View source for Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts

{{Short description|Historic building in Cambridge, Massachusetts}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name         = Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts
| nrhp_type    =
| image        = 2023-0323-Harvard-Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts-02-East_view.jpg
| caption      = View looking east from Quincy Street
| location     = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
| coordinates  = {{coord|42|22|25.0|N|71|6|51.5|W|display=inline,title}}
| area         = 
| mapframe     = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| built        = 1963
| architect    = [[Le Corbusier]]
| architecture = Modern
| added        = April 20, 1978
| refnum       = 78000435<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}
The '''Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts''' at [[Harvard University]], in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]] is the only building designed primarily by [[Le Corbusier]] in the [[United States]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Le Corbusier in America: Travels in the Land of the Timid|last=Bacon|first=Mardges|year=2001|publisher=MIT Press|page=309}}</ref>—he contributed to the design of the [[United Nations Secretariat Building]]—and one of only two in the Americas (the other being the [[Curutchet House]] in [[La Plata]], [[Argentina]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Le Corbusier's Maison Curutchet|last=Lapunzina|first=Alejandro|year=1997|publisher=Princeton Architectural Press|page=20}}</ref> Le Corbusier designed it with the collaboration of Chilean architect [[Guillermo Jullian de la Fuente]] at his 35 rue de Sèvres studio; the on-site preparation of the construction plans was handled by the office of [[Josep Lluís Sert]], then dean of the [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]]. He had formerly worked in Le Corbusier's atelier and had been instrumental in winning him the commission. The building was completed in 1962.

== Commission ==
During the mid-1950s, the idea of creating a place for the visual arts at Harvard began to take shape. A new department dedicated to the visual arts was created, and the need for a building to house the new department arose. A budget was set for $1.3 million, and the proposal was included in a Harvard fundraising program. The project immediately elicited a response from Harvard alumnus Alfred St. Vrain Carpenter,<ref name="truwe.sohs/orchards">{{cite web |title=Rogue Valley Orchard History |url=https://truwe.sohs.org/files/orchards.html |website=truwe.sohs.org |publisher=Southern Oregon Historical Society |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="oregonencyclopedia" /> A.B. 1905,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fraser |first1=Harbour |title=Cinema Veritas |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2005/11/cinema-veritas-html |access-date=5 May 2025 |work=[[Harvard Magazine]] |date=1 November 2005 |language=en}}</ref> and his wife Helen Bundy Carpenter.<ref name="oregonencyclopedia" /> The couple, whose son Harlow had just attended the [[Harvard Graduate School of Design]], donated $1.5 million for the proposed design center.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekler|first=Eduard F.|title=Le Corbusier at Work: The Genesis of the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts|year=1978|publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=9780674520592 |pages=40 }}</ref><ref name="oregonencyclopedia" >The Oregon Encyclopedia, [https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/carpenter_foundation_and_alfred_1881_1974_helen_bundy_1886_1961_carpenter_/ "Carpenter Foundation and Alfred (1881-1974) & Helen Bundy (1886-1961) Carpenter"] "Born on May 7, 1881, Alfred St. Vrain Carpenter—also known as A.S.V. or Alf—was educated at Harvard University. He moved to southern Oregon in 1909-1910 with his brother Leonard. With little background, the two established the Veritas Orchard, becoming agriculturists along with dozens of other well-to-do transplants to the Rogue Valley during what is known as the Orchard Boom."</ref><ref>[[Harvard Crimson]], November 19, 1957, [http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1957/11/19/oregon-couple-gives-15-million-to/ "Oregon Couple Gives $1.5 Million To Build New Visual Arts Center"] "Mr. and Mrs. Carpenter, donors of the new building, operate pear orchards in Oregon. Their interest in the visual arts was greatly stimulated when their son, Harlow Carpenter '50, of Waitsfield, Vt., received a master's degree from the Graduate School of Design in 1956. The elder Mr. Carpenter is a member of the Class of 1905."</ref> The donation propelled the project forward, and the Committee for the Practice of Visual Arts began to look for an architect to undertake the project. Originally, the committee had recommended that the building be designed by "a first rate American architect" who would be in the company of Charles Bulfinch and Walter Gropius, among others. However, José Luis Sert, who was at the time Dean of the Graduate School of Design and chairman of the committee suggested that his friend and previous collaborator, Le Corbusier, be asked to design the building. Delayed due to scheduling and payment conflicts, Le Corbusier eventually accepted and made his first of two visits to Cambridge in 1959.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekler|title=Le Corbusier at Work|year=1978|pages=49}}</ref>

== Design and construction ==
Because the Carpenter Center was to be his only building in America, Le Corbusier felt it should be a synthesis of his architectural principles and therefore incorporated his [[Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture|Five Points]] into its design.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekler|title=Le Corbusier at Work|year=1978|pages=2}}</ref> He took it as a particular challenge, determined that it should make a positive impact both on its surroundings—[[Georgian architecture|Georgian style houses]]—and in its mode of operation. He proposed to take pedestrians from all parts of the campus through the building, so that even though they might not be intending to visit it, they would see and thus partake in the artistic activities going on within it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Boesiger|first=Willy|title=Le Corbusier|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=1972|location=London|pages=132}}</ref>

After much debate, a site was chosen between Quincy and Prescott Streets, abiding by the original proposal for the building.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekler|title=Le Corbusier at Work|year=1978|pages=58}}</ref> The allotted space was quite small, so the completed building presents itself as a compact, roughly cylindrical mass bisected by an S-shaped ramp on the third floor. Le Corbusier's earliest design showed a much more pronounced ramp that further separated the two parts of the central mass. However, the early design created the problem of too much disruption of the central mass. This problem auditorium reconciled by using a pinwheel effect so that in the finally executed design, the two halves meet at a vertical core that houses an elevator. The concrete ramp is cantilevered from this central spine and stands atop a few pilotis. The landing at the top of the ramp is located in the core of the building and leads to various studios and exhibition spaces seen through glass windows and doors, providing views into the building's instructional and displaying functions without interrupting the activities in progress.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arnheim |first=Rudolph |title=The Symbolism of Centric and Linear Composition |journal=Perspecta |year=1983 |volume=20 |pages=144 |doi=10.2307/1567070 |jstor=1567070 }}</ref>

The exterior of the Carpenter Center presents itself very differently from different angles. From Prescott Street looking toward the curved studio space, one can see the brise-soleil that are placed perpendicular to the direction of the central portion of the ramp, making only their narrow ends visible from the street. The Quincy Street view, however, reveals ondulatoires on this studio's exterior curve, which interfere with the building's curve less than the brise-soleil do on the opposite side. On the ramp from Quincy street just before entering the building, one sees grids of square and rectangles of the windows, brise-soleils, and studio spaces, rather than the curves of the two halves of the building.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sekler|title=Le Corbusier at Work|year=1978|pages=16–19}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Exterior views of the Carpenter Center
|width=120 |height=100|align=center
|File:2023-0323-Harvard-Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts-01-SE_view.jpg
 |View facing southeast
 |alt1=SE view
|File:2023-0323-Harvard-Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts-03-NE_view.jpg
 |View facing northeast
 |alt2=NE view
|File:2023-0323-Harvard-Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts-04-NW_view.jpg
 |View facing northwest
 |alt3=NW view
|File:2023-0323-Harvard-Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts-05-West_view.jpg
 |View facing west
 |alt4=West view
|File:2023-0323-Harvard-Carpenter_Center_for_the_Visual_Arts-06-SW_view.jpg
 |View facing southwest as walkway connects to the [[Harvard Art Museums]]'s expansion
 |alt5=Southwest view
}}

== Later history ==
The building now houses the Department of Art, Film, and Visual Studies (formerly Visual and Environmental Studies) of the university, and is the venue for screenings by the [[Harvard Film Archive]].

Le Corbusier never actually saw the building. He was invited to the opening ceremony, but he declined the invitation on account of his poor health.<ref>{{cite book|title=Le Corbusier: A Life|last=Weber|first=Nicholas Fox|year=2008|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf}}</ref>

The French artist [[Pierre Huyghe]] explored the creation of the building in his 2004 work ''This Is Not A Time For Dreaming''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080205070211/http://www.ubu.com/film/huyghe_dreaming.html Pierre Huyghe at ubuweb] Retrieved 5 January 2012</ref>

==See also==
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Cambridge, Massachusetts]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{ccat}}
* [http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/carpentercenter/ Photographs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121231205620/http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/ Harvard Film Archive]
* [http://ves.fas.harvard.edu/ Department of Visual and Environmental Studies]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130610081642/http://www.archlab.tuwien.ac.at/~carpent/carpenter/texte/intro.html Research on the Carpenter Center]
* [https://modernistyczny-poznan.blogspot.com/2011/09/modernistyczny-boston-harvard-le.html Photographs of the Carpenter Center]

{{Le Corbusier}}
{{Harvard}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carpenter Center For The Visual Arts}}
[[Category:Le Corbusier buildings]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Cinemas and movie theaters in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Harvard Square]]
[[Category:Harvard University buildings and structures]]
[[Category:University and college buildings completed in 1962]]
[[Category:University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1960s architecture in the United States]]
[[Category:International style architecture in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Modernist architecture in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Massachusetts]]