View source for Canchim

{{short description|Brazilian breed of cattle}}
{{use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{use list-defined references|date=July 2025}}
{{infobox cattle breed
| name          = Canchim
| image         = Touro_Canchim_REFON.jpg
| image_size    = 
| image_alt     = 
| image_caption = A bull
| image2        = Canchim.jpg
| image_size2   = 
| image_alt2    = 
| image_caption2= 
| status        = {{ubl|[[FAO]] (2007): not at risk{{r|barb|p=11}}|[[DAD-IS]] (2025): not at risk{{r|dad}}}}
| altname       = 
| country       = Brazil
| distribution  = 
| standard      = 
| use           = beef
| weight        = 
| maleweight    = 800–1000 kg{{r|cabi|p=148}}
| femaleweight  = 500–650 kg{{r|cabi|p=148}}
| height        = 
| maleheight    = 
| femaleheight  = 
| skincolour    = 
| coat          = white or cream-coloured
| horn          = 
| subspecies    = hybrid
| note          = 
}}

The '''Canchim''' is a modern Brazilian [[list of cattle breeds|breed]] of [[beef cattle]]. It was developed from about 1940 in [[São Paulo State]] by [[cross-breeding]] Brazilian [[zebuine]] cattle – [[Indubrasil]], [[Guzerá]] and [[Nelore]] – with bulls of the French [[Charolais (cattle)|Charolais]] breed.

== History ==

Cattle of the French [[Charolais (cattle)|Charolais]] breed of [[beef cattle]] were imported to Brazil in 1922 by the [[Ministério da Agricultura (Brazil)|national ministry of agriculture]] and taken to the government breeding farm of [[Urutaí]], in the [[states of Brazil|state]] of [[Goiás]].{{r|abc}} In 1936 they were moved to another government breeding farm, the Fazenda de Criação at [[São Carlos]] in the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]; this farm had earlier been known as the Fazenda Canchim,{{efn|name= a}} and later became the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa do Sudeste of the [[Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária]].{{r|edusp|p=128}} There, under the direction of Antônio Teixeira Viana, Charolais bulls from the herd were used from about 1940 in an experimental programme of [[cross-breeding]] with Brazilian [[zebuine cattle]] of various breeds, with the aim of developing a taurindicine hybrid which would combine the environmental adaptation of the zebu with the productive qualities – including growth rate and meat yield – of the European breed.{{r|faocr|p=53|edusp|p2=128|embrapa|abc2}}

Two possible lines of development were explored, both starting from the mating of a zebu cow to a Charolais bull; the first-generation (F1) crosses were  thus 50% zebu and 50% European. Mating F1 cows to a Charolais bull gave rise to a second-generation (F2) hybrid with 25% zebu genes, and mating these F2 cows to a zebu bull resulted in stock with 62.5% zebuine and 37.5% European inheritance; reversing the order of the bulls used to sire the second and third generations resulted in the reverse F3 mix, with 37.5% zebuine and 62.5% European genes.{{r|abc}} In both schemes, the F3 hybrids were then bred together. The stock with 5/8 zebu blood was found to be rustic but highly variable, and to show little productive improvement over the original zebu stock, while those with 5/8 Charolais blood were found to be well-conformed, fast-growing and consistent, with good tolerance of insects and heat; these were the foundation of the Canchim.{{r|edusp|p=129}} 

A total of 368 zebu cows were used to produce the F1 generation, of which almost 80% were [[Indubrasil]], and the remainder [[Guzerá]] and [[Nelore]]; fewer than half of these are in the ancestry of the Canchim, which also includes 53 Charolais bulls, 4 Guzerá and 8 Indubrasil.{{r|abc2}}

The first Canchim calves were born in 1953, and the herd was then kept closed until a second phase of cross-breeding was begun in either 1986{{r|cabi|p=148}} or 1990.{{r|jag}}

A [[breed society]], the {{lang|pt|i=no|Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Canchim}}, was formed in 1971, and a [[herd-book]] was established in the same year.{{r|mason|p=36}} The breed was officially recognised in 1972.{{r|edusp|p=129}}

The Canchim constitutes approximately {{val|3|u=%}} of the national beef herd.{{r|jasb|p=2}}

== Characteristics ==

Body weights for bulls are usually in the range {{val|800|to|1000|u=kg}}, although there are records of a bull weighing {{val|1360|u=kg}}; cows usually weigh some {{val|500|to|650|u=kg}}.{{r|cabi|p=148}} Bulls have a small [[hump (anatomy)|hump]].{{r|mason|p=36}} The coat is similar to that of the Charolais, varying from white to cream-coloured.{{r|cabi|p=148}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist | refs=
{{efn|name = a|The estate was named for a tree that was common there, the canchim or canxim, ''[[Ophthalmoblapton crassipes]]''; the cattle breed took the former name of the estate.{{r|edusp|p=128|edufs}}}}
}}

== References ==
{{commonscat}}
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=abc>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240912205637/https://canchim.com.br/formacao-raca/ Formação da raça] In Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Canchim. Archived 12 September 2024.</ref>

<ref name=abc2>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240913085139/https://canchim.com.br/raca-canchim/ A raça Canchim] In Portuguese). Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Canchim. Archived 13 September 2024.</ref>

<ref name=barb>Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200623201209/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/List%20of%20breeds%20documented%20in%20the%20Global%20Databank%20for%20Animal%20Genetic%20Resources/List_breeds.pdf List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources], annex to: [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{isbn|9789251057629}}. Archived 23 June 2020.</ref>

<ref name=cabi>Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). [https://books.google.it/books?id=2UEJDAAAQBAJ&hl=en ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding''] (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{isbn|9781780647944}}.</ref>

<ref name=dad>[https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BRA&specie=Cattle&breed=Canchim&external=1&lang=en Breed data sheet: Canchim / Brazil (Cattle)]. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed July 2025.</ref>

<ref name=edufs>Ricardo Augusto Gorne Viani, Eduardo Bermudes, Israel Henrique Buttner Queiroz, Ricardo Toshio Fujihara (2022). [https://www.google.it/books/edition/125_árvores_para_conhecer_no_campus_da/m99-EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 ''125 árvores para conhecer no campus da UFSCar em Araras-SP''] (in Portuguese). [S.l.]: EdUFSCar. {{isbn|9786586768633}} (eBook, unpaginated).</ref>

<ref name=edusp>Julio Seabra Inglez Souza, ‎Aristeu Mendes Peixoto, ‎Francisco Ferraz de Toledo, Klaus Reinhardt (1995). [https://www.google.it/books/edition/Enciclopédia_agrícola_brasileira_C_D/RCyZWhMgTiAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP132 ''Enciclopédia agrícola brasileira''], volume 2, C-D (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo. {{isbn|9788531404603}}.</ref>

<ref name=embrapa>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005010248/http://www.embrapa.gov.br/english/portfolio/animal%20prod/canchim/ Canchim Cattle]. Brasília: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. Archived 5 October 2011.</ref>

<ref name=faocr>Arthur da Silva Mariante, Concepta McManus, José Francisco Mendonça (editors) (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210717105743/http://www.fao.org/3/a1250e/annexes/CountryReports/Brazil.pdf ''Country Report on the State of Animal Genetic Resources: Brazil'']. Brasília: Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology. {{ISSN|0102-0110}}, '''99'''. Annex to: Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170110125634/http://www.fao.org/3/a-a1250e.pdf ''The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture'']. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. {{isbn|9789251057629}}. Archived 17 July 2021.</ref>

<ref name=jag>V.R.N. Gaviolli, M.E. Buzanskas, V.A.R. Cruz, R.P. Savegnago, D.P. Munari, A.R. Freitas, M.M. Alencar (2012). https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13353-012-0100-6 Genetic associations between weight at maturity and maturation rate with ages and weights at first and second calving in Canchim beef cattle]. ''Journal of Applied Genetics''. '''53''' (3): 331–335. {{doi|10.1007/s13353-012-0100-6}}.</ref>

<ref name=jasb>Marcos Eli Buzanskas, Daniela do Amaral Grossi, Ricardo Vieira Ventura, Flavio Schramm Schenkel, Tatiane Cristina Seleguim Chud, Nedenia Bonvino Stafuzza, Luciana Diniz Rola, Sarah Laguna Conceição Meirelles, Fabiana Barichello Mokry, Maurício de Alvarenga Mudadu, Roberto Hiroshi Higa, Marcos Vinícius Gualberto Barbosa da Silva, Maurício Mello de Alencar, Luciana Correia de Almeida Regitano, Danísio Prado Munari (2017). [https://jasbsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40104-017-0199-8 Candidate genes for male and female reproductive traits in Canchim beef cattle]. ''Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology''. '''8''', article number 67. {{doi|10.1186/s40104-017-0199-8|doi-access=free}}.</ref>

<ref name=mason>Valerie Porter, Ian Lauder Mason (2002). [https://archive.org/details/masonsworlddicti0000unse/page/88/mode/1up ''Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types, and Varieties''] (fifth edition). Wallingford: CABI. {{isbn|085199430X}}.</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* M.E. Buzanskas, R.P. Savegnago, D.A. Grossi, G.C. Venturini, S.A. Queiroz, L.O.C. Silva, R.A.A. Torres Júnior, D.P. Munari, M.M. Alencar (2012).[https://www.publish.csiro.au/rd/RD12132 Genetic parameter estimates and principal component analysis of breeding values of reproduction and growth traits in female Canchim cattle]. ''Reproduction, Fertility and Development''. '''25''' (5): 775–781. {{doi|10.1071/RD12132}}.
{{refend}}

{{Cattle breeds of Brazil}}
{{Taurindicine cattle}}

[[Category:Cattle breeds]]
[[Category:Cattle breeds originating in Brazil]]
[[Category:São Carlos]]
[[Category:Beef cattle breeds]]

{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}