View source for Caesarea Maritima

{{Short description|Ancient Levantine city}}
{{About||the modern town|Caesarea (modern town)|other places with the same name|Caesarea (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name           = Caesarea 
|native_name    = Καισάρεια / قيصرية / קיסריה
|alternate_name =
|image          = Caesarea.JPG
|alt=
|caption        = The ruins of Caesarea Maritima, with the modern resort town of [[Caesarea (modern town)|Caesarea (Keisarya)]] shown in the top right
|map_type       = Israel
|map_alt=
|map_size       = 150
|relief=
|coordinates    = {{coord|32|30|0|N|34|53|30|E|display=inline,title}}
|location       = [[National parks and nature reserves of Israel|Caesarea National Park]], [[Hof HaCarmel Regional Council]], [[Israel]]
|region         = [[Sharon plain]]
|type           = Settlement
|part_of= [[Roman Judea]], [[Syria Palaestina]]
|length=
|width=
|area=
|height=
|builder        = [[Abdashtart I]]
|material=
|built          = 4th century BCE
|abandoned      = 1265
|epochs         = [[Classical antiquity]] to [[High Middle Ages]]
|cultures       = [[Phoenicia]]n, [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Byzantine]]
|dependency_of=
|occupants=
|event=
|excavations=
|archaeologists=
|condition=
|ownership=
|management     = [[Israel Nature and Parks Authority]]
|public_access  = Yes     
|notes=
}}

'''Caesarea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|ɛ|z|ə|ˈ|r|iː|ə|,_|ˌ|s|ɛ|s|-|,_|ˌ|s|iː|z|-}}){{efn|{{respell|SE(E)Z|ə|REE|ə|,_|SESS|-}}; {{langx|grc-x-koine|Καισάρεια|Kaisáreia}}; {{langx|he|קֵיסָרְיָה|Qēsāryā}}; {{langx|ar|قَيْصَرِيَّة|Qayṣariyyah}} or {{langx|ar|قيسارية|}} or {{langx|ar|قيساريا|}})}} also '''Caesarea Maritima''', '''Caesarea Palaestinae''' or '''Caesarea Stratonis''',<ref name="Raban Holum 1996 p."/><ref name="Masalha 2018"/>{{efn|While the name Caesarea was frequently used alone, various suffixes were also used to disambiguate it from the other cities in the Roman Empire that were also known as Caesarea. Caesarea-Palaestinae was the most common of these in the ancient texts, but fell out of use in contemporary academic literature in favor of Caesarea Maritima.<ref name="Raban Holum 1996 p."/><ref name="Masalha 2018"/>}} was an ancient and medieval port city on the coast of the [[eastern Mediterranean]], and later a small fishing village. It was the capital of [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman Judaea]], [[Syria Palaestina]] and [[Palaestina Prima]], successively, for a period of {{circa}} 650 years and a major intellectual hub of the Mediterranean.<ref name="Rabbān Holum 1996 p. 578">{{cite book | last1=Rabbān | first1=A. | last2=Holum | first2=K.G. | title=Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective After Two Millennia | publisher=E.J.Brill | series=Documenta et monumenta orientis antiqui / Documenta et monumenta orientis antiqui | year=1996 | isbn=978-90-04-10378-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pckUkJIHjiQC&pg=PA578 | quote= As the city was the capital first of all Palestine, then of Palaestina Prima, the άpxov and his officium resided there| page=578}}</ref><ref name="Prawer Ben-Shammai 1996 p. 10">{{cite book | last1=Prawer | first1=J. | last2=Ben-Shammai | first2=H. | title=The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period (638-1099) | publisher=NYU Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-8147-6639-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qQUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 | access-date=2023-05-08 | page=10|quote=…Caesarea, not Jerusalem, was the provincial administrative capital. Denying any further administrative status to Caesarea, the Muslims transferred the center of provincial administration first to Lod and then to Ramla…}}</ref> Today, the site is part of the Caesarea National Park, on the western edge of the [[Sharon plain]] in [[Israel]].

The site was first settled in the 4th century BCE as a [[Phoenicia|Phoenician colony]] and trading village known as [[Abdashtart I|Straton's]] Tower<ref name=Routledge>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=StasAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|title=The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Historical Jesus|first=Craig A.|last=Evans|date=14 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317722243 |via=Google Books}}</ref> after the ruler of [[Sidon]]. It was enlarged in the 1st century BCE under [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean rule]], becoming a Jewish village;<ref name=Straton/> and in 63 BCE, when the [[Roman Republic]] annexed the region, it was declared an autonomous city. It was then significantly enlarged in the Roman period by the [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaean]] client King [[Herod the Great]], who established a harbour and dedicated the town and its port to [[Caesar Augustus]] as ''Caesarea''.

During the early Roman period, Caesarea became the seat of the [[Procurator (ancient Rome)|Roman procurators]] in the region.<ref>"Founded in the years 22-10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small [[Phoenicia|Phoenician naval station]] named Strato's Tower (''Stratonos Pyrgos'', ''Turns Stratonis''), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (''limen Sebastos'') to [[Caesar Augustus]]. During the Early Roman period, Caesarea was the seat of the [[Procurator (ancient Rome)|Roman procurators]] of the province of Judea. [[Vespasian]], proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of ''Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta'', and later [[Alexander Severus]] raised it to the rank of ''Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae''." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), ''The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'' (1976).</ref><ref>Isaac, B.H., ''The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers'' (Brill, 1997), p. 15</ref> The city was populated throughout the 1st to 6th centuries CE and became an important [[early center of Christianity|early centre of Christianity]] during the [[Byzantine Palestine|Byzantine period]]. Its importance may have waned following the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Muslim conquest of 640]] when the city, then known in Arabic as '''Qisarya''' ({{lang|ar|قيسارية|rtl=yes}}), lost its status as provincial capital.<ref name=Hansen/> After being re-fortified by Muslim rulers in the 11th century, it was conquered by the [[First Crusade|Crusaders]], who strengthened and made it into an important port, which was finally slighted by the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluks]] in 1265.

Qisarya was a small fishing village in the early modern period. In February 1948, during the [[1948 Palestine war]] and [[Nakba]], some of its population fled following an attack on a bus by the [[Zionism|Zionist]] militant group [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]], and the remainder were expelled by the [[Palmach]], who subsequently demolished its houses.<ref name=Morris129130>{{harvnb|Morris|2004|pp=129–130}}: "As we have seen, Haganah policy until the end of March was non-expulsive. But there were one or two local, unauthorised initiatives… And there was one authorised expulsion. The inhabitants of Qisarya, south of Haifa, lived and cultivated Jewish ([[Palestine Jewish Colonization Association|PICA]]) and Greek Orthodox church lands. One leading family evacuated the village on 10 January. Most of the population left – apparently for neighbouring Tantura – immediately after the 31 January [[Lehi (militant group)|LHI]] ambush of a bus that had just pulled out of Qisarya in which two Arabs died and eight were injured (one of the dead and several injured were from the village). The Haganah decided to occupy the site because the land was [[Palestine Jewish Colonization Association|PICA]]-owned. But after moving in, the [[Haganah]] feared that the British might eject them. The commanders asked headquarters for permission to level the village. [[Yitzhak Rabin]], the [[Palmach|Palmah]]’s head of operations, opposed the destruction – but he was overruled. On 19–20 February, the Palmah’s Fourth Battalion demolished the houses. The 20-odd inhabitants who were found at the site were moved to safety and some of the troops looted the abandoned homes. A month later, the Arabs were still complaining to local Jewish mukhtars that their stolen money and valuables had not been returned. The Qisarya Arabs, according to Aharon Cohen, had ‘done all in their power to keep the peace . . . The villagers had supplied agricultural produce to Jewish Haifa and Hadera . . . The attack was perceived in Qisarya – and not only there – as an attempt by the Jews to force them (the Arabs) living in the Jewish area, to leave . . .’”</ref> The ruins of the ancient city beneath the depopulated village were excavated in the 1950s and 1960s for archaeological purposes.<ref>Raban and Holum, 1996, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pckUkJIHjiQC&pg=PA54  54]</ref>

==Name==
Whilst the name ''Caesarea'' was frequently used alone for the subject of this article, various [[Marker (linguistics)|markers]] were used to differentiate the location from these other locations; these include "Palaestina" ("of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]"),<ref name=nie>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Cæsarea Palestinæ |year=1905}}</ref> "Maritima" ("by the sea"; [[Koine Greek|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Παράλιος}} ''Parálios''), "Sebaste" and "Stratonis".<ref name="Sharon 2021 p. 247">{{cite book | last=Sharon | first=M. | title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Volume Two: -B-C- | publisher=Brill | series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East | year=2021 | isbn=978-90-04-47004-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSk7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 | language=la | access-date=2023-02-25 | page=247}}</ref><ref name="Schwartz 1992 p. 171">{{cite book | last=Schwartz | first=D.R. | title=Studies in the Jewish Background of Christianity | publisher=J.C.B. Mohr | series=WissUNT Neuen Testament Series | year=1992 | isbn=978-3-16-145798-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rd5OB4PtlCUC&pg=PA171 | access-date=2023-02-25 | page=171|quote=i) Josephus, in his most formal reference to Caesarea Maritima, calls in "Caesarea Sebaste" (Ant. 16.136); i) Philo, in his only reference to Caesarea Maritima, calls it "Caesarea . . . surnamed Sebaste" (Leg. 305); and iii) both Josephus and the New Testament, as noted above (n. 9), frequently call Caesarea Maritima plain "Caesarea," which shows it is comparable to "Frankfurt" and not to "York."}}</ref> "Palaestina" is the most common term used in ancient sources,<ref name="Raban Holum 1996 p.">{{cite book | last1=Raban | first1=Avner | last2=Holum | first2=Kenneth G. | title=Caesarea Maritima : a retrospective after two millennia | publisher=E.J. Brill | publication-place=Leiden | date=1996 | isbn=90-04-10378-3 | oclc=34557572 | page=xxvii|quote= Caesarea Maritima, more commonly Caesarea Palaestinae in the ancient texts, was a foundation of Herod the Great. [Footnote: Also Caesarea Stratonis, etc.; see I. Benzinger, RE 4 (1894), s.v. Caesarea (10), 1291-92.]}}</ref> but, since the creation of Israel in 1948, historians in the West  have tended to use the term less frequently.<ref name="Masalha 2018">{{cite book | last=Masalha | first=N. | title=Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History | publisher=Zed Books | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-78699-275-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cb2rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97| quote= The capital of Byzantine Palestine and of Palaestina Prima was Caesarea-Palaestina, 'Caesarea of Palestine' (von Suchem 1971: 7, 111; 2013; Gilman et al. 1905). This city was also called 'Caesarea by the Sea', or Caesarea Maritima. Since the creation of Israel in 1948 historians in the West have tended to avoid referring to the historic name of the Palestinian city, Caesarea-Palaestina, and use only the name Caesarea Maritima.| pages=97–98}}</ref>

The Latin name ''Caesarea'' also referred to several other cities in the region, notably [[Caesarea Philippi|Caesarea near Mount Hermon]] and [[Caesarea (Mazaca)|Caesarea the capital of Cappadocia]].

==History==
===Classical antiquity===
''Stratonos pyrgos'' (Straton's Tower) was founded in the 4th century BCE by [[Abdashtart I]], or Straton I king of [[Sidon]].<ref name=Straton>{{cite journal |jstor= 1356838 |title= The Problem of the Location of Straton's Tower |journal= Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue= 252 |author1= Duane W. Roller |author2= Robert L. Hohlfelder |pages= 61–68|year= 1983 |doi= 10.2307/1356838 |s2cid= 163628792 }}</ref> It was first established as a [[Phoenicia]]n colony and trading village.<ref name=Routledge/> In 90 BCE, Jewish ruler [[Alexander Jannaeus]] captured Straton's Tower as part of his policy of developing the shipbuilding industry and enlarging the [[Hasmonean dynasty|Hasmonean kingdom]].<ref name="Straton" /> Straton's Tower remained a Jewish settlement for two more generations, until the area became dominated by the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]]s in 63 BCE, when they declared it an autonomous city.<ref name="Straton" />

====Herodian Caesarea====
[[File:Caesarea Maritima aqueduct.jpg|thumb|The Roman aqueduct]][[File:אמפי קיסריה.jpg|thumb|The theatre]]
Caesarea was built in [[Judaea (Roman province)|Roman Judea]] under the Jewish client King [[Herod the Great]] during {{circa}} 22-10/9 BCE near the ruins of the small naval station of Straton's Tower.<ref name="Straton" /> The site, along with all of Judea, was awarded by Rome to Herod in 30 BCE.<ref name="UNESCO">"In the year 30 BCE the (Phoenician) village was awarded to Herod, who built a large port city at the site, and called it "Caesarea" in honor of his patron Octavian Augustus Caesar....The city transformed rapidly into a great commercial centre, and by the year 6 BCE became the headquarters of the Roman government in Palestine. Since Caesarea had no rivers or springs, drinking water for the prospering Roman and Byzantine city was brought via a unique high-level aqueduct, originating at the nearby Shuni springs, some 7.5&nbsp;km northeast of Caesarea. [...] Caesarea served as a base for the Roman legions who quelled the Great Revolt that erupted in 66 BCE [sic], and it was here that their commanding general Vespasian was declared Caesar. After the destruction of Jerusalem, Caesarea became the most important city in the country: Pagans, Samaritans, Jews and Christians lived here in the third and fourth centuries CE.''[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1480/ UNESCO tentative list:Caesarea]''</ref> The pagan city underwent vast changes under Herod, who renamed it Caesarea in honour of the Roman emperor, [[Caesar Augustus]].<ref name="Straton" /><ref name="nie" /> Caesarea was known as the administrative, economic, and cultural capital of the Judean province from this time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Masalha |first=Nur |title=Palestine : a four thousand year history |date=2018 |isbn=978-1-78699-272-7 |location=London |pages=93 |oclc=1046449706}}</ref>[[File:Caesarea Maritima BW 2010-09-23 09-26-26 stitch.jpg|thumb|The Herodian hippodrome]]In 22 BCE, Herod began construction of a deep-sea harbour named Sebastos and built storerooms, markets, wide roads, baths, a temple to the [[Roma (personification)|goddess Roma]] and Emperor [[Augustus]], and imposing public buildings.<ref>Crossan, 1999, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GaYKGrqXCwEC&pg=PA232 232]</ref> Herod built his palace on a promontory jutting out into the sea, with a decorative pool surrounded by [[stoa]]s.<ref name="nie" /><ref name="UNESCO" /> Every five years, the city hosted major sports competitions, gladiator games, and theatrical productions in its theatre overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hohlfelder |first=Robert L. |title=Caesarea |journal=Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary |volume=1 |pages=800}}</ref>

===== Sebastos harbor =====
[[File:125423 caesarea national park PikiWiki Israel.jpg|thumb|The harbor]]
Herod built the two [[jetty|jetties]] of the harbour between 22 and 15 BCE,<ref name="Votruba2007">Votruba, G., 2007, Imported building materials of Sebastos Harbour, Israel, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36: 325-335.</ref> and in 10/9 BCE he dedicated the city and harbour to Emperor Augustus (''[[sebastos]]'' is Greek for ''[[Augustus (honorific)|augustus]]'').<ref>Raban, A., 1992. Sebastos: the royal harbour at Caesarea Maritima - a short-lived giant, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21: 111-124.</ref> The pace of construction was impressive considering the project's size and complexity.<ref name="Hohlfelder2007">Hohlfelder, R. 2007. "Constructing the Harbour of Caesarea Palaestina, Israel: New Evidence from ROMACONS Field Campaign of October 2005". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36:409-415.</ref> At its height, Sebastos was one of the most impressive harbours of its time. It had been constructed on a coast that had no natural harbours and served as an important commercial harbour in antiquity, rivaling [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra's]] harbour at [[Alexandria]]. [[Josephus]] writes: "Although the location was generally unfavorable, [Herod] contended with the difficulties so well that the solidity of the construction could not be overcome by the sea, and its beauty seemed finished off without impediment."<ref name="Holum1988">Holum, K. 1988. King Herod's Dream: Caesarea on the Sea. New York: Norton.</ref>

When it was built in the 1st century BCE, the harbour of Sebastos ranked as the largest artificial harbour built in the open sea, enclosing around 100,000 m<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Menachery87">George Menachery, 1987 in Kodungallur, City of St. Thomas, Azhikode, 1987, Chapter II note 19 quotes the National Geographic article: Robert L. Hohlfelder, "Caesarea Maritima, Herod the Great's City on the Sea". ''[[The National Geographic]]'', 171/2, February 1987, pp. 260-79.<br />2000 years ago, Caesarea Maritima welcomed ships to its harbour called Sebastos. Featuring innovative design and hydraulic concrete, this building feat set a standard for harbours to come. A monumental work, city and harbour were constructed on an unstable storm-battered shore, at a site lacking a protective cape or bay. The project challenged Rome's most skilled engineers. Hydraulic concrete blocks, some weighing {{convert|50|ST}} anchored the north breakwater of the artificial harbour ... Caesarea Maritima, rival to Alexandria in the Eastern trade, a city worthy to be named for Herod's patron, Caesar Augustus, master of the Roman world, in view of its opulence and magnificence.</ref><ref name="Hohlfelder2007" /><ref>Votruba, G. 2007. "Imported Building Materials of Sebastos Harbour, Israel." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36:325-335.</ref>

The [[breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]s were made of [[Lime (material)|lime]] and [[pozzolana]], a type of volcanic ash, set into an underwater concrete. Herod imported over 24,000 m<sup>3</sup> of pozzolana from the name-giving town of [[Pozzuoli|Puteoli, today Pozzuoli]] in Italy, to construct the two breakwaters: the southern one 500 meter, and the northern one 275 meter long.<ref name="Hohlfelder2007" />

A shipment of this size would have required at least 44 shiploads of 400 tons each.<ref name="Votruba2007" /> Herod also had 12,000 m<sup>3</sup> of local [[kurkar]] stone quarried to make rubble and 12,000 m<sup>3</sup> of slaked lime mixed with the pozzolana.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Porath |first1=Yosef |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1fzhdc0 |title=Caesarea Maritima I: Herod's circus and related buildings Part 1: Architecture and stratigraphy |last2=Epstein |first2=Mindi |last3=Friedman |first3=Zaraza |last4=Michaeli |first4=Talila |date=2013 |publisher=Israel Antiquities Authority |isbn=978-965-406-379-1 |editor-last=Hurowitz |editor-first=Ann Roshwalb |volume=53|jstor=j.ctt1fzhdc0 }}</ref>

Architects had to devise a way to lay the wooden forms for the placement of concrete underwater. One technique was to drive stakes into the ground to make a box and then fill it with pozzolana concrete bit by bit.<ref name=Hohlfelder2007/> However, this method required many divers to hammer the planks to the stakes underwater and large quantities of pozzolana were necessary.

Another technique was a double planking method used in the northern breakwater. On land, carpenters would construct a box with beams and frames on the inside and a watertight, double-planked wall on the outside. This double wall was built with a {{convert|23|cm|0|abbr=on}} gap between the inner and outer layer.<ref name=Brandon1996>Brandon, C., 1996, Cements, Concrete, and Settling Barges at Sebastos: Comparisons with Other Roman Harbor Examples and the Descriptions of Vitruvius, Caesarea Maritima: A Retrospective after Two Millennia, 25-40.</ref>

Although the box had no bottom, it was buoyant enough to float out to sea because of the watertight space between the inner and outer walls. Once it was floated into position, pozzolana was poured into the gap between the walls and the box would sink into place on the seafloor and be staked down in the corners. The flooded inside area was then filled by divers bit by bit with pozzolana-lime mortar and kurkar rubble until it rose [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]].<ref name=Brandon1996/>

On the southern breakwater, [[barge]] construction was used. The southern side of Sebastos was much more exposed than the northern side, requiring sturdier breakwaters. Instead of using the double planked method filled with rubble, the architects sank barges filled with layers of pozzolana concrete and lime sand mortar. The barges were similar to boxes without lids, and were constructed using [[mortise and tenon]] joints, the same technique used in ancient boats, to ensure they remained watertight. The barges were ballasted with 0.5 meters of pozzolana concrete and floated out to their position. With alternating layers, pozzolana-based and lime-based concretes were hand-placed inside the barge to sink it and fill it up to the surface.<ref name=Brandon1996/>

However, there were underlying problems that led to its demise. Studies of the concrete cores of the moles have shown that the concrete was much weaker than similar pozzolana hydraulic concrete used in ancient Italian ports. For unknown reasons, the pozzolana mortar did not adhere as well to the [[kurkar]] rubble as it did to other rubble types used in Italian harbours.<ref name=Hohlfelder2007/> Small but numerous holes in some of the cores also indicate that the lime was of poor quality and stripped out of the mixture by strong waves before it could set.<ref name=Hohlfelder2007/>

Also, large lumps of lime were found in all five of the cores studied at Caesarea, which shows that the mixture was not mixed thoroughly.<ref name=Hohlfelder2007/> However, stability would not have been seriously affected if the harbour had not been constructed over a [[geological fault line]] that runs along the coast. Seismic action gradually took its toll on the breakwaters, causing them to tilt down and settle into the seabed.<ref name=Holum1988/> Studies of seabed deposits at Caesarea have shown that a [[tsunami]] struck the area sometime during the 1st or 2nd century.<ref>Reinhardt, E., Goodman, B., Boyce, J., Lopez, G., Hengstum, P., Rink, W., Mart, Y., Raban, A. 2006. "The Tsunami of 13 December A.D. 115 and the Destruction of Herod the Great's Harbor at Caesarea Maritima, Israel." Geology 34:1061-1064.</ref>

Although it is unknown if this tsunami simply damaged or completely destroyed the harbour, it is known that by the 6th century the harbour was unusable and today the jetties lie more than 5 meters underwater.<ref>Raban, A., 1992, Sebastos: the royal harbour at Caesarea Maritima - a short-lived giant, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21: 111-124.</ref>

====Roman Caeserea====
[[File:Caesarea maritima BW 3.JPG|thumb|250px|The Roman double aqueduct that brought water from the foot of the [[Mount Carmel|Carmel range]] to Caesarea]][[File:Ruins and mosaics in Caesarea Maritima.jpg|thumb|Mosaics]]When [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judea]] became a Roman province in 6 CE, Caesarea replaced [[Jerusalem]] as its civilian and military capital and became the official residence of its governors, such as procurator [[Antonius Felix]] and prefect [[Pontius Pilatus]].<ref>''A History of the Jewish People'', H. H. Ben-Sasson editor, 1976, page 247: "When Judea was converted into a Roman province [in 6 CE, page 246], Jerusalem ceased to be the administrative capital of the country. The Romans moved the governmental residence and military headquarters to Caesarea. The centre of government was thus removed from Jerusalem, and the administration became increasingly based on inhabitants of the Hellenistic cities ([[Sebastia, Nablus|Sebaste]], Caesarea and others)."</ref> The city was chiefly a commercial centre relying on trade.

Caeserea is described in detail by the 1st-century Roman Jewish historian [[Flavius Josephus]].<ref>''[[Jewish Antiquities]]'' XV.331ff; ''[[The Jewish War]]'', I.408ff</ref> Josephus describes the harbour as being as large as the one at [[Piraeus]], the major harbour of [[Athens]].<ref name="Menachery87" /> Remains of the principal buildings erected by [[Herod the Great]] as well as the medieval town are still visible today, including the Crusader city, the city walls, the ruined citadel surrounded by the sea, and remains of the cathedral and a second church. Herod's Caesarea grew rapidly, in time becoming the largest city in Judaea with an estimated population of 125,000 over an urban area of {{convert|3.7|km2}}.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} According to Josephus, Caesarea was the scene in 26 CE of a major act of civil disobedience to protest against Pilate's order to plant eagle standards on the [[Temple Mount]] of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Antiquities of the Jews XVII:III:1,2,3. The Jewish War II:IX:3.</ref>

Emperor [[Vespasian]] raised its status to that of a ''[[Colonia (Roman)|Colonia]]'', with the name ''Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta Caesarea''. According to Josephus, the outbreak of the [[First Jewish–Roman War|Jewish revolt]] of 66 CE was provoked by Greeks of a certain merchant house in Caesarea sacrificing birds in front of a local synagogue.<ref>{{Cite Josephus|1J.|BJ|2.14.5|text=wars|bookno=2|chap=14|sec=5|pace=1|per=1|show-translator=no|show-source=no|abbr=yes}}</ref> In 70 CE, after the Jewish revolt was suppressed, games were held there to celebrate the victory of [[Titus]]. Many Jewish captives were brought to Caesarea; Kasher claims that 2,500 captives were "slaughtered in [[gladiator]]ial games".<ref>Kasher, Aryeh (1990) ''Jews and Hellenistic Cities in Eretz-Israel: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Hellenistic Cities During the Second Temple Period (332 BCE-70CE)'', [[Mohr Siebeck]]; {{ISBN|3-16-145241-0}}, pg. 311</ref>

In the aftermath of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] Caesarea was changed to ''[[Syria Palaestina]]'' in 135.<ref>Shimon Applebaum (1989) ''Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times: Historical and Archaeological Essays'', Brill Archive; {{ISBN|90-04-08821-0}}, pg. 123</ref> Caesarea was one of four Roman colonies for veteran Roman soldiers in the Syria-Phoenicia region.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Butcher |first1= Kevin |title= Roman Syria and the Near East |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-rRjC0C |year= 2003 |publisher= Getty Publications |isbn=978-08-92-36715-3}} p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=YJPn3-rRjC0C&pg=PA230 230]</ref> Caesarea is mentioned in the 3rd-century [[Mosaic of Rehob]], with respect to its non-Jewish population.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

=====Early Christian centre=====
{{Main|Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima}}
{{See also|Early centers of Christianity#Caesarea|Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)}}
[[File:Caesarea maritima (DerHexer) 2011-08-02 098.jpg|thumb|The ancient city looking south]]

According to the [[Acts of the Apostles]], Caesarea was first introduced to Christianity by [[Philip the Deacon]],<ref>{{bibleverse||Acts|8:40|ESV}}</ref> who later had a house there in which he gave hospitality to [[Paul the Apostle]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Acts|21:8–10|ESV}}</ref> It was there that [[Saint Peter|Peter the Apostle]] baptized [[Cornelius the Centurion]] and his household, the first time Christian [[baptism]] was conferred on [[Gentile]]s.<ref>{{bibleverse||Acts|10:1-11:18|ESV}}</ref> When newly converted Paul was in danger in Jerusalem, the Christians there accompanied him to Caesarea and sent him off to his native [[Tarsus, Mersin#Rome|Tarsus]].<ref>{{bibleverse||Acts|9:30|ESV}}</ref> He visited Caesarea between his second and third missionary journeys.<ref>{{bibleverse-nb||Acts|18:22|ESV}}</ref> Paul was a prisoner in Caesarea for two years before being sent to Rome.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Acts 23:23, 25:1-13</ref>

In the [[Christianity in the 3rd century|3rd century]], [[Origen]] wrote his ''[[Hexapla]]'' and other exegetical and theological works while living in Caesarea. The [[Nicene Creed]] may have originated in Caesarea. The [[Apostolic Constitutions]] says that the first [[Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)|Bishop of Caesarea]] was [[Zacchaeus]] the Publican, followed by Cornelius (possibly Cornelius the Centurion) and Theophilus (possibly the recipient of the [[Gospel of Luke]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/07157.htm|title=CHURCH FATHERS: Apostolic Constitutions, Book VII|website=www.newadvent.org}}</ref> The first bishops considered historically attested are those mentioned by the early church historian [[Eusebius]] of Caesarea, who was the bishop of the see in the 4th century. He speaks of [[Theophilus, bishop of Caesarea|Theophilus]] who was bishop in the 10th year of [[Commodus]] (c. 189),<ref>''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Church History]]'' V,22</ref> of Theoctistus (216–258), Domnus, and Theotecnus,<ref>''Church History'' VII,14</ref> and [[Agapius of Caesarea|Agapius]]. Among the participants in the [[Synod of Ancyra]] in 314 was the bishop of Caesarea named Agricolaus, who may have been the immediate predecessor of Eusebius, who does not mention him, or who may have been bishop of a different Caesarea. The immediate successors of Eusebius were [[Acacius of Caesarea|Acacius]] (340–366) and [[Gelasius of Caesarea|Gelasius]] (367–372, 380–395). The latter was ousted by the semi-[[Arianism|Arian]] Euzoius between 373 and 379. French historian [[Michel Le Quien]] gives much information about all of these and about later bishops of Caesarea.<ref>{{Oriens christianus|volume=3|at= coll. 529-574, 1285-1290}}</ref> The [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem]] has a metropolitan see in Caesarea. The Latin [[Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)|archbishopric of Caesarea in Palestina]] was made a Roman Catholic [[titular see]] in 1432.<ref name="AP">''Annuario Pontificio 2013''. Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013, p. 867. {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}.</ref> The [[Melkite Catholic Church]] considers Caesarea a titular see.<ref name="AP" />

Through Origen and especially the scholarly presbyter [[Pamphilus of Caesarea]], the theological school of Caesarea gained a reputation for having the most extensive [[Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima|ecclesiastical library]] of the time, containing more than 30,000 manuscripts: [[Gregory of Nazianzus|Gregory Nazianzus]], [[Basil of Caesarea|Basil the Great]], [[Jerome]] and others came to study there. The [[Caesarean text-type]] is recognized by scholars as one of the earliest [[New Testament]] types. The collections of the library suffered during [[Diocletianic Persecution|the persecutions]] under Emperor [[Diocletian]] but were repaired subsequently by bishops of Caesarea.<ref>Jerome, "Epistles" xxxiv</ref> The library is mentioned as late as 6th-century manuscripts, but it may not have survived the capture of Caesarea by the Muslim armies in 640.<ref>{{cite book|last=Swete|first=Henry Barclay|title=Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek, pp 74-75}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===

====Byzantine period====
During the [[Byzantine Palestine|Byzantine period]], Caesarea became the capital of the province of [[Palaestina Prima]] in 390. Caesarea was also the metropolitan see, with ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Jerusalem, when rebuilt after its destruction in 70. In 451, however, the [[Council of Chalcedon]] established Jerusalem as a [[patriarchate]], with Caesarea as the first of its three subordinate metropolitan sees. Caesarea remained the provincial capital throughout the 5th and 6th centuries. It fell to [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid]] Persia in the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]], [[Siege of Caesarea Maritima (614)|in 614]], and was re-conquered by Byzantium in 625.

====Early Muslim period====
[[File:Umm ar-Rasas Church of St. Stephen Caesarea 2788.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of Caesarea in the [[Umm ar-Rasas mosaics]], circa 8th century]]
[[File:11th Century (Fatimid Period) jewelry from Caesarea in the Muslims and Crusaders Exhibit.jpg|200px|thumb|right|11th century ([[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] period) jewelry from Caesarea]]
[[File:Sacro_Catino_Graal.jpg|200px|thumb|right|The ''Sacro Catino'', a hexagonal bowl made from green Egyptian glass, c. 9&nbsp;cm high and 33&nbsp;cm across, possibly brought from Caesarea to Genoa by [[Guglielmo Embriaco]] in 1101. Described as an object with miraculous properties in 12th-century literature, including the ''Historia'' of [[William of Tyre]], it was only identified as the [[Holy Grail#Relics|Holy Grail]] in the 13th century by [[Jacobus de Voragine]]. Seized and taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1805, it was damaged when it was returned to Genoa in 1816, which served to prove that it was made of glass, not emerald.<ref name=Barber>{{cite book |last= Barber |first= Richard |author-link= Richard Barber |title= The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief |page= 168 |publisher= Harvard University Press |year= 2004 |isbn= 978-0-674-01390-2 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_lLbiZCNhlAC&pg=PA168 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=Mariti>{{cite book |author=Abbé Mariti |author-link=:it:Giovanni Mariti |title= Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine: with a General History of the Levant |pages= 399–400 |location= Dublin |volume= I |year= 1792 |publisher=Printed for P. Byrne |url= https://archive.org/stream/travelsthroughc00marigoog#page/n429/mode/1up |access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref><ref name=Marica>{{cite book |last= Marica |first= Patrizia |title= Museo del Tesoro, San Lorenzo |pages= 7–12 |publisher= sagep |location= Genoa, Italy |year= 2000 |isbn= 9788870589795 }}</ref><ref name=Wood>{{cite book |last= Wood |first= Juliette |title= The Holy Grail: History and Legend |page= 85 |edition= 2 |publisher= University of Wales Press |year= 2012 |isbn= 9780708326268 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vVquBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 |access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref>]]

Caesarea was lost for good by the Byzantines to the [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|Muslim conquest]] in 640. Archaeological excavations discovered a [[destruction layer]] connected to the Muslim conquest of the city.<ref name=Hansen/> Some newer research posits that there was no destruction caused by the Persians in 614 and Muslim Arabs in 640, but rather a gradual economic decline accompanied by the Christian aristocracy fleeing from the city.<ref name=Holum1992>{{cite journal |last= Holum |first= Kenneth G. |title=  Archaeological Evidence for the Fall of Byzantine Caesarea |journal=[[BASOR]] |publisher= The University of Chicago Press |volume= 286 |date= May 1992 |issue= 286 |pages= 73–85 |doi= 10.2307/1357119 |jstor= 1357119 |s2cid= 163306127 |url= https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1357119?journalCode=basor |access-date=22 November 2020|url-access= subscription }}</ref>

According to 9th-century Muslim historian [[al-Baladhuri]], the fall of the city was the result of the betrayal of a certain Yusef, who conducted a party of troops of [[Muawiyah I|Muawiyah]] into the city.<ref name=Meyers380>{{cite book |last= Meyers |first= Eric M. |author-link=Eric M. Meyers |title= Galilee Through the Centuries |chapter= "The Fall of Caesarea Maritima" |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC |year= 1999 |publisher= Eisenbrauns |isbn= 9781575060408}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC&pg=PA380 380ff.]</ref> The city appears to have been partially destroyed upon its conquest. The 7th-century Coptic bishop [[John of Nikiû]], claims there were "horrors committed in the city of Caesarea in Palestine", while al-Baladhuri merely states that Kaisariyyah/Cæsarea was "reduced",<ref>Meyers, 1999, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC&pg=PA381 381]. ([https://archive.org/details/originsofislamic00balarich The origins of the Islamic state] trans. [[Philip Khuri Hitti]], 1916). The archaeological stratum representing the destruction is analyzed in Cherie Joyce Lentzen, ''The Byzantine/Islamic Occupation of Caesarea Maritima as Evidenced Through the Pottery'' (Drew University 1983), noted by Meyer 1999:381 note 23. See also: Al-Baladhuri, 1916, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/originsofislamic00balarich#page/216/mode/1up 216]-219.</ref> mentioning it as one of ten towns in [[Jund Filastin]] (military district of Palestine) conquered by the Muslim [[Rashidun army]] under [['Amr ibn al-'As]]'s leadership during the 630s.<ref>The conquered towns included "[[Gaza City|Ghazzah]] (Gaza), [[Sebastia, Nablus|Sabastiyah]] (Samaria), [[Nabulus]] (Shechem), Cæsarea, [[Lod|Ludd]] (Lydda), [[Yibna|Yubna]], [[Imwas|Amwas]] (Emmaus), [[Jaffa|Yafa]] (Joppa), [[Rafah]], and [[Bayt Jibrin]]. (Bil. 138), quoted in Le Strange, 1890, [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/28/mode/1up p.28]</ref><ref>Al-Baladhuri, 1916, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/originsofislamic00balarich#page/216/mode/1up 216]-219</ref><ref>Meyers, 1999, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC&pg=PA380 380]</ref> After the fall of Caesarea, 4,000 "heads" (captives), men, women and children, were sent to Caliph [[Umar]] in Medina, where they were gathered and inspected on the Jurd Plain, a plain commonly used to assemble the troops of Medina before battle, with room for thousands of people, before they were distributed as war booty to [[slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate]].<ref>Dynamics in the History of Religions Between Asia and Europe: Encounters, Notions, and Comparative Perspectives. (2012). Nederländerna: Brill. p. 180-181</ref>

The former Palaestina Prima became ''Jund Filastin'', with the capital first at [[Lod|Ludd]] and then at [[Ramla]]. The city likely remained inhabited for some time under Arab rule, during the 7th and 8th centuries, albeit with much reduced population. Archaeological evidence shows a clear destruction layer identified with the conquest of 640, followed by some evidence of renewed settlement in the early [[Umayyad Caliphate]].<ref name="Hansen">Archaeological literature in the 1970s seemed to favour complete abandonment in the 7th century, but this view has been corrected with further excavations in the 1980s. See {{cite book | editor1 = Inge Lyse Hansen | editor2 = Chris Wickham | date = 2000 | title = The Long Eighth Century | publisher = BRILL | pages = 292– | isbn = 978-90-04-11723-5 | oclc = 1013307862 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=F6FbuKU3ZAYC&pg=PA292}}, footnote 49.</ref> The area was farmed from the Rashidun Caliphate through to the [[First Crusade]].<ref name="ZSERP">Safrai, 1994, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8dmKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA374 374]</ref>

By the 11th century, it appears that the town had once again been developed into a fortified city. Writing in 1047, [[Nasir Khusraw]] describes it as "a fine city, with running waters, and palm-gardens, and orange and citron trees. Its walls are strong, and it has an iron gate. There are fountains that gush out within the city".<ref name="leStrange474">Le Strange, Guy, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/474/mode/1up 474]</ref><ref name="Pringle93" /> This is in agreement with [[William of Tyre]]'s description of the Crusaders' siege in 1101, mentioning catapults and siege engines used against the city fortifications.<ref>William of Tyre, ''Historia'' 10.15.</ref> Nasir Khusraw notes a "beautiful [[Friday mosque]]" in Caesarea, "so situated that in its court you may sit and enjoy the view of all that is passing on the sea."<ref name="leStrange474" /> This was converted into the church of St. Peter in Crusader times. A wall which may belong to this building has been identified in modern times.<ref name="Pringle93">{{cite book | author1 = Denys Pringle | author2 = Professor Denys Pringle | date = 1993 | title = The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 1, A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem) | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 170– | isbn = 978-0-521-39036-1 | oclc = 1008255454 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170}}</ref><ref name="Petersen129ff" />

In the early Islamic period, Caesarea reportedly had a significant Jewish and Samaritan population, with al-Baladhuri mentioning 20,000 Jews and 30,000 Samaritans at the time of its capture in 640. While these figures are debated by historians, it is known that a sizable Jewish community existed in the city during the 7th century.<ref name=":02">{{Citation |last=Lieberman |first=Phillip I. |title=Demography and Migrations |date=2021 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5: Jews in the Medieval Islamic World |volume=5 |pages=392 |editor-last=Lieberman |editor-first=Phillip I. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/demography-and-migrations/3EA3A60AE2F74B7204619469704A4F46 |access-date=2025-07-14 |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51717-1}}</ref>

====Crusader and Ayyubid period====
[[File:Crusader Walls and Moat in Caesarea.jpg|thumb|250px|Remnants of the walls and moat built by [[Louis IX of France]] in 1251]]
[[File:Crusader_Church_of_Caesarea_Maritima_P1080520.JPG|thumb|The ruins of a side apse and the main apse of St. Peter's Cathedral in Caesarea]]

Caesarea was taken by [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem|Baldwin I]] in the wake of the [[First Crusade]], in 1101. Baldwin sent a message to [[emir]] of Caesarea, demanding him to surrender the city or face a siege, but the Muslims refused. On May 2, 1101, Baldwin began sieging the city with [[trebuchet]]s. After 15 days of resistance, the Crusader army broke through the defenses. Like in [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Jerusalem in 1099]], the Crusaders proceeded to slaughter a portion of the male populace, enslave the women and children, and loot the city. [[William of Tyre]] describes the use of catapults and siege towers, and states that the city was taken in an assault after 15 days of siege and given over to looting and pillaging. [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] [[List of Syriac Patriarchs of Antioch from 512 to 1783|patriarch]] [[Michael the Syrian]] (born ca. 1126) records that the city was "devastated upon its capture".<ref>Meyers (1999:381).</ref>

Baldwin spared the emir and [[Judge (Islamic law)|qadi]] for a hefty ransom. Baldwin appointed a cleric veteran of the First Crusade, also named Baldwin, as the Latin archbishop of Caesarea.<ref>''The Crusades'' by [[Thomas Asbridge]], pg. 123-124.</ref> The city was under [[Crusader states|Crusader control]] between 1101 and 1187 and again between 1191 and 1265.<ref>Pringle, 1997, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA43 43]-45</ref> William of Tyre mentions the discovery of a "vessel of the most green colour, in the shape of a serving dish" (''vas coloris viridissimi, in modum parapsidis formatum'') which the [[Republic of Genoa|Genuese]] thought to be made of [[emerald]], and accepted as their share of the spoils. This refers to the hexagonal bowl known as the ''[[Sacro Catino]]'' in Italian, which was brought to Genoa by [[Guglielmo Embriaco]] and was later identified as the [[Holy Chalice]].<ref>Marica, Patrizia, ''Museo del Tesoro'' Genoa, Italy (2007), 7&ndash;12.

The ''Sacro Catino'' is a hexagonal bowl made from Roma-era green glass, some 9&nbsp;cm high and 33&nbsp;cm across. It was seized and taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1805, and it was damaged when it was returned to Genoa in 1816. The object was not immediately identified as the Holy Grail. William of Tyre states that was still claimed to be made of emerald by the Genoese in his day, some 70 years later, the implication being that emerald was thought to have miraculous properties of their own in [[Lapidary (text)|medieval lore]] (''Unde et usque hodie transeuntibus per eos magnatibus, vas idem quasi pro miraculo solent ostendere, persuadentes quod vere sit, id quod color esse indicat, smaragdus.'') The first explicit claim identifying the bowl with the Holy Grail (the vessel used in the Last Supper) is found in the ''Chronicon'' by [[Jacobus de Voragine]], written in the 1290s. Juliette Wood, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vVquBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 The Holy Grail: History and Legend] (2012).</ref> Caesarea was incorporated as a [[Lordship of Caesarea|lordship (dominion)]] within the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], and the Latin [[Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)|See of Caesarea]] was established, with ten archbishops listed for the period 1101&ndash;1266 (treated as [[titular see]] from 1432&ndash;1967). Archbishop [[Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem|Heraclius]] attended the [[Third Council of the Lateran|Third Lateran Council]] in 1179.

[[Saladin]] recaptured the city in 1187, but it was once again captured by the Crusaders during the [[Third Crusade]] in 1191. In 1251 during the [[Seventh Crusade]], [[Louis IX of France]] fortified the city, ordering the construction of high walls (parts of which are still standing) and a deep moat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caesarea Maritima - Madain Project (en) |url=https://madainproject.com/caesarea_maritima |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=madainproject.com}}</ref>

By the 12th century, Spanish-Jewish explorer [[Benjamin of Tudela]] recorded only 200 Jews and 200 Samaritans in Caesarea, a sharp decline from the much larger populations reported in the 7th century. This reduction aligns with the fact that the city's enclosed area had shrunk by more than 85 percent between the Byzantine and Fatimid periods.<ref name=":02" />

In 1265 the city was reconquered by the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] armies of Sultan [[Baibars]], who ordered his troops to scale the walls in several places simultaneously, enabling them to penetrate the city.<ref name="Holum2014">Kenneth G. Holum, "The Archaeology of Caesarea Maritima", in Bart Wagemakers, ed., ''Archaeology in the 'Land of Tells and Ruins': A History of Excavations in the Holy Land Inspired by the Photographs and Accounts of Leo Boer'' (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014), 182-201.

{{ISBN|9781782972457}}</ref> Baibars destroyed the fortified city completely to prevent its re-emergence as a Crusader stronghold, in line with the Mamluk practice in other former Crusader coastal cities.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D. Sivan|display-authors=etal|date=11 February 2004|title=Ancient coastal wells of Caesarea Maritima, Israel, an indicator for relative sea level changes during the last 2000 years|url=http://mapi.gov.il/research/presentations/documents/sealevel/sivan_et_al_2004_epsl.pdf|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=222|issue=1|publisher=Elsevier|page=318|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2004.02.007|bibcode=2004E&PSL.222..315S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/israelexperience/history/pages/caesarea-%20from%20roman%20city%20to%20crusader%20fortress.aspx|title=Caesarea- from Roman City to Crusader Fortress|website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs|access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Möhring |first=Hannes |date=2009 |title=Die muslimische Strategie der Schleifung fränkischer Festungen und Städte in der Levante |url= |journal=Burgen und Schlösser - Zeitschrift für Burgenforschung und Denkmalpflege |language=de |volume=50 |issue=4 |page=216 |doi=10.11588/BUS.2009.4.48565 |doi-access=free}}</ref> During the Mamluk period, the ruins of ancient Caesarea and of the Crusader fortified town lay uninhabited.<ref name="Holum2014" /> [[Al-Dimashqi (geographer)|Al-Dimashqi]], writing around 1300, notes that Kaisariyyah belonged to the Kingdom of Ghazza (Gaza).

===Modern period===

====Ottoman Empire====
[[File:Roman and Medieval ruins in Kaisarieh from the 1871-77 Palestine Exploration Fund Survey of Palestine.jpg|thumb|Roman and medieval ruins in "Kaisarieh", drawn for the 1871-77 [[PEF Survey of Palestine]]]]Caesarea became part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1516, along with the rest of the Levant, and remained under Ottoman rule for four centuries. In 1664, a settlement is mentioned consisting of 100 [[Moroccan people|Moroccan]] families and 7 to 8 Jewish ones.<ref>Roger, 1664; cited in Ringel 1975, 174; cited in Petersen, 2001, p.129</ref> In the 18th century it again declined.<ref>Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C 129]</ref> In 1806, the German explorer [[Ulrich Jasper Seetzen]] saw "Káisserérie" as a ruin occupied by some poor fishermen and their families.<ref>Seetzen, 1854, vol 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/ulrichjaspersee00seetgoog#page/n601/mode/1up 72]–73. Alt: [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10468158?page=80 Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper: Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien. p. 80]</ref>

In 1870, French explorer [[Victor Guérin]] visited the site.<ref>Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n346/mode/1up 321]–339</ref> The village of Qisarya ({{langx|ar|قيسارية}}) was allocated in 1880 to [[Bushnak]] ([[Bosniak]]) immigrants from [[Bosnia vilayet|Bosnia]].<ref>Oliphant, 1887, p. [https://archive.org/stream/haifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft#page/182/mode/1up &nbsp;182]</ref> The Bosniaks had emigrated to the area after [[Ottoman Bosnia]] was [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|occupied]] by [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1878. According to [[historian]] [[Roy Marom]],<blockquote>Fifty families of Bosnian refugees, mostly from [[Mostar]], the main urban center of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], settled among the ruins of Caesarea, renaming it with the Arabic name of Qisarya. Using the ancient masonry found on site, the settlers constructed a modern town with spacious accommodations and broad intersecting streets, according to traditional Bosnian town-plans. The town had two mosques, a [[caravanserai]], a [[marketplace]], a residence for the ''mudir'', a harbor and [[Customs|custom]] offices. Qisarya attracted high-ranking Bosnian functionaries who established estates near Qisarya. The town was declared the seat of a ''mudirieh'' (a minor administrative division).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marom |first=Roy |date=2023-03-09 |title=Hadera: transnational migrations from Eastern Europe to Ottoman Palestine and the glocal origins of the Zionist-Arab conflict |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2023.2183499 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=250–270 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2023.2183499 |s2cid=257443159 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref></blockquote>A population list from about 1887 showed that Caesarea had 670 inhabitants, in addition to 265 Muslim inhabitants, who were noted as "Bosniaks".<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n206/mode/1up  181]</ref>

Petersen, visiting the place in 1992, noted that the 19th-century houses were built in blocks, generally one story high, with the exception of the house of the governor. Some houses on the western side of the village, near the sea, had survived. There were several mosques in the village in the 19th century, but only one ("The Bosnian mosque") has survived. This mosque, located at the southern end of the city, next to the harbour, is described as a simple stone building with a red-tiled roof and a cylindrical minaret.<ref name=Petersen129ff>Petersen, 2001, pp. [https://www.academia.edu/21619490/Gazetteer_3._A-C  129]-130</ref>

===== Bayyarat al-Khuri =====
{{main|Bayyarat al-Khuri}}
In the early 20th century, the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem]] established '''Bayyarat al-Khuri''' (“The Priest’s Orchard”) as an ecclesiastical agricultural estate within the confines of the Roman hippodrome, southeast of the late Ottoman Bosnian town. The complex—sometimes misidentified on British maps as a “Greek convent”—comprised a monumental limestone gateway bearing the ''taphos'' monogram of the [[Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre]], a manually filled ''sabil'' (drinking fountain), a well house powered by a locally manufactured diesel engine, and a large plastered stepped water pool that fed open irrigation channels for citrus, date, and olive plots. In Addition, the Patriarchate owned extensive properties within the Bosnian town, including St. Paul’s supposed Prison Cellar, and the remnants of Caesarea’s Crusader cathedral. The Church properties inside the Bosnian town served as an occasional retreat for Church elders.<ref name=":1">Sasson, Avi; Marom, Roy; Kharanbeh, Saleh (2025). "Bayyarat al-Khuri: An Ecclesiastical Agricultural Estate in Caesarea, Israel". ''[[Palestine Exploration Quarterly]]''. doi:[[10.1080/00310328.2025.2515756]].</ref>

====British Mandate of Palestine====
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Qisarya
| native_name             = قيسارية
| native_name_lang        = ar
| other_name              = Qisarya
| settlement_type         = Village
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| image_skyline           = Caesarea Maritima BW 2010-09-23 09-54-00.JPG 
| imagesize               = 200
| image_caption           = The Bosnian Mosque at Qisarya
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| pushpin_mapsize         = 200
| grid_name               = [[Palestine grid|Palestine&nbsp;grid]]
| grid_position           = 140/212
<!-- location -->
| subdivision_type        = [[Geopolitical entity]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Mandatory Palestine]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Districts of Mandatory Palestine|Subdistrict]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Haifa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Haifa]]
<!-- established -->
| established_title1      = Date of depopulation
| established_date1       = February 1948<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR18 xviii], village #177. Also gives the cause for depopulation</ref>
| established_title2      = Repopulated dates
<!-- area -->
| area_footnotes          = <ref name="p.49"/>
| unit_pref               = dunam
| area_total_dunam        = 31,786
<!-- population -->
| population_as_of        = 1945
| population_total        = 960
| population_footnotes = <ref name="p.49">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Haifa/Page-049.jpg 49]</ref><ref name=1945p14/>
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1         = Cause(s) of depopulation
| blank_info_sec1         = Expulsion by [[Yishuv]] forces
| blank3_name_sec1        = Current Localities
| blank3_info_sec1        = Caesarea
}}
 
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]], conducted by the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] authorities, Caesarea had a population of 346; 288 Muslims, 32 Christians and 26 Jews,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n36/mode/1up 34]</ref> where the Christians were 6 Orthodox, 3 Syrian Orthodox, 3 Roman Catholics, 4 [[Melkite]]s, 2 Syrian Catholics and 14 [[Maronite]].<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n51/mode/1up 49]</ref> The population had increased in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] to 706; 19 Christians, 4 Druse and 683 Muslims, in 143 houses.<ref>Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 95]</ref>

During the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab Revolt]] in 1938 the resident priest, Father Hanna al-Khuri, was abducted and killed.<ref name=":1" />

A Jewish settlement, '''Kibbutz Sdot Yam''', was established {{convert|1|km}} south of the Muslim town in 1940. The Muslim village declined in economic importance and many of Qisarya's Muslim inhabitants left in the mid-1940s, when the British extended the [[Palestine Railways]] which bypassed the shallow-draft port. Qisarya had a population of 960 in [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]],<ref name="1945p14" /> with Qisarya's population composition 930 Muslims and 30 Christians in 1945.<ref name="p.49" /><ref name="1945p14">Department of Statistics, 1945, p.[http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p14.jpg 14]</ref> In 1944/45 a total of 18 [[dunam|dunum]]s of Muslim village land was used for citrus and bananas, 1,020 dunums were used for cereals, while 108 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p. 183</ref><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Haifa/Page-091.jpg 91]</ref> while 111 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Haifa/Page-141.jpg 141]</ref> [[Kibbutz]] Sdot Yam reused Bayyarat al-Khuri for agriculture in the 1940s.<ref name=":1" />

<gallery>
File:קיסריה - מראה-JNF025733.jpeg|Caesarea 1947
File:קיסריה - עתיקות.-JNF038592.jpeg|Caesarea 1947
File:Caesarea 1942.jpg|Caesarea 1942 1:20,000
File:Caesarea 1945.jpg|Caesarea 1945 1:250,000
</gallery>

====1947–present====
The [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war in Mandatory Palestine]] began on 30 November 1947. In December 1947 a village notable, Tawfiq Kadkuda, approached local Jews in an effort to establish a non-belligerency agreement.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA92 92]</ref> The 31 January 1948 [[Lehi (militant group)|Lehi]] attack on a bus leaving Qisarya, which killed two and injured six people, precipitated an evacuation of most of the population, who fled to nearby [[al-Tantura]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book | editor = Charles Tripp | author1 = Research Fellow Truman Institute Benny Morris | author2 = Benny Morris | author3 = Morris Benny | date = 2004 | title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited | publisher = Cambridge University Press | page = 130 | isbn = 978-0-521-00967-6 | oclc = 1025810122 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA130}}</ref> The [[Haganah]] then occupied the village because the land was owned by the [[Palestine Jewish Colonization Association]] and, fearing that the British would force them to leave, decided to demolish the houses.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=Morris129130/> This was done on 19–20 February, after the remaining residents were expelled and the houses were looted.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> According to Israeli historian [[Benny Morris]], the expulsion of the population had more to do with illegal Jewish immigration than the ongoing civil war.<ref>Morris, 2008, pp. 94–95.</ref> In the same month the 'Arab al Sufsafi and Saidun [[Bedouin]], who inhabited the dunes between Qisarya and [[Pardes Hanna-Karkur|Pardes]] left the area.<ref>{{cite book | editor = Charles Tripp | author1 = Research Fellow Truman Institute Benny Morris | author2 = Benny Morris | author3 = Morris Benny | date = 2004 | title = The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 129– | isbn = 978-0-521-00967-6 | oclc = 1025810122 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA129}}</ref>

In 1952, the Jewish town of [[Caesarea (modern town)|Caesarea]] was established {{convert|1|-|2|km}} to the north of the ruins of the old city, which in 2011 were incorporated into the newly created Caesarea [[National parks and nature reserves of Israel|National Park]].

In 1992, Palestinian historian [[Walid Khalidi]] described the village remains: "Most of the houses have been demolished. The site has been excavated in recent years, largely by Italian, American, and Israeli teams, and turned into a tourist area. Most of the few remaining houses are now restaurants, and the village mosque has been converted into a bar."<ref>Khalidi, 1992, p.184</ref> Since 2000, the site of Caesarea is included in the "Tentative List of World Heritage Places" of the [[UNESCO]].<ref name="UNESCO" />

==Archaeology and reconstruction==
[[File:ISR-2016-Caesarea-Caesarea Maritima-Columns.jpg|thumb|Columns]]Large-scale archaeological excavations began in the 1950s and 1960s and continue to this day, conducted by volunteers working under the supervision of archaeologists. The majority of the archaeological excavations are done by the United States and Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-09-04-vw-1925-story.html |title= A Museum Renders Unto Caesarea |website=[[Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County|L.A.'s Natural History Museum]] |access-date=2017-11-21|date= 4 September 1988 }}</ref> Remains from many periods have been uncovered, in particular from the large city of the Roman and [[Byzantine Palestine|Byzantine]] periods and from the fortified town of the Crusaders. Major Classical-era findings are the [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman theatre]]; a temple dedicated to the goddess [[Roma (personification)|Roma]] and Emperor [[Caesar Augustus|Augustus]]; a [[hippodrome]] rebuilt in the 2nd century as a more conventional theatre;{{dubious|Not amphitheatre?|date=June 2019}} the Tiberieum, where archaeologists found a reused limestone block with a [[Pilate stone|dedicatory inscription]] mentioning Pilate<ref name="Reed18">{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC |title=Archaeology and the Galilean Jesus: a re-examination of the evidence |publisher=A&C Black |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-56338-394-6}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Xrav1ge-A_sC&pg=PA18 p. 18]. ''Studying the historical Jesus: evaluations of the state of current research'' by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998; {{ISBN|90-04-11142-5}}, pg. 65</ref> the only archaeological find bearing his name and title; a double [[Roman aqueduct|aqueduct]] that brought water from springs at the foot of [[Mount Carmel, Israel|Mount Carmel]]; a boundary wall; and a 200&nbsp;ft (60 m) wide moat protecting the harbour to the south and west.

In 1986, the [[Israel Exploration Society]] published the archaeological findings of L.I. Levine and E. Netzer, during three seasons of excavations (1975, 1976 and 1979) at Caesarea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.israelexplorationsociety.com/|title=Society Biblical Archaeology &#124; Israel Exploration Society &#124; החברה לחקירות ארץ ישראל|website=Israel Exploration Society}}</ref> In 2010, archaeological surveys-excavations of the site were conducted by Dani Vaynberger and Carmit Gur on behalf of the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] (IAA),<ref>[[Israel Antiquities Authority]], [http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2010 Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010], Survey Permit # A-5817</ref> and others by Peter Gendelman and Jacob Sharvit on behalf of the IAA, Yosef Porath, Beverly Goodman, and Michal Artzy on behalf of University of Haifa.<ref>[[Israel Antiquities Authority]], [http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2010 Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010], Survey Permit # A-5949, Survey Permit # G-10, and Survey Permit # G-25</ref> The site continued to be excavated as late as 2013.<ref>[[Israel Antiquities Authority]], [http://www.antiquities.org.il/m_digs_eng.aspx?shana=2013 Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013], Survey Permit # A-6743</ref> A new phase of exploration began in 2018 under the direction of Joseph L. Rife, Phillip Lieberman, and Peter Gendelman on behalf of Vanderbilt University and the IAA.

In February 2015, marine archaeologists and diving club members from the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] announced that about 2,000 gold coins dating back more than 1,000 years had been discovered. According to the researchers, the coins may have been part of a large merchant ship trading with the coastal cities and ports in the Mediterranean, and the coins may have been used to pay the salaries of the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] military garrison.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-02-18|title=Israeli divers chance upon 'priceless' treasure on seabed|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31517433|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref> In January 2021, researchers re-examined the coins discovered in 2015, and they retrieved hundreds more. The coins with Arabic text on both sides were 24 carat gold and 95 percent purity.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Charlie|date=2021-01-15|title=Archaeology breakthrough: Shipwreck treasure 'so valuable it's priceless' found in Israel|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1384582/archaeology-news-shipwreck-treasure-valuable-israel-spt|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Express.co.uk|language=en}}</ref>

A large compound, located in the archaeologists' Area CC, in the first [[Insula (Roman city)|''insula'']] of the Roman and Byzantine city south of the Crusader wall and close to the sea, along the ''[[Decumanus Maximus|decumanus]]'', was in use as the Roman ''[[praetorium]]'' of the [[Equestrian order|equestrian]] [[Procurator (Ancient Rome)#Fiscal officers|fiscal procurator]], and then became the seat of the [[Governor#Byzantium|Byzantine governor]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Patrich |first= Joseph |entry= A Government Compound in Roman-Byzantine Caesarea |encyclopedia= The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land (NEAEHL) |volume= 5 |year= 2008 |pages= 1668–1680 }}</ref> It contained a [[basilica]] with an apse, where magistrates would have sat, for the structure was used as a hall of justice, as fragments of inscriptions detailing the fees that court clerks might claim attest.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

A rare, colorful [[mosaic]] dating from the 2nd-3rd century CE was uncovered in 2018, in the Caesarea National Park near a Crusader bridge. It contains the image of three male figures wearing [[toga]]s, geometric patterns, as well as a largely damaged inscription in [[Greek language|Greek]]. It is one of the few extant examples of mosaics from that specific time period in Israel. The mosaic measures 3.5&nbsp;×&nbsp;8 [[meters]] and is, according to its excavators, "of a rare high quality" comparable to that of Israel's finest examples.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/rare-greek-inscription-and-colorful-1800-year-old-mosaic-uncovered-at-caesarea/|title=Rare Greek inscription and colorful 1,800-year-old mosaic uncovered at Caesarea|website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref>

In 1962, a team of Israeli and American archaeologists discovered in the sand of Caesarea three small fragments of one Hebrew stone inscription bearing the partial names of places associated with the [[priestly courses]] (the rest of which had been reconstructed), dated to the third-fourth centuries. The uniqueness of this discovery is that it shows the places of residence in [[Galilee]] of the priestly courses, places presumably resettled by Jews after the [[First Jewish–Roman War]] under [[Hadrian]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Avi-Yonah |first= Michael |title= A List of Priestly Courses from Caesarea |journal= Israel Exploration Journal |volume= 12 |issue= 2 |pages= 137–139 |jstor= 27924896 |date= 1962}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Avi-Yonah |first= Michael |title= The Caesarea Inscription of the Twenty-Four Priestly Courses |journal= Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies |volume= L.A. Mayer Memorial Volume (1895-1959) |pages=24–28 |jstor= 23614642 |date=1964}} (Hebrew)</ref><ref>Samuel Klein, ''Barajta der vierundzwanzig Priester Abteilungen'' (Baraitta of the Twenty-Four Priestly Divisions), in: ''Beiträge zur Geographie und Geschichte Galiläas'', Leipzig 1909</ref><ref>Vardaman, E. Jerry and Garrett, J.L., ''The Teacher's Yoke'', Waco TX 1964</ref>

The main Byzantine church, an octagonal [[Martyrium (architecture)|martyrion]], was built in the [[Christianity in the 6th century|6th century]] and sited directly upon the podium that had supported Herod's [[Roman temple|temple]], as was a widespread Christian practice. The ''martyrion'' was richly paved and surrounded by small radiating enclosures. Archaeologists have recovered some foliate [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] that included representations of the [[Christian cross|Cross]]. The site would in time be re-occupied, this time by a [[mosque]].

In 2005 excavators found a well-preserved 6th-century panel covered in an exquisite mosaic made of glass gold and coloured opaque glass [[tesserae]], used as a table, patterned with crosses and rosettes.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/1.4984722 ''Unique glass mosaic unveiled after restoration in Caesarea''], Haaretz, The Associated Press and Nadav Shragai, 28 January 2008, accessed 23 June 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/hasite/images/iht_daily/D280108/250mosaic_Jes.jpg Haaretz, picture of the glass mosaic panel], accessed 23 June 2019</ref> In 2018, a significant hoard of 24 gold coins and a gold earring was unearthed and tentatively dated to 1101.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-46429990 Rare gold coins found in Israeli city of Caesarea]. [[BBC News]], 3 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018</ref>

In 2025, archaeologists from the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] (IAA) and the [[Caesarea Development Corporation]] discovered a [[Roman Empire|Roman‑period]] [[marble]] [[sarcophagus]] in Caesarea dating to approximately 1,700 years ago. The sarcophagus is depicting a drinking contest between the gods [[Dionysus]] and [[Hercules]]. In the relief, [[Hercules]] is depicted reclining and visibly intoxicated, while [[Dionysus]] appears triumphant, accompanied by [[Maenad|Maenads]], [[Satyr|satyrs]], and panthers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title=Ancient sarcophagus with mythological scene found in Caesarea, Israel {{!}} The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/archaeology/article-857056 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Tercatin |first=Rossella |title=Archaeologists find unique 1,700-year-old sarcophagus depicting booze battle with a god |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/archaeologists-find-unique-1700-year-old-sarcophagus-depicting-booze-battle-between-2-gods/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-06-09 |title=1,700-year-old Roman sarcophagus uncovered in Caesarea |url=https://www.jns.org/1700-year-old-roman-sarcophagus-uncovered-in-caesarea/ |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=JNS.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|25em}}

===Sources===
* [[Abu Shama]] (d. 1268) (1969): ''Livre des deux jardins'' ("The Book of Two Gardens"). [[Recueil des Historiens des Croisades]], Cited in Petersen (2001).
* {{cite journal|last1=Ad|first1=Uzi|date= 2007-05-09 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=521&mag_id=112 |title= Caesarea, the High Aqueduct in Nahal 'Ada |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=119}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Avner|first1=Rita|last2=Gendelman|first2=Peter|date= 2007-01-30 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=470&mag_id=112 |title= Caesarea |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=119|doi=10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.470 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|first=Richard W. |last=Barber |title=The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief |url=https://archive.org/details/holygrailimagina00barb |url-access=registration |year=2004|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674013905}}
* {{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922|url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
* {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C. R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1882|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=2}} (pp.&nbsp; [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/12/mode/1up 12]-29, [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/34/mode/1up 34])
* {{cite book|last=Crossan|first= J. D.|author-link=John Dominic Crossan|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaYKGrqXCwEC |title=Birth of Christianity: Discovering What Happened in the Years Immediately After the Execution of Christ|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn= 0-567-08668-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Department of Statistics|title=Village Statistics, April 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}}
* {{cite journal|last= Gendelman |first=Peter|date= 2011-07-24 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1731&mag_id=118 |title=Caesarea |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=123|doi=10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.1731 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gendelman |first1=Peter|last2= Massarwa |first2=Abdallah |date= 2011-08-15 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1772&mag_id=118 |title=Caesarea, Sand Dunes (South) |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=123}}
* {{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2|year=1875|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
* {{cite book |first =Philip Khûri|last=Hitti|author-link=Philip Khuri Hitti| title = The Origins of the Islamic State: Being a Translation from the Arabic, Accompanied with Annotations, Geographic and Historic Notes of the ''Kitâb Fitûh al-Buldân'' of al-Imâm abu-l Abbâs Ahmad ibn-Jâbir al-Balâdhuri |url= https://archive.org/details/originsofislamic00balarich | year = 1916|location=New York | publisher = Columbia University}}
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first=G.|last=Le Strange|author-link=Guy Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}}
* {{cite book|last=Levine|first=Lee I.|title=Caesarea Under Roman Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pscUAAAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Brill Archive|isbn=978-90-04-04013-7}}
* {{cite book|title= Travels Through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine: With a General History of the Levant|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsthroughc00marigoog |first=Giovanni |last=Mariti|year=1792 | location=Dublin|publisher=P. Byrne}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/travelsthroughc00marigoog#page/n426/mode/2up 396] ff)
* {{cite book |last =Meyers|first= E. M.|author-link=Eric M. Meyers | title = Galilee Through the Centuries|chapter= "The Fall of Caesarea Maritima" |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=znYoChYVIrcC | year = 1999 |publisher = Eisenbrauns|isbn=157506040X}}
* {{cite book|editor=Mills, E.|title=Census of Palestine 1931: Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas|url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas|publisher=Government of Palestine|location=Jerusalem|year=1932}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B.|last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited|isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Morris|first=B.|author-link=Benny Morris|year=2008|title=1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-12696-9|ref=refMorris08|url=https://archive.org/details/1948historyoffir00morr}}
* {{cite book|title= Haifa; or, Life in Modern Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/haifaorlifeinmod00olipuoft |first=L.|last= Oliphant|author-link=Laurence Oliphant (author)|year=1887}}
* {{cite journal|last=Oren|first=Eliran|date= 2010-06-01 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1408&mag_id=117 |title= Caesarea |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=122|doi=10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.1624 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R.E.|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}}
* {{cite book|last=Petersen |first=Andrew |title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine|series=British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://www.academia.edu/21619490 |volume =1 |year=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-727011-0}}
* {{cite journal|last=Porat|first=Yosef |date= 2004-05-31 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=13&mag_id=108 |title= Caesarea |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=116|doi=10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.13 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book|title= The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A–K (Excluding Acre and Jerusalem)| volume =1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ|first =D.|last =Pringle|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1993|isbn=0-521-39036-2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
* {{cite book|title= Secular Buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: An Archaeological Gazetteer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC| last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1997|isbn=0521-46010-7|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book | last= Ringel |first =Joseph | title = Césarée de Palestine: étude historique et archéologique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D00KAQAAIAAJ | year = 1975 | publisher = Éditions Ophrys, University of California |isbn =9782708004146 |language =fr}}
* {{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n61/mode/1up 44])
* {{cite book|last=Safrai|first= Z.|author-link=Ze'ev Safrai |year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dmKAgAAQBAJ |title=The Economy of Roman Palestine|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 0-415-10243-X}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sa‘id|first=Kareem|date= 2006-05-22 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=344&mag_id=111 |title= Caesarea |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=116|doi=10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.344 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal|last=Sa‘id|first=Kareem|date= 2007-07-10 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=551&mag_id=112 |title= Caesarea |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=119|doi=10.69704/jhaesi.116.2004.551 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first =G.| author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population List of the Liwa of Akka |  journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888}} 
* {{cite book|last= Seetzen|first= U. J.|author-link=Ulrich Jasper Seetzen|title=Ulrich Jasper Seetzen's Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan-länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten|url=https://archive.org/stream/ulrichjaspersee00seetgoog#page/n524/mode/1up|volume=2|year=1854|publisher=G. Reimer|location= Berlin|language=de}}
* {{cite book|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, B–C |volume= 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC |first=M.|last=Sharon|author-link=Moshe Sharon|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11083-6}} (Sharon, 1999, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA252 252])
* [[Mujir al-Din al-'Ulaymi|al-'Ulaymi]] (1876). ''[https://archive.org/details/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft Histoire de Jérusalem et d'Hébron depuis Abraham jusqu'à la fin du XVe siècle de J.-C.: Fragments de la ''Chronique'' de Moudjir-ed-dyn]''. Trans. Henry Sauvaire. p. [https://archive.org/stream/histoiredejrus00ulayuoft#page/80/mode/2up 80–81]
*Joseph Patrich, "Caesarea in the Time of Eusebius" in S. Inowlocki, C. Zemagni (eds.), ''Reconsidering Eusebius: Collected papers on literary, historical, and theological issues'' (2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=YkhHst91hQIC&pg=PA1 1&ndash;24].
*{{cite book |last1 =Lehmann |first1= Clayton Miles |last2=Holum|first2= Kenneth G. |title= The Greek and Latin Inscriptions of Caesarea Maritima |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jzpmAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher= University of Michigan |isbn= 9780897570282}}
*{{cite book |last1= Raban |first1= Avner |last2= Holum |first2= Kenneth G. |title= Caesarea Maritima: a retrospective after two millennia |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pckUkJIHjiQC |year=1996 |location= Leiden |publisher= Brill |isbn=978-90-04-10378-8}}
*{{Wikisource-inline|list=
**{{Cite CE1913 |last=Vailhé |first=S. |wstitle=Caesarea Palaestinae|short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite EB1911 |last=Macalister |first=R. A. Stewart |author-link=R. A. Stewart Macalister |wstitle=Caesarea Palaestina |volume=4 |page=943 |short=x |noicon=x}}
**{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Cæsarea Palestinæ|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

== Further reading ==

* ''[[Martyrs of Palestine]]'', book by Eusebius recounting the story of Christian martyrs executed in Caesarea

== External links ==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=10&letter=C#0 ''Jewish Encyclopedia'']: Cæsarea by the Sea
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/maps/arch/caesarea.html PBS Frontline – Caesarea]
*[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/Caesarea.html Archaeology of Caesarea]
*[http://www.ianandwendy.com/Israel/Caesarea/slideshow.htm Photo gallery of Caesarea]
*[http://www.fotogalerien.ch/index.php?gallery=154&lang=2 Photo gallery of Caesarea]
* Gavriel Solomon, [http://www.iaa-conservation.org.il/Projects_Item_eng.asp?subject_id=10&site_id=16&id=141 Caesarea National Park: Conservation Maintenance], [http://www.antiquities.org.il/home_eng.asp Israel Antiquities Authority Site] - [https://web.archive.org/web/20140626044723/http://iaa-conservation.org.il/index_eng.asp Conservation Department]
*[https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/collections_featured.php?parent=6316 Photos of Caesarea] at the [[Manar al-Athar]] photo archive

{{Journeys of Paul of Tarsus}}
{{Roman colonies in ancient Levant}}
{{Crusader Sites in Israel}}
{{New Testament places associated with Jesus}}
{{Phoenician cities and colonies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Roman theatres in Israel|Caesarea Maritima]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Israel]]
[[Category:Crusader castles]]
[[Category:Disestablishments in the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Castles and fortifications of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Castles in Israel]]
[[Category:Establishments in the Herodian kingdom]]
[[Category:Former populated places in West Asia]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Maritime archaeology in Israel]]
[[Category:New Testament cities]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st century BC]]
[[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Haifa District]]
[[Category:Roman aqueducts outside Rome]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Israel]]
[[Category:Talmud places]]
[[Category:Phoenician cities]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List]]
[[Category:Caesarea Maritima]]
[[Category:Destroyed populated places]]