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{{Short description|Cao Wei prince and poet (192–232)}}
{{For|the PRC politician|Cao Zhi (politician)}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Cao Zhi<br>曹植
| image        = File:Portrait Cao Zhi.jpg
| image_size   = 180px
| caption      = Cao Zhi as seen in ''Nymph of Luo River'' by [[Gu Kaizhi]]
| succession   = [[Prince of Chen]] (陳王)
| reign        = {{circa}}March 232<ref>2nd month of the 6th year of the ''Taihe'' era, per vol.19 of ''Sanguozhi'' (biography of Cao Zhi). The month corresponds to 10 Mar to 7 Apr 232 in the Julian calendar.</ref> – 27 December 232
| reign-type   = Tenure
| successor = [[Cao Zhi (Yungong)]]
| succession1  = Prince of Dong'e (東阿王)
| reign1       = 229–232
| reign-type1  = Tenure
| succession2  = Prince of Yongqiu (雍丘王)
| reign2       = 228–229 <br> 223–227
| reign-type2  = Tenure
| succession3  = Prince of Junyi (浚儀王)
| reign3       = 227–228
| reign-type3  = Tenure
| succession4  = Prince of Juancheng (鄄城王)
| reign4       = 12 May 222 – 223
| reign-type4  = Tenure
| succession5  = Marquis of Juancheng (鄄城侯)
| reign5       = 221 – 12 May 222
| reign-type5  = Tenure
| spouse       = [[Lady Cui (Cao Wei)|Lady Cui]]
| issue        = {{unbulleted list|Cao Miao|[[Cao Zhi (Yungong)]]|Cao Jinhu|Cao Xingnü}}
| full name    = '''[[Family name]]:''' Cao (曹) <br> '''[[Given name]]:''' Zhi (植) <br> '''[[Courtesy name]]''': Zijian (子建)
| house        = [[Cao Wei|House of Cao]]
| father       = [[Cao Cao]]
| mother       = [[Empress Dowager Bian|Empress Wuxuan]]
| birth_date   = 192{{efn|name=SGZ birth and death dates|Cao Rui's biography in the ''Sanguozhi'' recorded that Cao Zhi died on the ''gengyin'' day of the 11th month of the 6th year of the ''Taihe'' era of Cao Rui's reign.<ref>([太和六年十一月]庚寅，陳思王植薨。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 3.</ref> This date corresponds to 27 December 232 in the Julian calendar. Cao Zhi's biography in the ''Sanguozhi'' also recorded that he was 41 (by [[East Asian age reckoning]]) when he died.<ref>([太和六年] ... 遂發疾薨，時年四十一。) ''Sanguozhi'' vol. 19.</ref> By calculation, Cao Zhi was born in 192.}}
| birth_place  = Juancheng County, [[Shandong]]
| death_date   = {{death date|232|12|27|df=y}} (aged 40){{efn|name=SGZ birth and death dates}}
| death_place  = [[Huaiyang District]], [[Henan]]
| posthumous name = Prince Si (思王)
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Cao Zhi (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = "Cao Zhi" in Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.4
| c = 曹植
| p = Cáo Zhí
| w = Ts'ao<sup>2</sup> Chih<sup>2</sup>
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|c|ao|2|-|zh|^|2}}
| gr = Tsaur Jyr
| j = Cou<sup>4</sup> Zik<sup>6</sup>
| y = Chòuh Jihk
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|c|ou|4|-|z|ik|6}}
| tl = Tsô Si̍t
| mc = {{IPA|dzaw d͡ʒik}}
}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Cao (Chinese surname)|Cao]]|lang=Chinese}}

'''Cao Zhi''' ({{audio|Cao Zhi.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{zh|c=曹植}}; 192 – 27 December 232),{{efn|name=SGZ birth and death dates}} [[courtesy name]] '''Zijian''' ({{zh|c=子建}}), posthumously known as '''Prince Si of Chen''' (陈思王), was a prince of the state of [[Cao Wei]] in the [[Three Kingdoms]] period of China, and an accomplished poet in his time. His style of poetry, greatly revered during the [[Jin dynasty (265-420)|Jin dynasty]] and [[Southern and Northern Dynasties]], came to be known as the [[Jian'an poetry|''Jian'an'']] style.

Cao Zhi was a son of [[Cao Cao]], a warlord who rose to power towards the [[End of the Han dynasty|end of the Eastern Han dynasty]] and laid the foundation for the state of Cao Wei. As Cao Zhi once engaged his elder brother [[Cao Pi]] in a power struggle to succeed their father, he was ostracised by his victorious brother after the latter became the emperor and established the Cao Wei state. In his later life, Cao Zhi was not allowed to meddle in politics, despite his many petitions to seek office.

==Early life==
Born in 192, Cao Zhi was the third son of the warlord [[Cao Cao]] and [[Empress Dowager Bian|Lady Bian]]. According to the ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Sanguozhi''), Cao Zhi could recite the ''[[Shi Jing]]'', ''[[Analects]]'' and more than ten thousand verses worth of poems before he even turned 20. His literary talent made him a favorite son of Cao Cao in the early stage of his life. He married [[Lady Cui (Cao Wei)|Lady Cui]] of the [[Cui clan of Qinghe]], a niece of [[Cui Yan]].

==Character and failure==
However, Cao Zhi was an impetuous man with little self-discipline. He was also a heavy drinker. On the other hand, his elder brother [[Cao Pi]] knew how to act at the right times. Cao Pi also enjoyed a much closer relationship to the servants and subjects around Cao Cao, and they spoke well of him. In 217, Cao Cao eventually picked Cao Pi to succeed himself. This further aggravated Cao Zhi's already eccentric behaviour. He once rode his chariot along the road reserved for the emperor and through the Sima Gate (司马门), the front gate of the palace. This infuriated his father, who had the chariot driver executed.

Cao Zhi's wife, [[Lady Cui (Cao Wei)|Lady Cui]], was caught by Cao Cao wearing clothes that were too extravagant and superior to her status, violating the law. As punishment she was forced to commit suicide. She was dressed as Crown Princess (consort of the Crown Prince), which was seen as an affront as the succession discussion had ended in favor of Cao Pi as Crown Prince, so she was killed to prevent any further opposition.<ref>{{Cite book |title=世說新語 |trans-title=Shishuo Xinyu |chapter=Sanguozhi, vol 12 |quote=Cuishi wore embroidered clothes to a ceremony and was seen by Cao Cao. Cao Cao later forced her to commit suicide because she violated a rule with her dress code.}}</ref>

Having chosen a successor, Cao Cao took measures to undermine other contestants. He did this by executing [[Yang Xiu (Han dynasty)|Yang Xiu]], a chief adviser to Cao Zhi. This greatly unsettled Cao Zhi, but failed to jolt him back to his senses. On the contrary, he sank further into his drunken habits. In 219, Cao Cao's cousin and leading general [[Cao Ren]] was besieged at the fortress at Fancheng (樊城; present-day [[Fancheng District]], [[Hubei]]) by [[Guan Yu]]. Cao Cao named Cao Zhi to lead a relief force to the rescue, in the hope that the task would instil into the latter a sense of responsibility. However, Cao Zhi was so drunk that he could not come forth to take the order. Cao Cao then gave up on this son.

Within months, Cao Cao died. One of the first things Cao Pi did was to do away with [[Ding Yi (Han dynasty)|Ding Yi]] (丁儀) and Ding Yì (丁廙), two firm supporters of Cao Zhi. He also sent Cao Zhi, along with the other brothers, away from the capital to a country estate exiling them into the countryside, and prohibited them from taking part in central political issues.

==Continued rejection==
Prospects for Cao Zhi did not improve after Cao Pi died in June 226. He wrote to the second Wei emperor, his nephew [[Cao Rui]], many times, seeking a position to apply his talents. In 232, he even sought a private meeting with Cao Rui to discuss politics. However, Cao Rui probably still considered him a threat to the throne{{efn|As Cao Zhi was by then the only surviving son of Cao Cao and Empress Dowager Bian (who was alive for the first few years of Cao Rui's reign), his legitimacy could be seen as being superior even when compared to his nephew-emperor.}} and declined all the offers.

==Death==
Severely depressed by the setbacks and by the news that he was to leave the capital for the third time in eleven years,<ref>''Sanguozhi'', vol.19</ref> Cao Zhi soon developed a fatal illness. Aged 41 (by East Asian reckoning), he quickly died in December 232, leaving behind instructions for a simple burial. He was succeeded as Prince of Chen by his son [[Cao Zhi (Yungong)|Cao Zhi]]; Cao Zhi's fiefdom was soon shifted to Jibei (济北).<ref>''Sanguozhi'', vol.19 and ''Jin Shu'', vol.50. ''Sanguozhi'' implied that Cao Zhi was made Prince of Jibei before the ''Jingchu'' era (237-239) of Cao Rui's reign.</ref>

His tomb in Yushan (魚山) of [[Dong'e County|Dong'e county]] was excavated in 1951, during which 28 bones were recovered. However, the whereabouts of these bones are currently unknown.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cutter|first=Robert Joe|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501507038/html|title=The Poetry of Cao Zhi|date=2021|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-1-5015-0703-8|page=xxvi|language=en|doi=10.1515/9781501507038|orig-year=}}</ref>

==Poetry==
{{see also|Poetry of Cao Cao}}

Despite his failure in politics, Cao Zhi was hailed as one of the representatives of the poetic style of his time, together with his father [[Cao Cao]], his elder brother [[Cao Pi]] and several other poets. Their poems formed the backbone of what was to be known as the ''[[Jian'an poetry]]'' style (建安風骨). The civil strife towards the end of the [[Eastern Han dynasty]] gave the ''Jian'an'' poems their characteristic solemn yet heart-stirring tone, while lament over the ephemerality of life was also a central theme of works from this period. In terms of the history of [[Chinese literature]], the ''Jian'an'' poems were a transition from the early folk songs into scholarly poetry.

Although ''Jian'an'' refers to the [[era name]] between 196 and 220, Cao Zhi's poems could in fact be categorised into two periods, with the year 220 as the watershed. The earlier period consisted of poems that expressed his ambitions. These poems were optimistic and romantic in nature. On the other hand, his setbacks in political pursuits after the death of his father in 220 gave rise to the grievous tone of his later works.

More than 90 poems by Cao Zhi remain today, more than 60 of which are five-character poems (五言詩). These are held in high esteem for their significant influence over the development of five-character poetry in later ages. The most complete collection of Cao Zhi's poems and other literary works is ''[[Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms|Chen Si Wang Ji]]'' (陳思王集, ''Collection of Works by King Si of Chen''), compiled during the [[Ming dynasty]]. One of Cao Zhi's most celebrated poems is ''On the White Horse''. Written in the early years of his life, the poem portrayed a young warrior who answered fearlessly to the need of his country and reflected Cao Zhi's own aspiration to contribute to his times.

[[File:Portrait full-length Cao Zhi.jpg|thumb|200px|Cao Zhi's full-length portrait on "[[Luoshen|Nymph of Luo River]]" (or "Goddess of Luo River") by [[Gu Kaizhi]] of the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]], which illustrates a ''[[Fu (poetry)|fu]]'' (descriptive poem) of same title written by Cao Zhi.]]
<br>
{| border="0" cellpadding="0" style="margin:1em auto;"
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
《白馬篇》
|
On the White Horse
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
白馬飾金羈，連翩西北馳。
|
A white horse, in a halter of gold,<br>
Galloping swiftly to the northwest.
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
借問誰家子，幽幷遊俠兒。
|
Ask which family's son is the rider –<br>
A noble knight, who hails from [[You Province|You]] and [[Bing Province|Bing]].
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
少小去鄉邑，揚聲沙漠垂。
|
He left his home in early youth, and now,<br>
His name is known throughout the deserts.
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
宿昔秉良弓，楛矢何参差。
|
Morning and evening he clutches his bow;<br>
How many arrows hang at his side!
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
控弦破左的，右發摧月支。
|
He pulls his bow — the left-hand target is pierced,<br>
He shoots at the right and cuts it through.
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
仰手接飛猱，俯身散馬蹄。
|
Upwards his arrows seek the flying monkeys,<br>
Downward they destroy another object.
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
狡捷過猴猿，勇剽若豹螭。
|
His dexterity surpasses that of monkeys,<br>
His courage that of a leopard or dragon.
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
邊城多警急，胡虏數遷移。
|
Alarms are heard from the frontier!<br>
Northern tribesmen pour into the country in their thousands.
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
羽檄从北來，厲馬登高堤。
|
Letters are sent from the north, and<br>
Reining his horse he clambers up the hill.
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
長驅蹈匈奴，左顧陵鲜卑。
|
He charges Hun soldiers to the right;<br>
Looking left he assaults the [[Xianbei]].
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
弃身鋒刃端，性命安可懷。
|
He has staked himself on the edge of his sword;<br>
How can he treasure his life?
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
父母且不顧，何言子与妻。
|
Even his father and mother he puts at the back of his mind,<br>
Let alone his children and wife.
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
名編壯士籍，不得中顧私。
|
If his name is to enter the roll of the heroes,<br>
He cannot be concerned about personal matters.
|-
| style="font-size:100%" |
捐軀赴國難，視死忽如歸。
|
Giving up his life for the sake of his country,<br>
He looks toward death as a journey home...
|}
{{center|{{small|''Translation by Wu Fusheng and Gradham Hartill''}}}}

Cao Zhi's most famous poem was the ''[[The Quatrain of Seven Steps|Seven Steps Verse]]'', often translated as ''The Quatrain of Seven Steps''. However, his authorship of this poem is disputed since the poem comes from the ''[[Shishuo Xinyu]]'', a collection of ahistorical anecdotes.

==In ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms''==
[[File:CaoZhiPortrait.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Cao Zhi from a [[Qing dynasty]] edition of the historical novel ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'']]

''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'', a 14th-century historical novel, was a romanticisation of the events that occurred during the late [[Eastern Han dynasty]] and [[Three Kingdoms]] period. Exploiting the complicated relationship among the [[Cao Cao]]'s sons, especially [[Cao Pi]] and Cao Zhi, [[Luo Guanzhong]] was able to create a scenario where the elder brother, having succeeded his father, tried to do away with his younger brother.

After the death of Cao Cao, Cao Zhi failed to turn up for the funeral. Men sent by Cao Pi found Cao Zhi drunk in his own house. Cao Zhi was then bound and brought to Cao Pi. When Empress Bian, their common birth mother, heard of this, she went to Cao Pi and pleaded for the life of her younger son. Cao Pi agreed. However, [[Hua Xin]] then convinced Cao Pi to put Cao Zhi's literary talent to a test. If Cao Zhi failed the test, it would be excuse enough to put him to death, Hua Xin suggested.

Cao Pi agreed and held audience with Cao Zhi, who in great trepidation bowed low and confessed his faults. On the wall there was a painting of two oxen fighting, one of which was falling into a well. Cao Pi told his brother to make a poem based on the painting after walking seven paces. However, the poem was not to contain explicit reference to the subjects of the drawing.

Cao Zhi took seven paces as instructed, and the poem was already formulated in his heart. He then recited:

<div align=left>
Two butcher's victims lowing walked along,<br>
Each head bore curving bones, a sturdy pair.<br>
兩肉齊道行，頭上帶凸骨。

They met just by a hillock, both were strong,<br>
Each would avoid a pit newly-dug there.<br>
相遇塊山下，欻起相搪突。

They fought unequal battle, for at length<br>
One lay below a gory mess, inert.<br>
二敵不俱剛，一肉臥土窟。

'Twas not that they were of unequal strength<br>
Though wrathful both, one did not strength exert.<br>
非是力不如，盛氣不泄畢。
</div>

<div style="float:left;">{{small|''Translation by C. H. Brewitt-Taylor''}}</div><br />

However, Cao Pi was not satisfied. He then bade Cao Zhi make another poem on the spot based on their fraternal relationship, without using the word "brother". Not taking a second to think, Cao Zhi recited the famous ''[[Seven Steps Verse]]'':

<div align=left>
煮豆燃豆萁，豆在釜中泣。本是同根生，相煎何太急? (see translations and different renditions in ''[[Seven Steps Verse]]'')
</div>

Having heard this, [[Cao Pi]] was moved to tears. He then let his brother go after merely degrading the peerage of the latter as a punishment.

==Family==
{{main|Cao Wei family trees#Cao Zhi}}

==Modern references==
In 2002, [[Hong Kong]]'s [[Television Broadcasts Limited|TVB]] produced the television drama, ''[[Where the Legend Begins]]'', featuring Cao Zhi as the intelligent and compassionate protagonist. [[Steven Ma]] played the role of Cao Zhi in the series. There is also a 2013 Chinese television series [[:zh:新洛神|Legend of Goddess Luo]] produced by Huace Film and TV, starring [[Yang Yang (actor)|Yang Yang]] as Cao Zhi.

Cao Zhi (Ts'ao Chih) may be the titular figure of [[Ezra Pound]]'s poem ''Ts'ai Chi'h'', included in ''[[Des Imagistes]]'' (1914).{{sfnp|Ruthven|1969|p=}}

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[Han poetry]]
* [[Jian'an poetry]]
* [[Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms]]
* [[List of Chinese language poets]]
* ''[[The Quatrain of Seven Steps]]''

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Chen Shou|Chen, Shou]] (3rd century). ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Sanguozhi'').
* {{cite book|last=de Crespigny|first=Rafe|author-link=Rafe de Crespigny|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD|date=2007|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004156050}}
* Cutter, Robert Joe [translator], Kroll, Paul W. [editor] (2021). [https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501507038 The Poetry of Cao Zhi] {{open access}}. '' De Gruyter Mouton''.
* [[Luo Guanzhong|Luo, Guanzhong]] (14th century). ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Sanguo Yanyi'').
* {{cite book|last=Luo|first=Guanzhong|author-link=Luo Guanzhong|title=Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel: Volume IV|translator=Roberts, Moss|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|year=2007|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-119-00590-4}}
* [[Pei Songzhi|Pei, Songzhi]] (5th century). ''[[Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'' (''Sanguozhi zhu'').
* {{cite book|first=K.K.|last=Ruthven|title=A Guide to Ezra Pound's Personae (1926)|url=https://archive.org/details/trent_0116301752741|url-access=registration|publisher=University of California Press|year=1969}}
* [[Sima Guang|Sima, Guang]] (1084). ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]''.

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Cao,+Zhi | name=Zhi Cao}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Cao Zhi}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Zijian}}
 
{{People of Cao Wei}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cao, Zhi}}
[[Category:192 births]]
[[Category:232 deaths]]
[[Category:Han dynasty poets]]
[[Category:Cao Wei poets]]
[[Category:Family of Cao Cao]]
[[Category:Cao Wei imperial princes]]
[[Category:3rd-century Chinese poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Shandong]]