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{{Short description|Underground funicular railway in Haifa, Israel}}
{{use mdy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{for|the religious order|Carmelites}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name                            = Carmelit<br />{{Script/Hebrew|כרמלית}}<br />{{Script/Arabic|كرمليت}}
| color                           = Red
| logo                            = Carmelit.svg
| logo_width                      = 250px
| image                           = The New Carmelit 08-10-2018.jpg
| image_width                     = 250px
| caption                         = The new Carmelit - Train No 1.
| type                            = [[Funicular]] [[Rapid transit|Subway]]
| system                          = 
| status                          = In service
| locale                          = [[Haifa]]
| start                           = [[Gan HaEm|Carmel Center]]
| end                             = [[Paris Square (Haifa)|Downtown]]
| stations                        = 6
| routes                          = 1
| ridership2                      = 732,664 (2012)<ref>{{cite news |author=Lerman |first=Eyal |date=February 7, 2013 |title=זינוק של 20% בנסיעה בכרמלית |language=he |trans-title=20% Jump in Carmelit Trips |work=[[Ynet|MyNet]] |url=http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4341841,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214103758/http://www.mynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4341841,00.html |archive-date=February 14, 2017}}</ref>
| open                            = {{start date and age|1959|10|06}}
| close                           = 
| owner                           = Haifa Municipality
| operator                        = The Carmelit Haifa Company Ltd.
| character                       = 1
| stock                           = 4 [[Von Roll]] (now [[Doppelmayr Garaventa Group|Doppelmayr]]) funicular cars <br />2 per train
| linelength                      = {{convert|1.8|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| tracklength                     = 
| tracks                          = 1
| gauge                           = {{RailGauge|1980 mm}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel railways - Passenger stations & stops |date=May 2004 |via=Jim Fergusson's Railway and Tramway Station Lists |url=http://www.railwaystationlists.co.uk/pdfasia/israelrlys.pdf}} Scan of original typed document.</ref>
| electrification                 = 
| speed                           = {{convert|28|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
| elevation                       = {{convert|268|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level
| website                         = [http://www.carmelithaifa.co.il/ www.carmelithaifa.co.il]
| map_name                        = Route diagram
| map                             = {{Carmelit}}
}}
The '''Carmelit''' ({{langx|he|כַּרְמְלִית}} [[Arabic]]: كرمليت) is an underground [[funicular]] railway in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]]. Construction started in 1956 and ended in 1959. It is the oldest funicular railway and underground transit system in the Middle East and was the only underground transit system in Israel until the 2023 opening of [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Light Rail|url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/en/Live/Transportation/Pages/lightrail.aspx|access-date=2021-03-06|website=tel-aviv.gov.il}}</ref> The Carmelit has closed down for repair on three occasions.

== System ==
The Carmelit, named after [[Mount Carmel, Israel|Mount Carmel]] through which it runs, is an underground [[funicular|funicular railway]] in Haifa. The difference in elevation between the first and last stations is {{convert|274|m|ft|0|abbr=off|sp=us}}. Carmelit cars have a slanted design, with steps within each car and on the station platform. Since the grade varies along the route, the floor of each car is never quite level, and slopes slightly "uphill" or "downhill" depending on the location, the only exception being Masada station.

The Carmelit is the smallest subway system in the world, having only four cars, six stations and a single tunnel {{convert|1.8|km|mi|abbr=on}} long. The four cars operate as two two-car trains, which run on [[single-track railway|single-track]] with a short [[passing loop]] to allow the trains to pass each other.

The technology used in the system forces it to have an even number of stations at approximately equal distances.  This means that some stations are not close to major centers, but were situated for technical reasons.<ref name="xnet-carmelit">{{cite news |author=Ya'akobson |first=Michael |date=February 7, 2017 |title= |script-title=he:כרמלית ושמה שריפה: מי צריך את התחתית החיפאית בפורמט הנוכחי? |language=he |trans-title=Carmelit Named Fire: Who Needs the Haifa Underground in Its Current Form? |work=Xnet |url=http://xnet.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4918333,00.html |access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Carmelit06-10-1959.jpg|thumb|left|Carmelit opening day in 1959]]
A rail-based solution to connect Mount Carmel with downtown Haifa was envisioned by the British mandatory authorities. However, practical talks only began in 1955 under the auspices of then-mayor [[Abba Hushi]]. The French company Compagnie Dunkerquoise d'Entreprises created a detailed plan and proposed a generous loan for a large part of the project, and an agreement was signed in 1956.  The plan was for a funicular system, and the inauguration took place in 1959, attended by Israeli prime minister [[David Ben Gurion]] and the French transport minister [[Robert Buron]] among others.<ref name="xnet-carmelit" />

The Israeli company [[Solel Boneh]] carried out the works, which proceeded at a pace of three meters a day, other than a geologically difficult section where a speed of 1.5 meters a day was achieved.<ref name="xnet-carmelit" />

=== Shutdowns ===
The Carmelit was shut down for intensive renovation on December 19, 1986, after 27 consecutive years. The old rolling stock was taken to a scrapyard near [[Kfar Masaryk]] in 1991, after being offered to the [[Israel Railway Museum]] which refused it due to high transport costs.<ref name="HaRakevet 13">HaRakevet: Rothschild PhD, Rabbi Walter (June 1991), Carmelit Restoration. Issue 13</ref> After several delays and failed attempts, renovation work started on October 29, 1990. The Carmelit finally reopened to the public in early September 1992.

[[File:Karmelit.jpg|alt=The Carmelit train before the fire in 2017|right|thumb|200px|The Carmelit train before the fire in 2017]]

In March 2015, the Carmelit was closed again due to a faulty cable, and subsequently reopened in July 2015. At the same time new ticket machines were installed to accommodate the [[Rav-Kav]] ticketing system.

On Saturday, February 4, 2017, a fire erupted in the Paris Square station after working hours. One of the two trainsets was heavily damaged, as well as parts of the tunnel. As a result, the line was once more shut down and underwent an upgrade that included replacing both trainsets with new ones (supplied by [[Doppelmayr Garaventa Group|Doppelmayr]]'s Swiss subsidiary which had built the original trainsets), a new control center, and a major refurbishing of the systems and infrastructure. It reopened in October 2018.<ref>{{cite news |author=Raz-Chaimovitz |first=Michal |date=October 4, 2018 |title=Haifa's Carmelit subway reopens after 18 month upgrade |work=Globes |url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-haifas-carmelit-subway-reopens-after-18-month-upgrade-1001255073}}</ref>

== Today ==
The small number of stations means that the Carmelit serves only a small part of Haifa – which was the important population and business center when it was designed. Nowadays, the vast majority of the city's population does not live near any of the stations, making it used by few only. There have been talks of extending the tunnels to reach more people, but this has not been done, primarily for economic reasons.  The most widely used public transportation system in the Haifa area consists of [[Egged Bus Cooperative|Egged]] buses, which serve most of the city.

Haifa's comptroller wrote in his 2004 report (published in 2005) about the declining use of the Carmelit. According to the report, the system is used by only 2,000 passengers a day, and has been losing money ever since its reopening in 1992. The accrued losses between 1992 and 2003 are over [[Israeli new shekel|₪]]191 million.

Since October 31, 2010, taking a bicycle on the Carmelit has been allowed at no additional cost.

An extensive [[bus rapid transit|BRT]] system called [[Metronit]] began operating in Haifa in late 2013. It was hoped the stops at some of the Carmelit stations would increase ridership on the line.

When the Carmelit reopened at the end of 2018, it experienced a surge in ridership, with 4,000 people taking it per day, the highest figure in 20 years.

{{As of|2023}}, the Carmelit is the only fully underground railway in Israel. However, much of the [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]] is underground as well.

== Stations ==
[[File:Carmelit map 2018.png|400px|center|'''Carmelit route map''']]

=== Properties ===
The Carmelit stations are small; entrance halls are at only the two terminal stations.

=== Stations in descending order ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Station !! Hebrew name !! Arabic name !! Location and description !! Entrance location !! Entrance !! Platforms
|-
|Carmel Center 
|{{lang|he|מרכז הכרמל}} || {{lang|ar|مركز الكرمل}} 
|Located in the [[Carmel Center]], adjacent to the Haifa zoo, a panoramic promenade, the Haifa Auditorium, and many shops and hotels. Until 2018, the station was known as [[Gan HaEm]] ({{lang|he|גן האם}}). 
|[https://maps.google.com/?ll=32.804419,34.987657&spn=0.002804,0.009645&t=m&z=17&layer=c&cbll=32.804498,34.987727&panoid=5twqk247p7eJHimQcS5xnQ&cbp=12,15.22,,0,3 Carmel Center]
|[[File:Carmelit 2018 Carmel Center both entrances.jpg|150px]]||[[File:Carmelit 2018 Carmel Center platforms.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Golomb
|{{lang|he|גולומב}} || {{lang|ar|غولومب}} 
|The station was named Bnei Zion ({{lang|he|בני ציון}}) between 2003 and October 2018. Located on Golomb Street, near [[Bnai Zion Medical Center]] and the [[Bahá'í World Centre]].
|[https://maps.google.com/?ll=32.807729,34.990253&spn=0.002804,0.009645&t=m&z=17&layer=c&cbll=32.807729,34.990254&panoid=_18r8tgM9g2xPH2kpfIvjw&cbp=12,98.39,,0,10.51 Golomb]
|[[File:Carmelit 2018 Golomb entrance 1.jpg|150px]]||[[File:Carmelit 2018 Golomb platforms.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Masada
|{{lang|he|מסדה}} || {{lang|ar|مسادا (مسعدة)}} 
|Upper [[Hadar HaCarmel]]: located in the vicinity of Masada and Hillel streets, with their galleries, shops, cafés and restaurants, as well as the [[Israel National Museum of Science, Technology, and Space|Madatech Science Museum]].
|[http://www.google.com/maps/@32.8098186,34.9926166,3a,75y,194.79h,85.9t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sbIxLw8jYCmoXXI9K0Ke9lw!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 Masada]
|[[File:Carmelit 2018 Masada entrance.jpg|150px]]||[[File:Carmelit 2018 Masada platforms.jpg|150px]]
|-
|HaNevi'im
|{{lang|he|הנביאים}} || {{lang|ar|هنفيئيم (الأنبياء)}} 
|[[Hadar HaCarmel]]: near HaNevi'im, Herzl and HeHalutz streets, which have a mix of shops and offices. The [[Haifa Museum of Art]] is located near this station.<br>{{Rint|bus|brt|link=Metronit}}''Connection to [[Metronit]] Line 3''
|[https://maps.google.com/?ll=32.812814,34.995307&spn=0.002804,0.009645&t=m&z=17&layer=c&cbll=32.812818,34.99531&panoid=i4Tvvv4-yKVLutmVa0Eepg&cbp=12,205.25,,0,5.51 Hanevi'im]
|[[File:Carmelit 2018 HaNeviim entrance.jpg|150px]]||[[File:Carmelit 2018 HaNeviim platforms.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Hadar-City Hall
|{{lang|he|הדר עירייה}} || {{lang|ar|الهدار-البلدية}} 
|Next to HaNevi'im Tower, HaAtzmaut Park, and Haifa City Hall. Until 2018, this station was known as [[Solel Boneh]] ({{lang|he|סולל בונה}}).
|[https://maps.google.com/?ll=32.81451,34.997098&spn=0.002804,0.009645&t=m&z=17&layer=c&cbll=32.814511,34.997094&panoid=TLct3SJPM-oXksjPgLVM8w&cbp=12,69.4,,0,6.77 Hadar-City Hall]
|[[File:Carmelit 2018 Hadar entrance.jpg|150px]]||[[File:Carmelit 2018 Hadar platforms.jpg|150px]]
|-
|Downtown
|{{lang|he|עיר תחתית}} || {{lang|ar|البلدة التحتى}}
|Downtown: near Haifa's government building and courthouse, HaAtzmaut Street, and within walking distance to [[Haifa Center HaShmona Railway Station|Haifa Center Railway Station]] and the [[Port of Haifa]]. The station was previously named [[Paris Square (Haifa)|Paris Square]] ({{lang|he|כיכר פריז}}).
{{Rint|bus|brt|link=Metronit}}''Connection to [[Metronit]] Lines 1 and 2''
|[http://www.google.com/maps/@32.8174756,35.0001203,3a,75y,248.42h,89.88t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sgCVFjPX2uhj9ILGVPviBGA!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 Downtown]
|[[File:Carmelit 2018 Downtown entrance 1.jpg|150px]]||[[File:Carmelit 2018 Downtown platforms.jpg|150px]]
|}

== Operating hours ==
{|
| Sunday through Thursday || 06:00–24:00
|-
| Friday and the eve of a holiday || 06:00–15:00
|-
| Saturday<br/>&nbsp; || 19:00–24:00 summer <br/>20:00–24:00 winter
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Carmelit 2018 Downtown entrance 3.jpg| A mural in the Downtown entrance
File:Carmelit 2019 Carmel Center ticket vending machine.jpg| A ticket machine
File:Carmelit 2019 ticket.jpg| A ticket
File:Carmelit 2018 car side.jpg| A car on the Carmelit subway
File:Carmelit 2018 car seats.jpg| Train's interior
File:Carmelit at Haifa East.JPG| Old Carmelit car stored at [[Haifa East railway station]]
File:Carmelit - Solel Boneh Station.jpg| Hadar-City Hall station before 2018
File:CarmelitP4120027.JPG| Hanevi'im Station in 2007
File:Passengers waiting at Gan Ha'em station 1962.jpg| Passengers at Gan Ha'em station in 1962
File:Carmelit first day Oct 6 1959.jpg|The Carmelit's first day of operation in 1959
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of funicular railways]]
* [[List of rapid transit systems]]
* [[Cable cars in Haifa (disambiguation)|Cable cars in Haifa]]
* [[Jerusalem Light Rail]]
* [[Tel Aviv Light Rail]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Carmelit}}
* {{official website}}
* [https://www.urbanrail.net/as/il/hai/haifa.htm Carmelit] on Urbanrail.net
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140328110355/http://www.urbanrail.net/as/hai/haifa-pix.htm Pictures of Carmelit stations and cars]

{{Urban public transport in Israel}}
{{Transportation in Israel}}
[[Category:Subterranean funiculars]]
[[Category:Underground rapid transit in Israel]]
[[Category:Transport in Haifa]]
[[Category:6 ft 6 in gauge railways]]
[[Category:Funicular railways in Israel]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1959]]
[[Category:Doppelmayr/Garaventa Group]]