisal|2007}}
{{LCC cottage estates}}

== Geography ==
Burnt Oak lies about 160 (50 m) to 200 feet (60 m) above sea level. Prior to urbanisation, much of the area had been rolling grassland.

The [[Silk Stream]], [[Burnt Oak Brook]], and [[Deans Brook]] flow through Burnt Oak, all tributaries of the [[River Brent]].

There are several parks in the area: [[Watling Park]], Silkstream Park, Lyndhurst Park, Woodcroft Park, and The Meads Open Space.

Burnt Oak lies {{convert|9|mi}} northwest of [[Charing Cross]] in central London.

{{Geographic Location
|title     = '''Neighbouring areas'''
|Northwest = [[Elstree]]
|North     = [[Edgware]]
|Northeast = [[The Hale]]
|West      = [[Queensbury, London|Queensbury]]
|Centre    = Burnt Oak
|East      = [[Mill Hill]]
|Southwest = [[Kingsbury, London|Kingsbury]]
|South     = [[Colindale]]
|Southeast = [[Grahame Park]]
}}

== Demography and culture ==
In 2021, the [[Burnt Oak (ward)|Burnt Oak ward]] in Barnet had a population of 21,857. The census showed that 43% (9,401) of the population were White, 25.7% (5,616) were Asian, 16.5% (3,611) were Black, 2.8% (608) were Arab, 6.1% (1,326) were of mixed race/multiple backgrounds, and 5.9% (1,294) belonged to other ethnic groups. In terms of religion, 50.7% (10,285) were Christian, 21.2% (4,308) were Muslim, 7.2% (1,466) were Hindu, 2.2% (429) Buddhist, 1.3% (256) Jewish, 53 were Sikh, 1% (197) belonged to other religions, and 16.2% were irreligious.<ref>{{cite web |title=Burnt Oak |publisher=UK Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/london/wards/barnet/E05013630__burnt_oak/}}</ref>

The ward covers an area of approximately 0.983 square miles (2.55 km<sup>2</sup>), giving a population density of 22,237/sq mi (8,584/km<sup>2</sup>), the fourth highest in the borough behind the wards of Golders Green, Colindale South, and the highest being Colindale North, respectively.

The area is known for its variety of multicultural shops, reflecting the established Indian, Turkish and Nigerian communities. In the 2010s, the area attracted a large community of Eastern Europeans, particularly from [[Romanians in the United Kingdom|Romania]]. The large size of the Romanian diaspora and its concentration in the area has earned Burnt Oak the nickname "Little Romania", or "Little [[Bucharest]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2018/06/01/romanian-baker-wont-employ-brits-dont-work-hard-enough-7596823/|title=Romanian baker won't employ Brits because 'they don't work hard enough'|website=Metro.co.uk|date=June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/visited-londons-little-romania-asked-15676028|title = The corner of London where businesses fear a Romanian exodus after Brexit|website=Mylondon.news|date = 22 January 2019}}</ref> Earlier, in the 1930s, the area was known by some as "Little Moscow" due to rising fears of revolutionary sentiments among working-class people who arrived to settle the Watling Estate.

== Transport ==
[[London Buses]] routes [[London Buses route 32|32]], [[London Buses route 142|142]], [[London Buses route 204|204]], [[London Buses route 251|251]], [[London Buses route 292|292]], [[London Buses route 302|302]] all meet at the junction of Watling Avenue, Stag Lane and Burnt Oak Broadway. The old route 52 was split into a shorter 52 (between [[Willesden Junction]] and [[Victoria bus station]]) and new route 302 (from [[Mill Hill Broadway]] to [[Kensal Rise]] via Burnt Oak) in 1992. Night bus route N5 runs between [[Trafalgar Square]] and [[Edgware bus station]] serving all the tube stations, and the N16 runs north from [[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]] via the Edgware Road, to Edgware Station, via Burnt Oak.

[[Northern line]] trains on the Edgware Branch serve [[Burnt Oak tube station]].

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Barnet}}
* [[Antony Costa]] (b. 1981), singer
* [[Robert Elms]] (b. 1959), writer and broadcaster

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" widths="170px" heights="125px">
File:Burnt Oak stn building.JPG|[[Burnt Oak tube station]]
File:Passing 114's - geograph.org.uk - 2292959.jpg|Starburn Court clock tower, former Co-op
File:Burnt oak library.JPG|Burnt Oak Library
File:Burnt Oak Broadway - geograph.org.uk - 1727893.jpg|Burnt Oak Broadway
File:Deansbrook Rd2.jpg|Deansbrook Road
File:Orange Hill Road.jpg|Orange Hill Road
File:Watling Park.jpg|[[Watling Park]]
File:Watling Park Silk Stream.jpg|[[Burnt Oak Brook]] in Watling Park
File:Bald Faced Stag, Burnt Oak, HA8 (3581232242).jpg|The Bald Faced Stag
File:Lansdowne, Burnt Oak, HA8 (3580414051).jpg|The Lansdowne
File:Mecca Bingo, Burnt Oak - geograph.org.uk - 2198151.jpg|Savoy Cinema
</gallery>

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{cite web|title=Watling Estate Character Appraisal|url=https://www.barnet.gov.uk/dam/jcr:3aab00b1-06ee-472c-9211-905bf4b552bf/watling_estate_ca_appraisal_jun2007.pdf|publisher=Barnet: London Borough|access-date=28 December 2016|ref={{sfnRef|Appraisal|2007}}|date=2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009123636/https://www.barnet.gov.uk/dam/jcr:3aab00b1-06ee-472c-9211-905bf4b552bf/watling_estate_ca_appraisal_jun2007.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2015|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|last1=Rubinstein|first1=Antonia|last2=Andrews|first2=Andy|last3=Schweitzer|first3=Pam|title=Just like the country part 2|date=1991|access-date=17 December 2016|url=http://reminiscencetheatrearchive.org.uk/documents/Just_Like_The_Country_Book_Part_2.pdf|ref={{sfnref|Just like the country (b)|1991}}|publisher=Age Exchange}}

{{Areas of London}}
{{LB Barnet}}{{LB Brent}}{{LB Harrow}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Districts of the London Borough of Barnet]]
[[Category:Areas of London]]
[[Category:District centres of London]]