View source for Carlism

{{Short description|Political movement supporting the claim to the Spanish throne by Don Carlos and his successors}}
{{redirect|Carlist party|the party formed in 1970|Carlist Party (1970)}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Carlism}}
{{Conservatism in Spain|Ideologies}}
[[File:Carlist flag (1875).webp|thumb|Carlist flag from the [[Third Carlist War]] (c. 1875), with the Carlist motto ''[[Dios, patria y rey]]'' ("God, Fatherland and King")]]
'''Carlism''' ({{langx|eu|Karlismo}}; {{langx|ca|Carlisme}}; {{Langx|gl|Carlismo}}; {{Langx|es|link=no|Carlismo}}) was a [[Traditionalism (Spain)|Traditionalist]] and [[Legitimist]] political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the [[Bourbon dynasty]],<ref>[https://www.heraldica.org/topics/bourbon.htm François Velde: ''The Bourbons'']</ref> one descended from [[Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain|Don Carlos, Count of Molina]] (1788–1855), on the [[Spanish throne]].

The movement was founded as a consequence of an early 19th-century dispute over the succession of the Spanish monarchy and dissatisfaction with the [[House of Bourbon#Monarchs of Spain|Alfonsine]] line of the House of Bourbon, and subsequently found itself becoming a notable element of Spanish [[conservatism]] in its 19th-century struggle against liberalism, which repeatedly broke out into military conflicts known as the [[Carlist Wars]].

Carlism was at its strongest in the 1830s, but experienced a revival following Spain's defeat in the [[Spanish–American War]] in 1898, when the [[Spanish Empire]] lost its last remaining significant overseas territories of the [[Philippines]], [[Cuba]], [[Guam]], and [[Puerto Rico]] to the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mezei|first=Regina|date=1996|title=Carlism and the Spanish–American War: The Role of the Pretender Carlos VII|journal=Mediterranean Studies|volume=6|pages=113–128|jstor=41166850}}</ref> It continued to play a notable role in the 20th century as part of the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist faction]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]] and the subsequently triumphant [[Francoist Spain|Francoist regime]], but lost power throughout this period, declining rapidly following the [[Death and funeral of Francisco Franco|death]] of [[Francisco Franco]] in 1975, the subsequent assumption of the throne by [[Juan Carlos I]] and the [[Spanish transition to democracy]].

==Origins==

===Dynastic issue===
====Systems of succession in dispute====
Traditionally, all but one of the Spanish kingdoms allowed the succession of daughters in the absence of sons and of sisters in the absence of brothers ([[primogeniture#Male-preference cognatic primogeniture|male-preference primogeniture]]). The one exception, [[Aragon]], tended to favour [[Salic law#Female inheritance|semi-Salicism]]. The most elaborate rules formed the "Seven-part code" (''[[Siete partidas]]'') of the late 13th century.

On 1 November 1700 a French Bourbon prince, [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], acceded to the Spanish throne. In the French royal house, [[Salic law]] applied, which did not permit female succession. Accordingly, the traditional Spanish order of succession had to give way to a semi-Salic system, which excluded women from the crown unless all males in the [[agnatic]] descent from Philip, in any branch, became extinct. It is not implausible that this change might have been enacted at the insistence of a hostile foreign power, as the scenario of such a union could impinge profoundly on questions of national importance (particularly among states that preferred to maintain their distance from policy positions occupied by the Franco-Spanish consensus, of which the [[Holy Roman Empire]] was one). Some disagreement on this topic was evident for a number of years, even after it became clear that any question of a Franco-Spanish union was a political non-starter.

Although the Spanish government made several attempts to revert to the traditional order, as in the Decree of 1789 by [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]] (see below), the succession question became pressing only when, by 1830, [[Ferdinand VII]] found himself ailing, without any issue, but with a pregnant wife. He decided in 1830 to promulgate the 1789 decree, securing the crown for the unborn child even if female. The law placed the child, [[Isabella II of Spain|Princess Isabel]], ahead of Ferdinand's brother [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Infante Carlos]], who until then had been [[heir presumptive]].

Many contemporaries (starting with the King's brother and the cadet [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] branches) saw the changed succession as illegal on various counts.<ref>Opponents cited three possible causes of illegality most frequently, maintaining: 1) that King Ferdinand did not have the right to alter such a fundamental law without the support of the Cortes; 2) that the 1789 acts of the Cortes were not valid (either because it wasn't published in a timely manner or because the ''[[Procurador en Cortes (Spain)|procurators]]'' had no powers on this issue); 3) that Carlos's pre-existing rights could not be diminished retroactively by a law enacted in his lifetime.</ref> They formed the basis for the dynastic Carlist party, which only recognized the semi-Salic succession law that gave Infante Carlos precedence over Ferdinand's daughter, the future [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]].

====Historical timeline====
* 13 May 1713: [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]], first of the Spanish [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]], together with the [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]], Spain's parliament, through an ''Auto Accordado'' changes the [[order of succession]] to the Spanish crown from that outlined in the [[Siete Partidas]]. Where the previous rule consisted of male-preference primogeniture, Philip's new law instituted semi-Salic law, under which accession of a female or her descendants is possible only following the extinction of all dynastic males descended in the male line from Philip V.
* 1789: [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]], fearing for the lives of his two surviving sons after having lost four others, petitions and receives approval from the Cortes for a reversion to the traditional Siete Partidas order of succession. However, the law was not promulgated, in part due to protests from the king's brother, [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]], then third in line for the throne after his two surviving nephews, who viewed the act as stripping him of his pre-existing rights.
* 1812. A new Spanish constitution outlines the rules of succession in accordance with the Siete Partidas.
* 31 March 1830: [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]], at the time without issue and his fourth wife pregnant, promulgates the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1830]] which ratifies the 1789 law, thereby re-establishing the pre-Philippine order of succession.
* 10 October 1830: The future [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] is born to Ferdinand VII. After several court intrigues, the Pragmatic Sanction was definitively approved in 1832. Ferdinand's brother, the Infante Don Carlos, up to that time the [[heir presumptive]], feels robbed of his rights, and leaves for [[Portugal]].
* 1833–1876 [[Carlist Wars]]

====Political landscape after the death of Ferdinand VII (1833)====
[[File:Museo Zumalakarregi Exposición El siglo XIX en caricaturas.jpg|thumb|Satire was used in attempts to discredit the opposition, whether Liberal or Royalist (Carlist)]]
As in many European countries, after the [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] occupation, the Spanish political class was split between the "absolutists", supporters of the [[ancien régime]], and the Liberals, influenced by the ideas of the [[French Revolution of 1789|French Revolution]]. The long war for Spain's independence from the Napoleonic Empire left a large supply of experienced [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] fighters and an oversized military officialdom—for the most part, staunch Liberals. The perceived success of the uprising of 1808 against [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] left also a broad, if unconscious, belief in the validity of the right of [[rebellion]], with long-lasting effects on the politics of Spain and [[Spanish America]], extending through the 19th century and beyond.

The reign of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] proved unable to overcome the political divide or to create stable institutions. The so-called [[Liberal Triennium]] (1820–1823) re-instated the 1812 constitution after a military [[Coup d'etat|"pronunciamiento"]], but was followed by the [[Ominous Decade]] (1823–1833), ten years of absolute rule by the king, that left bitter memories of persecution in both parties. While in power, both groups had divided themselves into moderate and radical branches. The radical branch of the absolutists (or royalists), known as the ''Apostólicos'', looked upon the heir presumptive, [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Don Carlos]], as its natural head, as he was profoundly devout and, especially after 1820, staunchly anti-liberal.

In 1827, [[Catalonia]] was shaken by the rebellion of the [[War of the Aggrieved|''Agreujats'' or ''Agraviados'' ("the Aggrieved")]], an ultra-absolutist movement, which, for a time, controlled large parts of the region.  The infante was for the first time then hailed as king. He denied any involvement. The last years of King Ferdinand saw a political realignment due to the troubles surrounding his succession. In October 1832, the King formed a moderate royalist government under [[Francisco Cea Bermúdez]], which almost succeeded in curbing the Apostolic party and, through an amnesty, in gaining liberal support for Isabella's right to succeed under the [[regency]] of her mother, [[Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]. If only to get rid of Don Carlos, the Liberals accepted the new [[Princess of Asturias]]. Moreover, the first years of the 1830s were influenced by the failure of the [[French Restoration]], which meant the end of Bourbon rule in France, and the [[Liberal Wars|civil war in Portugal]] between both legitimist and liberal parties.

====Social and economic factors====
[[File:Carlismo-catalan-Francesc-Sola-de-Taradell-Osona.jpg|thumb|200px|Two typical Carlists of the 19th century: Francisco Solà i Madriguera, of [[Taradell]] ([[Osona]]), with his son, around 1870.]]
Besides this political evolution, the years before the Carlist wars were marked by a deep economic crisis in Spain, partly spurred by the loss of the continental American provinces, and by the bankruptcy of the state. The last triggered enhanced tax pressures which further fueled social unrest. Certain economic measures proposed by the Liberals (such as the ''[[Desamortización]]'', i.e. the takeover, division and sale of the [[commons]] and [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]] property, initiated in 1821) were directly threatening the viability of many small farms, whose residents were accustomed to rely on the common pasture lands to feed, at little or no cost, their mules and oxen. Widespread poverty followed, as did the closure of most hospitals, schools and other charities.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

An important factor was the religious question. The radical liberals (''progresistas'') after 1820 had grown more and more [[anticlericalism|anticlerical]], strongly opposing [[religious institute]]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} They were suspected of being adherents of [[Freemasonry]]. This policy alienated them from many sectors of the (mostly deeply [[Roman Catholic|Catholic]]) Spanish people, especially in rural areas.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} The only institution abolished in the "Liberal Triennium" that was not restored by Ferdinand VII was [[Spanish Inquisition|the Inquisition]]. One of the demands of the radical absolutist party was its reinstitution. Liberals had been, while in power, quite doctrinaire, pursuing centralization and uniform administration.

Besides the Basque Country, in many regions of Spain there were intense particularist feelings, which were thus hurt. While only a secondary factor at the outbreak of the first Carlist war, this anti-uniformist localism, exemplified in the defence of the ''[[fueros]]'',{{Citation needed|date=May 2015}} would become in time one of the more important banners of Carlism. This won Carlism support in the [[Southern Basque Country|Basque territories]] ([[Kingdom of Navarre#Later years|Navarre]], [[Gipuzkoa]], [[Biscay]] and [[Álava|Araba]]), as well as the old realms of the [[Crown of Aragon]] ([[Aragon]], Catalonia and [[Valencian Community|Valencia]]), as those areas resented the abolition of their ancient self-government privileges by issuance of the [[Nueva Planta Decrees]].

==History==
The history of Carlism can be usefully divided into four different stages,{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} whose dates are only approximate (thus the overlap is intentional):
* 1833–1876: factions pursued power mainly by military means.
* 1876–1936: Carlism reverted to a peaceful political movement.
* 1936–1975: During the [[Spanish Civil War]], Carlists were part of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s coalition. During the Franco regime, some government ministers were drawn from Franco's Carlist supporters, but the movement as a whole was gradually marginalized by the generalissimo.
* 1975–present: After Franco's death, the Carlist movement declines into near irrelevance.

===Carlist Wars (1833–1876)===
[[Image:Sublevación Carlista en 1833.jpg|thumb|Don Carlos calling the Navarrese in 1833.]]
[[Image:Ataque al Puente de Luchana.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Luchana|Attack on the bridge of Luchana]], near Bilbao during the first war.]]
[[Image:Sitio de Bilbao.jpg|thumb|Refugees fleeing through the port of [[Guetaria]] in the first war.]]
[[Image:Fusilamientos de Estella.jpg|thumb|1846 rendition of the executions ordered by Maroto in [[Estella-Lizarra|Estella]] (1839)]]
[[Image:Carlistas en Miranda de Ebro.jpg|thumb|[[Chapelgorris]] in [[Miranda de Ebro]]]]
The period of the [[Carlist Wars]], during which the party tried to attain power mainly through military means, is both classical Carlism, because the wars – or the threat of them – placed Carlism on the centre stage of Spain's political history, and formative, as Carlism evolved the cultural and sociological form it would retain for well over a hundred years. Historical highlights of this era are the:
* [[First Carlist War]] (1833–1840)—a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, fought between factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish monarchy]]. It was fought between supporters of the regent, [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Maria Christina]], acting for [[Isabella II of Spain]], and those of the late king's brother, [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Carlos de Borbón]] (or ''Carlos V''). The Carlists' goal was the return to an absolute monarchy. Portugal, France and the United Kingdom supported the regency, and sent volunteer and even regular forces to confront the Carlist army.
* [[Affair of the Spanish Marriages]] (1846) was a series of intrigues between [[July Monarchy|France]], [[Mid-nineteenth century Spain|Spain]], and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] relating to the marriages of [[Isabella II of Spain|Queen Isabella II of Spain]] and her sister the [[infanta]] [[Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier|Luisa Fernanda]].
* [[Second Carlist War]] (1847–1849)—was a minor [[Catalonia|Catalan]] uprising. The rebels tried to install [[Carlos, Count of Montemolín|Carlos VI]] on the throne. In [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], the uprising was on a smaller scale. The war was ostensibly fought to facilitate the marriage of Isabella II with the Carlist pretender, [[Carlos, Count of Montemolín|Carlos de Borbón]] (or ''Carlos VI''), but Isabella II was instead wed to [[Francis, Duke of Cádiz|Francisco de Borbón]].
* The 1860 expedition and its aftermath. That year the Count of Montemolín tried to seize power through a ''[[Coup d'etat|pronunciamiento]]''. He landed in [[Sant Carles de la Ràpita]] ([[Tarragona]]), but was quickly detained, and forced to renounce his rights. This calamity, his behaviour after release, and the fact that the next in the line was his liberal brother, drove Carlism to the brink of extinction. It was only saved by the hand of his stepmother, the [[Maria Theresa of Bragança|Maria Theresa of Braganza, Princess of Beira]]; and
* The "[[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|Glorious Revolution]]" 1868. Isabella II managed to alienate almost everybody in Spain, until she was expelled that year by a progressivist revolution. At that point, Carlism, under its new head [[Carlos VII]], became the rallying point for many political Catholics and conservatives, becoming the main bloc of right-wing opposition to the ensuing governments in Spain. After four years of political activity, and some hesitation, the martial option was again tried in
* The [[Third Carlist War]] (1872–1876).

====Points of convergence====
All three wars share a common development pattern:{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
# A first stage of guerrilla activity, across all of Spain.
# A second stage of territorial resistance is created, with regular army units created. The 1847 war did not get further than this.
# A third stage of territorial stability achieved through conventional leads to the creation of State structures. No Carlist war went further than this.

At the beginning of each war, no regular army unit was on the Carlist side, and only the third was the result of a planned uprising. The first war was noteworthy for being, on both sides, extremely brutal. The Liberal army mistreated the population, most of whom it suspected of being Carlist sympathizers, to the point of, sometimes, attempted extermination;{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Carlists, very often, treated Liberals no better than they had treated Napoleonic soldiers and agents, to such an extent that the international powers forced the warring parties to recognize some [[laws of war|rules of war]], namely the "[[Lord Eliot Convention]]". Brutality did not disappear completely, and [[no quarter|giving no quarter]] to one's enemy was not uncommon.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

The areas over which Carlism could establish some sort of territorial authority during the first war (Navarre, [[La Rioja (Spain)|Rioja]], the rural Basque Country, inner Catalonia, and northern Valencia) would remain the main bulwarks of Carlism throughout its history, although there were active supporters of the movement everywhere else in Spain. Especially in Navarre, Asturias, and parts of the Basque Provinces Carlism remained a significant political force until the late 1960s.

====Carlist military leaders====
* [[Tomás de Zumalacárregui]]
* [[Manuel Santa Cruz Loidi]]
* [[Ramón Cabrera, 1st Duke of Maestrazgo|Ramón Cabrera]]

<gallery class="center">
Tomás Zumalacárregui (portrait).jpg|Tomás de Zumalacárregui
Image:Ramón Cabrera.jpg|Ramón Cabrera
Curasantacruz.png|Manuel Santa Cruz
</gallery>

===Carlists in peace (1868–1936)===
{{main|Electoral Carlism (Restoration)|Electoral Carlism (Second Republic)}}

{{see also|Traditionalist Communion}}
The loss of prestige and subsequent fall of Isabel II in 1868, plus the staunch support of Carlism by Pope [[Pius IX]], led a sizable number of former Isabelline conservative Catholics (e.g., [[Francisco Navarro Villoslada]], [[Antonio Aparisi y Guijarro|Antonio Aparisi]],<ref>Wilhelmsen, Alexandra (1993). "Antonio Aparisi y Guijarro: A Nineteenth-century Carlist Apologist for a Sacral Society in Spain." In: ''Saints, Sovereigns, and Scholars.'' New York and Geneva: Peter Lamb.</ref> [[Cándido Nocedal y Rodriguez de la Flor|Cándido Nocedal]], [[Alejandro Pidal y Mon|Alejandro Pidal]]) to join the Carlist cause. For a time, even beyond the start of the third war (1872), it became the most important, and best organized, "right-wing" opposition group to the revolutionary regime, with some 90 members of parliament in 1871.

After the defeat,{{clarify|date=July 2014}} a group (led by Alejandro Pidal) left Carlism to form a moderate, non-dynastic Catholic party in Spain, which later merged with the conservatives of [[Antonio Cánovas del Castillo]].

In 1879 Cándido Nocedal was charged with the reorganization of the party. His main weapon was a very aggressive press (in 1883 Pope [[Leo XIII]] published the encyclical ''[[Cum multa]]'', trying to moderate it). His stance was an uncompromising adherence to the Carlists' political and, especially, religious principles (hence the term "[[integrist]]"). This tendency became so radical that in 1888, Carlos VII had to expel the group centred around [[Ramón Nocedal Romea|Ramón Nocedal]], Cándido's son, which thus gave rise to another small, but in clerical circles influential, [[Integrism (Spain)|Integrist Party]].

[[File:Don Jaime de Borbón en Villa Arbelaiz (San Juan de Luz).jpg|thumbnail|left|[[Jaime, Duke of Madrid]], at Villa Arbelaiz in [[Saint-Jean-de-Luz]]. From left to right: [[Joaquín Lloréns Fernández de Cordoba|Joaquín Lloréns, marqués de Córdoba]], Tirso de Olazábal y Álvarez de Eulate, [[Tirso de Olazábal y Lardizábal|Tirso de Olazábal, conde de Arbelaiz]], [[Jaime, Duke of Madrid|Jaime III]] and [[Francisco Martín Melgar y Rodríguez|Francisco de Melgar, conde de Melgar del Rey]].]]

Meanwhile, [[Enrique de Aguilera y Gamboa|Marquis de Cerralbo]] built up a modern mass party, centered around the local assemblies (called "Círculos", of which several hundred existed throughout Spain in 1936) and their social action programmes, and in active opposition to the political system of the Restoration (participating even in broad coalitions, such as 1907's "Solidaritat Catalana", with regionalists and republicans). During [[Electoral Carlism (Restoration)|electoral campaigns]] the Carlists, [[Navarrese electoral Carlism (Restoration)|except Navarre]], achieved little success.

From 1893 to 1918, [[Juan Vázquez de Mella]] was its most important parliamentary leader and ideologue, seconded by [[Víctor Pradera Larumbe|Víctor Pradera]], who had wide influence on Spanish conservative thinking beyond the party. [[World War I]] had a special influence on Carlism. As the Carlist claimant, then [[Jaime, Duke of Madrid]], had close ties to the [[Russian Imperial Family]], had been mistreated by Austrian Emperor [[Franz Josef I of Austria|Franz Josef]], and was also Head of the House of Bourbon, he favoured the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]], but was living under house arrest in Austria, at [[Schloss Frohsdorf]], with almost no communication with the political leadership in Spain.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} As the war ended and Don Jaime could again freely communicate with Spain, a crisis erupted, and [[Juan Vázquez de Mella|Vázquez de Mella]] and others had to leave the party's leadership (the so-called "[[Mellismo|Mellists]]").

In 1920, Carlism helped to found the "[[Sindicatos Libres]]" (Catholic Labour Unions) to counter the increased influence of leftist trade unions over the working class, clinging to a difficult balance between labour claims and the interests of the upper-class, to whom Carlism was so attached. [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]]'s dictatorship (1923–1930) was opposed but ambiguously viewed by Carlism, which, like most parties, entered a period of slumber, only to be awakened by the coming of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]] in 1931. In the run-up to the proclamation of the Republic, the Carlists got together with the re-founded [[Basque Nationalist Party]] within the pro-[[Fuero#Basque and Pyrenean fueros|''charters'']] ''Coalición Católico Fuerista'' in the core areas of Carlism, the [[Southern Basque Country|Basque region]], thus providing the springboard for the draft Basque Statute.

In October 1931, Carlist claimant to the Spanish throne [[Jaime, Duke of Madrid|Duke Jaime]] died. He was succeeded by the 82-year-old claimant [[Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime|Alfonso Carlos de Borbón]], reuniting under him the integralists led by [[Juan Olazábal Ramery|Olazábal]] and the "Mellists". They represented a region-based Spanish nationalism with an entrenched identification of Spain and Catholicism. The ensuing radicalized Carlist scene overshadowed the "Jaimists" with a Basque inclination. The Basque(-Navarrese) Statute failed to take off over disagreements on the centrality of Catholicism in 1932, with the new Carlist party ''Comunión Tradicionalista'' opting for an open confrontation with the Republic. The Republic established a secular approach of the regime, a division of Church and state, as well as freedom of cults, as France did in 1905, an approach traditionalists could not stand.

The ''Comunión Tradicionalista'' (1932) showed an ultra-Catholic, anti-secular position, and plotted for a military takeover, while adopting far-right apocalyptic views and talking of a final clash with an alliance of alleged anti-Christian forces. The most extreme proponent of these views was [[Juan Vazquez de Mella]], who argued that Jewish capital had financed the liberal revolution and was now behind the Communist revolution in order, in union with the "Muslim hordes" (even the native [[Rif War|tribesmen of the Rif]] fighting for their freedom), to destroy Christian civilization and impose a "Jewish tyranny on the world".<ref>{{cite book | author=Paul Preston | title=The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. | publisher= HarperCollins | location= London | isbn=978-0-00-638695-7 | year=2013 | page=42}}</ref> At the time, a [[Rothschild family|Rothschild]]-[[Marx]] link and a bridgehead laid over Spain was being cited in the far-right circles to found these claims.<ref>{{cite book | author=Paul Preston | title=The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. | publisher= HarperCollins | location= London | isbn=978-0-00-638695-7 | year=2013 | page=37}}</ref>

In Navarre, the main Carlist stronghold, the movement revolved around the newspaper ''El Pensamiento Navarro'', read almost exclusively by the clergy and second in circulation to ''El [[Diario de Navarra]]'', another ultra-Conservative daily with an anti-[[History of the Basques#Modern Period|Basque]] streak. The dormant paramilitary ''Requeté'' of the early 20th century was activated. As early as May 1931, [[Jaime del Burgo Torres|Jaime del Burgo]] (father of the 1979 UPN [[Jaime del Burgo|namesake party leader]]) and other ''Jaimist'' young members organized arms smuggling from [[Eibar]] to distribute them among "defence" parties called ''Decurias'', counting on the financing of wealthy personalities (big landowners, etc.). In 1932, the first coup d'état attempt took place against the Republic in the ''[[José Sanjurjo#Coup|Sanjurjada]]'', with a Carlist inspiration.<ref>{{cite book | author=Paul Preston | title=The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain | publisher= HarperCollins | location= London | isbn=978-0-00-638695-7 | year=2013 | page=43}}</ref>

The [[October 1934 Revolution]] cost the life of the Carlist deputy [[Marcelino Oreja Elósegui]], with [[Manuel Fal Condé]] taking over from young Carlists clustering around the AET (Jaime del Burgo and Mario Ozcoidi) in their pursuit to overthrow the Republic. The Carlists started to prepare for an armed definite clash with the Republic and its different leftist groups. From the initial defensive ''Decurias'' of Navarre (deployed in party seats and churches), the ''[[Requeté]]'' grew into a well-trained and strongest offensive paramilitary group in Spain when Manuel Fal Condé took the reins. It numbered 30,000 ''red berets'' (8,000 in Navarre and 22,000 in Andalusia).<ref>{{cite book | author=Paul Preston | title=The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain | publisher= HarperCollins | location= London | isbn=978-0-00-638695-7 | year=2013 | page=64}}</ref>

===Spanish Civil War and Franco regime (1936–1975)===
====During the war (1936–1939)====
[[File:SPA-2014-San Lorenzo de El Escorial-Valley of the Fallen (Valle de los Caídos).jpg|thumb|The [[Valley of the Fallen|Valle de los Caídos]] near Madrid, built by Republican prisoners of war used as forced labour]]
[[File:Ayegui - Monasterio Irache_13.jpg|thumb|[[Monastery of Irache]], where General Mola held preparatory conspiracy meetings with Carlist leader [[Manuel Fal Conde]] and other plotters (July 1936)]]
[[File:Pasillo entrada fuerte San Cristóbal.JPG|thumb|The [[Fort San Cristóbal (Spain)|San Cristóbal fortress-turned-prison]], home to one of the darkest episodes of the Civil War in Navarre]]
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Xavier, Duke of Parma.jpg|thumb|[[Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma|Xavier of Bourbon-Parma]] was named commander-in-chief of the Carlist armies in 1936]] -->
The Carlist militia, the ''[[Requetés]]'', had been receiving military training during the [[Second Spanish Republic]] but had significant ideological differences with many of the conspiring generals.<ref>Carroll, Warren J. (1993). "Carlism in the Spanish Rising of 1936." In: ''Saints, Sovereigns, and Scholars''. New York and Geneva: Peter Lamb.</ref> With the July 1936 revolt and the ensuing Spanish Civil War, the Carlists fell naturally if uneasily on the side of the [[Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)|Nationalist]] rebels. [[General Mola]], known for his openness on his no-holds-barred, criminal approach,<ref name="Paul Preston 2013 179–183">{{cite book | author=Paul Preston | title=The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain | publisher= HarperCollins | location= London | isbn=978-0-00-638695-7 | year=2013 | pages=179–183}}</ref><ref>In July 1936, the General asserted that "terror needs to be spread over ... A feeling of domination needs to be achieved, eliminating without scruples or hesitation anyone who does not think like us" (surroundings of Pamplona).</ref> had just been relocated away to Pamplona by the Republican authorities, ironically to the very heart of the far-right rebellion.

In May 1936, the General met with [[Ignacio Baleztena Ascárate|Ignacio Baleztena]], a Navarrese Carlist figure at the head of the ''Requetés'', offering the participation of 8,400 volunteers to support the uprising, turned into a counter-revolutionary reaction. The principles divide between [[Manuel Fal Conde]] and Mola (basically a [[Falangist]]) almost broke the understanding for a Carlist allegiance to the coup on 4 July 1936. However, rebellious cooperation against the legitimate Republican government was restored by the intervention of [[Tomás Domínguez Arévalo]], count of Rodezno.

The highest Carlist authority, Duke Alfonso Carlos, did not approve of the pact, but all the same, by then Mola was negotiating directly with the Carlist Navarre Council (''Junta Navarra''), one that opted for the support of the uprising. On 19 July, the state of war was declared in Pamplona and the Carlist corps (''tercio'') in the city took over. In a few days, just about all of Navarre was occupied by the military and the ''[[Requetés]]''. There was no front.

Immediately the rebels, with a direct participation of the ''Requetés'' and the clergy (the Carlist core in Navarre), engaged in a brutal repression to stamp out dissent that affected all inconvenient, mildly progressive, or Basque nationalist inhabitants and personalities.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} The killing in the rearguard took a direct death toll (extrajudicial executions) ranging from 2,857<ref name="Paul Preston 2013 179–183"/> to 3,000<ref>{{cite book |last=Dronda |first=Javier |date=2013 |title=Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931–1936)|location=Tafalla |publisher=Txalaparta |page=381 |isbn=978-84-15313-31-1 }}</ref> to {{Circa|4,000}}. [[White Terror (Spain)|A bleak scene]] of social humiliation and submission ensued for those surviving.

The Carlists' prospects in Gipuzkoa and Biscay were not auspicious. The military coup failed, and Carlist units were overwhelmed by forces loyal to the Republic, i.e. different leftist forces and the Basque nationalists. Many crossed the front line to make themselves safe in the rebel zone, and added to the Carlist regiments in Álava and Navarre. Pamplona became the rebel launching point for the [[War in the North]].

On 8 December 1936, Fal Conde had to leave temporarily for Portugal after a major clash with Franco. On 19 April 1937 the Carlist political bloc was "[[Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)|unified]]" with the [[Falangism|Falange]] under the pro-Franco, umbrella nationalist party, ''[[FET y de las JONS]] (Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista'').  Unwilling to leave the Nationalist movement, but unhappy with the merger, the new Carlist claimant [[Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma|Javier, prince de Borbón-Parma]], condemned those Carlists who joined the new party. He was expelled from the country, while Fal Conde was not allowed to return to Spain until after the war. Low-level Carlists, with the notable exception of those in Navarre, generally distanced themselves from the workings of the new party and in many cases never joined at all.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Payne |first1=Stanley G. |title=The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 |date=1987 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-11070-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhhpAAAAMAAJ |language=en |page=189}}</ref>

====Francoist Spain====
Henceforth, the mainstream kept an uncomfortable minority position inside the regime, more often than not at odds with its official policy, although the Ministry of Justice was thrice given to a [[Carlo-francoism|loyal "Carlist"]] (who was accordingly expelled from the Traditionalist Communion). This time was also marred by the problem of succession and internal strife over Francoism. Carlist ministers in Franco's August 1939 cabinet included General [[José Enrique Varela]] at army, and [[Esteban de Bilbao Eguía|Esteban Bilbao]] at justice.{{sfnp|Payne|1987|p=235}} At the same time, two of nine seats in the Junta Política were given to Carlists. Of the hundred-member National Council of the FET, seven seats were occupied by Carlists.{{sfnp|Payne|1987|p=238}}

Carlists continued to clash with Falangists, notably in an incident at [[Bilbao]]'s [[Basilica of Begoña]] on 16 August 1942. Accounts of the violence vary, but a Carlist rally (where some allegedly shouted anti-Franco slogans) was targeted by two grenades hurled by Falangists.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} While alleged fatalities and the number of those injured have long been disputed, the incident led to a shakeup of the Franco cabinet and the judicial conviction of six Falangists (one, Juan José Domínguez, was executed for the crime).{{sfnp|Payne|1987|pp=306–308}}

In 1955, Fal Conde resigned as Jefe Delegado of the movement and was replaced by [[José María Valiente Soriano|José María Valiente]], who formally assumed the title in 1960. The change marked a shift from opposition to collaboration with Francoism, and the rapprochement ended in 1968 when Valiente left office. Franco recognized both the titles of nobility conceded by the Carlist claimants and those of the Isabelline branch. At his death, the movement was badly split, and unable to get wide public attention again. In 1971, [[Carlos Hugo of Bourbon, Duke of Parma|Don Carlos Hugo, prince de Borbón-Parma]] founded the new [[Carlist Party (1970)|Carlist Party]] based on the [[Confederation|confederalist]] vision for ''Las Españas'' ("the Spains") and socialist [[Socialism#Self-managed economy|autogestion]] (then promoted in [[Yugoslavia]]). At [[Montejurra Incidents|Montejurra]], on 9 May 1976, adherents of the old and new versions of Carlism brawled. Two Hugo supporters were killed by far-right militants, among whom was [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]]. The Carlist Party accused Hugo's younger brother, [[Sixto Enrique de Borbón|Don Sixto Enrique de Borbón-Parma]], of aiding the militants, which collaboration the Traditionalist Communion denies.<ref>[http://carlismo.es/montejurra carlismo.es/montejurra (in Spanish)]</ref>[[File:Estella road signs.JPG|thumbnail|Tourist sign to the Museum of Carlism in Estella]]

===Post-Franco period (1975–present)===
In the [[Constituent Cortes|first democratic elections]] on 15 June 1977, only one Carlist senator was elected, journalist and writer Fidel Carazo from [[Soria]], who ran as an independent candidate. In the parliamentary elections of 1979, rightist Carlists integrated in the far-right coalition ''Unión Nacional'', which won a seat in the Cortes for Madrid; but the elected candidate was not himself a Carlist. The Carlists have since remained extra-parliamentary, obtaining only town council seats.

In 2002, Carlos Hugo donated the House's archives to the ''[[Archivo Histórico Nacional]]'', which was protested by his brother Don Sixto Enrique and by all Carlist factions.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Into the 21st century, there are three political organizations which claim the Carlist identity:

* [[Traditionalist Communion (2001)|Traditionalist Communion]]
* [[Traditionalist Carlist Communion]]
* [[Carlist Party (1970)|Partido Carlista]]

==Carlist claimants to the throne==
The [[regnal number]]s are those used by their supporters. While they were not proclaimed kings, they made use of some titles associated with the Spanish throne.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! width=22% | Claimant !! width=105px | Portrait !! Birth !! width=25% | Marriages !! width=19% | Death
|-
| '''[[Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain|Carlos, Count of Molina]]'''<br />'''(Carlos V)'''<br />(''English: Charles V'')<br />1833–1845|| [[File:Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, por Vicente López.jpg|100px]] || 29 March 1788, Aranjuez<br />son of [[Charles IV of Spain|Carlos IV]]<br />and [[Maria Luisa of Parma]] || [[Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal|Maria Francisca of Portugal]]<br />September 1816<br />3 children<br />[[Infanta Maria Teresa of Braganza|Maria Teresa, Princess of Beira]]<br />1838<br />No children || 10 March 1855<br />[[Trieste]]<br />aged 66
|-
| '''[[Carlos Luis de Borbón|Carlos, Count of Montemolin]]'''<br />'''(Carlos VI)'''<br />(''English: Charles VI'')<br />1845–1861|| [[File:Infante Carlos, Count of Montemolin.jpg|100px]] || 31 January 1818, Madrid<br />son of [[Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain|Carlos, Count of Molina]]<br />and [[Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal|Maria Francisca of Portugal]] || [[Princess Maria Carolina of the Two Sicilies (born 1820)|Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]<br />10 July 1850<br />No children || 31 January 1861<br />[[Trieste]]<br />aged 43
|-
| '''[[Juan de Borbón y Braganza|Juan, Count of Montizón]]'''<br />'''(Juan III)'''<br />(''English: John III'')<br />1861–1868|| [[File:John Charles Bourbon Litho.jpg|100px]] || 15 May 1822, Aranjuez<br />son of [[Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain|Carlos, Count of Molina]]<br />and [[Infanta Maria Francisca of Portugal|Maria Francisca of Portugal]] || [[Archduchess Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este, countess of Montizón|Beatrix of Austria-Este]]<br />6 February 1847<br />2 children<br />Ellen Sarah Carter<br />?<br />2 children || 21 November 1887<br />[[Hove]]<br />aged 65
|-
| '''[[Carlos de Borbón y Austria-Este|Carlos, Duke of Madrid]]'''<br />'''(Carlos VII)'''<br />(''English: Charles VII'')<br />1868–1909|| [[File:Carlos Duke of Madrid.jpg|100px]] || 30 March 1848, [[Ljubljana]]<br />son of [[Juan de Borbón y Braganza|Juan, Count of Montizón]]<br />and [[Archduchess Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este, countess of Montizón|Beatrix of Austria-Este]] || [[Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma|Margarita of Bourbon-Parma]]<br />4 February 1867<br />5 children<br />[[Princess Berthe de Rohan|Berthe de Rohan]]<br />28 April 1894<br />No children || 18 July 1909<br />[[Varese]]<br />aged 61
|-
| '''[[Prince Jaime, Duke of Anjou and Madrid|Jaime, Duke of Madrid]]'''<br />'''(Jaime III)'''<br />(''English: James III'')<br />1909–1931|| [[File:Don Jaime de Borbón.jpg|100px]] || 27 June 1870, [[Vevey]]<br />son of [[Carlos de Borbón y Austria-Este|Carlos, Duke of Madrid]]<br />and [[Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma|Margarita of Bourbon-Parma]] || never married || 2 October 1931<br />Paris<br />aged 61
|-
| '''[[Alfonso Carlos de Borbón|Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime]]'''<br />'''(Alfonso Carlos I)'''<br />(''English: Alphonse Charles I'')<br />1931–1936|| [[File:Alfonso Carlos of Bourbon, Duke of San Jaime.JPG|100px]] || 12 September 1849<br />London<br />son of [[Juan de Borbón y Braganza|Juan, Count of Montizón]]<br />and [[Archduchess Maria Beatrix of Austria-Este, countess of Montizón|Beatrix of Austria-Este]] || [[Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal|Maria das Neves of Portugal]]<br />26 April 1871<br />1 child || 29 September 1936<br />[[Vienna]]<br />aged 87
|}

===The succession after Alfonso Carlos===
At the death of Alfonso Carlos in 1936 most Carlists supported [[Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma]] whom Alfonso Carlos had named as [[regent]] of the Carlist Communion. A minority of Carlists supported [[Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]], a grandson through the female line of Carlos VII. A fringe movement of Carlists supported [[Alfonso XIII]], the exiled constitutional king of Spain, who was the senior male-line descendant of King [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]], through his third son [[Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain|Francisco de Paula]] (whose eldest son Francisco de Asís had married his cousin Isabella II). The majority of Carlists, however, considered Alfonso disqualified because he did not share the Carlist ideals (and, importantly, because Spanish law<ref>In 1833, before the unconstitutional usurpation that Carlists saw in the accession of Isabella II, the "Novísima Recopilación" of 1805, a compilation of previous laws, was in force in Spain. It included the Fifth Law of the 32nd Title of the "Ordenamiento de Alcalá" (which in turn gave legal force to the First Law, Sixth Title of the XIIth Book of Alfonso X's "Siete Partidas"), which punished rebellion against the legitimate king with severe measures, including loss of inheritance rights. This precept was invoked by Philip V in his exclusion of the Austrian Habsburg branch after the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. It was also raised by supporters of Isabella II in the exclusion of Carlos V and his descendants from the throne—unsurprisingly, denounced by Carlists on the grounds of Isabella II's "usurpation". Upon the death of [[Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime]] in 1936 the seniority in male-line descent from Philip V went to the Alfonsine branch, not as descendants of Isabella II but of her husband/cousin [[Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz|Francisco de Asís de Borbón]], son of [[Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain]] (younger brother of Ferdinand VII and [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Don Carlos]]). However, it is asserted that Francisco de Paula's recognition of Isabella II constituted a sufficient basis for exclusion from the succession according to the above-mentioned law.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} Franciso de Paula's male-line descendants, theoretically excluded from Carlist succession by his "treason" against Don Carlos, recognized not only Isabella II but, eventually, her progeny as Spain's constitutional kings. It is not surprising, then, that Carlists consider Alfonso XIII and his descendants to have forfeited any rights to the throne on a legal as well as ideological basis.</ref> excluded from succession the descendants of those who commit treason against the king, as Carlists deem Alfonso's male-line ancestors to have done once Francisco de Paula recognized the reign of Isabella II). Many also regarded his descent as illegitimate, believing that [[Alfonso XII]]'s biological father was a lover of Queen Isabella's rather than her husband. Most of the following events happened under the [[Francoist Spain|regime of Francisco Franco]], who skillfully played each faction off against the others.

====Borbón-Parma claim====
* '''Francisco Javier I'''<ref name=bp>[http://www.borboneparma.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=47 Borbone Parma La Dinastia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418162947/http://www.borboneparma.it/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=47 |date=18 April 2009}}</ref>
[[File:Royal Coat of Arms used by the supporters of the Claimants to the Spanish Throne (adopted c.1942) Golden Fleece Variant.svg|thumb|right|180px|Coat of arms used by the supporters of the Carlist claimants to the Spanish Throne with the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Immaculate Heart of Mary adopted c.1942 by Xavier of Bourbon.]]
[[Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma]] (25 May 1889 – 7 May 1977), known in Spain as ''Don Javier de Borbón'', had been named regent of the Carlist Communion by Alfonso Carlos in 1936 as the nearest member of the House of Bourbon who shared the Carlist ideals.

During the [[Second World War]], Prince Xavier returned to the Belgian army, where he had served during [[World War I]]. He was demobilized and joined the French [[Maquis (World War II)|maquis]]. He was taken prisoner by the [[Nazism|Nazis]] and sent to [[Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp|Natzweiler-Struthof]] and [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], where American troops liberated him in 1945. In 1952, Javier was proclaimed King of Spain, asserting Carlist legitimacy. Since the death of Alfonso Carlos, his successor by right of [[patrilineality|agnatic]] primogeniture had yet to be determined.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} To do so, it was necessary to trace the patriline of Philip V to his seniormost descendant who was not excluded from the throne by law (for treason, [[morganatic marriage]], birth out-of-wedlock and other reasons legally established in the ''[[:es:Novísima Recopilación|Novísima Recopilación]]'' of 1805, in force at the time of the First Carlist War). In 1952, when all lines senior to the House of Bourbon-Parma were deemed excluded, the claim was taken up by Don Javier (descended from [[Philip, Duke of Parma]], third son of Philip V).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Quién es el rey?: la actual sucesión dinástica en la monarquía española|url=https://carlismo.es/librosElectronicos/QuienEsElRey.pdf| publisher=Editorial Tradicionalista|location = Seville | date=1968 | orig-date = 1949|language=es|first=Fernando|last=Polo }}</ref> Even though he was raised in the Carlist camp and named regent of the Carlist Communion in 1936, his proclamation as king later in 1956 was, it was asserted, not a political move based on ideology, but the consequence of dynastic legitimacy.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} He remained the Carlist claimant until his renunciation in 1975.

{{Blockquote|text=Therefore, we are faced with the last branch descending in a direct male line from Don [[Felipe V]], through his son the Infante Don [[Philip, Duke of Parma|Felipe, Duke of Parma]]; his grandson the Infante Don [[Ferdinand I, Duke of Parma|Fernando]], also Duke of Parma, Plasencia and Guastalla; his great-grandson the Infante Don [[Louis I of Etruria|Luis, King of Etruria]]; his great-great-grandson the Infante Don [[Charles II, Duke of Parma|Carlos Luis]], successively King of Etruria, Duke of Lucca and Duke of Parma; his fourth grandson the Infante Don Carlos, [[Charles III, Duke of Parma|Carlos III of Parma]], and his fifth grandson the Infante Don [[Robert I, Duke of Parma|Roberto]], Duke of Parma, Plasencia and Guastalla, brother-in-law of Don [[Carlos de Borbón y Austria-Este|Carlos VII]] by the marriage of this Monarch with his sister the Infanta Doña [[Princess Margherita of Bourbon-Parma|Margarita]] (...) From the second marriage of Don Roberto twelve children were born, of whom the Most Serene Lord Infante Don [[Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma|Sixto Fernando]] (the only male married morganatically) has died, and His Royal Highness the Infante Don [[Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma|Francisco Javier Carlos, Duke of Parma]] is alive.|first = Fernando | last = Polo|source=Quién es el rey?: la actual sucesión dinástica en la monarquía española}}

Changes in the views of some in the Carlist movement polarized Javier's supporters between his two sons, Carlos Hugo and Sixto Enrique (and many more endorsing neither) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Carlos Hugo turned organized Carlism into a socialist movement, while his brother Sixto Enrique (supported by his mother [[Madeleine de Bourbon-Busset]]) followed a [[far right]]ist course. In 1977, Sixto Enrique's supporters published a manifesto from Javier condemning Carlos Hugo. Several days later Carlos Hugo's supporters published a manifesto from Javier recognising Carlos Hugo as his heir.
* '''Carlos Hugo I'''<ref name=bp/>
[[File:Carlos Hugo 1968.jpg|thumbnail|Carlos Hugo (1968)]]
[[Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma]] (8 April 1930 – 18 August 2010), was the elder son of Xavier. He was a Carlist claimant from 1977 until his death. After alienating many Carlists by his attempts to approach Franco (1965–1967), Carlos Hugo switched to a leftist [[Titoism|Titoist]], [[workers' self-management]] socialist movement. In 1979 he accepted Spanish citizenship from King [[Juan Carlos I]] and in 1980 he renounced his membership in the Partido Carlista, which he had created. Carlos Hugo had the support of a minority of Carlists including the Partido Carlista.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}} He also excluded the Luxembourger branch of the family from Carlist succession due to [[Royal intermarriage|unequal marriages]] by princes of that branch that were recognized as dynastic by the Grand Duke.
* '''Carlos Javier I'''<ref>[https://elcarlismocontralaglobalizacion.blogspot.com/2011/05/mensaje-al-pueblo-carlista-de-smc-don.html Mensaje al Pueblo Carlista de S.M.C. Don Carlos Javier I de Borbón, Rey de Las Españas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020213853/http://elcarlismocontralaglobalizacion.blogspot.com/2011/05/mensaje-al-pueblo-carlista-de-smc-don.html |date=20 October 2013 }} – [[blogspot]] El Carlismo contra Globalizatión ''(Spanish)''</ref><ref>[http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-nuevo-pretendiente-carlista-corona-espana-20110505133101.html El primogénito de Carlos Hugo de Borbón – Nuevo pretendiente carlista a la corona de España] – website news agency [[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] ''(Spanish)''</ref>

[[Prince Carlos, Duke of Parma]] (born 27 January 1970), is the elder son of Carlos Hugo. He inherited the Carlist claim on his father's death in 2010. Carlos has the support of a minority of Carlists including the Partido Carlista.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}
* '''Sixto Enrique'''

<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:1940 Sixte-03.JPG|thumb|left|100px|Sixto Enrique I]] -->[[Prince Sixtus Henry of Bourbon-Parma|Prince Sixto Enrique of Bourbon-Parma]] (born 22 July 1940) claims to be the current regent of the Carlist Communion.  He is known as the Duke of Aranjuez.

''Don'' Sixto Enrique is supported by the minority ''Comunión Tradicionalista'', and some others who believe that his elder brother Carlos Hugo was the rightful heir, but ineligible for the succession on account of his socialism. Sixto Enrique has never claimed to be Carlist king, in the hopes that one of his nephews will one day accept traditional Carlist values.{{citation needed|date=July 2014}}

====Habsburgo-Borbón claim====
{{further|Carloctavismo}}
[[File:Carloctavista kings.jpg|thumb|Habsburgo-Borbón claimants]]
The eldest daughter of [[Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid]], was [[Infanta Blanca of Spain|Blanca de Borbón y Borbón-Parma]] (1868–1949). She married [[Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria]] (1863–1931). In 1943, one of their sons presented himself as a Carlist claimant in succession to his great-uncle Alfonso Carlos. Since this claim comes through a female line, it is rejected by most Carlists:<ref name=":0" />

{{Blockquote|text=However, the newspaper El Cruzado Español, inspired by the aforementioned elements, developed a campaign of agitation and confusion, and was thus disavowed and declared a dissident. During those days, an extravagant manifesto appeared, claiming that, with the death of Don [[Prince Jaime, Duke of Anjou and Madrid|Jaime]] (whose leadership they had not defended during his lifetime), the sole and legitimate heir was the Infanta [[Princess Blanca of Bourbon|Archduchess Doña Blanca]]. In Zumárraga and Zaragoza, meetings took place at that time in which Doña Blanca's youngest son, [[Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany|Archduke Carlos Pío]], were proclaimed, without further ado. These meetings had no impact thanks to the timely intervention of traditionalist figures who were aware of the maneuver. In view of this, some of those elements affected to abide by Don [[Alfonso Carlos de Borbón|Alfonso Carlos]]. Now they deny the validity of his latest dispositions. However, any protest or declaration should have been made at that time. But in every respect, however veiled, he continued to diverge from the traditionalists afterward. On the occasion of Her Imperial and Royal Highness Archduchess Blanca's visit to Spain, this august princess disavowed her own son's candidacy. A few years were allowed to pass for this to be forgotten, and then the attack was resumed. (...) For Blanca to have a right to the throne as the closest female to the last reigning male, all Bourbon lines would have to be completely evacuated, or at least incapacitated, a situation quite different from reality.|author=Fernando Polo|source=Quién es el rey?: la actual sucesión dinástica en la monarquía española}}
* [[Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]], was a Carlist claimant from 1943 to 1953. He was supported by some of General Franco's officials from the [[Movimiento Nacional]]. As he assumed the title of "King Carlos VIII", the movement that supports this branch of the family is called [[Carloctavismo]].
* [[Archduke Anton of Austria|Archduke Anton of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]], was the brother of Karl Pius and was a Carlist claimant (Carlos IX) from 1953 to 1961.
* [[Archduke Franz Josef of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]], was the brother of Karl Pius and Anton and was a Carlist claimant (Francisco I) from 1961 to 1975.
* [[Dominic von Habsburg|Archduke Dominic of Austria, Prince of Tuscany]], is the son of Anton and has been a Carlist claimant (Domingo I) since 1975.

In 2012, Senator [[Iñaki Anasagasti]] of the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] proposed the idea of creating a united Basque-[[Navarre]]se-[[Catalan Countries|Catalan]] monarchy with Archduke Dominic of Austria as its king.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ianasagasti.blogs.com/mi_blog/2012/04/nabarra-estado-soberano-ironías-del-destino-desde-1936-la-corona-navarra-y-la-corona-española-están-separadas.html |title=Nabarra, Estado Soberano. Ironías del Destino: Desde 1936 la Corona Navarra y la Corona Española están separadas [Navarre, a sovereign state. Ironies of fate: Since 1936 the Navarrese Crown and the Spanish Crown have been separate] |work=Inaki Anasagasti's website |access-date=3 December 2012 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ianasagasti.blogs.com/mi_blog/2012/11/monarquía-catalana-dinastía-habsburgo-borbón-nabarra.html|title=MONARQUÍA CATALANA. DINASTÍA HABSBURGO-BORBÓN-NABARRA |work=Inaki Anasagasti's website |language=es}}</ref>

====Borbón claim====
* '''Alfonso de Borbón'''
[[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]] became the senior representative by primogeniture of the House of Bourbon at the death of Alfonso Carlos in 1936. He had reigned as the constitutional king of Spain as Alfonso XIII until his exile in 1931. He was the son of King [[Alfonso XII of Spain|Alfonso XII]], son of [[Francis of Spain|Francisco de Asis de Borbón]], son of [[Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain|Infante Francisco de Paula]], the younger brother of Charles V. He was recognised as Carlist claimant by a small number of Carlists who considered the death of Alfonso Carlos an opportunity to reunite Spanish monarchists, both Carlist and Isabelline. Nonetheless, despite this apparently attractive opportunity, Francisco de Paula and his descendants were considered legally and morally excluded from the line of succession by many Carlists as traitors, according to the Spanish laws of succession as they stood in 1833 (and as defended by Carlists since then).<ref>For details on exclusion from succession for treason, see [[Melchor Ferrer Dalmau|Melchor Ferrer]], [[Domingo Tejera de Quesada]], Jose F. Acedo, ''Historia del Tradicionalismo Español''. Sevilla: Ediciones Trajano, 1941, p. 149.</ref> In 1941 Alfonso abdicated; he died two months later.

Alfonso's eldest son had died in 1938. His second son [[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]] had been pressured to renounce his rights to the constitutional succession in 1933. Both had married morganatically. King Alfonso's third son, ''[[Don (honorific)|Don]]'' [[Juan, Count of Barcelona]] was his chosen successor.

[[Image:Spagna 5 pesetas.JPG|thumb|The [[Spanish peseta|5 pesetas]] coin of 1975 featured the official king, [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]] and a coat-of-arms with the San Andrés salitre, Carlists' assumed symbol.]]
* '''Juan de Borbón claim'''
** [[Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona|Infante Don Juan, Count of Barcelona]] (20 June 1913 – 1 April 1993) was the third son of Alfonso XIII. He was a claimant to the throne of Spain from 1941 until his renunciation in 1977. In 1957, a group of Carlists recognized him as their chief in his exile at [[Estoril, Portugal]].<ref name="jv">{{cite book |title=Les Prétendants aux Trônes d'Europe |publisher=Saintard de la Rochelle |author=[[:fr:Joseph Valynseele|Joseph Valynseele]] |year=1967 |location=France |pages=149–151, 167–168, 174–176}}</ref>
** King [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos I]] is the surviving son of Don Juan, Count of Barcelona. He was the King of Spain from 1975 until his abdication in 2014.
** King [[Felipe VI of Spain|Felipe VI]] is the only son of Juan Carlos I. He is the current representative of this claim. He has been the king of Spain since 2014, confirmed by the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]].
* '''Jaime de Borbón claim'''
** [[Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia]], was the second son of Alfonso XIII, and the older brother of Juan, Count of Barcelona. Despite his 1933 renunciation of the Spanish throne, in 1960 Jaime announced that he was the Carlist claimant and occasionally used the title ''Duke of Madrid''; he remained a claimant until his death in 1975. He had only a few Carlist supporters, but among these was Alicia de Borbón y de Borbón-Parma, the only surviving daughter of the previous Carlist claimant [[Carlos, Duke of Madrid]]. Jaime also became the [[Legitimists|Legitimist]] claimant to the French throne, using the title ''Duke of Anjou''; in this capacity, he had some supporters.
** [[Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz|Prince Alphonse, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz]], was the son of Jaime. He did not claim the Carlist succession between 1975 and his death in 1989.
** [[Louis Alphonse de Bourbon|Prince Louis, Duke of Anjou]], is the son of Alfonso. He has never claimed the Carlist succession.

==Ideology==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
Carlism or Traditionalism can be labelled as a [[counter-revolutionary]] movement. Carlism's intellectual landscape was a reaction against the [[Liberalism and radicalism in Spain|Liberal, Radical]], and anti-religious currents of the [[Enlightenment in Spain]]; in particular the [[Bourbon Reforms]], the [[Spanish confiscation|confiscation and sale of Church property by the State]], the expulsion of the [[religious orders]], and Government bans on [[Catholic school]]s and [[Classical Christian education]] based on the [[Trivium]]. In this sense, it is akin to the French ([[Legitimists|Legitimism]]) and [[Joseph de Maistre]]'s thinking, but it also bears a close similarity with the [[Jacobitism]] of the [[British Isles]]. It is difficult to give an accurate description of Carlist thinking for several reasons:
* As adherents of [[traditionalist conservatism]], Carlists mistrusted radical solutions as a political driving force. Some 19th-century pamphlets expressed it in this form: against a ''philosophical'' constitution (liberalism, based on ideology), a ''historical'' constitution is proposed (based on history, and [[Catholic social teaching]]).{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
* Carlism's long active history—it has been an important force for over 170 years—and the fact that it attracted a large and diverse following, makes a comprehensive categorization more difficult.
* As they were held together as a movement mainly by shared opposition to the [[status quo]], there has almost never been a single cohesive ideology inside the Carlist movement.
* The ideas expressed inside Carlism were partly and openly shared with many other forces on the political spectrum. The more conservative, Catholic (or [[Christian democracy]]) and [[language revival]] wings of the various nationalist and regionalist movements throughout Spain have their roots in Carlist thought, particularly relating to ''fueros'' and localized self-government.

While Carlism and Falangism had certain similarities—[[social conservatism]], [[Catholic social teaching]], [[anti-Marxism]], and beginning the reversal of the [[Secularism|Secularization]] of [[Spanish culture]] by overturning anti-Catholic laws and policies that began with the [[Suppression of the Jesuits]] and the [[Bourbon Reforms]] in the 18th-century—there were also stark differences between the two movements. Most significant, Falangism called for a strong [[unitary state|centralized government]], [[linguistic imperialism|coercive]] [[Hispanization]] through the educational system, and [[Spanish nationalism]], Carlism was more supportive of the ''fueros'', preserving and reviving regional traditions, [[linguistic rights]] for local [[heritage language]]s, and regional autonomy were their main tenets. Carlism also supports [[Salic Law]] regarding royal succession to the Spanish throne and accordingly count as [[Legitimist]]s.

[[File:Coat of Arms used by the supporters of the Carlist Claimants to the Spanish Throne (adopted c.1890).svg|thumb|right|Variant of the Spanish royal arms with the [[Sacred Heart]]. It was a common emblem of the Carlism supporters during the [[Spanish Civil War]].<ref>Menéndez Pidal y Navascués, Faustino, Hugo. ''El escudo''. P. 212. At Menéndez Pidal y Navascués, Faustino; O´Donnell y Duque de Estrada, Hugo; Lolo, Begoña. ''Símbolos de España''. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 1999. {{ISBN|84-259-1074-9}}</ref>]]

===Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
{{Integralism}}
These four words (which can be translated as God, Fatherland, Local Rule, and King), have been the motto and cornerstone of Carlism throughout its existence. What Carlism understood by these was:
* ''Dios'' (God): Carlism believes in the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Faith]] as a cornerstone of Spain and must be politically active in its defence.
* ''Patria'' ([[Fatherland]]): Carlism is heavily patriotic, Traditionalism sees the Fatherland as the nesting of communities (municipal, regional, Spain) united under one.
* ''Fueros'' (similar to medieval [[Fueros|charters]]): Part of the limitation of royal powers is the acknowledgement of local and regional self-rule (and of other types of communities in the political body, especially the Church). Although the result of a peculiar historical development in Spain, it converged with the concept of [[subsidiarity (Catholicism)|subsidiarity]] in Catholic social thought. Note that some versions of the motto omit the Fueros clause.
* ''Rey'' (King): The concept of [[national sovereignty]] is rejected. Sovereignty is vested in the king, both legitimate in blood and in deeds.  But this power is limited by the doctrine of the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]] and the Laws and Usages of the Kingdom, and through a series of Councils, traditional [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] and state-independent intermediate bodies. The King must also be the Defender of the Poor and Keeper of Justice.

===Offshoots and influence===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
* Cultural and political [[Regionalism (politics)|regionalism]] in Spain (not to be mistaken with regional [[nationalism]] or [[separatism]]) was largely Carlist-originated. The influence of Carlist thinker [[Juan Vázquez de Mella]] in this field can still be traced today.
* One of the founders of [[Basque nationalism]], Sabino Arana, came from a Carlist background, and for many years competed for the same audience (Basque{{Clarify|date=September 2010}} Catholics). Compare the PNV slogan "[[Basque Nationalist Party#Jeltzaletasuna|God and Fueros]]". Spanish Carlists with Franco battled and defeated Basque nationalists in [[Spanish Civil War|1936–1937]].
* ''[[Fuerismo]]'' was a doctrine prevalent in the Basque provinces. It supported the Isabelline monarchy but wanted to preserve the Fuero autonomy of the provinces.
* Catholic politics {{Clarify|date=September 2010}} are essential for Carlism. Compare the slogan [[Christ King|Christus Rex]].
* [[Víctor Pradera Larumbe|Victor Pradera]]'s thinking was very influential, through the group [[Acción Española]], in Spanish authoritarian thinking in the 1930s and 1940s.
* [[Fernando Sebastián Aguilar]], Archbishop of [[Pamplona]] and [[Tudela, Navarre|Tudela]] (Spain) caused controversy by publicly stating on 7 May 2007 that the Traditionalist Carlist Communion, among others, is worthy of consideration and of electoral support.
[[Image:Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|thumb|right|The Carlist symbol]]

==Symbols==
* Motto: Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey<ref>Stated in the official carlism website: https://carlismo.es/ (in Spanish)</ref>
* Flag: the red [[cross of Burgundy]] on white<ref>https://carlismo.es/la-cruz-de-borgona-primera-bandera-de-espana/ (in Spanish)</ref>
* The [[red beret]]. In Basque, the Carlist troops were hence called ''[[Chapelgorris|txapelgorri]]'' –though the name was also shared by units of the opposing Liberal side. The red beret was worn as a distinguishing device by [[Carlists]] soldiers in the [[First Carlist War]] and later became an emblem of Carlists in general, often with a yellow [[pom-pom]] or [[tassel]].<ref>MacClancy, Jeremy (2000). ''The Decline of Carlism''. [[University of Nevada]] Press, p. 32.</ref>
* Anthem: [[Oriamendi]]<ref>https://carlismo.es/oriamendi/ {{Better source needed|date=November 2023}}</ref>

==Name and names==
{{original research section|date=July 2021}}
The term "carlistas" when applied to followers of Carlos Maria Isidro emerged in the mid-1820s and has even filtered out to public discourse overseas.<ref>see e.g. references to "fernandinos" and "carlistas" in Mexico of 1826, ''Gazeta del gobierno de Mexico'' 21.01.1826, available [http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0004597915&page=3 here]</ref> Following outbreak of the [[First Carlist War|civil war]] in 1833 the liberal and pro-government press started to use the denomination commonly, though initially also the name of "carlinos" remained in circulation,<ref>see assortment of Spanish press from 1833 to 1834, available [http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/results.vm?o=&w=carlinos&f=text&d=creation&d=1833&d=01&d=01&d=1834&d=12&d=31&t=%2Bcreation&l=600&l=700&s=0&view=&lang=es here]</ref> along expressions like "facciosos",<ref>compare references to "facciosos" in assortment of Spanish press from 1833 to 1834, available [http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/results.vm?o=&w=%22facciosos%22&f=text&d=creation&d=1833&d=01&d=01&d=1834&d=12&d=31&b=search-visible&t=%2Bcreation&l=600&l=700&s=0&view=&lang=es here]</ref> "rebeldes",<ref>compare references to "rebeldes" in assortment of Spanish press from 1833 to 1834, available [http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/results.vm?o=&w=%22rebeldes%22&f=text&d=creation&d=1833&d=01&d=01&d=1834&d=12&d=31&b=search-visible&t=%2Bcreation&l=600&l=700&s=0&view=&lang=es here]</ref> somewhat less frequent "absolutistas"<ref>compare references to "absolutistas" in assortment of Spanish press from 1833 to 1834, available [http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/results.vm?o=&w=%22absolutistas%22&f=text&d=creation&d=1833&d=01&d=01&d=1834&d=12&d=31&t=%2Bcreation&l=600&l=700&s=70&view=&lang=es here]</ref> and other denominations, often intended as insults. The followers of Carlos Maria initially did not use the term, and preferred to refer to themselves in general terms as defenders of faith, monarchy, traditional order and/or legitimism; they cautiously started to accept the name in the 1840s.<ref>see usage of the term "carlistas" in the chief daily of the movement, ''La Esperanza''; it evolved from cautious and at times in "relata refero" mode in the early 1840s to fairly lexicalized and standard usage in the 1850s, compare [http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/results.vm?o=&w=carlistas&f=text&a=1801754&d=creation&d=1683&d=01&d=01&d=2020&d=12&d=31&b=search-visible&t=%2Bcreation&l=600&l=700&s=0&view=&lang=es here]. In one of their first theoretical works, ''La España en la presente crisis'' by Vicente Pou (1842), the term "carlistas" is used sparsely and the term "carlismo" is not used at all, compare [https://books.google.com/books?id=m-D82PTUfhEC&q=carlistas here]</ref> Gradually in the Isabelline period the term became common and used universally, also by the Carlists themselves. In 1909–1931 the movement was often referred to as "Jaimismo"/"Jaimistas", as the claimant [[Jaime, Duke of Madrid|Don Jaime]] exceptionally did not bear the iconic name of Carlos.

In the late 19th century a related but not equivalent term "tradicionalistas" entered into circulation and was also applied either to the movement in general or to some of its factions in particular;<ref>in 1840–1877 the terms "tradicionalismo" and "tradicionalistas" were barely used; in digitalized collections of Spanish press for this period "carlistas" is used 110,298 times and "tradicionalistas" 861 times, for "carlismo" and "tradicionalismo" the numbers are 17,716 vs 352, query in ''Hemeroteca Digital'' and ''Prensa Historica'' services of July 22, 2021</ref> however, in press usage until the fall of the monarchy in 1931 "carlistas"/"carlismo" was 7 times more popular than "tradicionalistas"/"tradicionalismo".<ref>in the 1877–1930 press digitalized in the ''Hemeroteca Digital'' service "carlistas" appears 69,176 times and "tradicionalistas" appears 10,472 times; in the ''Prensa Historica'' hemeroteca for the same period the numbers are respectively 93,830 and 13,217. For "carlismo" and "tradicionalismo" the numbers are 14,981 vs 3,782 in ''Hemeroteca Digital'' and 15,893 vs 4,586 in ''Prensa Historica'', query of July 22, 2021</ref> During the republican period of 1931–1936 public usage changed; "tradicionalistas"/"tradicionalismo" were used 2–3 times more frequently than "carlistas"/"carlismo", though the former assumed somewhat broader connotation.<ref>in  ''Hemeroteca Digital'' relation between "carlismo" and "tradicionalismo" is 691 vs 2,114, in ''Prensa Historica'' it stands at 564 vs 2,053; for "carlistas" and "tradicionalistas" the figures are 2,825 vs 5,802 in ''Hemeroteca Digital'' and 2,493 vs 6,434 in ''Prensa Historica'', query of July 22, 2021</ref> In the Francoist era of 1939–1975 the press, tightly censored especially until the mid-1960s, gave slight precedence to "carlistas" vs "tradicionalistas"<ref>1232 vs 587, ''Prensa Historica'' service, query of July 22, 2021 (''Hemeroteca Digital'' does not cover the period after the civil war)</ref> and to "tradicionalismo" vs "carlismo".<ref>691 vs 477, ''Prensa Historica'' service, query of July 22, 2021</ref> For the post-Francoist period there is no representative statistics available.<ref>though some newspapers, e.g. ''ABC'' or ''La Vanguardia'', enable search in their digital archives also for the period after 1975, because of their specific political preferences (e.g. ''ABC'' is traditionally Alfonsist) their hemerotecas are not representative for general public discourse in Spain</ref> Currently in historiography and political science there is little agreement as to mutual relationship between "traditionalism" and "carlism".<ref>some scholars present Spanish traditionalism as a philosophy of state and society which has been erroneously identified with Carlism, see Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, ''Tradicionalismo'', [in] Javier Fernández Sebastián (ed.), ''Diccionario político y social del siglo XX español'', Madrid 2008, {{ISBN|978-84-206-8769-8}}, p. 1163, and of which Carlism forms a minoritarian if not marginal current, González Cuevas 2008, pp. 1163–1173; most of the article is dedicated to non-Carlist traditionalist intellectuals. Some present Carlism as a proper form of traditionalism, see e.g. Jacek Bartyzel, ''Nic bez Boga, nic wbrew tradycji'', Radzymin 2015, {{ISBN|978-83-60748-73-2}}, pp. 57–58; for similar though already historic opinion from inside Carlism see Melchor Ferrer, ''Historia del tradicionalismo español'', vol. 18, Sevilla 1951, p. 49. Some use both terms interchangeably, see e.g. Martin Blinkhorn, ''Carlism and Crisis in Spain'', Cambridge 2008, pp. 10, 21, 162, 303</ref>

Until the late 1860s, the Carlist movement did not assume a formal structure. Shortly before the outbreak of the [[Third Carlist War]] the first Carlist political organization emerged; during the following 160 years the mainstream movement was embodied into various political entities, some of them loose and with somewhat different names adopted locally.<ref>e.g. in 1934, well after all Carlism had been united in Comunión Tradicionalista, the branch in Villar de Obispo used the name of "Comunión Católica Tradicionalista", ''Las Provincias'' 13.12.34, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000317205&posicion=7&presentacion=pagina here]. In 1936 the same party name was used by the Cordoba branch, ''El defensor de Córdoba'' 21.02.36, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=2013166&posicion=1&presentacion=pagina here]</ref> Relatively little significance was attached to organization, as Carlists considered themselves a broad social movement which in a sense was antithetical to a party. Splinter factions used to build their own structures, and the names of these evolved as well,<ref>e.g. the 1888 breakaways initially planned to set up "Partido Tradicionalista", eventually emerged as "Partido Integrista Español", soon changed the name to "Partido Católico Nacional" and later re-emerged as "Comunión Tradicionalista-Integrista", while they were generally referred to as "partido integrista"</ref> some names were re-cycled<ref>e.g. "Comunión Católico Monárquica", the name assumed by an organization operational at the turn of the 1860s and 1870s, was adopted as a name by the quasi-political organization set-up by so-called carloctavistas, active at the turn of the 1940s and 1950s</ref> and in popular discourse various alternate, informal or incorrect formal names have been used.<ref>see e.g. the reference to "Partido Carlista" (capitalized) in the Carlist review, ''Tradicion'' 15.01.33, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000208691&posicion=25&presentacion=pagina here]; at the time no such organization existed, and the formal name of the party referred to was "Communion Tradicionalista"</ref> Differences between informal and formal names have been often disregarded.<ref>e.g. "comunión carlista" could have easily turned into "Comunión carlista" or "Comunión Carlista", for the single year of 1933, see 3 various versions in ''El bien publico'' 31.01.33, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000144769&posicion=1&presentacion=pagina here], ''El Defensor de Cordoba'' 17.04.33, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=2006675&posicion=1&presentacion=pagina here] and ''El Pensamiento Alaves'' 15.07.33, available [https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo_imagenes/grupo.do?path=1000032148&posicion=6&presentacion=pagina here]</ref> The result was naming confusion, e.g. in the early 20th century 48% of press references featured "partido carlista" or "Partido Carlista", 18% featured "Partido Tradicionalista", 15% featured "Partido Jaimista" and 13% "Comunión Tradicionalista", plus at least 4 other denominations in circulation. In the mid-1930s the claimant Alfonso Carlos intended to introduce some discipline and declared that the only formal name be this of "Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista",<ref>José María García Escudero, ''Historia política de las dos Españas'', Volumen 3, Madrid 1975, p. 1387</ref> but he later himself referred to "Comunión Católico-Monárquico-Legitimista".<ref>Aurora Villanueva Martínez, ''El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937–1951'', Madrid 1998, {{ISBN|978-84-87863-71-4}}, p. 545</ref> Statistical summary of frequency of various names as in press usage is reviewed in the below table.<ref>aggregate data based on queries in ''Hemeroteca Digital'' and ''Prensa Historica'' services, all performed on July 22, 2021</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" style="width: 100px;" | period
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | CCM<ref>Comunión Católico-Monárquica (also Comunión Católico Monárquica)</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | CJ<ref>Comunión Jaimista</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | CL<ref>Comunión Legitimista</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | CT<ref>Comunión Tradicionalista</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | CTC<ref>Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | PC<ref>Partido Carlista (or "partido carlista")</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | PCM<ref>Partido Católico-Monárquico (also Partido Católico Monárquico)</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | PJ<ref>Partido Jaimista</ref>
! scope="col" style="width: 30px;" | PT<ref>Partido Tradicionalista</ref>
|-
|-
| 1860–1879  || 242 || 0 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 6807  || 117 || 0  || 143
|-
| 1880–1899 || 686 || 0 || 3  || 1449 || 0 || 9947 || 82 || 3 || 2348
|-
| 1900–1919 || 210 || 227 || 183 || 1390 || 0 || 5260 || 21 || 1601 || 1958
|-
| 1920–1939 || 210 || 24 || 44  || 2671 || 7 || 362 || 5 || 257 || 1114
|-
| 1940–1959 || 4 || 0 || 0  || 179 || 1 || 7 || 2 || 2 || 16
|-
| 1960–1979 || 3 || 0 || 0  || 954 || 68 || 3726 || 4 || 1 || 17
|-
| total || 1355 || 251 || 235  || 6646 || 76 || 26109 || 231 || 1864 || 5686
|}

==Related words==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
* [[Estella-Lizarra]] was the site of the Carlist court.
* [[Bergara]]/Vergara was the place of the ''[[Abrazo de Vergara]]'', which ended the First Carlist War in the North.
* [[Brigades of Navarre]] were National Army units formed mainly by ''Requeté'' forces from [[Navarre]] at the start of the [[Spanish Civil War]]. They saw intensive action during the War.
* ''[[Detente bala]]'' ("Stop bullet!") a small patch with an image of the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]] worn on the uniform (over the heart) by most ''requetés''.
* ''[[Margaritas (organization)|Margaritas]]''. Carlist women's organization. They often worked as [[war nurse]]s.
* ''[[Ojalateros]]'' were courtiers saying ''Ojalá nos ataquen y ganemos'' ("Wish they would attack us and we won"), but doing nothing to achieve victory. The name is a pun on ''hojalatero'' ("tinkerer", "pot-seller")
* ''[[Requetés]]'' The armed Carlist militias.
* ''[[Trágala]]'', expression marking the desire to forcibly impose the ideas most hated by the opponents. Also a Liberal fighting song (chorus: "Swallow it, you Carlist, you who don't want a Constitution.").

==Literary references to Carlism==
[[File:Carlist Route.JPG|thumbnail|Tourist information panel marking the so-called Route of Carlism]]
The liberal Spanish journalist [[Mariano José de Larra]] opposed Carlism and published several lampoons against it. ''Nadie pase sin hablar al portero'' (1833) presents Carlists as a bunch of bandit priests.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2009|title=Proyecto Mariano José de Larra en Internet: Nadie pase sin hablar al portero o los viajeros en Vitoria|url=http://www.irox.de/larra/articulo/art_nadi.html|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326075844/http://www.irox.de/larra/articulo/art_nadi.html|archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> [[Ernest Hemingway]] refers to Carlism in ''[[For Whom the Bell Tolls]]''. He mentions two fascists and says, "They were Carlists from Navarra".{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} [[Francisco Navarro-Villoslada]] was a Carlist writer that published a [[historical fiction|historic novel]], ''[[Amaya o los vascos en el siglo VIII]]'', in the fashion of [[Walter Scott]], presenting the legendary origins of Spanish monarchy as the start of [[Reconquista]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} ''[[The Arrow of Gold]]'' by [[Joseph Conrad]] is set against the background of the third Carlist war.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}}

[[Ramón María del Valle-Inclán]], novelist, poet and playwright, was a member of the [[Spanish Generation of 1898]]. He wrote novels about Carlism and was an active Carlist himself.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} [[Pio Baroja|Pío Baroja]] wrote a novel, ''Zalacaín el aventurero'' (''Zalacain the Adventurer''), set during the Third Carlist War, and referred to Carlism in an unfavourable light in several other works.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} The Spanish philosopher [[Miguel de Unamuno]] suffered as a child the siege of [[Bilbao]] during the [[Third Carlist War]]. Later he wrote a novel ''[[Peace in War|Paz en la guerra]]'' about that time. In 1895 he wrote to [[Joaquín Costa]] about his plans for an essay on the "intrahistoric" element of rural socialism within the Carlist masses.{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} The American conservative writer and ''[[National Review]]'' columnist, [[L. Brent Bozell Jr.]], sympathized with Carlism and [[Francoism]] and considered Spanish Catholic authoritarianism to be preferable to American democracy.<ref name="bozell">{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/07/07/leo-brent-bozell-abortion-game-00044246|title=He Was Dismissed as a Conservative Kook. Now the Supreme Court Is Embracing His Blueprint.|website=[[Politico]] |date=7 July 2022 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Carloctavismo]]
* [[Historiography on Carlism during the Francoist era]]
* [[Integrism (Spain)]]
* [[Juan Vázquez de Mella]]
* [[Legitimist]]
* [[Loyalism]]
* [[Mellismo]]
* [[Miguelist]]
* [[Order of Prohibited Legitimacy]]
* [[Parties and factions in Isabelline Spain]]
* [[Reactionary]]
* [[Restoration (disambiguation)]]
* [[Royalism]]
* [[Traditionalism (Spain)]]
* [[War of succession]]
* [[List of movements that dispute the legitimacy of a reigning monarch]]
* [[Ultraroyalists]]
* ''[[Partidas realistas]]''

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General sources ===
* Bibliographical resources:
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20000313001123/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/7958/anio97/numero1/biblcarlista.htm Carlist bibliography]
* Other references:
** [http://montejurralealtad.blogspot.com.es/ Tetralema – Bitácora Lealtad] Carlist weblog
** [http://reinodegranada.blogspot.com.es/ Reino de Granada] Carlist weblog
** [http://carlismo.es/agenciafaro Agencia FARO] Carlist Press & Documentation Service. Some content in English

==Further reading==
* Blinkhorn, Martin (1972). "Carlism and the Spanish Crisis of the 1930s," ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 7, No. 3/4, pp.&nbsp;65–88.
* Blinkhorn, Martin (1975). ''Carlism and Crisis in Spain, 1931–1939'', [[Cambridge University Press]].
* Brennan, Gerald (1960). [https://archive.org/stream/spanishlabyrinth001334mbp#page/n225/mode/2up "The Carlists."] In: ''The Spanish Labyrinth''. Cambridge University Press, pp.&nbsp;203–214.
* Brooks, Sydney (1902). "The Situation in Spain," ''The North American Review'', Vol. 174, No. 546, pp.&nbsp;640–653.
* Coverdale, John F. (1984). ''The Basque Phase of Spain's First Carlist War''. Princeton, N.J. : [[Princeton University Press]].
* Dillon, E. J. (1898). [https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev14unkngoog#page/n312/mode/2up "The Coming of Carlism,"] ''The Contemporary Review'', Vol. LXXIV, pp.&nbsp;305–334.
* Holt, Edgar (1967). ''The Carlist Wars in Spain''. London: Putnam.
* Miguel López, Raimundo de (1993). "El Pensamiento Político del Primer Carlismo." In: ''Saints, Sovereigns, and Scholars''. New York and Geneva: Peter Lamb.
* Mezei, Regina (1996). "Carlism and the Spanish–American War: The Role of the Pretender Carlos VII," ''Mediterranean Studies'', Vol. 6, pp.&nbsp;113–128.
* O'Shea, John Augustus (1884). [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moajrnl/bac8387.0039.234/805:6?rgn=full+text;view=image "With the Carlists,"] ''The Catholic World'', Vol. 39, No. 234, pp.&nbsp;801–815.
* Parker, A. A. (1937). "History of Carlism in Spain," ''Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review'', Vol. 26, No. 101, pp.&nbsp;16–25.
* Parker, A. A. (1937). "History and Policy of Carlism," ''Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review'', Vol. 26, No. 102, pp.&nbsp;207–222.
* Parker, A. A. (1937). "Carlism in the Spanish Civil War," ''Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review'', Vol. 26, No. 103, 383–398.
* Preston, J. W. (1873). "Carlism in Spain," ''Scribner's Monthly'', Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.&nbsp;229–235.
* Roche, James (1899). "The Outlook for Carlism," ''The North American Review'', Vol. 168, No. 511, pp.&nbsp;739–748.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* Modern Carlist groups are:
** [http://www.partidocarlista.com Partido Carlista] Official page of the Carlist Party, recognizes Carlos Hugo's son as heir, but follows the leftist ideology many Carlists reject
** [https://carloctavismo.wixsite.com/carloctavismo/ Comunión Catolico-Monarquica] Official page of the Charles VIII Communion, supporting [[Dominic von Habsburg]] as claimant
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20100621091019/http://www.carlistas.es/ Comunión Tradicionalista Carlista] Official page of the Carlist Traditionalist Communion. Does not formally endorse any claimant
** [http://www.carlismo.es/ Comunión Tradicionalista] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227043116/http://www.carlismo.es/ |date=27 December 2010 }} Official page of the Traditionalist Communion officially supporting Sixtus Henry as regent, also rejects leftist ideology
* [http://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/13059 Carlism as a current topic of discussion in Spanish politics]
* [http://www.scalan.co.uk/Carlism.htm Ideological analysis of Carlism]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929010923/http://www.maineworldnewsservice.com/caltrap/dynasty1.htm Extensive historical background]
* [http://www.cfnavarra.es/BINADI/Ventanas/NavegarLibro.aspx?intFase=100&intLibID=100&intPagID=0&tit=Album%20de%20personajes%20carlistas%20con%20sus%20biograf%c3%adas&aut=Oller%20,%20Francisco%20de%20Paula&mat=&nbsp;&imp=La%20Propaganda%20Catalana,%20Librer%c3%ada%20de%20Antonio%20Quintana%20y%20Bov%c3%a9%20&nbsp;&ano=1887 Album de personajes carlistas con sus biografías]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}, [[Francisco Oller Simón|Francisco de Paula Oller]], Barcelona, La Propaganda Catalana, Librería de Antonio Quintana y Bové, 1887. Page scans from the Navarrese Digital Library.
* [http://catholicism.org/dios-patria-fueros-y-rey-the-story-of-the-spanish-carlistas.html Dios, Patria, Fueros, y Rey: The Story Of The Spanish Carlistas] article by Eleonore Villarrubia on Catholicism.org

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