View source for Carl Mays

{{short description|American baseball player (1891–1971)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox baseball biography
|name=Carl Mays
|position=[[Pitcher]]
|image=Carl Mays, 1915.jpg
|caption=Mays in 1915
|bats=Left
|throws=Right
|birth_date=November 12, 1891
|birth_place=[[Liberty, Kentucky]], U.S.
|death_date={{death date and age|1971|4|4|1891|11|12}}
|death_place=[[El Cajon, California]], U.S.
|debutleague = MLB
|debutdate= April 15 
|debutyear= 1915
|debutteam= Boston Red Sox
|finalleague = MLB
|finaldate=September 24
|finalyear=1929
|finalteam=New York Giants
|statleague = MLB
|stat1label=[[Win–loss record (pitching)|Win–loss record]]
|stat1value=207–126
|stat2label=[[Earned run average]]
|stat2value=2.92
|stat3label=[[Strikeouts]]
|stat3value=862
|teams=
* [[Boston Red Sox]] ({{mlby|1915}}–{{mlby|1919}})
* [[New York Yankees]] ({{mlby|1919}}–{{mlby|1923}})
* [[Cincinnati Reds]] ({{mlby|1924}}–{{mlby|1928}})
* [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]] ({{mlby|1929}})
|highlights=
* 4× [[World Series champion]] ({{wsy|1915}}, {{wsy|1916}}, {{wsy|1918}}, {{wsy|1923}})
* [[List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders|MLB wins leader]] (1921)
}}
'''Carl William Mays''' (November 12, 1891 &ndash; April 4, 1971) was an American baseball [[pitcher]] who played 15 seasons in [[Major League Baseball]] from 1915 to 1929.<ref name="Carl Mays at Baseball Reference">{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/maysca01.shtml|title=Carl Mays Statistics and History – Baseball-Reference.com|work=Baseball-Reference.com|access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref> During his career, he won over 200 games, 27 in 1921 alone, and was a member of four [[World Series]]-champion teams. On August 16, 1920, Mays threw the pitch that fatally injured [[Ray Chapman]] of the [[Cleveland Indians]], the only major league player to die as a direct result of an on-field injury.<ref name="Carl Mays: My Pitch That Killed Chapman Was A Strike!">[https://books.google.com/books?id=MiwDAAAAMBAJ&dq=chapman+mays+baseball+digest&pg=PA9 ''Carl Mays: My Pitch That Killed Chapman Was A Strike!'' by Phyllis Propert, ''Baseball Digest'', July 1957, Vol. 16, No. 6], {{ISSN|0005-609X}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/08.17.html "The Death of Ray Chapman", ''The New York Times'', August 17, 1920]</ref>

==Playing career==
According to his World War I draft card, Carl William Mays was born November 12, 1891, in [[Atterson, Kentucky]], one of five sons born to Callie Louisa Mays and William Henry Mays.<ref name="Eberle">{{cite book |last=Eberle |first=Mark E. |date=2019 |title=Early Baseball Career of Carl Mays in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Utah |url=https://scholars.fhsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=all_monographs |location=Hays, KS |publisher=Fort Hays State University |page=2}}</ref> His father was a Methodist minister, and was responsible for his strict religious upbringing.<ref name="Eberle"/> When Mays was 12, his father died and his mother moved the family to [[Kingfisher, Oklahoma]], to live near her sister-in-law.<ref name="1923_Yankees">{{cite book |last=Mayer |first=Ronald A. |date=2010 |title=The 1923 New York Yankees: A History of Their First World Championship Season |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTK_ffgtx-kC&pg=PA29 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Co. |pages=29–30 |isbn=978-0-7864-4404-5}}</ref> Mays internalized his grief, settling into a surly persona with few if any close friends. His best personal support group was a couple named Pierce and Genevieve Mays, who were relatives and served as a surrogate uncle and aunt.<ref>Deveney, Sean. ''The Original Curse'' (McGraw-Hill, 2010), pp.&nbsp;146–157.</ref> As a professional baseball player, he had few friends in the baseball world. In part because of his strict Methodist upbringing, Mays refused to pitch on Sundays, as did legendary pitcher [[Christy Mathewson]].<ref name="thedeadballera.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedeadballera.com/participants.html|title=TheDeadballEra.com: The Mays/Chapman Incident; The Participants |work=thedeadballera.com|access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref>

Mays quit high school before graduating and began to earn a living as a baseball player on semi-pro teams in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Utah.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=Michael T. |date=2008 |title=Harry Frazee, Ban Johnson and the Feud That Nearly Destroyed the American League |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPyBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22mays+began+his+career%22 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Co. |page=67 |isbn=978-0-7864-3330-8}}</ref> In 1912, he entered the minor leagues as a member of the [[Boise, Idaho]], team in the Class D [[Western Tri-State League]].<ref name="1923_Yankees"/> After a season in Boise, in 1913 Mays played one season for the [[Portland, Oregon]], team in the Class A [[Northwest League]].<ref name="1923_Yankees"/> In 1914, Mays was drafted by the Triple-A [[International League]]'s [[Providence Grays (minor league)|Providence Grays]]. The Grays were an affiliate of the [[Detroit Tigers]], and the Tigers sold his contract to the [[Boston Red Sox]].<ref name="1923_Yankees"/>

In one version of the story, Mays learned his underhand style of pitching from [[Dizzy Dismukes]], a pitcher in [[Negro league baseball]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singletary |first=Wes |date=2011 |title=The Right Time: John Henry 'Pop' Lloyd and Black Baseball |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AsvWD1JXIoC&pg=PA49 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=49 |isbn=978-0-7864-3572-2}}</ref> In another, he was taught the technique by [[Joe McGinnity]] when McGinnity coached the Tacoma team during Mays's stint with Portland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Doxsie |first=Don |date=2009 |title=Iron Man McGinnity: A Baseball Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QR2x2OMD6AcC&pg=PA122 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=122 |isbn=978-0-7864-4203-4}}</ref> Mays was nicknamed "Sub", a reference to his [[Submarine (baseball)|submarine]] pitching motion,<ref name="Carl Mays: My Pitch That Killed Chapman Was A Strike!"/> and he was known to throw a [[spitball]]. The pitch was legal at the time of the Chapman incident, but Chapman's death was partly responsible for its ban in Major League Baseball (although the [[Spitball#Ban|ban]] wouldn't take effect until 1921). Mays was also known for a habit of throwing inside to any batter who hugged the plate; despite a stellar win–loss record, he was typically among the American League leaders in hit batsmen.<ref name="thedeadballera.com"/> Mays was also regarded as an exceptional fielder, and was capable enough with the bat that he was often used as a [[pinch-hitter]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilbert |first=Warren N. |date=2003 |title=What Makes an Elite Pitcher? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXuD7-esUAoC&pg=PA111 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Company |page=111 |isbn=978-0-7864-1456-7}}</ref>

[[Image:Carl Mays MLB Photo.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mays in a batting stance at the Polo Grounds some time during 1919&ndash;1922.]]

In his rookie season of 1915, Mays appeared in 34 games for the Red Sox.<ref name="McNeil">{{cite book |last=McNeil |first=William F. |date=2012 |title=Red Sox Roll Call: 200 Memorable Players, 1901–2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJgZDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Company |pages=115–116 |isbn=978-0-7864-6471-5}}</ref> Used mostly in relief, he won 6 games and lost 5.<ref name="McNeil"/> During the regular season, Mays was involved in a heated confrontation with [[Ty Cobb]] of the Tigers. Mays threw near Cobb each time he came to bat. In the eighth inning, after another close pitch, Cobb threw his bat in Mays' direction, calling him a "no good son of a bitch". Mays responded by calling Cobb a "yellow dog".<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedeadballera.com/prelude.html|title=TheDeadballEra.com: The Mays/Chapman Incident; Prelude to Disaster |work=thedeadballera.com|access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref> After order was restored, Mays hit Cobb directly on the wrist. The Tigers won the game 6–1<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and the incident cemented Mays' reputation as a head hunter.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The Red Sox won that year's [[1915 World Series|World Series]] by defeating the [[Philadelphia Phillies]] in five games, but Mays did not play.<ref name="McNeil"/>

In 1916, Mays appeared in 44 games, and started 24.<ref name="McNeil"/> 18 of his starts were complete games, and he posted a record of 18 wins and 13 losses, with an earned run average of 2.39.<ref name="McNeil"/> In the [[1916 World Series]], Mays was the losing pitcher in Game 3, but the Red Sox defeated the [[History of the Brooklyn Dodgers#Nicknames|Brooklyn Robins]] 4 games to 1.<ref name="McNeil"/> In 1917, The Red Sox posted a second-place finish.<ref name="McNeil"/> Mays pitched in 35 games, and his record was 22 wins and 9 losses, with an ERA of 1.74.<ref name="McNeil"/> Mays went 22–13 in the 1918 season, with an ERA of 2.21.<ref name="McNeil"/> The Red Sox returned to the [[1918 World Series|World Series]], and defeated the [[Chicago Cubs]] in 6 games.<ref name="McNeil"/> Mays was the winning pitcher in games 3 and 6, both by scores of 2–1.<ref name="McNeil"/>

Mays married for the first time shortly after the end of the 1918 season.<ref name="Wood">{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Allan |date=2000 |title=Babe Ruth and the 1918 Red Sox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um5v66RiRCwC&pg=PA345 |location=Writers Club Press |publisher=San Jose, CA |pages=345–346 |isbn=978-0-595-14826-4}}</ref> After a brief honeymoon in Missouri, he departed by train from his home in [[Mansfield, Missouri|Mansfield]] for [[St. Louis]] as the leader of a group of 18 men who had enlisted in the [[United States Army]] for [[World War I]].<ref name="Wood"/> They were sworn in on November 6, five days before the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|Armistice]] that ended that war.<ref name="Wood"/> [[Spanish flu|Influenza broke out]] while Mays was stationed at [[Washington University in St. Louis]] as a member of the [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps#Student Army Training Corps (SATC)|Student Army Training Corps]]'s vocational training unit, and several individuals from his train trip died during the outbreak.<ref name="Wood"/> The Armistice ended the need to expand the Army, and Mays was discharged in time to begin the 1919 baseball season.<ref name="Wood"/><ref>{{cite news |date=December 14, 1918 |title=Carl Mays, "Bean Ball" Expert, is Peeling Potatoes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/499060868/ |work=[[Windsor Star|The Border Cities' Star]] |location=Windsor, Ontario, Canada |page=12 |url-access=subscription  |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Though he was by now established as one of the game's premier pitchers, Mays began the 1919 season with a record of five wins and eleven losses.<ref name="McNeil"/> His slow start resulted in the Red Sox trading him to the [[New York Yankees]] that July.<ref name="McNeil"/> Mays went 9–3 after the trade, resulting in a combined 1919 record of 14–14.<ref name="Carl Mays at Baseball Reference"/> Mays regained his form in 1920.<ref name="Carl Mays at Baseball Reference"/> The Yankees finished in third place, but posted a record of 95 wins and 59 losses, only three games out of first place. Mays went 26–11, including 26 complete games.<ref name="Carl Mays at Baseball Reference"/>

==Death of Ray Chapman==
The Yankees were trailing the Indians 4–0 when [[Ray Chapman]] came to the plate in the fifth inning on August 16, 1920. Mays was pursuing his 100th career win that day. Chapman had a sacrifice bunt in the first inning and popped up to Yankee first baseman [[Wally Pipp]] in the third.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedeadballera.com/incident.html|title=TheDeadballEra.com: The Mays/Chapman Incident; The Incident |work=thedeadballera.com|access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref> Angered that Chapman was crowding the plate, Mays let loose with a high fastball that he claimed was in the strike zone but that Chapman apparently never saw. The impact of the ball striking Chapman in the head was so loud that Mays, thinking it had hit Chapman's bat and was in play, caught the ball as it bounced onto the field and threw it to Pipp at first base. Chapman, trying to take his base after the [[hit by pitch]], fell to the ground twice and was unable to get up. Cleveland teammate [[Tris Speaker]] raced from the [[on-deck]] circle to check on Chapman. He was joined by several players from the Indians and Yankees. Mays, however, never left the mound.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

Chapman was taken to a hospital, where surgeons operated and discovered a [[skull fracture]]. He initially seemed to rally after the surgery but died early in the morning on the following day. Mays stayed in the game and continued to pitch until being replaced in the ninth inning. The Yankees rallied in the bottom of the ninth, but ultimately lost to the Indians, 4–3. The New York District Attorney determined that the incident was an accident, and no charges were filed.<ref>Ron Elliot, Historic Kentucky People and Places, [https://archive.today/20130415040646/http://jkhg.org/willie_mays_and_ray_chapman.htm Ray Chapman's Last Time at Bat, Courtesy of Carl Mays], accessed January 31, 2013</ref>

In an interview three months after Chapman's death, Mays expressed regret for the outcome, but he stated that he did not feel any guilt, as he had not hit Chapman on purpose; indeed, some of Chapman's last words before losing consciousness were "I'm all right; tell Mays not to worry".<ref>{{cite news |last=Guerrieri |first=Vince |date=January 2, 2015 |orig-year=November 1920 |title=Carl Mays: My Attitude Toward the Unfortunate Chapman Matter |url=http://didthetribewinlastnight.com/blog/2015/01/02/carl-mays-my-attitude-toward-the-unfortunate-chapman-matter/ |work=Did The Tribe Win Last Light? Originally Published in Baseball magazine |location=Cleveland, OH |access-date=May 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE MAYS/CHAPMAN INCIDENT: The Incident |url=http://www.thedeadballera.com/incident.html |access-date=October 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Caple |first=Jim |author-link=Jim Caple |date=21 May 2001 |title=Classic Box Score: August 16, 1920 |url=https://www.espn.com/classic/s/quiz/5/21.html |access-date=26 October 2019 |publisher=[[ESPN Internet Ventures]]}}</ref> Mays received the wrath of many opposing players, who believed he beaned Chapman deliberately. Chapman had been one of the few players that [[Ty Cobb]] was on friendly terms with, so Cobb was the most vocal critic, suggesting that someone should give Mays a taste of his own medicine by hitting Mays with a pitch the same way Mays hit Chapman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedeadballera.com/aftermath.html |title=The Mays/Chapman Incident: The Aftermath |website=thedeadballera.com |publisher=Frank Russo |access-date=September 2, 2019}}</ref>

==Later career==
Mays enjoyed his best season in [[1921 in baseball|1921]], when he led the [[American League]] in [[win (baseball)|win]]s (27), [[innings pitched]] ({{frac|336|2|3}}), [[games pitched]] (49), and [[win (baseball)|winning percentage]] (.750). However, that same season Mays, pitching for the [[1921 New York Yankees season|Yankees]], played in a [[1921 World Series|World Series]] that others later accused him of helping to throw, bringing back memories of the [[Black Sox scandal]] from just two years prior. These rumors were never proven, but they persisted long enough that, combined with an already negative reputation among other players both from the Chapman incident and from having a personality that few found agreeable, he was never elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]] despite having lifetime statistics comparable to some other pitchers who were.<ref name="Tragic Pitch Recalled By Carl Mays">[https://books.google.com/books?id=9rYDAAAAMBAJ&dq=carl+mays+baseball+digest&pg=PA38 "Tragic Pitch Recalled By Carl Mays"], by Jack Murphy, ''Baseball Digest'', May 1971, Vol. 30, No. 5, {{ISSN|0005-609X}}</ref>

In a 15-year career with the [[Boston Red Sox]], [[New York Yankees]], [[Cincinnati Reds]], and [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]], Mays compiled a 207–126 record with 29 [[shutouts in baseball|shutout]]s, 862 [[strikeout]]s and a 2.92 [[earned run average]] when the league average was 3.48.<ref name="Carl Mays at Baseball Reference"/> He won twenty or more games five times.<ref name="Carl Mays at Baseball Reference"/> He was also noted for his skills with a [[at bat|bat]], hitting five [[home run]]s, recording 111&nbsp;[[run batted in|runs batted in]], and sporting a lifetime .268 [[batting average (baseball)|batting average]]&mdash;an unusually high mark for a pitcher. Mays is the only Red Sox pitcher to toss two nine-inning [[complete game]] victories on the same day, as he beat the [[1918 Philadelphia Athletics season|Philadelphia Athletics]] 12–0 and 4–1 on August 30, 1918.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1918/VBOS01918.htm|title=The 1918 Boston Red Sox Game Log|work=retrosheet.org|access-date=23 April 2015}}</ref> Those wins put the Red Sox one step from clinching the league championship, as they led Cleveland by {{frac|3|1|2}} games with four remaining to play.

==Later years and death==
After his playing career, Mays was the owner and operator of a baseball school in Oregon; among his most notable attendees was [[Johnny Pesky]].<ref name="Tragic Pitch Recalled By Carl Mays"/> Mays also worked as a [[Scout (sports)|scout]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]], [[Atlanta Braves#Milwaukee_(1953–1965)|Milwaukee / Atlanta Braves]], and [[Kansas City Royals]]. In addition, his stepson, Jerry Bartow, coached baseball at [[Hoover High School (San Diego)|Hoover High School]] in [[San Diego]], and each spring Mays made the trip from Oregon to volunteer as a mentor and assistant coach. In an interview, Mays said he especially enjoyed working with young pitchers, but that he regarded his most important task as teaching members of the team how to play the game safely.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://studiogaryc.com/2020/08/15/carl-mays/ |title=Carl Mays: The unpleasant man with the unpleasant pitch |date=2020-08-15 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=Studio Gary C. |last=Cieradkowski |first=Gary |quote='I love working with kids, especially the pitchers,' Mays said. 'I try to teach them everything. But the big thing I do is teach them safety in baseball.'}}</ref>

He died on April 4, 1971, in [[El Cajon, California]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=1971-04-06 |title=Carl Mays, Yankee Whose Pitch Killed Batter in 1920, Is Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/06/archives/carlmays-yankee-whose-pitch-killed-batter-in-1920-is-dead.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and is buried in [[River View Cemetery (Portland, Oregon)|River View Cemetery]], [[Portland, Oregon]] (Sec. 13, Lot 49, Sp. 7).

==Family==
After the 1918 World Series, Mays married Marjorie Fredricka Madden, a graduate of the New England Conservatory of Music whom he had met during his rookie season. They were the parents of two children, Carl Jr. (1925–2017) and Elizabeth (Betty). His second wife was Esther Ugstead (1907–1990). All-Star pitcher [[Joe Mays (pitcher)|Joe Mays]], who played for the [[Minnesota Twins]], [[Kansas City Royals]], and [[Cincinnati Reds]] from 1999 to 2006, is a distant cousin of Mays.

==Legacy==
In August 2008, Mays was one of the 10 former players who began their careers before 1943 to be considered by the [[Veterans Committee]] for induction into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in [[Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, 2009|2009]]. He was named on only about 25 percent of the ballots, so he was not selected for induction.{{fact|date=January 2024}}

In 2021, indie-folk artist Cousin Wolf released a song entitled "Carl Mays" as part of an album called ''Nine Innings.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.argusleader.com/story/entertainment/music/2021/02/16/augustana-alum-cousin-wolf-nine-innings-album-matt-halvorson/6759173002/|last=Zimmer|first=Matt|date=February 16, 2021|title=Augustana baseball alumnus 'Cousin Wolf' cutting baseball-themed album 'Nine Innings'|newspaper=[[The Argus Leader]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, 2009]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball annual wins leaders]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball career hit batsmen leaders]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Carl Mays}}
{{Baseballstats|br=m/maysca01|brm=mays--001car}}
*[https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/sports/year_in_sports/08.17.html The Death of Ray Chapman] – ''NY Times'', 18 August 1920
*[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=r9U-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=wkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4851,6638595&dq=harry-grayson&hl=en Trouble Followed Storm-Center Mays; Sore Arm Made Him Pitch Underhand], by [[Harry Grayson]], June 16, 1943
*{{Find a Grave}}

{{1915 Boston Red Sox}}
{{1916 Boston Red Sox}}
{{1918 Boston Red Sox}}
{{1923 New York Yankees}}
{{AL wins champions}}
{{Boston Red Sox Opening Day starting pitchers}}
{{New York Yankees Opening Day starting pitchers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mays, Carl}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball pitchers]]
[[Category:Boston Red Sox players]]
[[Category:Cincinnati Reds players]]
[[Category:New York Giants (baseball) players]]
[[Category:New York Yankees players]]
[[Category:Baseball players from Kentucky]]
[[Category:American League wins champions]]
[[Category:Providence Grays (minor league) players]]
[[Category:Toledo Mud Hens players]]
[[Category:Portland Beavers players]]
[[Category:Louisville Colonels (minor league) players]]
[[Category:Cleveland Indians scouts]]
[[Category:People from Liberty, Kentucky]]
[[Category:Methodists from Oklahoma]]
[[Category:Methodists from Kentucky]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American sportsmen]]