View source for Carpatho-Ukraine

{{Short description|Autonomous region (1938-39)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Carpatho-Ukraine
| common_name            = Carpatho-Ukraine
| native_name            = {{native name|uk|Карпатська Україна|paren=omit}}
| life_span              = {{start and end dates|1938|12|30|1939|03|15|df=y}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg
| flag                   = Flag of Ukraine
| image_coat             = Karptska Ukraina COA.svg
| coa_size               = 70
| symbol                 = Coat of arms of Carpathian Ukraine
| status                 = {{ubli|[[Autonomous region]] of [[Second Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]]<br>(1938–1939)|[[List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies|Unrecognized state]]<br>(1939)}}
| era                    = [[Interwar period]]
| event_start            = [[Carpathian_Ruthenia#Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938–1939)|Proclaimed as Carpathian Ukraine]]
| date_start             = 30 December
| year_start             = 1938
| event1                 = [[Carpatho-Ukraine#Proclamation of Independence|Proclamation of Independence]]
| date_event1            = 15 March 1939
| event_end              = [[Carpatho-Ukraine#Hungarian invasion|Abolished]]
| date_end               = 15 March
| year_end               = 1939
| image_map              = Subcarpathia - Carpatho-Ukraine.svg
| image_map_caption      = 
| national_anthem        = {{lang|uk|Державний Гімн України}}<br/>{{transliteration|uk|Derzhavnyi Himn Ukrainy}}<br/>"[[National anthem of Ukraine|State Anthem of Ukraine]]"{{sfn|Magocsi|1978|p=245}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National anthem of Ukraine, instrumental.oga]]}}
| official_languages     = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]],
[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
| capital                = [[Khust]]
| largest_city           = [[Khust]]
| government_type        = {{ubli|[[Unicameralism|Unicameral]] [[Republic]] (1938)|[[Two-party state]] [[republic]] (1939){{efn|The {{ill|Ukrainian National Union (1939)|lt=Ukrainian National Union|uk|Українське національне об'єднання}} was established as the sole legal party alongside the [[German People's Council (Carpatho-Ukraine)|German People's Council]].}}}}
| title_leader           = President
| year_leader1           = 1939
| leader1                = [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]]
| title_deputy           = Prime Minister
| year_deputy1           = 1938–1939
| deputy1                = [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]]
| year_deputy2           = 1939
| deputy2                = [[Julian Revay]]
| legislature            = [[Soim]]
| stat_area1             = 13352
| stat_pop1              = 796,400
| stat_year1             = 1939
| currency               = [[Czechoslovak koruna]]
| p1                     = Second Czechoslovak Republic
| flag_p1                = Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg
| s1                     = Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946){{!}}Hungary
| flag_s1                = Flag of Hungary (1920–1946).svg
| today                  = [[Ukraine]]
| footnotes              = {{notelist}}
}}

'''Carpatho-Ukraine''' or '''Carpathian Ukraine''' ({{langx|uk|Карпа́тська Украї́на|Karpatska Ukraina}}, {{IPA|uk|kɐrˈpɑtsʲkɐ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ|IPA}}) was an [[autonomous region]], within the [[Second Czechoslovak Republic]], created in December 1938 and renamed from [[Transcarpathia#Subcarpathian_Rus'_(1928–1939)|Subcarpathian Rus']], whose full administrative and political autonomy had been confirmed by constitutional law of 22 November 1938.{{sfn|Kotowski|2001}} 

20 years earlier, by the 1920 [[Treaty of Trianon]], the region, which had historically belonged to [[Principality of Hungary|Hungary]], had been detached from the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] and attached to newly created [[Czechoslovakia]]. Subsequently [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] had sought revision of the [[Treaty of Trianon]] and the restoration of her historical borders. 

On 2 November 1938 the [[First Vienna Award]] separated territories from [[Second Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]], including southern [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Carpathian Rus']], that were mostly [[Hungarians|Hungarian]]-populated and returned them to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]]. 

After the breakup of the [[Second Czechoslovak Republic]], Carpatho-Ukraine on 15 March 1939 proclaimed itself an independent republic, headed by President [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]], who appealed to [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] for recognition and support.

[[Nazi Germany]] did not reply, and the short-lived state was [[Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine|invaded]] by the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]], crushing all local resistance by 18 March 1939.{{sfn|Magocsi|1978|p=245}}

The region remained under Hungarian control until the [[end of World War II in Europe]], after which it was occupied and annexed by the [[Soviet Union]]. The territory is now administered as the Ukrainian [[Zakarpattia Oblast]].

== History ==
{{main|Carpathian Ruthenia|Rusyns and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)}}

=== Political autonomy ===
[[File:Subcarpathia - Carpatho-Ukraine.svg|lang=en|thumb|250px|Map of Carpatho-Ukraine]]
Soon after the implementation of the [[Munich Agreement]], signed on 30 September 1938, by which [[Czechoslovakia]] lost much of its border region to [[Nazi Germany]], a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of a [[Second Czechoslovak Republic]], comprising three autonomous political entities, including an [[Autonomous Land of Slovakia|autonomous Slovakia]] and an autonomous Subcarpathian Rus' (in the [[Rusyn language]], ''Підкарпатьска Русь''). 

The first local government of autonomous Subcarpathian Rus', appointed on 11 October 1938, was headed by Prime Minister [[Andrej Bródy]]. There ensued a crisis involving two factions, pro-Rusyn and pro-Ukrainian, leading to the resignation of Bródy's government on 26 October. The new regional government, headed by [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]], adopted a pro-Ukrainian orientation and  changed the region's name from "Subcarpathian Rus'" to "Carpathian Ukraine".{{sfn|Rychlík|Rychlíková|2016|p=}}

On 22 November 1938 the Second Czechoslovak Republic adopted a "Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus'" (in the [[Czech language]], ''Ústavní zákon o autonomii Podkarpatské Rusi''), officially reaffirming the [[self-determination]] rights of the "[[Rusyn people]]" ([[preamble]]) and confirming the full administrative and political autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', with its own assembly and government. This was seen as showing the central government's support for the pro-Rusyn faction. 

On 30 December 1938 the regional government issued a provisional decree changing the region's name to "Carpathian Ukraine". That led to a peculiar terminological duality: in the Second Czechoslovak Republic's constitutional system, the region continued to be known as Subcarpathian Rus', whereas the region itself used the name "Carpathian Ukraine".{{sfn|Magocsi|1978|p=250-251}}{{sfn|Rychlík|Rychlíková|2016|p=}}

=== Political crisis ===
[[File:Act_of_Subcarpathian_Rus_Autonomy_1938.png|thumb|250px|Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' (1938)]]
In late September 1938, Hungary was ready to mobilize between 200,000 and 350,000&nbsp;men on the Czechoslovak borders in case the Czechoslovak question could not be solved on diplomatic level, in favor of the Hungarian territorial claims. After the [[Munich Agreement]] the Hungarian Army had remained poised threateningly on the Czechoslovak border. They reportedly had artillery ammunition for only 36&nbsp;hours of operations, and were clearly engaged in a bluff, but it was a bluff the Germans had encouraged, and one that they would have been obliged to support militarily if the much larger, better trained and better equipped [[Czechoslovak Army]] chose to fight. The Czechoslovak army had built 2,000&nbsp;small concrete emplacements along the border in places where rivers did not serve as natural obstacles.

The Hungarian minister of the interior, [[Miklós Kozma]], had been born in Subcarpathia, and in mid-1938 his ministry armed the ''[[Rongyos Gárda]]'' ('Ragged Guard'), which began to infiltrate guerrillas along the southern borders of Czechoslovakia, into Slovakia and Subcarpathia. The situation was now verging on open war, which might set the whole of Europe ablaze again. The appendix of the [[Munich Agreement]] stated that Czechoslovakia and Hungary should settle their disputes by mutual negotiation, which however failed to achieve agreement.

Between 25 October and 1 November 1938, Poland and Hungary conducted coordinated guerrilla operations in Carpathian Rus, with the objective of eliminating the ''[[sich]]'' (military camp) that had been established by the German-backed [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] outside the Rusyn capital, [[Uzhhorod]]. Poland had felt its southeastern ''[[Kresy]]'' threatened by the ''sich'', while Hungary wished to regain Carpathian Rus, which Hungary had lost after World War I. Poland and Hungary hoped that the eventual restoration of their historic common boundary (which would indeed occur in March 1939) would satisfy the purposes of both countries.<ref>Józef Kasparek, "Poland's 1938 Covert Operations in Ruthenia", ''East European Quarterly'', vol. XXIII, no. 3 (September 1989), pp.&nbsp;365–69.</ref> 

The Hungarian and Czechoslovak governments accepted the German-and-Italian-brokered [[First Vienna Award]], of 2 November 1938 (France and the United Kingdom having declined to participate in the negotiations).
 
The agreed border line returned 11,927 square km. to Hungary. A census in mid-December found 1,041,401 inhabitants in the reannexed territory, of whom 879,007 (84.4%) were Hungarians and 123,864 (11.9%) were Slovaks.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://szentkoronaradio.com/belfold/2010_11_02_72-eve-irtak-ala-az-i-becsi-dontest | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622030639/http://szentkoronaradio.com/belfold/2010_11_02_72-eve-irtak-ala-az-i-becsi-dontest | archive-date=22 June 2012 | title=72 éve írták alá az I. Bécsi döntést &#124; Szent Korona Rádió }}</ref>

On 8 November 1938, the Slovak National Unity Party received 97.5&nbsp;percent of the Slovak votes, and a one-party state was instituted. Slovak autonomy was formalized by the Prague parliament on 19&nbsp;November, and to symbolize this new Slovak assertiveness, the country's name was then altered to Czecho-Slovakia. Carpatho-Ukraine was also given autonomy.
{{History of Ukraine}}
The Arbitration of Vienna fully satisfied nobody, and there followed 22&nbsp;border clashes between {{nowr|2 November 1938}} and {{nowr|12 January 1939}}, during which five Czechoslovaks were killed and six were wounded. The Slovak national militia [[Hlinka Guard]] participated in these clashes. The ineffectiveness of the Prague government in protecting their interests stirred Slovak and Ukrainian nationalism further. On 6 January 1939 Czechoslovak troops ordered by general [[Lev Prchala]] performed a surprise attack on the city of [[Munkács]] (now [[Mukacheve]]), in which the [[Carpathian Sich]] were as well involved, but the Rongyos Gárda with the help of the local police pushed them back. After this incident [[Döme Sztójay]], the Hungarian ambassador in Berlin transferred a message to the German government in case of the German occupation of the Czech lands and the declaration of Slovak independence Hungary will occupy the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia, regardless of German approval. On March 11, the German ambassador in Budapest outlined in the German Government's response if Hungary will maintain and uphold the economic contracts with Germany, respect the rights of the local Germans and would not persecute the members of the Volosin Cabinet, then in case of the proclamation of an independent Carpatho-Ukraine would be acquiescent regarding the Hungarian plans.<ref name=zakarpattia200314>[https://zakarpattya.net.ua/News/200310-Richnytsia-vtorhnennia-uhorskykh-viisk-v-Ukrainu-iak-karpatski-sichovyky-boronyly-ridnu-zemliu The anniversary of the Hungarian troops invasion of Ukraine: how Carpathian Sich-men defended their native land (Річниця вторгнення угорських військ в Україну: як карпатські "січовики" боронили рідну землю)]. Zakarpattia Online. 14 March 2020</ref>

=== Proclamation of Independence ===
Slovak and Ukrainian nationalism grew more intense. On 10 March, the [[Hlinka Guard]] and ''[[Volksdeutsche]]'' demonstrated, demanding independence from Czecho-Slovakia.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} In the evening of 13 March, Slovak leader [[Jozef Tiso]] and Ďurčanský met [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], and Generals [[Walther von Brauchitsch]] and [[Wilhelm Keitel]] in Berlin.

Hitler made it absolutely clear: Slovakia could either declare independence immediately and associate itself with the Reich, or he would allow the Hungarians to take over the country&nbsp;– whom Ribbentrop reported were massing at the border.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} During the afternoon and night of 14 March, the Slovak parliament proclaimed independence from Czecho-Slovakia, and at 05:00 on 15 March 1939, Hitler declared the unrest in Czecho-Slovakia to be a threat to German national security. He sent his troops into [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]], meeting virtually no resistance.

Following the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)#Creation|Slovak proclamation of independence]] on March&nbsp;14 and the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Nazis' seizure of Czech lands]] on 15&nbsp;March, Carpatho-Ukraine declared its independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine,<ref>Kárpátalja:https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Lexikonok-magyarorszag-a-masodik-vilaghaboruban-lexikon-a-zs-F062E/k-F0A98/karpatalja-F0AAC/ Hozzáférés: 2024.05.11</ref> with the Reverend [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]] as head of state.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}. Voloshin was now supported by the population of Subcarpathia. The First Constitutional Law of Carpatho-Ukraine of 15 March 1939 defined the new country as follows:<ref name="2660044karpatskoiukraini">{{cite web|title = Today is the 80th anniversary of the proclamation of Carpatho-Ukraine|url = https://ukrinform.ua/rubric-society/2660044-sogodni-80ricca-z-dna-progolosenna-karpatskoi-ukraini.html|work = [[Ukrinform]]|language = uk|date = 2019-03-15|access-date = 2019-03-24|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

# Carpatho-Ukraine is an independent state
# The name of the state is: Carpatho-Ukraine
# Carpatho-Ukraine is a republic, headed by a president elected by the {{lang|uk|[[Soim]]}} of Carpatho-Ukraine
# The state language of Carpatho-Ukraine is the [[Ukrainian language]]
# The colors of the national flag of the Carpatho-Ukraine are blue and yellow, blue on top and yellow on the bottom
# The state emblem of Carpatho-Ukraine is as follows: a bear on a red field on the sinister side, four blue and three yellow stripes on the dexter side, as well as the trident of Saint [[Volodymyr the Great]]
# The national anthem of Carpatho-Ukraine is [[Sche ne vmerla Ukraina|"Ukraine has not perished"]]
# This act comes valid immediately after its promulgation

The proclaimed Carpatho-Ukrainian government was headed by President [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]],<ref name="2660044karpatskoiukraini"/> Prime Minister [[Julian Révaý]], Minister of Defence [[Stepan Klochurak]], and Minister of Internal Affairs Yuriy Perevuznyk.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} The head of the {{lang|uk|Soim}} was Avhustyn Shtephan, his deputies were Fedir Révaý and Stepan Rosokha.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} The Slovak declaration of independence caused law and order to break down immediately. The Hungarians had learned that the Germans would not object to a Hungarian takeover of Carpatho-Ukraine on the same day.

===Hungarian invasion===
{{Main|Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine}}
{{:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine|transcludesection=hungarianinvasionofcarpathoukraine}}

The Chief of General Staff of Hungary [[Henrik Werth]] asked for at least a week to prepare for the invasion, but the Royal Council gave him only 12 hours to occupy Carpathian Ruthenia before the declaration of Slovak independence.<ref name=zakarpattia200314/> Responsible for preparation to the assault was appointed chief of Munkacs garrison Lajos Béldi who commanded 1st Mountain Brigade, while Lieutenant General [[Ferenc Szombathelyi]] (commander of the 8th Corps in Kassa) was placed in charge of the Carpathian Group as an expeditionary force.<ref name=zakarpattia200314/>

The available Hungarian forces consisted of an infantry regiment, two cavalry regiments, three infantry battalions on bicycles, one motorized battalion, two border guard battalions, one artillery battalion and two armored trains. These forces were counting for more than two World War II divisions. They were supported by [[Fiat CR.32]] fighter aircraft amounting to one squadron. In addition to regular units, Hungarians were also aided by several irregular formations such as the Rongyos Gárda and black-shirt guards of [[:cs:Štefan Fencik|István Fenczik]], who has been accused earlier as a [[Magyaron]] by the Volosin-cabinet.<ref name=zakarpattia200314/><ref>A kivégzett, kárpátaljai lágerekben elhunyt magyar képviselők (1945-1949), dr. Dupka György, dr. Zubánics László, 2017, {{ISBN|978-963-9814-96-7}}, {{ISSN|1022-0283}}</ref>

The Hungarian Border Guard units stationed around Munkács, after throwing back the attacking Czecho-Slovak units on {{nowr|14 March 1939}}, pressed forward in turn, and took the town of Őrhegyalja (today Pidhoriany as part of [[Mukachevo]]).

On 15 March 1939, the [[Royal Hungarian Army|Hungarian Army]] regular troops invaded Carpatho-Ukraine and by nightfall reached Szolyva. The Carpatho-Ukrainian irregular troops, the [[Carpathian Sich]], without additional support, were quickly routed.<ref name="2660044karpatskoiukraini"/> The greatest battle between the Hungarian army and several hundred Ukrainian soldiers (armed with light machine guns, rifles, hand grenades and pistols) took place near [[Khust]].<ref name="2660044karpatskoiukraini"/>  About 230 Ukrainians died in the battle.<ref name="2660044karpatskoiukraini"/>

Czecho-Slovak resistance in Carpatho-Ukraine was negligible, and the advancing Hungarian troops did not have to face a well-organized and centralized resistance. The Hungarian Army also had the advantage of the [[First Vienna Award]], which made it possible for the Hungarians to take possession of the area where the Czechs had built permanent fortifications to defend against Hungary.

On 16 March 1939, Hungary formally annexed the territory. Prime Minister Yulian Révaý had resisted the Hungarians until then. In the night to 17&nbsp;March, the last Czecho-Slovak troops left [[Khust]] and retreated to Romanian borders. They and the one-day president of Carpatho-Ukraine, Voloshyn, fled to Romania.

The [[Royal Hungarian Army]] continued their advance, pushing forward at top speed, and reached the Polish border on 17 March.<ref name=executed>Skavron, B. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150725230242/http://www.gk-press.if.ua/node/810 Executed State]''. "Halytsky Korrespondent".</ref> Those Sich members who came from the province of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] as Polish citizens were captured by the Hungarians and handed over to Polish soldiers for illegally crossing the border, while some 500-600 were executed by Polish soldiers.<ref>Dovhei, V. ''From Beskyds to Katyn''. "View behind the scenes. Collection of articles". [[:uk:Львівський державний центр науково-технічної і економічної інформації|LvCSTEI]]. Lviv, 2006</ref> The last resistance in the Carpathian mountains was taken out on 18 March.<ref name="2660044karpatskoiukraini"/>

The invasion campaign was a success, but it also proved that the Hungarian Army was not yet ready for full war. The handicaps imposed by the [[Treaty of Trianon|Trianon Treaty]] were clearly visible, but the morale and nationalist spirit of the soldiers and the civilian populations were high {{needs citation|date=June 2020}}, which was also important in building a strong national army.

=== World War II and aftermath ===
{{main|Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II}}

Following the [[Operation Margarethe|German occupation of Hungary]] in March 1944, [[Adolf Eichmann]] oversaw the deportation of almost the entire Hungarian Jewish population; few survived [[the Holocaust]]. At the conclusion of the [[Battle of the Dukla Pass]] on {{nowr|28 October 1944}}, the [[Soviet Union]] had driven the Germans and Hungarians back and occupied Carpathian Ruthenia and the rest of western Ukraine. Control of Carpathian Ruthenia thus "nominally" reverted to Czechoslovakia. The delegation of the [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile]], led by minister František Němec, arrived in [[Khust]] to establish the provisional Czechoslovak administration, according to the treaties between the Soviet and Czechoslovak government that year.

However, after just a few weeks, for reasons that remain unclear, the [[Red Army]] and the [[NKVD|People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs]] started to obstruct the delegation's work and finally a puppet "National Committee of Transcarpatho-Ukraine" was set up in [[Mukachevo]] under the protection of the Red Army. On 26 November this committee, led by Ivan Ivanovich Turyanitsa, a [[Rusyns|Rusyn]] who had deserted from the [[1st Czechoslovak Army Corps in the Soviet Union|Czechoslovak army]],{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} proclaimed the "will of Ukrainian people" to separate from Czechoslovakia and to join the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. After two months of conflict and unsuccessful negotiations the Czechoslovak government delegation departed Khust on {{nowr|1 February 1945}}, leaving Carpatho-Ukraine under Soviet control.
[[File:Zdenek_Fierlinger_signing_soviet_treaty_carpathian_ukraine.jpg|left|thumb|[[Zdeněk Fierlinger|Zdenek Fierlinger]] signing a treaty with the soviets on Carpathian Ukraine]]
The Soviet Union exerted pressure on Czechoslovakia, and on 29 June 1945, the two countries signed a treaty, officially ceding Carpatho-Ruthenia to the USSR. In 1946, the area became part of the Ukrainian SSR as the [[Zakarpattia Oblast]].

== Parliament ==
The ''Soim'' of Carpatho-Ukraine was established on 12 February 1939 by the Czechoslovak constitutional act of {{nowr|22 November 1938}}. It consisted of 32&nbsp;representatives with 29&nbsp;Ukrainians and three of national minorities. There was only a single session of the parliament that took place on {{nowr|15 March 1939}} in Khust.

At the session the parliament approved the proclamation of the sovereignty of Carpatho-Ukraine, adopted its Constitution, elected the president, and confirmed the new government of Julian Révaý. The head of the Soim became [[Augustin Štefan]] with his deputies, [[Fedir Révaý]] and [[Stepan Rosokha]]. The presidium of the Soim emigrated out of the country following the invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine by the [[Hungarian Armed Forces]].

== Prosecution of Carpatho-Ukraine activists and government officials ==
* [[Sevastian Sabol]] (1909–2003),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150726132325/http://www.territoryterror.org.ua/uk/witnesses/biography/?ci_personid=94 Sevastian Sabol] at the Territory of Terror Museum</ref> a native of Priashiv ([[Prešov]]) and a surviving victim of Soviet and Hungarian prosecutions. During the Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine in 1939, he was a chaplain in [[Carpathian Sich]] in [[Khust]]. On 16–18 December 1948, in [[Prague]], Sabol was sentenced ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]'' to life in prison for cooperation with the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]].
* [[Avgustyn Voloshyn]] (1874–1945), died in a Soviet prison after being arrested in Prague by [[SMERSH]] in 1945.

== See also ==
* [[Slovak–Hungarian War]]
* [[Former countries in Europe after 1815]]
* [[Rusyns and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Ganzer, C. (2001). "Die Karpato-Ukraine 1938/39: Spielball im internationalen Interessenkonflikt am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges." {{in lang|de}} Hamburg. ''Die Ostreihe - Neue Folge''. {{in lang|de}}
* Józef Kasparek, "Poland's 1938 Covert Operations in Ruthenia", ''East European Quarterly'', vol. XXIII, no. 3 (September 1989), pp.&nbsp;365–73.
* {{Cite journal |last=Kotowski |first=Albert S. |date=2001 |title="Ukrainisches Piemont"? Die Karpartenukraine am Vorabend des Zweiten Weltkrieges |trans-title="Ukrainian Piedmont"? Carpathian Ukraine on the eve of the Second World War |url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00003849/image_69 |journal=Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas |language=de |location=Freiburg |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |publication-place=Stuttgart |volume=49 |pages=67–95 |issn=0021-4019}}
* {{Cite book|last=Magocsi|first=Paul R.|author-link=Paul R. Magocsi|title=The Shaping of a National Identity: Subcarpathian Rus', 1848-1948|year=1978|location=Cambridge|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674805798 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcOOAAAAIAAJ}}
* Rosokha, S. (1949). ''Parliament of Carpatho-Ukraine''. {{in lang|uk}} Ukrainian National Publishing.
* {{Cite book|last1=Rychlík|first1=Jan|last2=Rychlíková|first2=Magdaléna|title=Podkarpatská Rus v dějinách Československa 1918–1946|year=2016|location=Praha|publisher=Vyšehrad|isbn=9788074297694 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIJuDwAAQBAJ}}
* Shandor, V. (1997). ''Carpatho-Ukraine in the Twentieth Century: A Political and Legal History''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-916458-86-5}}.
* Winch, M. (1939). '' Republic for a day: An eye-witness account of the Carpatho-Ukraine incident''. London.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\C\A\Carpatho6Ukraine.htm Carpatho-Ukraine], ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''

{{Ukrainian historical regions|state=collapsed}}
{{Czechoslovakia timeline|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carpatho-Ukraine| ]]
[[Category:1939 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1938 establishments in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:1939 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Former countries of the interwar period]]
[[Category:Historical geography of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Ukraine]]
[[Category:History of Carpathian Ruthenia]]
[[Category:Political history of Ukraine]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1938]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1939]]
[[Category:Territorial evolution of Hungary]]
[[Category:Ukrainian independence movement]]
[[Category:Former republics in Europe]]
[[Category:Former one-party states]]
[[Category:Former unrecognized countries]]
[[Category:Autonomous regions]]
[[Category:Interwar Czechoslovakia]]