View source for CP/CMS

{{short description|IBM operating system specializing in virtualization}}
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{{Infobox OS
| name                   = CP/CMS
| logo                   = IBM logo.svg
| logo size              = 120px
| screenshot             =
| caption                =
| developer              = [[IBM]] [[Cambridge Scientific Center]]
| source_model           = Source code (see text for details)
| kernel_type            =
| supported_platforms    = [[IBM System/360-67]]; also [[System/370]] with virtual memory hardware (not present in original S/370 models); also used on experimental hardware
| ui                     = [[Command-line interface]]
| family                 = [[VM (operating system)|VM]]
| released               = {{Start date and age|1968|05}}
| latest_release_version = 3.2
| latest_release_date    = {{Start date and age|1972}}
| latest_test_version    =
| latest_test_date       =
| marketing_target       =
| programmed_in          = [[IBM Basic Assembly Language and successors#Assembler E and F|Assembler (F)]]
| prog_language          =
| language               = [[English language|English]]
| updatemodel            =
| package_manager        =
| working_state          = Historic
| license                = [[IBM Type-III Library]] (free in source code form at no charge to IBM customers, without support)
| website                =
}}

'''CP/CMS''' ('''Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System''') is a discontinued [[time-sharing]] [[operating system]] of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It is known for its excellent performance and advanced features.<ref>Stuart E. Madnick (1969) {{cite web|url=https://web.mit.edu/smadnick/www/papers/J004.pdf | title=Time-Sharing Systems: Virtual Machine Concept vs. Conventional Approach | access-date=2012-09-13}} Modern Data Systems, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 34-36.</ref><ref>Stuart Madnick (1976) {{cite web|url=https://web.mit.edu/smadnick/www/papers/J009.pdf | title=Virtual Machine Advantages in Security, Integrity, and Decision Support Systems | access-date=2012-09-13}} [[IBM]] Systems Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3.</ref> Among its three versions, [[IBM CP-40|CP-40]]/CMS was an important 'one-off' research system that established the CP/CMS [[virtual machine]] architecture. It was followed by [[CP-67]]/CMS, a reimplementation of CP-40/CMS for the [[IBM System/360-67]], and the primary focus of this article. Finally, [[CP-370]]/CMS was a reimplementation of CP-67/CMS for the [[System/370]]. While it was never released as such, it became the foundation of [[IBM]]'s [[VM (operating system)|VM/370]] operating system, announced in 1972.

Each implementation was a substantial redesign of its predecessor and an evolutionary step forward.     CP-67/CMS was the first widely available virtual machine architecture. IBM pioneered this idea with its research systems [[IBM M44/44X|M44/44X]] (which used [[partial virtualization]]) and [[IBM CP-40|CP-40]] (which used [[full virtualization]]).

In addition to its role as the predecessor of the VM family, CP/CMS played an important role in the development of [[operating system]] (OS) theory, the design of [[IBM]]'s System/370, the [[time-sharing]] industry, and the creation of a self-supporting user community that anticipated today's [[free software movement]].

==History==
{{Main|History of CP/CMS}}
{{See also|IBM CP-40#Historical notes|History of [[IBM]] mainframe operating systems|System/360|History of [[IBM]]|}}
Fundamental CP/CMS architectural and strategic parameters were established in CP-40, which began production use at IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center in early 1967. This effort occurred in a complex political and technical ''milieu'', discussed at some length and supported by first-hand quotes in the Wikipedia article [[History of CP/CMS]].

In a nutshell:

* In the early 1960s, IBM sought to maintain dominance over scientific computing, where time-sharing efforts such as [[Compatible Time-Sharing System|CTSS]] and  MIT's [[Project MAC]] gained focus. But IBM had committed to a huge project, the [[System/360]], which took the company in a different direction.
* The time-sharing community was disappointed with the S/360's lack of time-sharing capabilities. This led to key IBM sales losses at [[Project MAC]] and [[Bell Laboratories]]. IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center (CSC), originally established to support Project MAC, began an effort to regain IBM's credibility in time-sharing, by building a time-sharing operating system for the S/360. This system would eventually become CP/CMS. In the same spirit, IBM designed and released a S/360 model with time-sharing features, the IBM System/360-67, and a time-sharing operating system, [[TSS/360]]. TSS failed; but the 360-67 and CP/CMS succeeded, despite internal political battles over time-sharing, and concerted efforts at IBM to scrap the CP/CMS effort{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}.
* In 1967, CP/CMS production use began, first on CSC's CP-40, then later on CP-67 at [[Lincoln Laboratories]] and other sites. It was made available via the IBM Type-III Library in 1968. By 1972, CP/CMS had gone through several releases; it was a robust, stable system running on 44 systems; it could support 60 timesharing users on a S/360-67; and at least two commercial timesharing vendors ([[National CSS]] and [[Interactive Data Corporation|IDC]]) were reselling S/360-67 time using CP/CMS technology.
* In 1972, IBM announced the addition of virtual memory to the S/370 series, along with the VM/370 operating system, a reimplementation of CP/CMS for the S/370. This marked the end of CP/CMS releases, although the system continued its independent existence for some time. VM releases continued to include source code for some time and members of the VM community long remained active contributors.

==Overview==
{{FamilyTree CP/CMS|float=middle}}

CP/CMS was built by IBM's [[Cambridge Scientific Center]] (CSC), a [[research and development]] lab with ties to [[MIT]], under the leadership of [[Robert Creasy]]. The system's goals, development process, release, and legacy of breakthrough technology, set this system apart from other operating systems of its day and from other large IBM projects. It was an [[open-source software|open-source]] system, made available in source code form to all IBM customers at no charge &ndash; as part of the unsupported [[IBM Type-III Library]]. CP/CMS users supported themselves and each other. Unusual circumstances, described in the [[CP/CMS#History|History]] section below, led to this situation.

CP/CMS consisted of two main components:

* '''CP''', the ''Control Program'', created the virtual machine environment. The widely used version was CP-67, ran on the S/360-67. (The research system CP-40 established the architecture. A third version, CP-370, became VM/370.) Instead of explicitly dividing up memory and other resources among users, which had been the traditional approach, CP provided each user with a simulated stand-alone [[System/360]] computer. Each system was able to run any S/360 software that ran on the [[bare machine]] and in effect gave each user a private computer system.
* '''CMS''', the ''Cambridge Monitor System'' (and also ''Console Monitor System''<ref>Creasy, ''op. cit., p.'' 488 &ndash; "Console Monitor System"</ref> &ndash; but renamed [[Conversational Monitor System]] in VM) was a lightweight single-user operating system, for interactive time-sharing use. By running many copies of CMS in CP's virtual machines &ndash; instead of multiple copies of large, traditional multi-tasking OS &ndash; the overhead per user was less. This allowed a great number of simultaneous users to share a single S/360.

The CP/CMS virtual machine concept was an important step forward in operating system design.

* By isolating users from each other, CP/CMS greatly improved system reliability and security.
* By simulating a full, stand-alone computer for each user, CP/CMS could run ''any'' S/360 software in a time-sharing environment, not just applications specifically designed for time-sharing.
* By using lightweight CMS as the primary user interface, CP/CMS achieved unprecedented time-sharing performance. In addition, the simplicity of CMS made it easier to implement user interface enhancements than in traditional OS.

IBM reimplemented CP/CMS as its VM/370 product line, released in 1972 when [[virtual memory]] was added to the [[S/370]] series. VM/370's successors (such as [[z/VM]]) remain in wide use today. (IBM reimplemented CP-67, as it had CP-40, and did not simply rename and repackage it. VM coexisted with CP/CMS and its successors for many years. It is thus appropriate to view CP/CMS as an independent OS, distinct from the VM family.)

==CP/CMS as free software==
CP/CMS was distributed in [[source code]] form, and many CP/CMS users were actively involved in studying and modifying that source code. Such direct user involvement with a vendor-supplied operating system was unusual.

In the CP/CMS era, many vendors distributed operating systems in machine-readable source code{{clarify|date=April 2016}}. IBM provided optional source code for, e.g., [[OS/360]], [[DOS/360]], and several later mainstream IBM operating systems. With all these systems, some awareness of system source code was also involved in the [[System generation|SYSGEN]] process, comparable to a [[kernel build]] in modern systems also in installing a [[Starter Set]]. (Forty years later, the [[Hercules emulator]] can be used to run fossilized versions of these systems, based on source code that is now treated as part of the [[public domain]].)

The importance of operating system source code has changed over time. Before [[History of IBM#1960–1969: The System/360 era, Unbundling software and services|IBM unbundled software from hardware]] in 1969, the OS (and most other software) was included in the cost of the hardware. Each vendor had complete responsibility for the entire system, hardware and software. This made the distribution medium relatively unimportant. After IBM's unbundling, OS software was delivered as [[IBM System Control Program software IBM System Control Program (SCP) software]], eventually in object code only (OCO) form.

For complicated reasons, CP/CMS was not released in the normal way. It was not supported by IBM, but was made part of the unsupported [[IBM Type-III Library]], a collection of software contributions from IBM staff members (similarly software contributed by customers formed the Type-IV Library). IBM distributed this library to its customers for use 'as is'. The lack of direct IBM support for such products forced active users to support themselves and encouraged modifications and mutual support. CP/CMS and other Type-III products were early forms of [[free software]].

Source code distribution of other IBM operating systems may have continued for some time (e.g. [[OS/360]], [[DOS/360]], [[DOS/VSE]], [[MVS]], and even [[TSS/370]], which all today are generally considered to be in the [[public domain]]) since they were arguably published without a copyright notice before 1978.<ref>cf. [[Hercules emulator]], which is apparently used to run these historic systems without raising complaints from IBM; the systems were published by IBM as machine readable source code and as microfiche</ref><ref>public domain: "Until the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988, the lack of a proper copyright notice would force an otherwise copyrightable work into the public domain...."</ref>{{Quote without source|date=June 2025}} However, the unsupported status of CP/CMS placed different pressures on its user community and created the need for source code distribution.

CP/CMS was contributed to the Type-III Library by MIT's [[Lincoln Laboratory]] and ''not'' by IBM, despite the fact that the system was built by IBM's [[Cambridge Scientific Center]]. This decision has been described as a form of collusion to outmaneuver the IBM political forces opposed to time-sharing{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}. It is thought that it may also reflect the amount of formal and informal input from MIT and [[Union Carbide]] that contributed to the design and implementation of CP-40, the S/360-67, CP-67, and CMS. See [[History of CP/CMS#Historical notes|History of CP/CMS (historical notes)]] for further insights and references on this topic.

Many CP/CMS users made extensive modifications to their own copies of the source code. Much of this work was shared among sites, and important changes found their way back into the core system. Other users, such as [[National CSS]] and some academic sites, continued independent development of CP/CMS, rather than switching to VM/370 when it became available. These efforts diverged from the community, in what today would be termed a [[fork (software development)|software fork]].

After IBM released VM/370, source code distribution of VM continued for several releases. (The VM project did not adopt the use of [[IBM PL/S|PL/S]], an internal systems programming language mandated for use within IBM on many comparable projects. The use of PL/S would have made source code distribution impossible. IBM attempted to turn away from assembly language to higher level languages as early as 1965, and was making substantial use of [[IBM PL/S|PL/S]] by 1969, e.g. in MVS. PL/S was considered a trade secret at the time and was not available to customers. IBM apparently made exceptions to this policy much later.<ref>Pugh ''et al., p.'' 737, note 166 &ndash; citing the C. H. Reynolds August 1965 ''PL/I policy statement'' mandating use of PL/I</ref><ref>W. R. Brittenham, ''The development of PL/S'', IBM Technical Report (1974) &ndash; cited in Pugh</ref>) The VM user community continued to make important contributions to the software, as it had during the CP/CMS Type-III period. Few OS or DOS sites exhibited active user involvement in deep operating system internals, but this was found at many VM sites. This reverse support helped CP/CMS concepts survive and evolve, despite VM's second class citizen status at IBM.

==Architecture==<!-- This section is linked from IBM CP-40. See [[WP:MOS#Section management]] -->
The CP/CMS architecture was revolutionary for its time. The system consisted of a [[Operating system-level virtualization|virtualizing control program]] (CP) which created multiple independent [[virtual machine]]s (VMs). [[Platform virtualization]] was possible because of two elements of the IBM System/360-67:
* Segregation of privileged "supervisor state" instructions from normal "problem state" instructions
* Address translation hardware
When a program was running in "problem state," using a privileged instruction or an invalid memory address would cause the hardware to raise an exception condition. By trapping these conditions, CP could simulate the appropriate behavior, e.g. performing I/O or paging operations. A guest operating system, which would run in "supervisor state" on a bare machine, was run in "problem state" under CP.

The result was a fully virtualized environment. Each virtual machine had its own set of virtual devices, mapped from the system's real hardware environment. Thus a given dial-up teletype was presented to its VM instance as its ''virtual console''.

Note that, in CP-67, certain model-dependent and diagnostic instructions were not virtualized, notably the DIAG instruction. Ultimately, in later development at IBM and elsewhere, DIAG instructions were used to create a non-virtualized interface, to what became called a [[hypervisor]]. Client operating systems could use this mechanism to communicate directly with the control program; this offered dramatic performance improvements.

Any S/360 operating system could in fact be run under CP, but normal users ran Cambridge Monitor System (CMS), a simple, single-user operating system. CMS allowed users to run programs and manage their virtual devices. CP-67 versions 1 and 2 did not support virtual memory inside a virtual machine. This was added in version 3. At that point, testing and development of CP itself could be done by running a full copy of CP/CMS inside a single virtual machine. Some CP/CMS operating system work, such as CP-370 development and MVS testing, ran four- or five-level deep stacks of hardware and OS simulations.

The CP/CMS design is different from IBM's previous [[monolithic system|monolithic operating systems]], it separates complex "big system" (dispatching, hardware management, mass storage) from "little system" (application program execution, file I/O, console input/output). The re-categorization of both systems into their own entities prevents a bug in one users' system from affecting both. This is a model feature in [[microkernel]] operating systems.

IBM's decision to implement [[Operating system-level virtualization|virtualization]] and [[virtual memory]] features in the subsequent S/370 design (although missing from the initial S/370 series) reflects, at least in part, the success of the CP/CMS approach. In turn the survival and success of IBM's VM operating system family, and of virtualization technology in general, owe much to the S/360-67.

In many respects, IBM's CP-67 and CP/CMS products anticipated (and heavily influenced) contemporary [[Operating system-level virtualization|virtualization software]], such as [[VMware]] Workstation, [[Xen]], and [[Windows Virtual PC|Microsoft Virtual PC]].

==Related terminology==
*'''CP''': ''Control Program''. CP-40 and CP-67 were implementations for CSC's customized S/360-40 and the standard S/360-67, respectively.
*'''CMS''': ''Cambridge Monitor System''. This portion of the CP/CMS system was renamed [[Conversational Monitor System]] when IBM released VM/370. Unlike the CP-to-VM transition, however, which was a reimplementation, much of CMS was moved without modification from CP/CMS into VM/370.
*'''VM''': ''Virtual Machine'', initially the term ''pseudo-machine'' was used, but soon ''virtual machine'' was borrowed from the [[IBM M44/44X]] project. It was well established in CP/CMS by the time IBM introduced VM/370.
*'''hypervisor''': a mechanism for [[paravirtualization]]. This term was coined in IBM's reimplementation of CP-67 as VM/370.

==See also==
* [[VP/CSS]]
* [[History of IBM]]
* [[Time-sharing system evolution]]
* [[CMS file system]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==Citations==
; Primary CP/CMS sources:
{{Refbegin}}
* R. J. Creasy, "[https://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~stjones/proj/vm_reading/ibmrd2505M.pdf The origin of the VM/370 time-sharing system]", ''IBM Journal of Research &amp; Development'', Vol. 25, No. 5 (September 1981), ''pp.'' 483–90, [[PDF]]<br/>― perspective on CP/CMS and [[VM (operating system)|VM]] history by the [[IBM CP-40|CP-40]] project lead, also a [[Compatible Time-Sharing System|CTSS]] author
* E.W. Pugh, L.R. Johnson, and John H. Palmer, ''IBM's 360 and early 370 systems,'' MIT Press, Cambridge MA and London, {{ISBN|0-262-16123-0}}<br/>― extensive (819&nbsp;''pp.'') treatment of IBM's offerings during this period; the limited coverage of CP/CMS in such a definitive work is telling
* Melinda Varian, ''[https://www.leeandmelindavarian.com/Melinda/25paper.pdf  VM and the VM community, past present, and future]'', SHARE 89 Sessions 9059–61, 1997;<br/>― an outstanding source for CP/CMS and [[VM (operating system)|VM]] history
* Bitsavers, ''[https://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/360/cp67/ Index of /pdf/ibm/360/cp67]''
{{Refend}}

; Additional CP/CMS sources:
{{Refbegin}}
* R. J. Adair, R. U. Bayles, L. W. Comeau and R. J. Creasy, ''A Virtual Machine System for the 360/40,'' IBM Corporation, Cambridge Scientific Center Report No. 320‐2007 (May 1966)<br/>― a seminal paper describing implementation of the virtual machine concept, with descriptions of the customized CSC S/360-40 and the [[IBM CP-40|CP-40]] design
* International Business Machines Corporation, ''CP-67/CMS'', Program 360D-05.2.005, IBM Program Information Department (June 1969)<br/>― IBM's reference manual
* R. A. Meyer and L. H. Seawright, "A virtual machine time-sharing system," ''IBM Systems Journal,'' Vol. 9, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;199–218 (September 1970)<br/>― describes the CP-67/CMS system, outlining features and applications
* R. P. Parmelee, T. I. Peterson, C. C. Tillman, and D. J. Hatfield, "Virtual storage and virtual machine concepts," ''IBM Systems Journal,'' Vol. 11, No. 2 (June 1972)
{{Refend}}

; Background CP/CMS sources:
{{Refbegin}}
* F. J. Corbató, et al., ''The Compatible Time-Sharing System, A Programmer’s Guide,'' M.I.T. Press, 1963
* F. J. Corbató, M. Merwin-Daggett, and R. C. Daley, "An Experimental Time-sharing System," ''Proc. Spring Joint Computer Conference (AFIPS) 21, pp.'' 335–44 (1962) — description of CTSS
* F. J. Corbató and V. A. Vyssotsky, "Introduction and Overview of the MULTICS System", ''Proc. Fall Joint Computer Conference (AFIPS) 27, pp.'' 185–96 (1965)
* P. J. Denning, "Virtual Memory", ''Computing Surveys'' Vol. 2, ''pp. '' 153–89 (1970)
* J. B. Dennis, "Segmentation and the Design of Multi-Programmed Computer Systems," ''JACM'' Vol. 12, ''pp.'' 589–602 (1965)<br/>― virtual memory requirements for Project MAC, destined for [[GE 645]]
* C. A. R. Hoare and R. H. Perrott, Eds., ''Operating Systems Techniques'', Academic Press, Inc., New York (1972)
* T. Kilburn, D. B. G. Edwards, M. J. Lanigan, and F. H. Sumner, "One-Level Storage System", ''IRE Trans. Electron. Computers EC-11, pp.'' 223–35 (1962)<br/>― Manchester/Ferranti [[Atlas Computer (Manchester)|Atlas]]
* R. A. Nelson, "Mapping Devices and the M44 Data Processing System," ''Research Report RC 1303'', IBM [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center]] (1964)<br/>― about the [[IBM M44/44X]]
* R. P. Parmelee, T. I. Peterson, C. C. Tillman, and D. J. Hatfield, "Virtual Storage and Virtual Machine Concepts", ''IBM Systems Journal'', Vol. 11, ''pp.'' 99–130 (1972)
{{Refend}}

; Additional on-line CP/CMS resources:
{{Refbegin}}
* febcm.club.fr — ''[http://febcm.club.fr/english/information_technology/information_technology_3.htm  Information Technology Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007194650/http://febcm.club.fr/english/information_technology/information_technology_3.htm |date=2006-10-07 }}, 1964–74''
* www.multicians.org — Tom Van Vleck's short essay ''[https://www.multicians.org/thvv/360-67.html  The IBM 360/67 and CP/CMS]''
*  www.cap-lore.com — Norman Hardy's ''[http://cap-lore.com/Software/CP.html  Short history of IBM's virtual machines]''
*  www.cap-lore.com — Norman Hardy's [http://www.cap-lore.com/Hardware/Blaauw.html  short description of the "Blaauw Box"]
{{Refend}}
:''Detailed citations for points made in this article can be found in [[History of CP/CMS]].''

==External links==
* [https://www.snee.com/bob/opsys/part5vmcms.pdf VM/CMS handbook]
* Andreas C. Hofmann: [https://eindruecke.achmnt.eu/2022/12/10/16248/ CP-370/CMS – Control Program 370 / Cambridge Monitor System, 1970], in: Computing History Dictionary (German) [¹10.12.2022]

{{IBM operating systems}}
{{Time-sharing operating systems}}
{{Virtualization products}}

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[[Category:History of software]]
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