View source for Buteo

{{Short description|Genus of birds-of-prey including various buzzards and hawks}}
{{italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Buteo''
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|33.9|0|earliest=|latest=|PS=}} [[Oligocene]] – present
| image = Buteo Buteo.jpg
| image_caption = [[Common buzzard]] (''Buteo buteo'')
| taxon = Buteo
| authority = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[Common buzzard|Falco buteo]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
About 30, see text
| synonyms =
''Asturina''
}}
'''''Buteo''''' is a [[genus]] of medium to fairly large, wide-ranging [[bird of prey|raptors]] with a robust body and broad wings. In the Old World, members of this genus are called '''"[[buzzard]]s"''', but '''"[[hawk]]"''' is used in the [[New World]] (Etymology: ''Buteo'' is the [[Latin]] name of the [[common buzzard]]<ref name= job90>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |pages =[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n81 81]}}</ref>).  As both terms are ambiguous, '''buteo''' is sometimes used instead, for example, by the [[Peregrine Fund]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peregrinefund.org/Explore_Raptors/hawks/buteos.html|title=Buteos at the Peregrine Fund|website=peregrinefund.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212053652/http://www.peregrinefund.org/explore_raptors/hawks/buteos.html|archive-date=2007-02-12}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Buteos are fairly large birds. Total length can vary from {{convert|30|to|75|cm|in|abbr=on}} and wingspan can range from {{convert|67|to|170|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The lightest known species is the [[roadside hawk]],{{efn|The roadside hawk is now considered to be in a separate monotypic genus ''[[Rupornis]]'' (Kaup 1844)<ref>{{ cite book | last=Kaup  | first=Johann Jakob  | author-link=Johann Jakob Kaup | year=1844| title=Classification der Säugethiere und Vögel | language=German | location=Darmstadt  | publisher=Carl Wilhelm Leske | page=120 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35282202|access-date=28 December 2022 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=August 2022 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.2  | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=28 December 2022 }}</ref>}} at an average of {{convert|269|g|oz|abbr=on}} although the lesser known [[white-rumped hawk|white-rumped]]  and [[Ridgway's hawk]]s are similarly small in average wingspan around {{convert|75|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and average length around {{convert|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} in standard measurements. The largest species in length and wingspan is the [[upland buzzard]], which averages around {{convert|65|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|152|cm|in|abbr=on}} in wingspan. The upland is rivaled in weight and outsized in foot measurements and bill size by the [[ferruginous hawk]]. In both of these largest buteos, adults typically weigh over {{convert|1200|g|lb|abbr=on}}, and in mature females, can exceed a mass of {{convert|2000|g|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="RaptorsWorld">{{cite book|year=2001|title=Raptors of the World| publisher=[[Helm Identification Guides|Christopher Helm]]|location=London|isbn=0-7136-8026-1|author1=Ferguson-Lees, J. |author2=Christie, D. }}</ref><ref name="HBW">del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1994). ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]] Volume 2'': New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. {{ISBN|84-87334-15-6}}</ref><ref name="Brown">''Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World'' by Leslie Brown & Dean Amadon. The Wellfleet Press (1986), {{ISBN|978-1555214722}}.</ref><ref name="CRC">''CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses'' by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), {{ISBN|978-0-8493-4258-5}}.</ref> All buteos may be noted for their broad wings and sturdy builds. They frequently soar on thermals at midday over openings and are most frequently seen while doing this. The flight style varies based on the body type and wing shape and surface size. Some long-winged species, such as [[rough-legged buzzard]]s and [[Swainson's hawk]]s, have a floppy, buoyant flight style, while others, such as [[red-tailed hawk]]s and [[rufous-tailed hawk]]s, tend to be relatively shorter-winged, soaring more slowly and flying with more labored, deeper flaps.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /> Most small and some medium-sized species, such as, [[red-shouldered hawk]], often fly with an alternation of soaring and flapping, thus may be reminiscent of an ''[[Accipiter]]'' hawk in flight, but are still relatively larger-winged, shorter-tailed, and soar more extensively in open areas than ''Accipiter'' species do.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /><ref>Crossley, R., Liguori, J. & Sullivan, B. ''The Crossley ID Guide: Raptors''. Princeton University Press (2013), {{ISBN|978-0691157405}}.</ref> Buteos inhabit a wide range of habitats across the world, but tend to prefer some access to both clearings, which provide ideal hunting grounds, and trees, which can provide nesting locations and security.<ref name= HBW /><ref name= Brown />

=== Diet ===
All ''Buteo'' species are to some extent opportunistic when it comes to hunting, and prey on almost any type of small animal as it becomes available to them. However, most have a strong preference for small [[mammal]]s, mostly [[rodent]]s. Rodents of almost every family in the world are somewhere preyed upon by ''Buteo'' species.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /><ref name= HBW /><ref name= Brown /> Since many rodents are primarily nocturnal, most buteos mainly hunt rodents that may be partially active during the day, which can include [[squirrel]]s and [[chipmunk]]s, [[vole]]s, and [[Gerbillinae|gerbil]]s. More nocturnal varieties are hunted opportunistically and may be caught in the first or last few hours of light.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /><ref name= Brown /> Other smallish mammals, such as [[shrew]]s, [[Mole (animal)|moles]], [[pika]]s, [[bat]]s, and [[weasel]]s, tend to be minor secondary prey, although can locally be significant for individual species.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /><ref name= Brown /> Larger mammals, such as [[rabbit]]s, [[hare]]s, and [[marmot]]s, including even adult specimens weighing as much as {{convert|2|to|3|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, may be hunted by the heaviest and strongest species, such as [[ferruginous hawk|ferruginous]],<ref name= Brown /><ref>Smith, D. G. and J. R. Murphy. 1978. ''Biology of the Ferruginous Hawk in central Utah''. Sociobiology 3:79-98.</ref><ref>Thurow, T. L., C. M. White, R. P. Howard, and J. F. Sullivan. 1980. ''Raptor ecology of Raft River valley, Idaho''. EG&G Idaho, Inc. Idaho Falls.</ref> [[red-tailed hawk|red-tailed]]<ref>Smith, D. G. and J. R. Murphy. 1973. ''Breeding ecology of raptors in the East Great Basin Desert of Utah''. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. Vol. 18:1-76.</ref> and [[white-tailed hawk]]s.<ref>Kopeny, M. T. 1988a. ''White-tailed Hawk''. Pages 97–104 in Southwest raptor management symposium and workshop. (Glinski, R. L. and et al., Eds.) Natl. Wildl. Fed. Washington, D.C.</ref> Birds are taken occasionally, as well. Small to mid-sized birds, i.e. [[passerine]]s, [[woodpecker]]s, [[waterfowl]], [[pigeon]]s, and [[Galliformes|gamebirds]], are most often taken. However, since the adults of most smaller birds can successfully outmaneuver and evade buteos in flight, much avian prey is taken in the nestling or fledgling stages or adult birds if they are previously injured.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /><ref name= Brown /> An exception is the [[short-tailed hawk]], which is a relatively small and agile species and is locally a small bird-hunting specialist.<ref>Ogden, J. C. 1974. ''The Short-tailed Hawk in Florida. I. Migration, habitat, hunting techniques, and food habits''. Auk 91:95-110.</ref> The [[Hawaiian hawk]], which evolved on an isolated group of islands with no terrestrial mammals, was also initially a bird specialist, although today it preys mainly on introduced rodents. Other prey may include [[snake]]s, [[lizard]]s, [[frog]]s, [[salamander]]s, [[fish]], and even various [[invertebrates]], especially [[beetle]]s. In several ''Buteo'' species found in more tropical regions, such as the [[grey-lined hawk]], reptiles and amphibians may come to locally dominate the diet.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /> [[Swainson's hawk]], despite its somewhat large size, is something of exceptional [[insect]]-feeding specialist and may rely almost fully on [[crickets]] and [[dragonflies]] when wintering in southern [[South America]].<ref>Snyder, N. F. R. and J. W. Wiley. 1976. ''Sexual size dimorphism in hawks and owls of North America''. Ornithol. Monogr. no. 20.</ref><ref>Jaramillo, A. P. 1993. Wintering Swainson's Hawks in Argentina: food and age segregation. Condor 95:475-479.</ref> [[Carrion]] is eaten occasionally by most species, but is almost always secondary to live prey.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /> The importance of carrion in the Old World "buzzard" species is relatively higher since these often seem slower and less active predators than their equivalents in the [[Americas]].<ref>Tubbs, C.R. 1974. ''The buzzard''. David & Charles, Newton Abbot.</ref><ref>Wu, Y.-Q., M. Ma, F. Xu, D. Ragyov, J. Shergalin, N.F. Lie, and A. Dixon. 2008. ''Breeding biology and diet of the Long-legged Buzzard (Buteo rufius) in the eastern Junggar Basin of northwestern China''. Journal of Raptor Research 42:273-280.</ref><ref>Allan, D.G. 2005. ''Jackal Buzzard Buteo rufofuscus''. P.A.R. Hockey, W.R.J.  Dean, and P.G. Ryan (eds.). Pp. 526–527 in Roberts Birds of Southern Africa. VIIth ed. Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town, South Africa.</ref> Most ''Buteo'' species seem to prefer to ambush prey by pouncing down to the ground directly from a perch. In a secondary approach, many spot prey from a great distance while soaring and circle down to the ground to snatch it.<ref name=RaptorsWorld />

=== Reproduction ===
''Buteo''s are typical accipitrids in most of their breeding behaviors. They all build their own nests, which are often constructed out of sticks and other materials they can carry. Nests are generally located in trees, which are generally selected based on large sizes and inaccessibility to climbing predators rather than by species. Most ''Buteo''s breed in stable pairs, which may mate for life or at least for several years even in migratory species in which pairs part ways during winter. Generally from 2 to 4 eggs are laid by the female and are mostly incubated by her, while the male mate provides food. Once the eggs hatch, the survival of the young is dependent upon how abundant appropriate food is and the security of the nesting location from potential nest predators and other (often human-induced) disturbances. As in many raptors, the nestlings hatch at intervals of a day or two and the older, strong siblings tend to have the best chances of survival, with the younger siblings often starving or being handled aggressively (and even killed) by their older siblings. The male generally does most of the hunting and the female broods, but the male may also do some brooding while the female hunts as well. Once the fledgling stage is reached, the female takes over much of the hunting. After a stage averaging a couple of weeks, the fledglings take the adults' increasing indifference to feeding them or occasional hostile behavior towards them as a cue to disperse on their own. Generally, young ''Buteo''s tend to disperse several miles away from their nesting grounds and wander for one to two years until they can court a mate and establish their own breeding range.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /><ref name= HBW /><ref name= Brown />

=== Distribution ===
The ''Buteo'' hawks include many of the most widely distributed, most common, and best-known raptors in the world. Examples include the [[red-tailed hawk]] of [[North America]] and the [[common buzzard]] of [[Eurasia]]. Most [[Northern Hemisphere]] species are at least partially migratory. In [[North America]], species such as [[broad-winged hawk]]s and [[Swainson's hawk]]s are known for their huge numbers (often called "kettles") while passing over major migratory flyways in the fall. Up to tens of thousands of these ''Buteo''s can be seen each day during the peak of their migration. Any of the prior mentioned common ''Buteo'' species may have total populations that exceed a million individuals.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /> On the other hand, the [[Socotra buzzard]] and [[Galapagos hawk]]s are considered vulnerable to extinction per the [[IUCN]]. The [[Ridgway's hawk]] is even more direly threatened and is considered Critically Endangered. These insular forms are threatened primarily by [[habitat destruction]], prey reductions and poisoning.<ref name=RaptorsWorld /><ref name= HBW /> The latter reason is considered the main cause of a noted decline in the population of the more abundant [[Swainson's hawk]], due to insecticides being used in southern [[South America]], which the hawks ingest through crickets and then die from poisoning.<ref>Weidensaul, S. ''Living on the Wind: Across the Hemisphere With Migratory Birds''. North Point Press (2000), {{ISBN|978-0865475915}}.</ref>

== Taxonomy and systematics ==
The genus ''Buteo'' was erected by the French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1799 by [[tautonymy]] with the specific name of the common buzzard ''Falco buteo'' which had been introduced by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=fr | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=4 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA3-PA4 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.<!--BHL appears not to have a scan--></ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=361 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109001 }}</ref>

=== Extant species in taxonomic order ===
{{Species table |genus=Buteo  |authority-name=[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]] |authority-year=1799 |species-count=twenty eight<ref name= Ferguson-Lees>Ferguson-Lees, J., & Christie, D. A. (2001). ''Raptors of the world''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.</ref>|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Common buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo buteo]]
|image=File:Steppe buzzard (Buteo buteo vulpinus).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]|authority-year=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  northwestern China (Tian Shan), far western Siberia and northwestern Mongolia.
|range-image=File:Buteo buteo distribution map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo buteo'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2021 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T61695117A206634667 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T61695117A206634667.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Six subspecies |bullets=on
|''B. b. buteo''
|''B. b. harterti''
|''B. b. insularum''
|''B. b. menetriesi''
|''B. b. pojana''
|''B. b. vulpinus''
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Eastern buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo japonicus]]
|image=File:Buteo japonicus1.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]]|authority-year=1844 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= East Asia and some parts of Russia and South Asi
|range-image=File:Buteo Japonicus range map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo japonicus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2021 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T22732232A200958179 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22732232A200958179.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Four subspecies |bullets=on
| ''B. j. burmanicus'' - Hume, 1875
| ''B. j. japonicus'' - Temminck & Schlegel, 1845
| ''B. j. toyoshimai'' - Momiyama, 1927
| ''B. j. oshiroi'' - Kuroda, Nagahisa, 1971
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Himalayan buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo refectus]]
|image=File:Himalayan Buzzard at Pangolakha.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Leonid Portenko|Portenko]]|authority-year=1935 |authority-not-original=
|range= the Himalayas in Nepal, India and southern China. 
|range-image=File:Buteo Refectus range map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo refectus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22734099A95074452 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22734099A95074452.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Cape Verde buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo bannermani]]
|image=|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Harry Kirke Swann|Swann]]|authority-year=1919 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Cape Verde
|range-image=File:Buteo bannermani range map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status=
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Socotra buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo socotraensis]]
|image=File:Buteo socotraensis.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Porter & Kirwan|authority-year=2010 |authority-not-original=
|range=  Socotra, Yemen
|range-image=File:Range map of the Socotra Buzzard.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo socotraensis'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2022 |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T22732235A216969152 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22732235A216969152.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Red-tailed hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo jamaicensis]]
|image=File:Red-tailed Hawk.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]]|authority-year=1788 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Alaska and northern Canada to as far south as Panama and the West Indies.
|range-image=File:Buteo jamaicensis map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo jamaicensis'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22695933A93534834 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695933A93534834.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Fourteen subspecies |bullets=on
| [[Jamaican red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. jamaicensis'')
| [[Alaska red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. alascensis'') 
| [[Eastern red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. borealis'') 
| [[Western red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. calurus'') 
| [[Central American red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. costaricensis'') 
| [[Southwestern red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. fuertesi'') 
| [[Tres Marias red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. fumosus'') 
| [[Mexican Highlands red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. hadropus'') 
| [[Harlan's hawk]] (''B. j. harlani'')
| [[Red-tailed hawk (kemsiesi)|Red-tailed hawk (''kemsiesi'')]] (''B. j. kemsiesi)''
| [[Krider's hawk]] (''B. j. kriderii'') 
| [[Socorro red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. socorroensis)'' 
| [[Cuban red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. solitudinis'') 
| [[Florida red-tailed hawk]] (''B. j. umbrinus)''
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Long-legged buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo rufinus]]
|image=File:Long-legged Buzzard (24521858347) (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar|Cretzschmar]]|authority-year= 1829 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Southeastern Europe down to East Africa to the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.
|range-image=File:Buteo rufinus distribution map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo rufinus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2021 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T22736562A202674118 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22736562A202674118.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''B. r. rufinus'' - (Cretzschmar, 1829)
| ''B. r. cirtensis'' - (Levaillant, J, 1850)
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Rough-legged buzzard]]|binomial=[[Buteo lagopus]]
|image=File:Buteo_lagopus_29283.JPG|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Erik Pontoppidan|Pontoppidan]]|authority-year=1763 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  Arctic and Subarctic regions of North America, Europe, and Russia
|range-image=File:Buteo lagopus distribution map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo lagopus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2021 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T22695973A202640529 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695973A202640529.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Four subspecies |bullets=on
|''B. l. lagopus'' - (Pontoppidan, 1763)
|''B. l. menzbieri'' - Dementiev, 1951
|''B. l. kamtschatkensis'' - Dementiev, 1931
|''B. l. sanctijohannis'' - (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Ferruginous hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo regalis]]
|image=File:Ferruginous Hawk (53562028956).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[George Robert Gray|Gray]]|authority-year=1844 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= North America
|range-image=File:Buteo regalis map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo regalis'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22695970A93535999 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695970A93535999.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Red-shouldered hawk]]|binomial=[[Buteo lineatus]]
|image=File:Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus) - Blue Cypress Lake, Florida.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]]|authority-year= 1788|authority-not-original=yes
|range=  eastern North America and along the coast of California and northern to northeastern-central Mexico.
|range-image=File:Buteo_lineatus_distr..png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo lineatus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22695883A93531542 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695883A93531542.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Five subspecies |bullets=on
| ''B. l. lineatus'' (Gmelin, 1788) 
| ''B. l. alleni'' [[Robert Ridgway|Ridgway]], 1885 
| ''B. l. extimus'' [[Outram Bangs|Bangs]], 1920 
| ''B. l. texanus'' Bishop, 1912 
| ''B. l. elegans'' [[John Cassin|Cassin]], 1855
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Broad-winged hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo platypterus]]
|image=File:Broad-winged Hawk (40215337524).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]]|authority-year=1823 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= eastern North America, as far west as British Columbia and Texas,  Neotropics from Mexico south to southern Brazil
|range-image=File:Broad-winged Hawk ebird data map.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo platypterus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22695891A93532112 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695891A93532112.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Six subspecies |bullets=on
| ''B. p. platypterus'' – <small>([[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1823)</small>
| ''[[Buteo platypterus brunnescens|B. p. brunnescens]]'' – <small>Danforth & Smyth, 1935</small>
| ''B. p. cubanensis'' – <small>Burns, 1911</small>
| ''B. p. insulicola'' – <small>Riley, 1908</small>
| ''B. p. rivierei'' – <small>Verrill, AH, 1905</small>
| ''B. p. antillarum'' – <small>Clark, AH, 1905</small>
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Swainson's hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo swainsoni]]
|image=File:Buteo swainsoni (Calibas).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]] |authority-year=1838 |authority-not-original=
|range= western North America, Chile, Argentina,  Dominican Republic, and Trinidad and Tobago, and in Norway.
|range-image=File:Distribution of Buteo swainsoni.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo swainsoni'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22695903A93533217 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695903A93533217.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Ridgway's hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo ridgwayi]]
|image=File:Ridgeway's Hawk (Buteo ridgwayi) (8082820954).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Charles B. Cory|Cory]]|authority-year=1883 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Hispaniola 
|range-image=File:Buteo_ridgwayi_map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= CR
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo ridgwayi'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2020 |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22695886A181707428 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695886A181707428.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Short-tailed hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo brachyurus]]
|image=File:Buteo platypterus (Gavilán aliancho) (16265436911).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]]|authority-year=1816 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= From southeastern Brazil and northern Argentina north through Central America to the mountains of the Mexico-Arizona border area, as well as in southern Florida, United States
|range-image=File:Buteo brachyurus.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo brachyurus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2020 |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22695897A169004381 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695897A169004381.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|''B. b. fuliginosus'' - Sclater, PL, 1858
| ''B. b. brachyurus'' - Vieillot, 1816
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[White-throated hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo albigula]]
|image=File:Buteo albigula 287867709.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name= [[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Philippi]]|authority-year= 1899 |authority-not-original=
|range= [[South America]]
|range-image=File:Buteo albigula map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo albigula'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2018 |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22695900A131937573 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22695900A131937573.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Galapagos hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo galapagoensis]]
|image=File:Galapagos Hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) (19897962683).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John Gould|Gould]]|authority-year=1837 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= [[Galápagos Islands]]
|range-image=File:Buteo galapagoensis distribution.PNG
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo galapagoensis'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2021 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T22695909A194428673 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695909A194428673.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Gray-lined hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo nitidus]]
|image=File:Buteo nitidus Trinidad 1 (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name= [[John Latham (ornithologist)|Latham]]|authority-year=1790 |authority-not-original=
|range= El Salvador to Argentina, as well as on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. 
|range-image=File:Buteo nitidus.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{Cite iucn |title=''Buteo nitidus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2020 |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22727766A168803943 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22727766A168803943.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Three subspecies |bullets=on
| ''B. n. blakei'' - Hellmayr & Conover, 1949
| ''B. n. nitidus'' - (Latham, 1790)
| ''B. n. pallidus'' - (Todd, 1915)
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Gray hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo plagiatus]]
|image=File:HAWK, GRAY (9-27-12) imm, ca gulch, pajarito mts, scc, az =-1 (8032785276).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]]|authority-year=1862 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= from Costa Rica north into the southwestern United States
|range-image=File:Buteo plagiatus distr.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo plagiatus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2020 |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22727773A169002997 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22727773A169002997.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Zone-tailed hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo albonotatus]]
|image=File:HAWK, ZONE-TAILED (9-26-11) patagonia creek, scc, az -03 (6186911324).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]]|authority-year=1847 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= southern Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas almost throughout inland Mexico and the central portions of Central America down into eastern Colombia, Ecuador, and  Peru, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and northern Argentina.
|range-image=File:Buteo albonotatus distr.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo albonotatus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2020 |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22695926A169006783 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22695926A169006783.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Hawaiian hawk]] |binomial=[[Buteo solitarius]]
|image=File:Buteo solitaries.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Peale|authority-year=1848 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]]
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= NT
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo solitarius'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2023 |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T22695929A225199006 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22695929A225199006.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= [[Rufous-tailed hawk]]|binomial=[[Buteo ventralis]]
|image=File:Buteo ventralis 39036964 (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[John Gould|Gould]]|authority-year= 1837 |authority-not-original=
|range= [[Argentina]], [[Chile]]
|range-image=File:Buteo ventralis map.svg
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= VU
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo ventralis'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22695936A93535276 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695936A93535276.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Mountain buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo oreophilus]]
|image=File:Mountain Buzzard - Ngorongoro - Tanzania 0120 (15523994061) (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]] and [[Oscar Rudolph Neumann|Neumann]]|authority-year=1914 |authority-not-original=
|range= [[East Africa]]
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= NT
|population=<ref>{{Cite iucn |title=''Buteo oreophilus'' |author= BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2022 |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T22728020A212860714 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T22728020A212860714.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Forest buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo trizonatus]]
|image=File:Forest Buzzard, Buteo trizonatus, at Hangklip Forest, Makhado, Limpopo Province, South Africa (20761505461).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Rudebeck]]|authority-year= 1957|authority-not-original=
|range= [[South Africa]], Lesotho and Eswatini 
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= NT
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo trizonatus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2021 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T22735392A206649395 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22735392A206649395.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Madagascar buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo brachypterus]]
|image=File:Madagascar buzzard.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Gustav Hartlaub|Hartlaub]]|authority-year=1860 |authority-not-original=
|range= [[Madagascar]]
|range-image=File:Madagascar Buzzard Range.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo brachypterus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22695957A93535514 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695957A93535514.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Upland buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo hemilasius]]
|image=File:大鵟1-爵士鼓手 - panoramio.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]]|authority-year=1844 |authority-not-original=
|range= [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[East Asia]]
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo hemilasius'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2021 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T22695967A202604414 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695967A202604414.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Red-necked buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo auguralis]]
|image=File:Bébé Buse d'Afrique Nyonié Gabon (cropped).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Tommaso Salvadori|Salvadori]]|authority-year=1865 |authority-not-original=
|range= The [[Sahel]] and [[Central Africa]]
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo auguralis'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2021 |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T22695978A202595837 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22695978A202595837.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Jackal buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo rufofuscus]]
|image=File:Jackal buzzard, Buteo rufofuscus, at Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Northern Cape, South Africa (34291072000).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Johann Reinhold Forster|Forster]]|authority-year=1798 |authority-not-original=yes
|range= [[Southern Africa]]
|range-image=
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo rufofuscus'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22695987A93537350 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695987A93537350.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies=
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=[[Augur buzzard]] |binomial=[[Buteo augur]]
|image=File:Augur buzzard (Buteo augur).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=[[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]]|authority-year= 1836 |authority-not-original=yes
|range=  from Ethiopia to southern Angola and central Namibia.
|range-image=File:1427 - Augur Buzzard.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Buteo augur'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2016 |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22732019A95040751 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732019A95040751.en |access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''B. a. augur'' <small>([[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1836)</small> 
| ''B. a. archeri'' <small>[[William Lutley Sclater|Sclater, WL]], 1918</small>
}}
}}

{{Species table/end}}



=== Fossil record ===
A number of [[fossil]] species have been discovered, mainly in North America. Some are placed here primarily based on considerations of [[biogeography]], ''Buteo'' being somewhat hard to distinguish from ''[[Geranoaetus]]'' based on [[osteology]] alone:<ref name = wetmore1933>Wetmore (1933)</ref>
* †''[[Buteo dondasi]]'' (Late Pliocene of Buenos Aires, Argentina)
* †''[[Buteo fluviaticus]]'' (Brule Middle? Oligocene of Wealt County, US) – possibly same as ''B. grangeri''<!-- Condor44:39 -->
* †''[[Buteo grangeri]]'' (Brule Middle? Oligocene of Washabaugh County, South Dakota, US)<!-- Condor44:39. *ContribMusPaleontolUnivMich04:129. -->
* †''[[Buteo antecursor]]'' (Brule Late? Oligocene)<!-- Condor44:39 -->
* †?''Buteo'' ''sp.'' (Brule Late Oligocene of Washington County, US)<ref>A complete left [[ulna]] similar to ''Buteo'' but of distinctly small size: Cracraft (1969)</ref>
* †''[[Buteo ales]]'' (Agate Fossil Beds Early Miocene of Sioux County, US) – formerly in ''[[Geranospiza]]'' or ''[[Geranoaetus]]''<!-- Auk50:212. Condor44:39. -->
* †''[[Buteo typhoius]]'' (Olcott Early ?- snake Creek Late Miocene of Sioux County, US)<!-- *BullAMNH48:483. Condor30:149,33:70,44:39. -->
* †''[[Buteo pusillus]]'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France)<!-- *Geobios2:157 -->
* †''Buteo'' ''sp.'' (Middle Miocene of Grive-Saint-Alban, France – Early Pleistocene of Bacton, England)<ref>Probably several species; similar to [[Common Buzzard]] in appearance and size: Ballmann (1969), Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>
* †''[[Buteo contortus]]'' (snake Creek Late Miocene of Sioux County, US) – formerly in ''Geranoaetus''<!-- AmMusNovit302:1. Auk50:212. *BullAMNH48:483. -->
* †''[[Buteo spassovi]]'' (Late Miocene of Chadžidimovo, Bulgaria)<ref>Boev, Z., D. Kovachev. 1998. ''Buteo spassovi'' sp. n. - a Late Miocene Buzzard (Accipitridae, Aves) from SW Bulgaria. - Geologica Balcanica, 29 (1-2): 125–129.</ref>
* †''[[Buteo conterminus]]'' (snake Creek Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Sioux County, US) – formerly in ''Geranoaetus''<!-- Auk50:212. *BullAMNH48:483. Condor44:39. -->
* †''Buteo'' ''sp.'' (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, US)
* †''[[Buteo sanya]]'' (Late Pleistocene of Luobidang Cave, Hainan, China)
*''†[[Buteo chimborazoensis]]'' (Late Pleistocene of Ecuador)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lo Coco |first1=Gastón E. |last2=Agnolín |first2=Federico L. |last3=Román Carrión |first3=José Luis |date=2024-10-29 |title=New records of Pleistocene birds of prey from Ecuador |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-024-02229-1 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=166 |issue=2 |pages=495–509 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s10336-024-02229-1 |bibcode=2025JOrni.166..495L |issn=2193-7206|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*†''[[Buteo sanfelipensis]]'' (Late Pleistocene, Cuba)
<ref>Brodkorb (1962), Mlíkovský (2002)</ref>

An unidentifiable accipitrid that occurred on [[Ibiza]] in the [[Late Pliocene]]/[[Early Pleistocene]] may also have been a ''Buteo''.<ref>Alcover (1989)</ref> If this is so, the bird can be expected to aid in untangling the complicated [[evolution]]ary history of the [[common buzzard]] group.

The prehistoric species ''"Aquila" danana'', ''[[Buteogallus fragilis]]'' ([[Fragile eagle]]), and ''[[Spizaetus grinnelli]]'' were at one time also placed in ''Buteo''.<ref name = wetmore1933 />

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category}}
* "Raptors of the World" by Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001), {{ISBN|0-618-12762-3}}.
* Alcover, Josep Antoni (1989): Les Aus fòssils de la Cova de Ca Na Reia. ''Endins'' '''14-15''': 95-100. [In Catalan with English abstract]
* Ballmann, Peter (1969): Les Oiseaux miocènes de la Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère) [The Miocene birds of Grive-Saint-Alban (Isère)]. ''[[Geobios]]'' '''2''': 157–204. [French with English abstract] <small>{{doi|10.1016/S0016-6995(69)80005-7}}</small> (HTML abstract)
* Brodkorb, Pierce (1964): Catalogue of Fossil Birds: Part 2 (Anseriformes through Galliformes). ''Bulletin of the Florida State Museum'' '''8'''(3): 195–335. [http://fulltext10.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=feol;subview=fullcitation;idno=UF00001511 PDF or JPEG fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223203144/http://fulltext10.fcla.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?cc=feol;subview=fullcitation;idno=UF00001511 |date=2008-02-23 }}
* Cracraft, Joel (1969): Notes on fossil hawks (Accipitridae). ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''86'''(2): 353–354. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211114126/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v086n02/p0353-p0354.pdf PDF fulltext]
* Mlíkovský, Jirí (2002): ''Cenozoic Birds of the World, Part 1: Europe''. Ninox Press, Prague. <small>{{Listed Invalid ISBN|80-901105-3-8}}</small> [https://web.archive.org/web/20110520101755/http://www.nm.cz/download/JML-18-2002-CBE.pdf PDF fulltext]<!-- This should be treated with extreme caution as regards merging of species. Splits are usually good though. See also critical review in Auk121:623-627 here http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200404/ai_n9396879 -->
* [[Alexander Wetmore|Wetmore, Alexander]] (1933): Status of the Genus ''Geranoaëtus''. ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''50'''(2): 212. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120531141935/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v050n02/DJVU/P0212-P0212.djvu DjVu fulltext] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211114131/http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v050n02/p0212-p0212.pdf PDF fulltext]

{{Buteoninae}}
{{Accipitrimorphae|A.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q235152}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buteo| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Extant Oligocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède]]