View source for C. J. Hambro

{{Short description|Norwegian politician (1885–1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = C. J. Hambro
| image               = [[File:33606 C.J. Hambro.jpg|245px]]
| caption             = Hambro in 1950
| office              = [[Storting|President of the Storting]]
| term_start          = 21 March 1935
| term_end            = 3 December 1945
| vicepresident       = [[Magnus Nilssen]] {{Small|(1935&ndash;1940)}}
| primeminister       = [[Johan Nygaardsvold]] <br/> [[Einar Gerhardsen]]
| predecessor         = [[Johan Nygaardsvold]]
| successor           = [[Fredrik Monsen]]
| term_start2         = 30 June 1926
| term_end2           = 10 January 1934
| primeminister2      = [[Ivar Lykke (politician)|Ivar Lykke]] <br/> [[Christopher Hornsrud]] <br/> [[Johan Ludwig Mowinckel]] <br/> [[Peder Kolstad]] <br/> [[Jens Hundseid]]
| vicepresident2      = [[Christopher Hornsrud]] {{Small|(1928&ndash;1934)}}
| predecessor2        = [[Otto Bahr Halvorsen|Otto B. Halvorsen]]
| successor2          = [[Johan Nygaardsvold]]
| office3             = [[Storting|Vice President of the Storting]]
| term_start3         = 11 January 1934
| term_end3           = 21 March 1935
| president3          = [[Johan Nygaardsvold]]
| predecessor3        = [[Christopher Hornsrud]]
| successor3          = [[Magnus Nilssen]]
| office4             = [[Storting|Member of the Norwegian Parliament]]
| term_start4         = 1 January 1922
| term_end4           = 31 December 1957
| constituency4       = [[Oslo]]
| term_start5         = 1 January 1919
| term_end5           = 31 December 1921
| constituency5       = [[Oslo|Kristiania]]
| office6             = [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Leader of the Conservative Party]]
| term_start6         = 1926
| term_end6           = 1934
| predecessor6        = [[Ivar Lykke (politician)|Ivar Lykke]]
| successor6          = [[Johan H. Andresen]]
| term_start7         = 1950
| term_end7           = 1954
| predecessor7        = [[Arthur Nordlie]]
| successor7          = [[Alv Kjøs]]
| office8             = [[President of the Odelsting]]
| term_start8         = 10 December 1945
| term_end8           = 10 January 1958
| vicepresident8      = [[Olav Berntsen Oksvik|Olav Oksvik]] <br> [[Peder Nikolai Leier Jacobsen|Peder Leier Jacobsen]]
| predecessor8        = Gunnuf Eiesland
| successor8          = [[Alv Kjøs]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1885|01|05|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Bergen]], [[Hordaland]], [[United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway]]
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1964|12|15|1885|01|05|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Oslo]], Norway
| party               = [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative]]
| occupation          = Journalist, author and politician
| spouse              = Gudrun Greig {{Small|(1910&ndash;1943, her death)}} <br/> [[Gyda Christensen]] {{Small|(1946&ndash;1964, her death)}}
| children            = 3
}}
'''Carl Joachim Hambro''' (5 January 1885 – 15 December 1964) was a Norwegian journalist, author and leading [[politician]] representing the [[Conservative Party of Norway|Conservative Party]]. A ten-term member of the [[Parliament of Norway]], Hambro served as [[President of the Storting|President of the Parliament]] for 20 of his 38 years in the legislature. He was actively engaged in international affairs, including work with the [[League of Nations]] (1939–1940), delegate to the [[UN General Assembly]] (1945–1956) and member of the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] (1940–1963).

==Personal life==
Carl Joachim Hambro's lineage can be traced back to [[Rendsburg]] in the 1720s. The family was [[Jewish]]. The family member [[Calmer Hambro|Calmer Joachim Hambro]] (1747–1806) relocated to [[Copenhagen]] in the late 18th century, and became a businessman. One of his sons, [[Joseph Hambro]], moved on to [[London]] and founded [[Hambros Bank]] with his son [[Carl Joachim Hambro (banker)|Carl Joachim Hambro]]. Another son (and Joseph's brother) Edvard Isaach Hambro (1782–1865) moved to [[Bergen|Bergen, Norway]] where he became a merchant in the early 19th century. Edvard Isaach Hambro fathered Carl Joachim Hambro (1813–1873), who in turn fathered the school manager [[Edvard Isak Hambro (educator)|Edvard Isak Hambro]] (1847–1909).<ref name=snl2>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hambro|encyclopedia=[[Store norske leksikon]]|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|url=http://www.snl.no/Hambro|language=no|access-date=29 April 2011}}</ref>

Hambro was born in Bergen to Edvard Isak Hambro and [[Nicoline Hambro|Nicoline Christine Harbitz]] (1861–1926, later known as Nico Hambro). He had three sisters, among them the educator [[Elise Hambro]]. He was a distant descendant of [[Johan Randulf Bull]], and thereby a first cousin of [[Edvard Bull, Sr.]], [[Johan Peter Bull]] and [[Francis Bull]].<ref name=nbl>{{cite encyclopedia|title=C J Hambro|encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|first=Paul|last=Thyness|author-link=Paul Thyness|editor=Helle, Knut|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/C_J_Hambro/utdypning|language=no|access-date=29 April 2011|editor-link=Knut Helle}}</ref>

From June 1910, Hambro was married to Gudrun "Dudu" Grieg (1881–1943), daughter of a priest.<ref name=nbl/> They had sons [[Edvard Hambro]], Vilhelm Cato Grieg Hambro, [[Carl Joachim Hambro (philologist)|Carl Joachim Hambro]] and [[Johan Hambro|Johan Randulf Bull Hambro]] and one daughter; all born between 1911 and 1915. Through Edvard, he was also grandfather to [[Christian Hambro]].<ref name=snl2/> Three years after his wife died, in February 1946, Hambro married actress [[Gyda Christensen]] (1872–1964) whom he had befriended in 1918.<ref name=nbl/>

==Early career==
Hambro attended the middle school and high school his father had founded in Bergen. He took the [[examen artium]] in 1902, and enrolled in [[philology]] studies at the [[University of Oslo|Royal Frederick University]]. While studying, he took many excursions, working as translator, literary critic, part-time teacher and even participant on the research vessel ''Michael Sars''.<ref name=nbl/> He was also a journalist in ''[[Morgenbladet]]'', from 1903 to 1907. He finally received his [[cand.mag.]] degree in 1907.<ref name=stortingetbio>{{stortingetbio|CAHM}}</ref>

He was involved in the [[Norwegian Students' Society]], which he chaired in 1908, 1909 and in the autumn of 1911. He chaired the [[Conservative Students' Association (Oslo)|Conservative Students' Association]] in 1908, 1910 and 1911, and was also vice chairman of ''Filologisk Forening'' in 1904. From 1910 to 1913 he was the secretary of the [[Norse Federation]], and edited its periodical from 1911 to 1916. He was also involved in [[association football]], chairing the club Akademisk FK and being vice chairman (in 1904) of the fledgling [[Football Association of Norway]].<ref name=nbl/><ref name=stortingetbio/>

After graduating from the university, he was a teacher at [[Oslo Commerce School|Kristiania Commerce School]] (1907) and Vestheim School (1908–1912). In 1913 he became chief editor of the conservative newspaper ''Morgenbladet'', a post he held until 1919. He then focused on pursuing a [[#Political career|political career]], having been elected in the autumn of 1918. He returned to the press as editor of the magazine ''[[Ukens Revy]]'' from 1921 to 1929.<ref name=nbl/><ref name=stortingetbio/>

''Ukens Revy'' had been distinctively pro-German and anti-British during the First World War.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rougthvedt|first=Bernt|title=Med penn og pistol. Om politiminister Jonas Lie|edition=1st|year=2010|publisher=Cappelen Damm|location=Oslo|language=no|isbn=978-82-02-27290-6}}</ref> During the war, Hambro got entangled in British affairs. In January 1917, the United Kingdom had ceased its coal exports to Norway. During the negotiations between [[Knudsen's Cabinet]]'s representatives and the British legation in Kristiania, Hambro wrote an editorial in ''Morgenbladet'' which suggested expulsion of the British diplomats if Norwegian needs were not met. British Foreign Secretary [[Arthur Balfour]] met with the Norwegian ambassador in the UK, and demanded that Knudsen's Cabinet either deplore ''Morgenbladet''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s statements or prosecute Hambro legally. Hambro's actions were defended by the Norwegian parliamentary opposition, including the Conservative Party. After some rounds of talks and negotiations, the whole case blew over.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dahl|first1=Hans Fredrik|author-link1=Hans Fredrik Dahl|last2=Bastiansen|first2=Henrik G.|author-link2=Henrik G. Bastiansen|title=Hvor fritt et land? Sensur og meningstvang i Norge i det 20. århundre|year=2000|publisher=Cappelen|location=Oslo|isbn=82-02-19089-4|page=42}}</ref> In the first phase of the First World War, Hambro had campaigned restlessly against Knudsen's Cabinet which he perceived as too weak to lead the country through a war. Hambro and ''Morgenbladet'' was joined in this endeavor by ''[[Tidens Tegn]]'' and to an extent ''[[Aftenposten]]''. Prime Minister [[Gunnar Knudsen]] summoned a sitdown of himself and the three newspaper's editors, where he tried to calm their attacks. "The attempt failed completely", notes historian [[Hans Fredrik Dahl]].<ref>Dahl, 1981: p. 70</ref>

Hambro also marked himself as a critic of socialism. He reacted strongly against the [[antimilitaristic]] policies of the socialists in Norway, and called for reactions against those who spread such "contamination" in print.<ref>{{cite book|last=Agøy|first=Nils Ivar|author-link=Nils Ivar Agøy|title=Militæretaten og 'den indre fiende' fra 1905 til 1940. Hemmelige sikkerhetsstyrker i Norge sett i et skandinavisk perspektiv|year=1997|publisher=Universitetsforlaget|location=Oslo|language=no|isbn=82-00-22805-3|page=68}}</ref> In 1918, in the wake of the [[Russian Revolution]], Hambro suggested that the revolutionary socialist press be met with harsher regulations. He wrote in ''Morgenbladet'': "Perhaps our authorities should be more attentive towards the socially subversive agitation long practiced by our socialist leaders in writing and speech".<ref>Dahl and Bastiansen, 2000: p. 50</ref> On the other hand, he also criticized cases of actual censorship directed towards the workers' movement, among others during the secret military expedition to quell calamities in [[Rjukan]] in May 1914.<ref>Agøy, 1997: p. 43</ref>

He chaired the boards of the [[Conservative Press Association]] from 1913 to 1920, ''Ukens Revy'' from 1919 to 1929, the [[Norwegian News Agency]] from 1920 to 1946 (vice chairman 1918 to 1920), and the Norse Federation from 1923 to 1946 (board member 1913 to 1915, vice chairman 1915 to 1923). He was the vice chairman of [[Det Nye Teater]] from 1928 to 1932, a board member of ''Morgenbladet'' from 1921 to 1933 as well as of the [[Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture]].<ref name=stortingetbio/> He was a supervisory council member of [[Nationaltheatret]].<ref name=nbl1>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hambro, Carl Joachim|encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|publisher=Aschehoug|location=Oslo|editor=Bull, Edvard |editor-link=Edvard Bull, Sr. |editor2=Jansen, Einar |editor2-link=Einar Jansen |edition=1st|first=Olaf|last=Gjerløw|author-link=Olaf Gjerløw|year=1929|volume=4|pages=301–304|language=no}}</ref>

==Political career==
Hambro had settled in [[Oslo|Kristiania]] (Oslo), and in 1908 he became a board member of the Conservative Party there. He was selected as a member of Kristiania's school board in 1913. In 1921 he advanced to chairman, a post he held until 1923.<ref name=stortingetbio/>

In the [[1918 Norwegian parliamentary election]] he stood on the Conservative Party ballot in [[Uranienborg, Norway|Uranienborg]] and was elected to the [[Parliament of Norway]] in that single-member constituency.<ref name=stortingetbio/> He was nominated as the party's candidate in Uranienborg as a compromise candidate between the agrarian-conservative wing of [[Jens Bratlie]] and the liberal wing of [[Fredrik Stang]], [[Nils Yngvar Ustvedt]] and [[Edvard Hagerup Bull]] (Bratlie, Stang and Ustvedt were former MPs from Uranienborg).<ref>{{cite book|last=Dahl|first=Hans Fredrik|author-link=Hans Fredrik Dahl|chapter=En høyrebølge ned og opp. Høyre under Gunnar Knudsen – en lærepenge for 80-årene?|title=Høyrebølgen – epokeskifte i norsk politikk?|year=1981|publisher=Aschehoug|location=Oslo|language=no|isbn=82-03-10639-0|page=79|editor=Hagtvet, Bernt |editor-link=Bernt Hagtvet |editor2=Bjørklund, Tor}}</ref> Hambro received 14,501 votes, and thus won a landslide victory. The closest runner-up was G. E. Stubberød of Labour, who tallied only 1,504 votes.<ref>{{stort18}}</ref>

After the change to plural-member constituencies Hambro was re-elected to Parliament from the constituency Kristiania in [[1921 Norwegian parliamentary election|1921]], and, after it changed its name to Oslo, in [[1924 Norwegian parliamentary election|1924]], [[1927 Norwegian parliamentary election|1927]], [[1930 Norwegian parliamentary election|1930]], [[1933 Norwegian parliamentary election|1933]], [[1936 Norwegian parliamentary election|1936]], [[1945 Norwegian parliamentary election|1945]], [[1949 Norwegian parliamentary election|1949]] and [[1953 Norwegian parliamentary election|1953]]. He was a member of Parliament from 1919 to 1957; amounting to ten consecutive terms in total (the 1940 election was called off because of [[#Role in World War II|World War II]]).<ref name=stortingetbio/>

Hambro served as [[President of the Storting|President of the Parliament]] from 30 June 1926 to 10 January 1934 and from 21 March 1935 to 3 December 1945, and President of the Assembly of the [[League of Nations]] delegates in 1939–40 and 1946.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/committee/nnclist/bios/hambro.html ''Carl Joachim Hambro'', Politician, Journalist and Writer (Nobelprize.org)]</ref> He had originally voted against Norway's accession to the League of Nations, as one of only three representatives from his party to do so, citing that the [[Versailles Treaty]] did not create decent grounds for such an international organization.<ref name=nbl/> He chaired the [[Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs|Standing Committee on Foreign and Constitutional Affairs]] from 1925 to 1945, and was then a member from 1945 to 1957. From 1945 to 1957 he was also a member of the [[Enlarged Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence|Enlarged Committee on Foreign and Constitutional Affairs]]. In the [[Election Committee (Parliament of Norway)|Election Committee]] of the Parliament, he was the chairman from 1928 to 1945 and deputy chairman from 1945 to 1957.<ref name=stortingetbio/>

Hambro served as acting party chairman in 1926, and party chairman from 1928 to 1934 and 1945 to 1954. He was also a central board member from 1934 to 1964.<ref name=stortingetbio/> He was never a member of any government, despite that his party formed several cabinet during his parliamentary tenure. He instead chose to work as chairman of his party as well as its parliamentary group; the two posts had actually become open to him when [[Ivar Lykke (politician)|Ivar Lykke]] chose to form his [[Lykke's Cabinet|cabinet]] in 1926.<ref name=nbl/>

As president of the [[Odelsting]] in 1956, Hambro spoke out against the repeal of the [[Jesuit clause]], which had banned them from the country since 1814:
{{Blockquote|text=It must be remembered that neither [[Nazism]] in Germany, [[Fascism ]]in Italy, [[Rexist Party|Rexism]] in Belgium led by [[Léon Degrelle|Degrelle]], the Catholics' favorite disciple, [[Philippe Pétain|Petain]]'s movement in France, [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s movement in Spain would have been possible without the support and active collaboration of the Jesuits. Those who have retained any impression of Hitler's ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' will also have a strong impression of how much he had learned from Jesuitism, and how highly he valued its organization and its teachings. There are few things he has expressed more directly.|author=C. J. Hambro<ref name=norderval>{{Cite web |last=Norderval |first=Øyvind |title=Jesuitterparagrafens opphevelse i 1956 |url=http://www.katolsk.no/organisasjon/okb/akademi/artikler/20100508 |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Den katolske kirke |language=no}}</ref>}}

===Views===
Hambro was known as a [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolite]].<ref name=berntsen>{{cite book|title=I malstrømmen: Johan Nygaardsvold 1879–1952|first=Harald|last=Berntsen|location=Oslo|publisher=Aschehoug|year=1991|isbn=82-03-16155-3|language=no}}</ref> He did not follow the group [[Fedrelandslaget]], which was vying for conservative support, in their nationalism. In the so-called "Greenland Question", he arbitrated with [[Denmark]] in 1923–1924 when Denmark claimed sovereignty over [[Greenland]], and had meant that Denmark acted unjustified. However, when forces in and outside of the then-[[Centre Party (Norway)|Agrarian]] [[Kolstad's Cabinet|government]] annexed "[[Erik the Red's Land]]" in 1931, Hambro was strictly against it. The Agrarian Party revenged itself on Hambro by voting him down as President of the Parliament in 1934,<ref name=nbl/> but Hambro won support from the adversaries in the [[Labour Party (Norway)|Labour Party]] to regain the post. He nurtured a personal friendship with figures such as the Labour Party's foremost politician, [[Johan Nygaardsvold]].<ref name=berntsen/>

Despite his family's Jewish roots, Hambro was a Christian. He more or less adhered to the views of the [[Oxford Group]], without being an actual member of this group.<ref name=nbl/> He famously invited the Oxford Group's founder, [[Frank Buchman]], and a large party of Oxford Group members to Norway in 1934 where they led a massive campaign for "a Christian revolution" leading to a kind of "national awakening" credited with strengthening Norwegian spirit of [[resistance during World War II]].<ref>[http://www.frankbuchman.info/ Lean, ''Frank Buchman,'', Constable, London, 1985, 590 pages], {{ISBN|9780094666504}}, pp. 216–232.</ref>

===Role in World War II===
{{Norway during World War II}}
Hambro played a crucial role at the time of the [[Operation Weserübung|German invasion of Norway]] on 9 April 1940. He was one of the few politicians who really understood Hitler's ambitions toward the country. Learning from what had [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|happened to]] [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1938, Hambro was prepared, and with only six hours advance notice, he managed to organize the escape of [[Haakon VII of Norway|King Haakon]] and his [[Norwegian royal family|royal family]], the [[Nygaardsvold's Cabinet|government]], prominent members of Parliament and the [[Flight of the Norwegian National Treasury|gold reserves of the]] [[Norges Bank|Bank of Norway]]. They all left on a train commissioned by Hambro just 30 minutes before the Germans arrived in Oslo. The Germans had then been delayed by [[Battle of Drøbak Sound|the sinking]] of the [[German cruiser Blücher|German cruiser ''Blücher'']].<ref>[http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/history/after1814/post1905/ ''Norway after 1905'' (Royal Norwegian Embassy in Washington)]</ref>

In the days after the invasion, Hambro worked actively from [[Sweden]]'s capital [[Stockholm]] to correct the image the [[United States|American]] journalist [[Leland Stowe]] had portrayed of the situation in Norway. While in Sweden, Hambro also was instrumental in organizing the fledgling [[Norwegian resistance movement|Norwegian underground resistance movement]] via telephone.

===Post-war life===
After the [[Second World War]], he was a delegate to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] from 1945 to 1956. He was a member of the [[Norwegian Nobel Committee]] from 1940 to 1963.

==Legacy==

Hambro was a member of the [[Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature]]. His most prestigious awards were the Grand Cross of the [[Order of St. Olav]] in 1937 and the [[Medal for Outstanding Civic Service]] in 1952.<ref name=nbl/> He also got the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]], the [[Haakon VII 70th Anniversary Medal]] and the [[St. Olav's Medal]].<ref name=stortingetbio/> When he died in December 1964, he received a [[state funeral]] in the honorary section of [[Vår Frelsers gravlund]].<ref name=nbl/>

He has a square in the centre of Oslo named after him, [[C. J. Hambros plass]], in which are sited both the [[Oslo District Court]] and the [[National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime in Norway]]. Streets have been named after him in [[Heimdal]] and [[Fyllingsdalen]] (''C. J. Hambros vei'') as well as [[Elverum (town)|Elverum]] (''C. J. Hambros veg'').

A statue of him was erected in 1995 at the square in front of the Parliament, [[Eidsvolls plass]].<ref name=nbl/>

==Selected works==
*''I saw it happen in Norway'' (1941)
*''How to win the peace'' (1942)
*''Crossroads of conflict: European peoples and problems'' (1943)
*''Newspaper lords in British politics'' (1958)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last1=Benkow |first1=Jo |author-link=Jo Benkow |last2=Willoch |first2=Kåre |author-link2=Kåre Willoch |year=1985 |title=C. J. Hambro 100 år |publisher=[[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]] |location=Oslo |oclc=258411328 |language=no }}
* {{Cite book |last=Gabrielsen |first=Trond |year=1967 |title=C. J. Hambro som jeg kjente ham |publisher=Dreyer |location=Oslo |oclc=464531075 |language=no }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hambro |first=Johan |author-link=Johan Hambro |year=1984 |title=C.J. Hambro: Liv og drøm |publisher=Aschehoug |location=Oslo |isbn=82-03-11347-8 |language=no }}

==External links==
*{{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315115207/http://mediabase1.uib.no/krigslex/h/h1.html#hambro-cj |title=C.J. Hambro war efforts{{spaced ndash}}From the ''NorgesLexi'' internet encyclopedia's ''Norwegian War Encyclopedia''}} {{in lang|no}}
*[http://vestraat.net/TNG/getperson.php?personID=I35291&tree=IEA Family genealogy]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Ivar Lykke (politician)|Ivar Lykke]]
|title=[[President of the Storting]]
|years=1925–1945<br /><small>(His stand-in in Norway in 1940 was [[Ivar Lykke (politician)|Ivar Lykke]];<br />Hambro was in exile 1940–1945)</small>
|after=[[Gustav Natvig-Pedersen]]<br />[[Fredrik Monsen]]
}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Éamon de Valera]]
|title=President of the [[League of Nations]]
|years=1939
|after=N/A
}}
{{succession box
|before=N/A
|title=President of the [[League of Nations]]
|years=1946
|after=none
}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Ivar Lykke (politician)|Ivar Lykke]]
|title=Chairman of the [[Conservative Party of Norway|Norwegian Conservative Party]]
|years=1926–1934
|after=[[Johan H. Andresen]]}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Arthur Nordlie]]
|title=Chairman of the [[Conservative Party of Norway|Norwegian Conservative Party]]
|years=1950–1954
|after=[[Alv Kjøs]]}}
{{s-media}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Nils Vogt (journalist)|Nils Vogt]]
|title=Chief editor of ''[[Morgenbladet]]''
|years=1913–1919
|after=Olaf Gjærløw
}}
{{s-end}}

{{LoNPresidents}}
{{Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee}}
{{Conservative Party (Norway)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hambro, C J}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from Bergen]]
[[Category:University of Oslo alumni]]
[[Category:Norwegian educators]]
[[Category:Norwegian newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Norwegian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Norwegian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Norwegian Christians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Oslo]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Storting]]
[[Category:Norwegian people of Danish-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Norwegian people of World War II]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriates in Sweden]]
[[Category:Members of the Norwegian Academy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the St. Olav's Medal]]
[[Category:Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour]]
[[Category:Morgenbladet people]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Conservative Party (Norway)]]
[[Category:League of Nations people]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of the Storting]]
[[Category:Chairpersons of the Norwegian Nobel Committee]]
[[Category:Members of the Storting 1919–1921]]
[[Category:Members of the Storting 1922–1924]]
[[Category:Members of the Storting 1925–1927]]
[[Category:Members of the Storting 1928–1930]]
[[Category:Members of the Storting 1931–1933]]
[[Category:Members of the Storting 1934–1936]]
[[Category:Members of the Storting 1936–1945]]
[[Category:Members of the Storting 1950–1953]]
[[Category:Members of the Storting 1954–1957]]