View source for CIA cryptonym

{{short description|List of code names}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2008}}

'''CIA cryptonyms''' are [[code name]]s or [[Code word (communication)|code word]]s used by the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) to refer to projects, operations, persons, agencies, etc.<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003">{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54Guat/terms |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954, Guatemala: Abbreviations and Cryptonyms |website=US Department of State Office of the Historian |date=May 15, 2003 |access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=December 2022|reason=citation given does not explain what cryptonyms are - it is just a list}}

==Format of cryptonyms==
CIA cryptonyms sometimes contain a two character prefix called a digraph, which designates a geographical or functional area.<ref name="ARRB">{{cite book |author=Assassination Records Review Board |author-link1=Assassination Records Review Board |title=Final Report of the Assassination Records Review Board |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/review-board/report/arrb-final-report.pdf |access-date=November 27, 2015 |date=September 30, 1998 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=52–53 |chapter=Chapter Five: The Standards for Review: Review Board "Common Law"}}</ref> Certain digraphs were changed over time; for example, the digraph for the Soviet Union changed at least twice.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://maryferrell.org/pages/False_Names_in_CIA_Documents.html|title=False Names in CIA Documents|website=maryferrell.org|access-date=2019-10-04}}</ref>

The rest is either an arbitrary dictionary word, or occasionally the digraph and the cryptonym combine to form a dictionary word (e.g., AEROPLANE) or can be read out as a simple phrase (e.g., WIBOTHER, read as "Why bother!"). Cryptonyms are sometimes written with a slash after the digraph, e.g., ZR/RIFLE, and sometimes in one sequence, e.g., ZRRIFLE. The latter format is the more common style in CIA documents.<ref name=":0" />

Examples from publications by former CIA personnel show that the terms "code name" and "cryptonym" can refer to the names of operations as well as to individual persons.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} TRIGON, for example, was the code name for [[Aleksandr Dmitrievich Ogorodnik|Aleksandr Ogorodnik]], a member of the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] in the former [[Soviet Union]], whom the CIA developed as a spy;<ref>Wallace and Melton, pp. 88–102</ref> HERO was the code name for Col. [[Oleg Penkovsky]], who supplied data on the nuclear readiness of the Soviet Union during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] of 1962.<ref>Helms 2003, p. 216</ref> According to former CIA Director [[Richard Helms|Richard M. Helms]]: "The code names for most Agency operations are picked in sequence from a sterile list, with care taken not to use any word that might give a clue to the activity it covers. On some large projects, code names are occasionally specially chosen—GOLD, SILVER, [[PBSUCCESS]], CORONA. When [[Robert F. Kennedy]] requested a code name for the government-wide plan that [[Richard N. Goodwin|Richard Goodwin]] was drafting, an exception was made. Goodwin was on the White House staff, and the plan concerned [[Cuba]]. Occasionally the special code names come close to the nerve, as did [[Operation Mongoose|MONGOOSE]]."<ref>Helms 2003, p. 197</ref> A secret joint program between the [[Mexico City]] CIA station and the Mexican secret police to [[wiretap]] the Soviet and Cuban embassies was code-named [[ENVOY]].<ref>Weiner 2008, p. 258</ref>

Some cryptonyms relate to more than one subject, e.g., a group of people.<ref name=":0" /> In this case, the basic cryptonym, e.g., LICOZY, will designate the whole group, while each group member is designated by a sequence number, e.g., LICOZY/3, which can also be written LICOZY-3, or just L-3.<ref name=":0" />

==Digraphs==

===Partial list of digraphs and probable definitions===
{{Div col}}
* AE: [[Soviet Union]] (1960s)<ref name="Nightmover">David Wise, ''Nightmover: How Aldrich Ames Sold the CIA to the KGB for $4.6 Million'', HarperCollins Publishers, 1996 p.15</ref>
* AL: [[Brazil]]
* AM: [[Cuba]]<ref name="ARRB" /> (also JM)
* AV: [[Uruguay]]
* BE: [[Poland]]
* BG: [[Albania]]
* BI: [[Argentina]]
* CA: [[West Germany]]
* CK: CIA Soviet and East Europe division sensitive cases (late 1970s)<ref name="Nightmover" />
* DB: [[Iraq]]
* DI: [[Czechoslovakia]]
* DM: [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFRY / Yugoslavia]]
* DN: [[South Korea]]
* DU: [[Peru]]
* EC: [[Ecuador]]
* ES: [[Guatemala]] (also PB)
* FU: [[Chile]]
* GT: CIA Soviet and East Europe division sensitive cases (1980s)<ref name="Nightmover" />
* HA: [[Indonesia]] (1958)
* IA: [[Angola]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001738/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919657,00.html {{"'}}Our War' in Angola"]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''. May 22, 1978.</ref>
* IR: Philippines?<ref>Spy Anonymous. (2013). ''True Accounts of Espionage: The Anonymous Spy'' (Vol. 3). Retrieved March 8, 2016, from https://www.amazon.com/TRUE-ACCOUNTS-ESPIONAGE-Spy-Book-ebook/dp/B00EX5K0WG/ref=sr_1_3?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1457488683&sr=1-3</ref>
* JM: [[Cuba]] (also AM)
* KK: [[Israel]]<ref name="KK/Mountain">Seymour M. Hersh, ''The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy'', New York, Random House, 1991 pp. 5</ref>
* KU: CIA and CIA components
* LC: [[China]]
* LN: [[United States]]
* LI: Mexico City<ref name="ARRB" />
* MH: Worldwide operation.<ref name="Friedman05">{{cite book|title=The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths That Challenged the Past and Changed the World |first=John S. |last=Friedman |year=2005 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-312-42517-1 |pages=278–279}}</ref>
* MJ: [[Palestine (region)|Palestinian]]-related<ref name="TheGoodSpy">Kai Bird, ''The Good Spy: The Life and Death of Robert Ames'', Crown Publishing Group, New York, 2014 p. 95</ref>
* MK: CIA [[Technical Services Staff|Technical Services Division]] (1950s/1960s)
* MO: [[Thailand]]
* OD: Other US Government Departments (1960s)
* PB: [[Guatemala]] (also ES)
* PD: [[Soviet Union]] (1980s)<ref name="Nightmover" />
* PO: [[Japan]]
* SD: [[Iran]]
* SM: [[United Kingdom]]
* ST: CIA Directorate of Operations, Far East division, China Branch<ref>Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, ''The CIA's Secret War in Tibet'', Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2002, p. 269</ref>
* SZ: [[Switzerland]]
* TP: [[Imperial State of Iran|Iran]] (1953)
* TU: [[South Vietnam]]
* WI: [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo-Léopoldville/Kinshasa]] (1960s)
* EU-RN: Intelligence intercept program of CIA Staff D ops, the group that worked directly with the NSA ([[National Security Agency]]).
{{div col end}}

===Unidentified digraphs===
DT, ER, FJ, HB, HO, HT, JU, KM, KO, QK, SC, SE, SG, WO, WS, ZI

==Known cryptonyms==
{{Div col}}
* ADAM: [[Guatemala City]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* AEACRE: Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council (ZP/UHVR) radio broadcasts<ref name=kyivpost2021>Richard H. Cummings, [https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/from-the-pages-of-history.html "From the Secret Pages of History"], ''Kyiv Post'', December 21, 2021</ref>
* AECASSOWARY-2: [[Mykola Lebed]], President of Prolog and CIA Principal Agent<ref name=kyivpost2021 />
* AECROAK: Radio station called Nasha Rossiya<ref name="coldwarradiocummings" />
* AEFOXTROT: [[Yuri Ivanovich Nosenko]], a Soviet defector.
* AELADLE: [[Anatoliy Golitsyn]], Soviet defector and former KGB officer.{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=5}}
* AERODYNAMIC: Psychological warfare operation<ref name=kyivpost2021 />
* AERANTER: Sub-project of Operation AERODYNAMIC<ref name=kyivpost2021 />
* AESCREEN: Soviet Bloc division's translation and analysis unit<ref>Ronald Kessler, ''Spy vs. Spy: Stalking Soviet Spies in America'', New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988 p. 53</ref>
* AETENURE: Prolog Research and Publishing Association, Inc.<ref name=kyivpost2021 />
* AMBIDDY-1: [[Manuel Artime]].<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 878</ref>
* AMBLOOD: Luis Torroella y Martin Rivero, a CIA agent.<ref>Escalante, Fabian. 1995. ''The Secret War: CIA Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959–62'', p. 93, {{ISBN|1-875284-86-9}}</ref>
* AMCLATTER-1: [[Bernard Barker]], one of the [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] burglars.<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2009, p. 262</ref>
* AMBUD
* AMCLEOPATRA<ref name=wh2009-204>Waldron & Hartmann 2009, p. 204</ref>
* AMCOBRA<ref name=wh2009-204 />
* AMCOG-3: [[Ramón Grau San Martín]]
* AMCROW<ref name=wh2009-204 />
* AMCRUZ or AMCRUX?<ref name=wh2009-204 />
* AMFOX<ref name=wh2009-204 />
* AMGLOSSY<ref name=wh2009-204 />
* AMHALF<ref name=wh2009-204 />
* AMJUDGE<ref name=wh2009-204 />
* AMLASH: Plan to assassinate [[Fidel Castro]] associated mainly with Rolando Cubela. AMLASH has been referred to as a "basically one-person Cubela operation".<ref name=wh2005-215>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 215</ref>
* AMLASH-1: [[Rolando Cubela Secades]], a Cuban official involved in plot to kill [[Fidel Castro]] in 1963.
* AMOT: Cuban exile informants of [[David Sánchez Morales]].<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2009, p. 38</ref>
* AMPALM-4<ref name=wh2005-794 />
* AMQUACK: [[Che Guevara]], Argentinian (later Cuban) guerrilla leader.
* AMTHUG: Fidel Castro, [[Prime Minister of Cuba]] 1959–1976.<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2009, p. 35</ref>
* AMTRUNK: A CIA plan by ''New York Times'' journalist [[Tad Szulc]] initiated in February 1963, also called the "Leonardo Plan", that was "an attempt to find disgruntled military officials in Cuba who might be willing to recruit higher military officials in a plot to overthrow Castro",<ref name=wh2005-216>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 216</ref> as well as to overthrow the Cuban government "by means of a conspiracy among high-level&nbsp;... leaders of the government culminating in a coup d'etat".<ref name=wh2005-215 /> AMTRUNK has also been described as a "CIA-DIA Task Force on Cuba",<ref name=wh2009-224>Waldron & Hartmann 2009 p. 224</ref> and as "a plodding bureaucratic effort" that "had worked for months to identify Cuban leaders who might be able to stage a coup".<ref name=wh2005-216 />
* AMWHIP-1: Business associate of [[Santo Trafficante Jr.]] who was in contact with Rolando Cubela (AMLASH) in 1963.<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2009, p. 19</ref>
* AMWORLD: A plan initiated June 28, 1963, to overthrow the Castro regime in a coup on December 1, 1963 (C-Day), that would have installed [[Juan Almeida Bosque]], a top ranking Cuban military officer, as the new head of state.<ref name=wh2005-794>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 794</ref><ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2009, p. 13</ref> Some Cuban exiles referred to C-Day as "Plan Omega".<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 589</ref>
* BGGYPSY: Russia; Russian;<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" /> Communist{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=13}}
* BOND: [[Puerto Barrios]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* Caesar: [[Quetzaltenango]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* CALLIGERIS: [[Carlos Castillo Armas]]
* CARTEL: Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council (ZP/UHVR) radio broadcasts<ref name=kyivpost2021 />
* CKGULL: CIA Polish agent [[Ryszard Kukliński]] (also QTGULL)<ref name=aSecretLife>Benjamin Weiser, ''A Secret Life: The Polish Officer, His Covert Mission, and the Price He Paid to Save His Country'', New York: PublicAffairs, 2003 p. 344</ref>
* CKSPHERE, CKVANQUISH: [[Adolf Tolkachev]]
* CKTRIGON: [[Aleksandr Dmitrievich Ogorodnik]]
* CKTWINE: [[Boris Yuzhin]]<ref name="moscowrules">{{cite book |last1=Mendez |first1=Antonio J. |last2=Mendez |first2=Jonna |date=2019 |title=The Moscow Rules: The Secret CIA Tactics That Helped America Win the Cold War}}</ref>
* CKUTOPIA, CKQUARTZ: [[Victor Sheymov]]
* [[Corona (satellite)|CORONA]]: the CIA's first satellite Reconnaissance program, 1958{{sfn|Smith|2003|p=377}}
* DBACHILLES: 1995 effort to support a military coup in [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]].<ref>David Ignatius, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A23-2004Jan30_2.html "A Big Man To Watch In Baghdad"], ''Washington Post'', February 1, 2004</ref>
* DBANABASIS commenced Fall 2002, operation to train Iraqis in [[Area 51]] in [[Nevada]] and then to run them on missions of sabotage and assassination inside Iraq.<ref>Annie Jacobsen, ''Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins''. (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 371-383</ref> 
* DBROCKSTARS: Iraqi spy ring recruited by the CIA shortly before the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref>Bob Woodward, ''Plan of Attack''</ref>
* Doc: [[Mazatenango]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* DTFROGS: [[El Salvador]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* DYCLAIM: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA){{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=26}}<ref name="bolschwing">[http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/STUDIES%20IN%20INTELLIGENCE%20NAZI%20-%20RELATED%20ARTICLES_0014.pdf The Case of Otto Albrecht Alfred von Bolschwing]</ref>
* Eddie: [[El Quiché]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* ESCOBILLA, Guatemalan national<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* ESMERALDITE, labor informant affiliated with AFL-sponsored labor movement<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* ESSENCE, Guatemalan anti-Communist leader<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* FJHOPEFUL, military base<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* Frank: [[Jutiapa, Guatemala]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* Goss: [[Cobán, Guatemala]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* GROSSBAHN: [[Otto von Bolschwing]], ''[[Sicherheitsdienst]]'' officer who later served as a spy for CIA<ref name="bolschwing" />
* GTACCORD: [[GRU (Soviet Union)|GRU]] colonel Vladimir Mikhailovich Vasilyev<ref name="moscowrules" />
* GTCOWL: [[KGB]] officer Sergei Vorontsov ("Stas")<ref name="moscowrules" />
* GTFITNESS: [[KGB]] [[Gennady Varenik]]<ref name="moscowrules" />
* GTGAUZE: [[KGB]] major Sergey Motorin<ref name="moscowrules" />
* GTGENTILE: [[KGB]] lieutenant colonel Valery F. Martynov<ref name="moscowrules" />
* GTTICKLE: [[Oleg Gordievsky]]
* GTJOGGER: [[KGB]] lieutenant colonel Vladimir M. Piguzov<ref name="moscowrules" />
* GTMILLION: [[GRU (Soviet Union)|GRU]] lieutenant colonel Gennady Smetanin<ref name="moscowrules" />
* GTWEIGH: [[KGB]] officer Leonid Polyshuk<ref name="moscowrules" />
* Hank, [[Zacapa]] (Guatemalan base)<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* HTAUTOMAT: Photointerpretation center for the [[Lockheed U-2|Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft project]].
* HTKEEPER: Mexico City<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* [[HTLINGUAL]] or HGLINGUAL: [[Cabinet noir|Mail interception]] operation 1952–1973.
* HTNEIGH: National Committee for Free Albania (NCFA) [1949-mid1950s]
* HTPLUME: [[Panama]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* Ike: [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* Jack, [[Florida, Honduras]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* JMADD: CIA air base near city of [[Retalhuleu]], Guatemala 1960–1961
* JMATE: Cover Action plans against Cuba 1960–1961, resulting in Bay of Pigs invasion
* JMBELL: CIA office (location unknown) 1961
* JMBLUG: [[John Peurifoy]], U.S. Ambassador to Guatemala.<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* JMFURY: Preparatory strikes against Cuban airfields before [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] 1961
* JMGLOW: CIA Washington 1961
* JMMOVE: CIA training base located in [[Belle Chasse]], [[Louisiana]] 1961. The stated objective of the base was training Cuban refugees for the [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]]. <ref>https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/157-10011-10069.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref> 
* JMTIDE: CIA air base in [[Puerto Cabezas]], [[Nicaragua]] 1961
* JMTRAX: CIA covert air base/training camp in Guatemala 1960–1961
* [[JMWAVE]]: CIA station in [[Miami]] (that operated against [[Cuba]]).
* JMZIP: CIA office (location unknown) 1961
* Kent: [[Carias Viejas, Honduras]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* KKMOUNTAIN: CIA-Mossad cooperation in the 1960s<ref name="KK/Mountain" />
* KMFLUSH: [[Nicaragua]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* KMPAJAMA: [[Mexico]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* KMPLEBE: [[Peru]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* KUBARK: Central Intelligence Agency (CIA);{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}} [[CIA Headquarters]], [[Langley, Virginia|Langley]]<ref name="bolschwing" />
* KUBASS: CIA Directorate of Science and Technology (DS&T){{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUCAGE: CIA Psychological and Paramilitary Operations Staff{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUCHAP: CIA Deputy Director for Intelligence (DDI){{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUCITY: CIA Technical Services Division{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUCLUB: CIA Office of Communications<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* KUDESK: CIA Counterintelligence Center{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUDOVE: CIA Deputy Director for Operations (DDO){{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUFIRE: CIA Foreign Intelligence Staff<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUGOWN: CIA Psychological and Paramilitary Operations Staff<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUHOOK: CIA Paramilitary Operations Staff{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUJAZZ: CIA Office of National Estimates{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUJUMP: CIA Contact Division{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUKNOB: CIA Office of Scientific Intelligence (OSI){{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUMONK: CIA Office of Political Analysis (OPA){{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=36}}
* KUPALM: CIA Office of Central Reference
* KURIOT: CIA Technical Services Division{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=37}}
* KUSODA: Center for CIA Security{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=37}}
* KUTUBE: CIA Foreign Intelligence Staff{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=37}}
* KUTWIN: Office of Strategic Services (OSS){{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=37}}
* KUWOLF: CIA Political and Psychological Staff{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=37}}
* KUWRAP: CIA Counterintelligence Center{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=37}}
* Larry: [[Entre Ríos, Guatemala]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* LCFLUTTER: [[Polygraph]],<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" /><ref name="bolschwing" /> sometimes supplanted by ''[[truth drug]]s'': '''Sodium Amytal''' ([[amobarbital]]), '''Sodium Pentothal''' ([[thiopental]]), and '''Seconal''' ([[secobarbital]]) to induce regression in the subject.
* LCPANGS: Costa Rica<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* LNHARP: United States Government
* LIENVOY: Joint CIA-Mexican Wiretap/intercept program in Mexico.<ref name="Company">Agee, Philip. 1975. ''Inside the Company: CIA Diary''</ref>
* LINC, LINCOLN: PBSUCCESS Headquarters in Florida<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* LIONIZER: Guatemalan refugee group in Mexico<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* LITENSOR: Codename of CIA informant [[Adolfo López Mateos]], president of Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.razon.com.mx/spip.php?article77508 |title=Libro descubre labor de la CIA en México :: La Razón :: 4 de marzo de 2016 |access-date=2015-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080047/http://www.razon.com.mx/spip.php?article77508 |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
* LITEMPO: Spy network, operated between 1956 and 1969, to exchange information with Mexican top officers.<ref>[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB204/index.htm George Washington University]</ref>
* LITEMPO-1 Emilio Bolanos, nephew of [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz|Gustavo Díaz-Ordaz Bolaños]] (Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of president [[Adolfo López Mateos]])
* LITEMPO-2: [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz|Gustavo Díaz-Ordaz Bolaños]], Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of president [[Adolfo López Mateos]] and President of Mexico 1964–1970.<ref name=elespia>{{cite web |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/56551.html |title=El espía que impactó a México |work=[El Universal] |access-date=2009-08-04 |language=es |archive-date=2014-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222022721/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/56551.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* LITEMPO-4: [[Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios]], Head of the [[Dirección Federal de Seguridad]] (DFS), the top Mexican intelligence agency, at the midst of the [[Dirty War (Mexico)|dirty war]] (1964–1970).
* LITEMPO-8 (later LITEMPO-14): [[Luis Echeverría]], Secretary of the Interior in the cabinet of president [[Gustavo Díaz Ordaz|Gustavo Díaz-Ordaz Bolaños]] and President of Mexico 1970–1976.<ref name=elespia />
* LITEMPO-12: [[Miguel Nazar Haro]], a LITEMPO-4 subordinate, known to be in contact with CIA station chief [[Winston M. Scott]]; Nazar Haro later became head of the [[Dirección Federal de Seguridad|DFS]] intelligence agency (1978–1982)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB204/index2.htm|title=LITEMPO: Los ojos de la CIA en Tlatelolco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2011/05/19/index.php?section=cultura&article=a04n1cul|title = La Jornada: Documenta periodista la cercanía de la CIA con el poder en México|date = 19 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-03-27-ls-51612-story.html|title=Archives|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=27 March 1996 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://harpers.org/blog/2008/04/six-questions-for-jefferson-morley-on-our-man-in-mexico/|title = Nothing found for Blog 2008 04 Six Questions for Jefferson Morley on Our Man in Mexico}}</ref>
* LILINK: Front company providing cover to CIA agents in Mexico City.<ref name="Company" />
* LIOVAL-1: CIA agent, posing as English teacher in Mexico City.<ref name="Company" />
* LICOWL-1: CIA agent, owner of a small business near the Soviet embassy in Mexico City.<ref name="Company" />
* LICOZY-1, LICOZY-3 and LICOZY-5: Anti-KGB double agents in Mexico City.<ref name="Company" />
* LICALLA: CIA surveillance posts for the Soviet embassy in Mexico City.<ref name="Company" />
* LIMBRACE: Security team for the CIA station in Mexico.<ref name="Company" />
* LISAMPAN: Operation "bugging" the Cuban embassy in Mexico City.<ref name="Company" />
* LICOBRA: Operation watching suspicious members of the ruling Mexican PRI party, the ministry of the exterior and other Mexican government officials.<ref name="Company" />
* LIFIRE: Operation gathering intelligence from Mexican air travel and acquiring travel manifests from international flights.
* [[Operation CHAOS|MHCHAOS]]: Surveillance of antiwar activists during the [[Vietnam War]].
* Mike: [[Asunción Mita]], Guatemala<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* MJTRUST/2: [[Ali Hassan Salameh]]<ref name="TheGoodSpy" />
* [[MKCHICKWIT]]: Identify new drug developments in Europe and Asia and obtain samples, part of MKSEARCH.
* [[MKDELTA]]: Operational arm of MKULTRA, subsequently became MKNAOMI.
* [[MKNAOMI]]: Stockpiling of lethal biological and chemical agents, successor to MKDELTA.
* [[MKOFTEN]]: Testing effects of biological and chemical agents, part of MKSEARCH.
* [[MKUltra#Other related projects|MKSEARCH]]: MKULTRA after 1964, [[Brainwashing|mind control]] research.
* [[MKULTRA]]: covert funding mechanism for research and development of behavioral modification techniques. Renamed MKSEARCH in 1964.
* MPBLOTCH – CIA-developed trace metals detection test during the [[Vietnam War]].
* Nick: [[Gualán]], Guatemala<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* ODACID: U.S. Embassy,<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" /> [[United States Department of State]]/[[Diplomatic missions of the United States|U.S. embassy]]
* ODEARL: [[United States Department of Defense]]
* ODENVY: [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]<ref name="ARRB" />
* ODEUM: [[Gehlen Organization]] (1950–1951)<ref name="bolschwing" /><ref name="cia-origins-bnd">[http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/CIA%20AND%20THE%20ORIGINS%20OF%20THE%20BND,%201949-56%20%20%20VOL.%201_0001.pdf Forging an Intelligence Partnership: CIA and the Origins of the BND, 1949–56]</ref>
* ODOATH: United States Navy
* ODOPAL: [[Counterintelligence Corps (United States Army)|Counterintelligence Corps]], United States Army
* ODUNIT: [[United States Air Force]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* ODURGE: [[Immigration and Naturalization Service]]<ref name="bolschwing" />
* ODYOKE: [[Federal government of the United States]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" /><ref name=wh2005-794 />
* OFFSPRING: [[Gehlen Organization]] (1949–1950)<ref name="cia-origins-bnd" />
* PANCHO: [[Carlos Castillo Armas]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* [[Operation PBFORTUNE|PBFORTUNE]]: CIA project to supply forces opposed to Guatemala's President Arbenz with weapons, supplies, and funding; predecessor to [[Operation PBSUCCESS|PBSUCCESS]].<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* [[Operation PBHISTORY|PBHISTORY]]: CIA project to gather and analyze documents from the Arbenz government in Guatemala that would incriminate Arbenz as a communist.<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* [[Operation Gold|PBJOINTLY]]: Operation that built a tunnel from the American sector of Berlin, to the Russian sector.
* PBCRUET: Psychological warfare radio broadcasts outside Ukraine<ref name=kyivpost2021 />
* PBPRIME: United States<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" /><ref name=wh2005-794 /><ref name=kyivpost2021 />
* PBRUMEN: Cuba
* PBS, [[Operation PBSUCCESS|PBSUCCESS]]: Central Intelligence Agency covert operation to overthrow Arbenz government in Guatemala<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* POCAPON: [[Taketora Ogata]], Japanese politician in the 1950s.
* PODAM: [[Matsutarō Shōriki]], Japanese businessman and politician.
* PYREX: Language units in WEMCA station<ref name=kyivpost2021 /><ref name="coldwarradiocummings" />
* QJWIN: European assassin.<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2009, pp. 35, 136</ref> Also described as an "assassin recruiter".<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 527</ref>
* QKBROIL: Psychological warfare in Romania<ref name="coldwarradiocummings" />
* QKCIGAR: United States Government
* QKELUSION: West German Social Democratic Party (SPD){{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|p=47}}
* QKFLOWAGE: [[United States Information Agency]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* [[QKENCHANT]]: CIA program associated with [[E. Howard Hunt]] (1918–2007), who with [[G. Gordon Liddy]] and others, was one of the White House's "plumbers"—a secret team of operatives charged with fixing "leaks".<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2009, p. 709</ref>
* QKFLOWAGE: [[United States Information Agency]]
* QKHILLTOP: CIA program to study Chinese Communist brainwashing techniques and to develop interrogation techniques.
* QRDYNAMIC: A financial support program for Ukrainian-language publications to offset Soviet propaganda 
* QRTENURE: Covert operation in New York City<ref name=kyivpost2021 />
* QTGULL: CIA Polish agent [[Ryszard Kukliński]] (also CKGULL)<ref name=aSecretLife />
* RANTER: Psychological warfare radio broadcasts from Greece<ref name=kyivpost2021 />
* RUFUS: [[Carlos Castillo Armas]]<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* SARANAC: training site in Nicaragua<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* SCRANTON: training base for radio operators near Nicaragua<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* SD/PLOD/1: deputy prime minister for the [[Interim government of Iran, 1979|Interim government of Iran]] [[Abbas Amir-Entezam]]<ref name="Bill">{{cite book |last=Bill |first=James A. |chapter=The Islamic Republic and America |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNBpbh-mDcoC&pg=PA290 |title=The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations |date=January 1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNBpbh-mDcoC |location=New Haven, Connecticut |publisher=Yale University Press |page=290 |isbn=978-0-300-04412-6 |access-date=September 2, 2015 }}</ref>
* SGUAT: CIA Station in Guatemala<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* SHELLAC: Clandestine radio station in Romania, part of QKBROIL<ref name="coldwarradiocummings" />
* SHERWOOD: CIA radio broadcasting program based in Nicaragua begun on May 1, 1954<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* SKILLET, Whiting Willauer, U.S. Ambassador to Honduras<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* SKIMMER, The "Group" CIA cover organization supporting Castillo Armas<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* SLINC, telegram indicator for PBSUCCESS Headquarters in Florida<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
*SRPOINTER or SGPOINTER: name for the mail intercept program from 1952 to 1955; later renamed [[HTLINGUAL]].
* STANDEL: [[Jacobo Arbenz]], President of Guatemala<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* STORMY: [[LSD]], [[Lysergic Acid Diethylamide]], psychedelic drug experiments on public.
* SMOTH: UK [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (MI6)
* SYNCARP: the "Junta", Castillo Armas' political organization headed by Córdova Cerna<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* TPBEDAMN: U.S. operation to counter communist subversion in Iran with propaganda and bribes.
* [[1953 Iranian coup d'état|TPAJAX]]: Overthrow of [[Mohammed Mossadeq]], Prime Minister of [[Iran]], in the 1953 Iranian coup orchestrated by a joint US/UK operation<ref name="Smith, Jr.">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=W. Thomas Jr.|title=Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency|year=2003|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-3018-7|page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jc9wBsImOIC|author-link=W. Thomas Smith Jr.|access-date=October 30, 2015|chapter=Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Code Names|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jc9wBsImOIC&q=tpajax}}</ref>
* TPCREDO: [[Italy]]
* TPROACH: [[Yugoslavia]]
* TPTONIC: National Committee for Free Europe (NCFE)
* UNREST: Otto von Bolschwing<ref name="bolschwing" />
* UPTHRUST: [[Konrad Adenauer]]{{sfn|CIA/IWG|2007|pp=1, 62|p=}}
* USAGE: Otto von Bolschwing<ref name="bolschwing" />
* UTILITY: [[Reinhard Gehlen]], first president of the Bundesnachrichtendienst<ref name="bolschwing" /><ref name="cia-origins-bnd" />
* WASHTUB: Operation to plant Soviet arms in Nicaragua<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* WEMCA: CIA communications station in Athens, Greece<ref name="coldwarradiocummings">{{cite book |last=Cummings |first=Richard H. |title=Cold War Radio: The Dangerous History of American Broadcasting in Europe, 1950-1989}}</ref>
* WOFIRM: Unidentified cryptonym mentioned in a dispatch which describes a request to release a document pertaining to the [[Warren Commission]]. It may have been the codename for [[Richard Helms]] or his department.<ref name="CIA Files; 2017"/>
* WSBURNT: Guatemala<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* WSHOOFS: Honduras<ref name="Office of the Historian; 2003" />
* ZIPPER: [[Gehlen Organization]] (1951–1956)<ref name="bolschwing" /><ref name="cia-origins-bnd" />
* ZRRIFLE: An assassination plot targeting Fidel Castro
{{div col end}}

==Operations and projects==
{{Div col}}
* APPLE: Agent team seen in 1952 by CIA/OPC as best bet to successfully continue BGFIEND Project aimed to harass/overthrow [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albanian communist regime]]. Team was arrested, communists controlled radio ops for 16 months, luring more agents into Albania in 1953, and trying and executing original agents in 1954 to suddenly end BGFIEND.<ref>OBOPUS/BGFIEND, RG263, Various documents, include Vol. 6, Box 47, National Archives, College Park, MD</ref>
* [[Project ARTICHOKE|ARTICHOKE]]:  Researching methods of interrogation. Precursor to MKULTRA.  Primary goal of Project Artichoke was to determine whether a person could be involuntarily made to perform an act of attempted assassination. The project also studied the effects of mind control and hypnosis, forced addiction to (and subsequent withdrawal from) morphine, and other chemicals, including LSD, to produce amnesia and other vulnerable states in victims.
* [[Azorian|AZORIAN]]: Project to raise the [[Soviet submarine K-129 (1960)|Soviet submarine K-129]] from the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Sharp 2012">Sharp 2012</ref>
* BGGYPSY: Communist.
* BIRCH
* BLACKSHIELD: A-12 aircraft reconnaissance missions off Okinawa.<ref name=smith2003>Smith 2003</ref>
* BLUEBIRD: mind control program
* BOND: Puerto Barrios, Guatemala.
* CATIDE: [[Bundesnachrichtendienst]].
* CHARITY: Joint CIA/OSO-Italian Naval Intelligence information gathering operation against Albania (1948–1951).
* CHERRY: Covert assassination / destabilization operation during Vietnam War, targeting Prince (later King) [[Norodom Sihanouk]] and the government of Cambodia. Disbanded.
* CKTAW: Wiretap operation in Moscow, Russia.<ref>Antonio J. Mendez and Jonna Mendez, [https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-the-cia-used-the-illusions-of-magicians-to-fool-the-kgb "How the CIA Used the Illusions of Magicians to Fool the KGB"], ''Daily Beast'', June 8, 2019</ref>
* DTFROGS: El Salvador.
* ESCOBILLA: Guatemalan national.
* ESMERALDITE: Labor informant affiliated with [[American Federation of Labor|AFL]]-sponsored labor movement.
* ESQUIRE: [[James Bamford]], author of ''The Puzzle Palace''.
* ESSENCE: Guatemalan anti-communist leader.
* FDTRODPINT: Afghan tribal agents, formerly known as GESENIOR, reactivated in the 1990s by the CIA to hunt [[1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters|Mir Aimal Kasi]] and later [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref name="Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, p.372">Steve Coll, ''Ghost Wars'', p.372</ref>
* FIR
* [[Project FUBELT|FUBELT]]: operation against [[Salvador Allende]] in Chile.
* FJGROUND: [[Grafenwöhr]],  Germany paramilitary training ground.
* FJHOPEFUL: Military base.
* FPBERM: Yugoslavia
* GESENIOR: Afghan tribal agents working with the CIA during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]. Later called FDTRODPINT.<ref name="Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, p.372" />
* GPFLOOR: [[Lee Harvey Oswald]].<ref name="ARRB" />
* GPIDEAL: [[John F. Kennedy]], US president.<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 894</ref>
* GRATTIC: [[Pyotr Semyonovich Popov|Pyotr Popov]], CIA Soviet agent.<ref>Kevin Conley Ruffner, [https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA%20AND%20NAZI%20WAR%20CRIM.%20AND%20COL.%20CHAP.%2011-21%2C%20DRAFT%20WORKING%20PAPER_0003.pdf Eagle and Swastika:CIA and Nazi War Criminals and Collaborators], draft working paper, chapter Thirteen, p.15</ref>
* [[Convair KINGFISH#Project Gusto|GUSTO]]: Project to design a follow-on to the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. Succeeded [[Project Rainbow|RAINBOW]]. Succeeded by [[Project OXCART|OXCART]].<ref name=pedlow274>Pedlow & Welzenbach, p. 274.</ref>
* HBFAIRY: France
* HTCURIO: American or U.S. (Not Government)
* [[Operation IA Feature|IAFEATURE]]: Operation to support the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ([[UNITA]]) and the [[National Liberation Front of Angola]] (FNLA) during the [[Angolan Civil War|Angolan civil war]].
* IDIOM: Initial work by [[Convair]] on a follow-on to the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. Later moved into [[Convair Kingfish#Project Gusto|GUSTO]].<ref>Contracting officer, ''Change of Project Funds Obligated Under Contract No. SS-100, Convair, San Diego, California, Project CHAMPION'', DPD-2827-59, CIA, Washington, DC, 30 April 1959.</ref>
* Project JBEDICT: Tripartite Stay-Behind project.
* JENNIFER: Document control system for Project AZORIAN.<ref name="Sharp 2012" />
* KEMPSTER: Project to reduce the [[radar cross section]] (RCS) of the inlets of the [[Lockheed A-12]] reconnaissance aircraft.
* KMHYMNAL: Maine-built motor sailer JUANITA purchased by CIA to use as floating, clandestine, propaganda broadcast facility in Mediterranean/Adriatic (1950–53).
* LEMON
* LNWILT: [[Counterintelligence Corps|US Counterintelligence Corps]] (CIC)
* LPMEDLEY: Surveillance of telegraphic information exiting or entering the United States.
* MAGPIE: US Army Labor Service Organization
* MATADOR: Project to recover section of Soviet submarine K-129 dropped during Project AZORIAN.  Cancelled after Soviet protest.<ref name="Sharp 2012" />
* [[MKNAOMI|MK NAOMI]]:  successor to the MKULTRA project focusing on biological projects including biological warfare agents — specifically, to store materials that could either incapacitate or kill a test subject and to develop devices for the diffusion of such materials.
* [[MKUltra|MK ULTRA]]:  a human experimentation program to develop procedures and identify drugs that could be used during interrogations to weaken individuals and force confessions through brainwashing and psychological torture. Successor to ARTICHOKE; succeeded by MKNAOMI.
* [[Project Mockingbird|MOCKINGBIRD]]: a wire tapping operation of two journalists in 1963 to determine the source of leaked information<ref name="Robarge">{{cite book |last=Robarge |first=David |year=2005 |chapter=McCone and the Secret Wars: Counterintelligence and Security |title=John McCone as Director of Central Intelligence, 1961–1965 (Part 2) |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/john-mccone-director-central-intelligence-1961-1965 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Center for the Study of Intelligence |pages=328–329 |access-date=June 2, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Operation MONGOOSE|MONGOOSE]]: "Primarily a relentless and escalating campaign of sabotage and small [[Cuban exile]] raids that would somehow cause the overthrow of Castro," which "also included plans for an invasion of Cuba in the fall of 1962".<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 37</ref>
* [[MKNAOMI|NAOMI]]: ''see MK NAOMI''.
* OAK: Operation to assassinate suspected South Vietnamese collaborators during [[Vietnam War]].
* PANCHO: [[Carlos Castillo Armas]], President of Guatemala, also RUFUS.
* [[Operation Paperclip|PAPERCLIP]]: US recruiting of German scientists after World War II.
* [[Phoenix Program|PHOENIX]]: Vietnam covert intelligence/assassination operation.
* PINE
* [[Project Rainbow|RAINBOW]]: Project to reduce the [[radar cross section]] (RCS) of the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft.<ref>Pedlow & Welzenbach, p. 129.</ref> Succeeded by [[Convair KINGFISH#Project Gusto|GUSTO]].
* QKWAVER: Egypt
* RUFUS: [[Carlos Castillo Armas]], President of Guatemala, also PANCHO.
* RYBAT: Secret.<ref name="ARRB" />
* SARANAC: Training site in Nicaragua.
* SCRANTON: Training base for radio operators near Nicaragua.
* SGCIDER: Germany.
* SGUAT: CIA Station in Guatemala.
* SHERWOOD: CIA radio broadcast program in Nicaragua begun on May 1, 1954.
* SKILLET: Whiting Willauer, U.S. Ambassador to Honduras.
* SKIMMER: The "Group" CIA cover organization supporting [[Castillo Armas]].
* SLINC: Telegram indicator for PBSUCCESS Headquarters in Florida.
* STANDEL: [[Jacobo Arbenz]], President of Guatemala.
* [[Stargate Project (U.S. Army unit)|STARGATE]]: Investigation of psychic phenomena.
* STBAILEY: political action and propaganda part of STBARNUM.<ref>John B. Roberts II and Elizabeth A. Roberts, ''Freeing Tibet: 50 Years of Struggle, Resilience, and Hope'', New York: AMACOM, 2009 p. 82</ref>
* STBARNUM: [[CIA Tibetan program]] (covert action in Tibet, 1950s onwards).<ref name=Tibet55>Kenneth Conboy and James Morrison, ''The CIA's Secret War in Tibet'', Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2002, p.</ref>
* STCIRCUS: aerial part of STBARNUM.<ref name=Tibet55 />
* STSPIN: Three [[Lockheed EP-3|P-3A Orion]] aircraft operated from Taiwan in 1966.<ref>Pocock, Chris. ''The Black Bats: CIA Spy Flights Over China From Taiwan, 1951–1969''. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-7643-3513-6}}.</ref>
* SYNCARP: The "Junta", Castillo Armas' political organization headed by Cordova Cerna.
* THERMOS: Unclassified codeword used in lieu of [[Project Rainbow|RAINBOW]].<ref>Bissell, Richard M., Jr., "[...] Cable Handling Procedures", SAPC-21143, CIA, Washington, DC, 8 November 1957.</ref>
* THROWOFF/2: Albanian ethnic agent/radio operator employed by Italian Navy Intelligence/CIA in several early Cold War covert operations against Albania. Was captured, operated radio under communist control to lure CIA agents to capture/death, tried in 1954, death sentence commuted, freed after 25 years. CIA paid his son $40,000 in 1996.<ref>OBOPUS/BGFIEND, AHMET KABASHI, RG263, Name Files, National Archives, College Park, MD</ref>
* OPERATION TILT: The CIA's name for "an operation put together by [[John Martino (writer)|John Martino]], who was fronting for his boss Santo Trafficante and his roommate {{sic|hide=y|}} [[John Roselli|Johnny Roselli]]".<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 471</ref> OPERATION TILT used "some of the same people working on the CIA-Mafia plots in the spring of 1963&nbsp;... [and] involved sending a Cuban exile team into Cuba to retrieve Soviet technicians supposedly ready to defect and reveal the existence of Soviet missiles still on the island".<ref>Waldron & Hartmann 2005, p. 438</ref>
* TROPIC: Air operations flown over North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union by CAT pilots during the 1950s.<ref name=smith2003 />
* [[MKUltra|ULTRA]]: ''see MK ULTRA''.
* VALUABLE: British MI-run Albanian operations 1949 to 1953.
* [[Operation WASHTUB|WASHTUB]]: Operation to plant Soviet arms in Nicaragua.
* WBFISHY: [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office|UK's Foreign and Commonwealth Office]].
* WSBURNT: Guatemala.
* WSHOOFS: Honduras.
* ZAPATA: [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] 1961.
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Secret Service codename]]
* [[List of U.S. government and military acronyms]]
* {{Section link|Callsign|Military call signs}}
* {{Section link|00 Agent|Inspiration}}
* [[List of military operations]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* [[Philip Agee|Agee, Philip]]. 1975. ''Inside the Company: CIA Diary''. Stonehill Publishing {{ISBN|0-14-004007-2}}, p.&nbsp;48
* Carl, Leo D. 1990. ''The International Dictionary of Intelligence''. Mavin Books, p.&nbsp;107
*{{cite report |author=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |date=June 2007 |title=Research Aid: Cryptonyms and Terms in Declassified CIA Files |url=https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/declassified-records/rg-263-cia-records/second-release-lexicon.pdf |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |editor=Nazi War Crimes and Japanese Imperial Government Records Interagency Working Group |access-date=July 2, 2020 |ref={{harvid|CIA/IWG|2007}}}}
* DPD Contracting Officer, ''Change of Project Funds Obligated under Contract No. SS-100''. CIA DPD-2827-59, 30 April 1959.
* [[Richard Helms|Helms, Richard]] and Hood, William. 2003. ''A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency''. Random House, pp.&nbsp;378–379
* Pedlow, Gregory W. and Welzenbach, Donald E. 1992. ''The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance: The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954–1974''. CIA History Staff.
* {{cite book|last=Sharp|first=David|title=The CIA's Greatest Covert Operation: Inside the Daring Mission to Recover a Nuclear-Armed Soviet Sub|year=2012|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]|location=Lawrence, KS|isbn=978-0-7006-1834-7|page=344|url=http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/shacia.html|access-date=2012-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728214106/http://www.kansaspress.ku.edu/shacia.html|archive-date=2012-07-28}}
* Smith W. Thomas. 2003. ''[[Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency]]''. Checkmark Books {{ISBN|0-8160-4666-2}}
* [[John Stockwell (CIA officer)|Stockwell, John]]. 1978. ''In Search of Enemies''
* Waldron, Lamar and Hartmann, Thom. 2009. ''Legacy of Secrecy: The Long Shadow of the JFK Assassination''. Counterpoint '''(LS)'''
* Waldron, Lamar and Hartmann, Thom. 2005. ''Ultimate Sacrifice: John and Robert Kennedy, the Plan for a Coup in Cuba, and the Murder of JFK'' Carroll & Graf Publishers '''(US)'''
* Wallace, Robert and H. Keith Melton. 2008. ''Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs from Communism to Al-Qaeda''. Dutton.
* [[Tim Weiner|Weiner, Tim]]. 2008. ''Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA''. [[Anchor Books]].
* [[David Wise (journalist)|Wise, David]]. 1992. ''Molehunt''. Random House, p.&nbsp;19.

==External links==
* [http://www.maryferrell.org/wiki/index.php/CIA_Cryptonyms CIA Cryptonyms] at [[Mary Ferrell|Mary Ferrell Foundation]]
* [https://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-263-cia-records/second-release-lexicon.pdf Research Aid:  Cryptonyms and Terms in Declassified CIA Files]
*[https://www.maryferrell.org/showDoc.html?docId=204068 Acronyms/Abbreviations/Crypts/Organizations Identification Guide] by the [[Assassination Records Review Board|Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB)]]

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[[Category:CIA cryptonyms| ]]
[[Category:Code names]]
[[Category:Military terminology of the United States]]