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{{Short description|Anatolian princely dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = House of Candar
| common_name            = Candar
| era                    = Late Medieval
| government_type        = [[Bey]]lik
| year_start             = 1291
| year_end               = 1461
| p1                     = Sultanate of Rum
| flag_p1                = Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate.JPG
| s1                     = Ottoman Empire
| flag_s1                = Flag of the Ottoman Empire (Thicker Crescent).svg
| native_name            = ''Candaroğulları''
| image_map              = Candaroğulları.PNG
| image_map_caption      = Candaroğulları Beyliği Principality
| capital                = {{plainlist|
*[[Eflani]] 1291–1309
*[[Kastamonu]] 1309–1398
*[[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]] 1398–1461}}
| common_languages       = [[Old Anatolian Turkish]]
| religion               = [[Sunni Islam]]
| demonym                = 
| leader1                = [[Yaman Candar|Şemseddin Yaman Candar Bey]]
| leader2                = [[Kızıl Ahmed Bey]]
| year_leader1           = 1291
| year_leader2           = 1461
| title_leader           = Bey
}}

The '''Candar dynasty'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candar Dynasty {{!}} Ottoman Empire, Anatolia, Seljuks {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Candar-dynasty |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> (/ˈdʒandar/) or the '''House of Candar''' ([[Turkish language|Modern Turkish]]: ''Candaroğulları''),<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=CANDAROĞULLARI |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/candarogullari |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref>'''<ref>Michael Broome, ''A Handbook of Islamic Coins'', Seaby, 1985, {{ISBN|978-0-900652-66-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=e6DpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22To+the+north,+the+Jandarids,+later+known+as+the+Isfendiyarids,%22 p. 132.]</ref>''' '''Beylik of Candar''', '''Principality of Candar''' (''Candaroğulları Beyliği'', ''Candar Beyliği''), also known as the '''Isfendiyar dynasty''' (''İsfendiyaroğulları''), is an [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz Turkic]]<ref>''Isfendiyar Oghlu'', J. H. Mordtmann, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IV, ed. E.van Donzel, B. Lewis and C. Pellatt, (Brill, 1997), 108.</ref> princely [[Anatolian beyliks|Anatolian dynasty]] that reigned in the territories corresponding to the provinces of [[Eflani District|Eflani]], [[Kastamonu Province|Kastamonu]], [[Sinop Province|Sinop]], [[Zonguldak Province|Zonguldak]], [[Bartın Province|Bartın]], [[Karabük Province|Karabük]], [[Samsun Province|Samsun]], [[Bolu Province|Bolu]], [[Ankara Province|Ankara]] and [[Çankırı Province|Çankırı]] in the present-day [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] from the year 1291 to 1461. The region is known in Western literature as [[Paphlagonia]], a name applied to the same geographical area during the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] period.

The dynasty and principality, founded by [[Yaman Candar|Şemseddin Yaman Candar Bey]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=CANDAROĞULLARI |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/candarogullari |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref> were incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] by [[Mehmed II|Sultan Mehmed II]] in 1461.

==History==
Descended from the [[Kayı (tribe)|Kayı]] branch of [[Oghuz Turks]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Çay |first=Prof. Dr. Abdulhaluk Mehmet |date=2009 |title=Türkiye Tarihi Selçuklu Devri |url=https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/mrepo/eKitap/eb-SelcukluDevri/16/ |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=www.kulturportali.gov.tr}}</ref> the dynasty began when the sultan [[Mesud II]] of the [[Seljuks of Rum]] awarded the province of [[Eflani District|Eflani]] to [[Yaman Candar|Şemseddin Yaman Candar]], a senior commander in the imperial armed forces, in gratitude for rescuing him from [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] captivity. The province had previously been under the rule of the ''[[Chobanids (beylik)|Çobanoğulları]]''. 

Following the death of [[Yaman Candar|Şemseddin Yaman Candar]], his son Süleyman I conquered the neighboring province of [[Kastamonu Province|Kastamonu]] and annexed [[Safranbolu District|Safranbolu]] and [[Sinop Province|Sinop]], formerly ruled by the descendants of [[Pervâne|Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman]]. Süleyman subsequently appointed his son Ibrahim I as [[Governor]] of [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinop]], while his second son Ali was appointed Governor of [[Safranbolu District|Safranbolu]]. Süleyman reigned under the authority of the [[Ilkhanate]], the Mongols of Persia, until the death of their ruler [[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id]].

Following the death of Süleyman I, his sons Ibrahim I and Ali were involved in a dynastic struggle for the throne. In 1339, Ibrahim was victorious and thus took over the rule of [[Kastamonu Castle|Kastamonu]], the seat of the principality, as ''[[bey]]''. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his cousin Adil (1346–1361), who in turn was succeeded by his own son, Kötürüm Bayezid. Kötürüm Bayezid Bey fought twice with [[Kadi Burhan al-Din]], ruler of the [[Sivas Province|Sivas]] region, and in 1383, lost [[Kastamonu Province|Kastamonu]] to one of his own sons, Süleyman, who had received military support from the [[Ottoman Sultan|Ottoman sultan]] [[Murad I]]. Following this defeat, Kötürüm Bayezid Bey retreated to [[Sinop Province|Sinop]], which led to the division of the Beylik of Candar.

On Kötürüm Bayezid's death in 1385, his son Süleyman succeeded him as Süleyman II, and reunited the recently divided principality back into one realm. With [[Kastamonu Castle]] as his seat, Süleyman II remained faithful to [[Murad I]], his supporter in his revolt against his father and predecessor, and, from 1386 to 1389, participated in various [[Ottoman wars in Europe|Ottoman campaigns in Europe]]. 

In 1391, [[Murad I|Murad's]] successor to the Ottoman throne, [[Bayezid I]], launched an assault on [[Kastamonu Province|Kastamonu]] in an attempt to gain control of the [[Anatolian beyliks]],<ref>Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, "Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bāyezīd and Kādī Burhān Al-Dīn Ahmad" ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London'', Vol. 43, No. 3. (1980), pp. 473.</ref> which saw the death of Süleyman II and with it an end to the Candar dynasty's long reign in [[Kastamonu Province|Kastamonu]].

Succeeding Süleyman II as ''bey'' was his son and heir [[İsfendiyar Bey]], who in a bid to avoid conflict with the neighboring [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]], recognized the [[suzerainty]] of [[Bayezid I]] and became an [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman]] [[vassal]], which [[Bayezid I|Bayezid]] reciprocated by granting [[İsfendiyar Bey|İsfendiyar]] [[autonomy]] in his dominion. However, after [[Bayezid I|Bayezid]] was defeated at the hands of the [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] in 1402, [[İsfendiyar Bey|İsfendiyar]] recognized the authority of their [[Khan (title)|Khan]], [[Timur]], who confirmed [[İsfendiyar Bey|İsfendiyar's]] rule in the traditional Candar realm of [[Kastamonu Province|Kastamonu]], [[Kalecik, Ankara|Kalecik]], [[Tosya District|Tosya]], and [[Çankırı Province|Çankırı]]. 

Following the departure of [[Timur]] from [[Anatolia]] during the [[Ottoman Interregnum]], [[İsfendiyar Bey]] stood close to all the four sons of [[Bayezid I]]. When one of his sons, Kasım claimed control over [[Çankırı Province|Çankırı]] and [[Tosya District|Tosya]] and declared the incorporation of these provinces to the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Candar dominion was divided once more. İsfendiyar revolted against the new sultan [[Murad II]], only to be defeated, and retreated to [[Sinop Province|Sinop]] in 1423. [[İsfendiyar Bey]] died in 1439 and was succeeded by his son Ibrahim II, who upon his own death was succeeded by Ismail in 1443.

Following his conquest of [[Constantinople]] in 1453, the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman sultan]] [[Mehmed II]] turned to Anatolia to unite the [[Anatolian beyliks|beyliks]] under his rule. In 1461, joining forces with Ismail's brother Kızıl Ahmed Bey, he captured [[Sinop Province|Sinop]] and officially ended the reign of the Candar dynasty, although he did at first appoint Ahmed Bey as the governor of [[Kastamonu Province|Kastamonu]] and [[Sinop Province|Sinop]], only for the appointment to be revoked in 1464.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2011/11/17/tarihi-bir-yanlis-daha-duzeltildi|title=Tarihi bir yanlış daha düzeltildi|website=Sabah.com.tr|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Dynasty ===
After the incorporation of the Beylik of Candar into the [[Ottoman Empire]], the ruling dynasty was offered various important functions within the administration of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman state]], which they maintained until its dissolution in 1922. Descendants of the Candar dynasty live today as citizens of the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] mostly in [[Istanbul]] and in [[Europe]], using various family names. Ayşe Sultan, who was the last identified descendant, died in [[Ankara]] in 1981, having benefited from the unique status afforded to the dynasty within the [[Ottoman Empire]].
[[File:Flag_of_Semiso_in_Catalan_atlas.svg|thumb|The arms of the House of Candar according to the ''[[Catalan Atlas]]'' of 1375.]]

=== Arms ===
Due to their similarities, the arms of Candar may be confused with what is now referred to as the [[Star of David]]. However, in [[Middle Ages|medieval times]], this particular symbol was not solely associated with [[Judaism]], but also with [[Islam]] where it was known as the [[Seal of Solomon]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dale |first=Stephen Frederic |title=The Muslim empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-69142-0 |edition=1. publ., 6. print |series=New approaches to Asian history |location=Cambridge}}</ref> borne by the prophet [[Solomon in Islam|Sulaiman]], son of [[David in Islam|David]]. The symbol gained popularity amongst the [[Anatolian beyliks|beyliks of Anatolia]], with the [[Karamanids|Beylik of Karaman]] another state known to have adopted a variation of the seal on its flag.

==Sovereigns==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sovereign
! Reign
! Notes<ref>Yeni Rehber Ansiklopedisi 4, Türkiye Gazetesi, 1993. pp. 275–276</ref>
|-
| '''[[Yaman Candar|Şemseddin Yaman Candar Bey]]'''|| {{circa|1291}}|| Dynasty founder and first ''[[bey]]''.
|-
| '''[[Suleiman I of Jandar|Suleiman I Pasha]]''' ||1309–1339|| Following his death {{circa|1339}}, a dynastic struggle ensued between his two sons, İbrahim and Ali.
|-
| colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" | dynastic struggle
|-
| '''[[Ibrahim I of Candar|İbrahim Pasha]]''' || 1339–1345|| İbrahim was victorious in the struggle with his brother Ali in 1339. 
|-
| '''Âdil Bey bin Ya'kûb''' || 1346–1361
|
|-
| [[Celâleddin Bayezid|'''Celaleddin''' '''Bayezid Bey''']]|| 1361–1383
|-
| '''Süleyman II Pasha''' || 1384–1385
|-
| '''[[İsfendiyar Bey]]''' || 1385–1440
|-
| '''Tâceddin Ibrâhim II Bey''' || 1440–1443
|
|-
| '''Kemâleddin Ismâil Bey''' || 1443–1461
|
|-
| '''Kızıl Ahmed Bey''' (''The Red'') || 1461 || The 10th and last ''[[bey]]'' of the ''Candaroğulları''. Kızıl Ahmed Bey ruled for three months before the principality's incorporation into the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>Yeni Rehber Ansiklopedisi 4, Türkiye Gazetesi, 1993. p.275 {{in lang|tr}}</ref>
|}

==Genealogy of the House of Candar==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|House of Candar}}
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#FFD700|#white; border-width:2px}}Beylik of Candar
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''[[Yaman Candar]]''' <br>{{r.|1291|1309}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | |
|A01='''[[Suleiman I of Candar|Suleiman I]]''' <br>{{r.|1309|1339}}
|A02=Ya'qub
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | |
|A01='''[[Ibrahim I of Candar|Ibrahim I]]''' <br>{{r.|1339|1345}}
|A02='''[[Adil of Candar|Adil]]''' <br>{{r.|1345|1362}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''[[Kötürüm Bayezid|Bayezid]]''' <br>{{r.|1362|1383}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | |
|A01='''Suleiman II''' <br>{{r.|1383|1385}}
|A02='''[[Mubariz al-Din Isfendiyar|Isfendiyar]]''' <br>{{r.|1385|1440}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''Ibrahim II''' <br>{{r.|1440|1443}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | |
|A01='''Isma'il''' <br>{{r.|1443|1461}}
|A02='''Kızıl Ahmed''' <br>{{r.|1461|1461}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFD700
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFD700
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
* [[Karamanids]]
* [[Ramadanids]]
* [[Aydinids]]
* [[Sarukhanids]]
* [[Hamidids]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{EI2 | volume = 4 | title = Isfendiyār Og̲h̲lu | last = Mordtmann | first = J. H. | url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/isfendiyar-oghlu-SIM_3612}}
* {{cite book |last1=Uzunçarşılı |first1=İsmail Hakkı |title=Anadolu Beylikleri Ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri |trans-title=Anatolian Beyliks and Aq Qoyunlu, Qara Qoyunlu States |date=1969 |publisher=Turkish Historical Society Press |url=https://archive.org/details/IsmailHakkUzuncarsl.AnadoluBeylikleriVeAkkoyunluKarakoyunluDevletleri1969/page/n65/mode/2up |access-date=8 January 2024 |language=tr}}
* {{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=Candaroğulları|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/candarogullari|last=Yücel|first=Yaşar|date=1993|volume=7|pages=146–149}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070409111327/http://dallog.com/beylikler/candaroglu.htm http://www.dallog.com/beylikler/candaroglu.htm] {{in lang|tr}}
* [http://www.enfal.de/starih32.htm CANDAROGULLARI BEYLIGI] {{in lang|tr}}

{{History of Turkey topics}}
{{Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and Turkish Beyliks}}
{{Medieval states in Anatolia}}
{{Kayı tribe}}
{{coord missing|Turkey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Candar dynasty}}
[[Category:Anatolian beyliks]]
[[Category:Candaroğlu]]
[[Category:Isfendiyarids| ]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties]]
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1292]]
[[Category:History of Kastamonu]]
[[Category:History of Kastamonu Province]]
[[Category:History of Karabük Province]]
[[Category:History of Sinop Province]]